CONFERENCE

Fighting Urban Crime: Citizen Security in Latin America and Europe

Security in Latin America and Europe: The Post-September 11th Challenges

Some lessons from Bogotá?

Antanas Mockus Antanas Mockus

Former Mayor of Bogotá, ColombiaFormer Mayor of Bogotá, ColombiaAssociate ProfessorAssociate Professor Universidad Nacional Universidad Nacional

London, Thursday 17 June 2004 London, Thursday 17 June 2004 ,

Canning House

Source: Patterns of Global Terrorism 2003, US Department of State, April 2004 (under revision)

Total International

Attacks by Region,1998-2003

http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/31951.pdf (under revision)

Total International Casualties by Region, 1998-2003

Worst cases of terrorism in Bogota

27.11.8927.11.89. Bomb in AVIANCA’s plane: 107 dead. . Bomb in AVIANCA’s plane: 107 dead. 6.12.896.12.89. School-bus with 1 ton ammoniac dynamite in front of the . School-bus with 1 ton ammoniac dynamite in front of the

National Security Agency Buildings: 63 dead, 700 wounded.National Security Agency Buildings: 63 dead, 700 wounded.

30.01.9330.01.93. Car-bomb in the center of Bogotá (K9A C15): 12 dead, 60 . Car-bomb in the center of Bogotá (K9A C15): 12 dead, 60 wounded.wounded.

15.02.9315.02.93. Car-bomb in the center of Bogotá (C26 K9A): 3 dead, 90 . Car-bomb in the center of Bogotá (C26 K9A): 3 dead, 90 wounded.wounded.

15.04.93.15.04.93. Car-bomb in a commercial center of the wealthy north of Car-bomb in a commercial center of the wealthy north of Bogotá: 10 dead, 110 wounded.Bogotá: 10 dead, 110 wounded.

(Drug barons, reacting against extradition and other policies against (Drug barons, reacting against extradition and other policies against them, during less than 3 years and 1/2, produced more than 195 them, during less than 3 years and 1/2, produced more than 195 deaths, 960 wounded)deaths, 960 wounded)

7.02.03, attack on the club El Nogal: 36 dead, 160 wounded7.02.03, attack on the club El Nogal: 36 dead, 160 wounded

Terrorist attacks in BogotáTerrorist attacks in Bogotá

1993 - 2002

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Total Undetermined Illegal groups

Source: DIJIN – CIC Metropolitan Police

Victims of terrorist attacks in BogotáVictims of terrorist attacks in Bogotá

1993 – february 2003

9 15

117

7 25 44109

824

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

dead wounded dead wounded dead wounded dead wounded

terrorist civilian military police

Source: DIJIN – CIC Metropolitan Police

Total 10 years: 177 d 973 w Previous 3 years and 1/2: more than 195 d 960 w

Collective ActionCollective ActionCapacity Capacity

n

Net Utility/person

A

B C

O

Number of cooperators

Longer time frameTrust: no preemptive deceptionExamples capture the imagination of

citizens and media (+feed-back)

Alignment ofAlignment of different kinds ofdifferent kinds of rules rules and agreements and agreements helps to shape behaviors and to control crude rationalityhelps to shape behaviors and to control crude rationality

Informal Rules

Informal Rules

(moral norms and social

(moral norms and social

norms)

norms)

Formal R

ules

Formal R

ules

(legal norm

s)

(legal norm

s)AgreementsAgreements

Non alignment causes problems for coexistence and

for economy

Which do you obey the most?Which do you obey the most?Challenge: harmonization Challenge: harmonization

Regulation mechanismsRegulation mechanisms

Fear ofFear of legal sanction legal sanction

or moral obligation or moral obligation to obey the lawto obey the law

Admiration for Admiration for the lawthe law

Informal Rules Informal Rules (moral norms and social (moral norms and social

norms)norms)AgreementsAgreements

Fear of guiltFear of guilt

or moral obligation or moral obligation to follow personal to follow personal

moral criteriamoral criteria

MoralMoralself-gratificationself-gratification

Fear ofFear of social social

rejectionrejection

or moral obligation or moral obligation to respect social to respect social

normsnorms

SocialSocialrecognitionrecognition

Liabilities of Liabilities of not complyingnot complying

or moral or moral obligation to obligation to

follow agreementsfollow agreements

Benefits of Benefits of complyingcomplying

Formal rules Formal rules (legal norms)(legal norms)

v

Co-responsibility (cultural regulation)Co-responsibility (cultural regulation)

Citizen’s red card (350.000 distributed)

Citizens involved in personal self-regulation and mutual social regulation have Citizens involved in personal self-regulation and mutual social regulation have accepted that the city’s government can have a pedagogical agendaaccepted that the city’s government can have a pedagogical agenda

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Citizens for whom disobeying thelaw is justified when it is the only

way to reach the objectives

Citizens for whom disobeying thelaw is justified when it is a

customary practice

Citizens for whom disobeying thelaw is justified when there is a big

economic advantage

Citizens pro firearms to protectthemselves

2001

2003

IDCT: Encuestas de Cultura Ciudadana 2001 y 2003

InstitutionalizationInstitutionalization

City’s Security Council•Two monthly meetings (one with 20 local mayors and the local chiefs of Police, giving them monographs about the last months in their jurisdiction)

