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From Flowcharts to Python

2

This Activity Workbook introduces students who already know flowchart fundamentals to the

Python Programming language.

The materials in this booklet were developed to help students collaborate with each other in the

learning process and to become self-learners in an active learning environment. Students learn

programming concepts by doing programming and reflecting on the results of the activities that they

engage in.

Author: Lisa M. Olivieri, SSJ, Ph.D.

Name: _______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________ Python Activity 1: Flowcharts and Python

“What is the relationship between a flowchart and a Python program?”

Critical Thinking Questions:

1. What does the line of Python code in the Python program do?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

2. Circle equivalent representation of the Python code in the flowchart.

3. Execute following code. What output is produced?

a. print(“Hello, my name is Pat!”) ________________________________

b. print(Hello, my name is Pat) ________________________________

c. print(“Hello.\nMy name is Pat”) ________________________________

Learning Objectives

Students will be able to:

Content:

Explain how to display data in Python

Explain how to create a comment in Python

Determine the difference between a string literal and a number

Process:

Create print statements in Python

Create Python code that displays results to calculated addition facts

Discuss problems and programs with all group members

Prior Knowledge

Understanding of flowchart output symbols

Further Reading

Transitioning from Visual Logic to Python: Chapter 1

Python Program Flowchart

Python Activity 1: Flowcharts and Python

4

4. Was there a problem with any of the sample code in question 3? If so, what caused the problem?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. What caused the different output format for samples “a” and “c” in question 3?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. What do you think the following Python statements output?

a. print(2+5) _________________________

b. print(2*5) _________________________

c. print(“2+5”) _________________________

d. print(“Age:”,20) _________________________

Enter the statements in the Python interpreter to verify your answers.

7. Examine the output for each statement in question 6.

a. What is the difference in the output for the statements in “a” and “c” of question 6?

______________________________________________________________________________

b. What caused the difference? ____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

c. Which statements contain a string literal?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

d. What does the comma (,) do in the print statement in part “d” of question 6? How does it

affect the spacing of the output?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. Examine the following code and its output. What do the first three lines of the program do?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Output


5

9. What would happen if you placed a “#” in front of the code: in the

previous program?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Application Questions: Use the Python interpreter to design and check your work

1. Create a Python program containing three statements to implement the flowchart on the first page

of this activity. Write the statements below.

2. Create one Python statement to produce the output expected from the flowchart. Be sure the

output is printed on three lines.

3. Create a Python program containing two statements that prints the output

to the right. Have the program calculate the answers to the two

arithmetic problems.


6

Notes and Questions Make note of any questions you have about Activity 1 on this page.

Name: _______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________ Python Activity 2: Input and Variables in Python “How do you input and store data in a Python program?”


1. Enter and execute the Python program. What is printed on the screen when the Python program is

executed?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

FYI: input() and print() are functions in Python.

2. Draw a line between each flowchart symbol and its corresponding Python code.

Learning Objectives


Content:

Explain how to input data in Python

Explain the meaning and purpose of a variable

Determine if a variable name is valid

Explain concatenation and the use of “+”

Process:

Create input statements in Python

Create Python code that prompts the user for data and stores it in a variable

Create valid and good variable names

Prior Knowledge

Understanding of flowchart input symbols

Further Reading


Python Program

Flowchart Program

Python Activity 2: Input and Variables in Python

8

3. Examine the first line of Python program: name = input(“What is your name? ”)

a. What happens when this line of code is executed?

______________________________________________________________________________

b. What appears on the screen when this line of code is executed?

______________________________________________________________________________

FYI: The words that appear on the screen to tell the user what to enter are known as a prompt.

c. What happens to the data when the user enters their name and presses the Enter button? That is,

where is their name stored?

______________________________________________________________________________

4. What happens when you execute each of the following lines of Python code?

a. name? = input(“What is your name?”)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

b. your name = input(“What is your name?”)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

c. 1st_name = input(“What is your name?”)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

d. from = input(“Where were you born?”)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Examine the errors that occurred when executing the lines of code in question 5. Then examine the

following lines of valid code.

name2 = input(“What is your name?”)

your_name = input(“What is your name?”)

yourName = input(“What is your name?”)