ComplementarityComplementarity help to explain success: help to explain success:

1.1. Legal sanctions embedded in a pedagogical contextLegal sanctions embedded in a pedagogical context

2.2. Epidemiological approach socially sharedEpidemiological approach socially shared

3.3. Focused actions based on crime statistics and detailed and frequent Focused actions based on crime statistics and detailed and frequent analysis of space-time and risk factors (alcohol, guns, domestic analysis of space-time and risk factors (alcohol, guns, domestic violence) violence)

4.4. Institutionalized promotion of pacific resolution of conflictsInstitutionalized promotion of pacific resolution of conflicts

5.5. Strong consonance with Colombian Constitution: homicides among Strong consonance with Colombian Constitution: homicides among criminals are as disturbing and unacceptable as other kind of criminals are as disturbing and unacceptable as other kind of homicideshomicides

Technical means have been put in place Technical means have been put in place without destroying pedagogical, constitutional and religious optimism.without destroying pedagogical, constitutional and religious optimism.

Bogotá’s experience in civil resistance: -“In the face of destruction, construction”-divulging of International Humanitarian Laws, -promoting citizen’s pre-commitments.

Bridges to other local processes:

Native Americans civil resistance.

Peasants and small town inhabitants that use democratic procedures for decision-making.

A “culture of lawfulness” curriculum is being adapted for ninth graders. Learning from Palermo, Sicilia.

Civil resistance in face of violence

Actual and future opportunities (for collective Actual and future opportunities (for collective action and harmonization of norms)action and harmonization of norms)

FARC-ELN financing: 42% NTFARC-ELN financing: 42% NT32% 32% extorsionextorsion22% 22% kidnappingkidnapping, , 4% others 4% others

(Source: PNUD, (Source: PNUD, Callejón con salidaCallejón con salida, 2003)., 2003).

The economy of The economy of life risklife risk for NT practitionners for NT practitionners

The affordable The affordable consequences of NT on justice systemconsequences of NT on justice system

Social and cultural enforcement of agreements or/and Social and cultural enforcement of agreements or/and agreed theories (example: the inclusion of non-extradition agreed theories (example: the inclusion of non-extradition in Colombian Constitution in 91).in Colombian Constitution in 91).

Pedagogical continuum from common crime to terrorismPedagogical continuum from common crime to terrorism

Thank you

LessonsLessons

1. Public policies need to be understood by diverse social actors in different contexts.

2. For governmental action being explicitly pedagogical, self-correction is central.

3. External assessment of the (local) government’s effectiveness is useful (as has been made in the last 6 years by “Bogotá cómo vamos”, an alliance of Chamber of Commerce, El Tiempo newspaper, and a NGO). 220 indicators revised each three months.

PrinciplesPrinciples

Citizenship is built on the relationships between unknown persons and with the state institutions (treat citizens with respect)

Behavior repertories depend on context (associate physical and behavioral improvements)

Emotions can help reasons to moderate interests ( share emotions and pre-commitments)

Assume vulnerability as a source of strength and authority (“results” depend on collective “reading”)

ActionsActions

Mimes (authority based on communication and reasoning, not on punishment)

Misión Bogotá: former petty criminals guide people at pedestrian crossings and in the mass transportation system stations.

Better attention to citizens: 55% of people without bank accounts used to spend 1½ hours paying services; now they spend from 5 to 30 minutes.

Result / actionResult / action

Citizens are more oriented to respect the law and are a lot more optimistic about the future of the City.

Legitimacy: anti-clientelism (rights, not favors): decisions based on debate and strict public political control.

Governments that respect themselves the laws…

Complementary actions help to explain success:Complementary actions help to explain success:

1.1. Legal sanctions embedded in a pedagogical contextLegal sanctions embedded in a pedagogical context

2.2. Epidemiological approachEpidemiological approach

3.3. Focused actions Focused actions

4.4. Measurement and researchMeasurement and research

Measuring social control

No hizo nada

Acudió a

autori-dad

Agre-dió

verbal-mente

Agre-dió

fisica- mente

Corrigió cordialment

e y el trasgresor lo

tomó mal

Corrigió cordialmente

y el trasgresor lo

tomó bien

Vió a un vecino dejar los excrementos de su perro en espacio público

48% 71% 1% 3% 0% 17% 8%

Vió a su vecino dejar basura fuera de horario

39% 72% 1% 1% 2% 14% 11%

Vió peatones obstaculizar a ciclistas en ciclorrutas

39% 81% 0% 5% 1% 5% 8%

Montó en bus...que iba rápido

37% 75% 0% 5% 0% 13% 6%

Montó en bus...que echó gasolina con pasajeros

13% 86% 0% 2% 0% 7% 5%

Montó en carro manejado por alguien embriagado

7% 81% 0% 4% 0% 8% 7%

Promedio diez transgresiones

36% 83% 0% 3% 0% 8% 5%