List the rules that need to be followed to create a valid variable name.

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

FYI: The word name in the Python code is a variable –

name given to a memory location used to store data.


9

6. Are the following variable names valid? Are they good names? Why or why not?

7. Execute the following lines of code. Is the output what you would expect? Why or why not?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

8. Use the following set of Python statements to answer the questions below.

a. State the output for each of line of code.

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

b. Examine the first two print statements. How are they different? Does the difference affect the

output?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

c. Notice that some statements include a comma (,) between the two literals being printed and some

statements use a “+”. Do they produce the same output? ____________________

d. Explain the purpose of the comma.

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

e. Why does the last print statement crash the program? What would you do to correct it?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Variable name Comments about variable name

price

costoffirstitem

Ic

firstName

FYI: “+” concatenates two strings. The strings can be string literals or a variable containing string literals.


10

9. State what is displayed on the screen when the following program is executed:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Application Questions: Use the Python Interpreter to input your code and check your work

1. State a good variable name for an employee’s ID number. ________________________________

2. Write a line of Python code that prompts the user for the name of their favorite ice cream and stores it

in a valid variable name. __________________________________________________________

3. Crazy Sentence Program. Create a program that prompts the user for the name of an animal, a color,

the name of a vehicle, and the name of a city. Then print a sentence that contains the user input in the

following order. Include the additional words in the sample output as part of your output. Example:

Assume the user enters the words: tiger, green, motorcycle, and Wildwood. The output would be:

The green tiger drove the motorcycle to Wildwood.

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________


Python Activity 3 Part A: Arithmetic Operations and Assignment Statements

11

Name: _______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________ Python Activity 3 Part A: Arithmetic Operations and Assignment Statements

“Get the program to compute that!” “How do I assignment values to variables?”


Python Program Flowchart Program

Learning Objectives


Content:

Explain each Python arithmetic operator

Explain the meaning and use of an assignment statement

Review string literals and print statements

Explain the use of “+” and “*” with strings and numbers

Use the int() and float() functions to convert string input to numbers for computation

Incorporate numeric formatting into print statements

Recognize the four main operations of a computer within a simple Python program

Process:

Create input statements in Python

Create Python code that performs mathematical and string operations

Create Python code that uses assignment statements

Create Python code that formats numeric output

Prior Knowledge

Understanding of Python print and input statements

Understanding of mathematical operations


Further Reading



12

1. Execute the print statements in the Python program. What is the output for each statement?

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

2. Draw a line between each flowchart symbol and its corresponding line of Python code.

3. Explain the purpose of each arithmetic operation:

a. + ________________________________________________________________________

b. - ________________________________________________________________________

c. * ________________________________________________________________________

d. ** ________________________________________________________________________

e. / _______________________________________________________________________

f. // _______________________________________________________________________

g. % _______________________________________________________________________

FYI: An assignment statement is a line of code that uses a “=” sign. The statement stores the result

of an operation performed on the right-hand side of the sign into the variable memory location

on the lef0hand side.

4. Enter and execute the following two lines of Python code: age = 15

print(“Your age is”, age)

a. What does the assignment statement: age = 15 do?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

b. What happens if you replace the comma (,) in the print statement with a plus sign (+) and execute

the code again? Why does this happen?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. What is stored in memory after each assignment statement is executed?

Assignment Statement Computer Memory

answer = 6 ** 2 + 3 * 4 // 2 Answer

final = answer % 4 Final


13

6. What happens if you try to use the “+” with strings instead of numbers?

Test the following program:

a. The third line of code contains an assignment statement. What is stored in fullName

when the line is executed?

______________________________________________________________________________

b. How can you fix the output so that the words are separated?

______________________________________________________________________________

c. What happens when you execute the following code? Why?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7. Before entering the following code into the Python interpreter, try to figure out what you think

the statement should print.

Now execute it. What does it do? Is this what you thought it would do?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. Let’s take a look at a program that prompts the user for two numbers and subtracts them.

Execute the following code.

a. What output do you expect? _____________________________________________

b. What is the actual output? _____________________________________________

c. Revise the program in the following manner:

Between lines 2 and 3 add the following lines of code: num1 = int(firstNumber)

num2 = int(secondNumber)

FYI: The “+” concatenates the two strings stored in the variables into one string. The

assignment statement stored the results in the variable fullName. “+” can only be

used when both operators are strings.


14

Next, replace the statement: difference = firstNumber – secondNumber

with the statement: difference = num1 – num2

Execute the program again. What output did you get? ________________________

d. Explain the purpose of the function int().

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

e. Explain how the changes in the program produced the desired output.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Application Questions: Use the Python Interpreter to check your work

1. Write the line of Python code that calculates and prints the answer to the following arithmetic

expressions:

a. 8 to the 4th power ___________________________________________________

b. The sum of 5 and 6 multiplied by the quotient of 34 and 7 using floating point arithmetic

_______________________________________________________________________

2. Write an assignment statement that stores the remainder obtained from dividing 87 and 8 in the

variable leftover

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Assume: courseLabel = “CMSC”

courseNumber = “190”

Write a line of Python code that concatenates the label with the number and stores the result in

the variable courseName. Be sure that there is a space between the course label and the course

number when they are concatenated. _________________________________________________________________

4. Create a program the outputs the total cost of a lunch order. Users should be prompted to input

the number of hamburgers, fries, and drinks they want and the program should print the total cost

of the order. The hamburgers cost 2.00, fries cost 1.50, and drinks cost 1.00. Be creative and

professional in prompting the user for the information and in displaying the output.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Name: _______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________ Python Activity 3 Part B: Arithmetic Operations and Assignment Statements

“Get the program to compute that!”


1. So far you have not been concerned about formatting output on the screen. Now you will discover

how Python allows a programmer to precisely format output. Some of the differences are very subtle,

so take notice of the differences in outputs.

Start by entering and executing the following code.

a. What is the problem with the manner in which the output is displayed?

_____________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

b. Replace the last line of code with the following: print("Total cost of laptops: %.2f" % price)

Discuss the change in the output.

_____________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

c. Replace the last line of code with the following: print("Total cost of laptops: $%.2f" % price)

Discuss the change in the output.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Learning Objectives


Content:

Incorporate numeric formatting into print statements

Recognize the four main operations of a computer within a simple Python program

Process:

Create Python code that uses assignment statements

Create Python code that formats numeric output

Prior Knowledge

Understanding of Python print and input statements

Understanding of mathematical operations


Further Reading


Python Activity 3 Part B: Arithmetic Operations and Assignment Statements

16

d. Experiment with the number “.2” in the print statement by substituting the following

numbers and explain the results.

.4 ________________________________________________________________________

.0 ________________________________________________________________________

.1 ________________________________________________________________________

.8 ________________________________________________________________________

e. Now try the following numbers in the same print statement. These numbers contain a

whole number and a decimal. Explain the output for each number.

2.5 _______________________________________________________________________

8.2 _______________________________________________________________________

3.1 _______________________________________________________________________

f. Explain what the formatting code: “%n.nf % variable” does in a print statement where

n.n represents a number.

_____________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

g. Revise the print statement by changing the “f” to “d” and the decimal number to a whole

number. Explain the sample formatting statements: print("Total cost of laptops: %2d" % price)

print("Total cost of laptops: %10d" % price)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

h. Explain how “%nd % variable” formats numeric data. “n” represents a whole number.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Use the following program to answer the questions below.

FYI: Computers perform four main operations on data:

Input data into a computer

Output data to a screen or file

Process data using arithmetic, logical, searching or sorting operations

Store data


17

a. Using the code and comments in the program listed above, explain how the four main

operations are implemented in the program.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

b. There is one new concept exemplified in this sample program. What is it? From the

corresponding output, determine what it does.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________


1. Write one line of Python code that will print the word “Happy!” one hundred times.

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Assume: itemCost = input(“Enter cost of item: “)

a. Write one line of code that calculates the cost of 15 items and stores the result in the

variable totalCost

________________________________________________________________________

b. Write one line of code that prints the total cost with a label, a dollar sign, and exactly two

decimal places. Sample output: Total cost: $22.50

________________________________________________________________________

3. Assume: height1 = 67850

height2 = 456

Use Python formatting to write two print statements that will produce the following output

exactly at it appears below:

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. You have already completed the following program in a previous activity. Format the output.

Create a program the outputs the total cost of a lunch order. Users should be prompted to input the

number of hamburgers, fries, and drinks they want and the program should print the total cost of the

order. The price of hamburgers is 2.00, fries is 1.50, and drinks is 1.00. Be creative and professional

in prompting the user for the information and in displaying the output.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________


18


Name: _______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________ Python Activity 4: Predefined Functions

“How can I use the built-in code that is already part of Python?”

Model 1: Predefined functions in Python

print(), round(), abs(), pow(), int(), etc. are known as predefined functions. Information that a function

needs to do its work is sent to the function between the parentheses (). This information is known as an

argument. To use a function, call the function. input(“Enter your name”) is a call to the input function

sending the string “Enter your name” as an argument Critical Thinking Questions:

10. Circle the predefined functions in the following program.

11. Draw a line between each statement in the Python program and its

corresponding statement in the flowchart.

Learning Objectives


Content:

Explain the purpose of a predefined function

Explain the functions: abs(), pow(), int() round(), random

Explain the math library functions: floor() and ceil()

Explain the use of the import statement

Explain the purpose of a function argument

Process:

Write code that uses predefined functions

Prior Knowledge

Python concepts from Activities 1-3


Further Reading


Python Activity 4: Predefined Functions

20

12. Enter and execute the Python program on the previous page.

a. What is the output for each statement ?

print(abs(-4.67)) _________________________

print(pow(5,3)) _________________________

print(pow(49,.5)) _________________________

print(int(34.8)) _________________________

print(round(6.9)) _________________________

import random

print(random.randint(1,100)) ___________________

b. What is the difference between the round() function and the int() function?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. What is the output for each line of code? Verify your answers by executing the code and explain the

answer given by the interpreter.

a. abs(4.5) _________________________________________________

b. int(“678”) _________________________________________________

c. round(-5.6) _________________________________________________

d. import random random.randint(4,10) ___________________________________________

What is the purpose of “import random”? What happens if you omit that line of code?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Write a definition of a predefined function.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. Circle the argument in the following predefined function: number = 45.78

answer = round(number)

7. How many arguments can a function have? _______________________________________

8. answer = pow(4,3). What is/are the argument(s) in this code? ______________________

9. If a function contains more than one argument, do you think the order of the arguments makes a

difference? Explain your answer.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


21

10. Execute the following code: import math

x = 4.7

y = 5.3

z = -4.8

a = -3.2

print(math.ceil(x))

print(math.ceil(y))

print(math.ceil(z))

print(math.ceil(a))

print(math.floor(x))

print(math.floor(y))

print(math.floor(z))

print(math.floor(a))

a. Explain what the ceil() function does.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

b. Explain the purpose of the floor() function.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

c. Why are the calls to the math() and ceil() functions preceded by “math.”?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________


1. Write a line of code that prints the integer portion of the number 21.45.

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Write code that prompts the user for a floating point number and prints the smallest integer that is

larger than the number the user entered.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Write a line of code that prints a random number between one and 6.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Assume that a user enters any number and that the number is stored in the variable userNumber.

Write a line of code that converts the input to a float. Then write a line of code that prints the

positive value of the user’s input.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

5. Write a line of code that calculates the square root of 900 and stores the result in the variable

answer.

______________________________________________________________________________


22

Notes and Questions Make note of any questions you have about Activity 4 on this page

Name: _______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________ Python Activity 5: Boolean Expressions and Selection Statements

“True or False and making choices”

Model 1: Programming Structures

Sequence Structure Decision or Branching Structure

Looping Structure


1. Each of the flowchart symbols in the chart above represents lines or segments of code. After

examining the chart, write a description of:

a. sequence structure ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

b. decision or branching structure _____________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

c. looping structure ____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Learning Objectives


Content:

Explain the three types of programming structures

Explain how conditional operators and logical operators are used in programming

Use conditional operators with strings and numeric values

Implement the Python syntax of an if/else statement

Determine good test data for programs that include if/else statements

Process:

Write code that includes if statements and if/else statements

Write correct Boolean expressions and compound expressions

Prior Knowledge



Further Reading


Python Activity 5: Boolean Expressions and Selection Statements

24

2. Which structure best describes the types of Python programs you have written so far? Do you

think this structure is the best structure to use for all programs? Why or why not?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Which structure allows the programmer to create code that decides what code is executed?

_____________________________________________________________________________

Model 2: Conditional Operators

Conditional operators, also known as relational operators, are used to compare the relationship

between two operands. Expressions that can only result in one of two answers are known as

Boolean expression.

4. Determine the meaning of each of the following conditional operators.

If you are not sure of the meaning of any symbol, create some example

expressions, type them into the Python interpreter (see figure to the

right) and examine the results.

a. < ___________ b. > ____________

c. <= ___________ d. >= ____________

e. != ___________ f. == ____________

5. What is the result of each of the following expressions?

Assume x = 4, y = 5, z = 4

a. x > y ______________________________________

b. x < y ______________________________________

c. x == y ______________________________________

d. x != y ______________________________________

e. x >= z ______________________________________

f. x <= z ______________________________________

g. x + y > 2 * x ______________________________________

h. y * x – z != 4 % 4 + 16 ______________________________________

i. pow(x,2) == abs(-16) ______________________________________

6. What is the result of the following expressions?

Assume word1 = “hello”, word2 = “good-bye”

a. word1 == word2 ______________________________________

b. word1 != word2 ______________________________________

c. word1 < word2 ______________________________________

d. word1 >= word2 ______________________________________


25

7. Explain how the conditional operators are used when the operands are strings.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

8. There are only two possible answers to the expressions in questions 5 and 6. What are they?

_______________________________________________________________________________

9. What is the Python code equivalent of the diamond flowchart symbol in the program above?

________________________________________________________________________

10. Enter and execute the following code. Use various values for the original cost and the sale price.

Explain what the following lines of code do. Each line appears in the program above.

a. originalPrice = int(originalPriceString)

________________________________________________________________________

b. percentOff =(originalPrice - salePrice)/originalPrice * 100

________________________________________________________________________

c. print("Sale price: $%.2f" %salePrice)

________________________________________________________________________

d. print("Percent off: %2d" % percentOff + "%")

________________________________________________________________________

e. if percentOff >= 50:

print("You got a great sale!")

________________________________________________________________________

Model 3: IF/ELSE Statement

Flow chart Python Program


26

11. Revise the program in #10. If the percent off is 50% or more print “Congratulations!” in addition

to what is already printed. Use a second print statement to do this. Write the code for this part

of the program.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

12. Revise the program in #12 so that it prints “Done!” when the program is complete – no matter

what the percent off is. How does the placement of this line of code differ from the placement of

the code created for #12?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Python Program

Flowchart

13. Compare the flowchart above with the corresponding Python Program. Carefully compare if/else

statement in the two programs. Enter and execute the Python program above.

a. Test the program at least three times. List the three test data you used and the

corresponding output. Explain why they were the best data to use as a test for the

program.

___________________ __________________ ___________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________


27

b. Now you want to add another print statement to the Python program above so that it

printed “That’s really hot!” when the water is 212 degrees or hotter. Rewrite the code

below with this statement included.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

FYI: We can use logical operators to determine logic between conditions (relational expressions).

14. Sometimes you want to test more than one condition to determine which code segment should be

executed. You can use the following logical operators to create compound conditions. Examine

each operator and a sample of its use. Provide an explanation of how each operator works.

Operator Example Explanation

and (age >= 17) and (hasLicense = = true)

or (cost < 20.00) or (shipping = = 0.00)

not not (credits> 120)

15. Assume the value of the variable numBooks is 40. State the values of each of the Boolean

expression.

Expression Value

(numBooks > 5) and (numBooks < 100)

(numBooks < 5) or (numBooks > 100)

not(numBooks * 10 == 100)

16. Suppose you want to determine if a student is ready to graduate. The 3 criteria for graduation are

that the student has earned at least 120 credits, their major GPA is at least 2.0 and their general

GPA is also at least 2.0.

Missing Boolean expression


28

Which Boolean expression would be the correct test for Python code?

a. numCredits >= 120 or majorGPA >= 2.0 or overallGPA >= 2.0

b. numCredits > 120 and majorGPA > 2.0 or overallGPA > 2.0

c. numCredits > 119 and majorGPA >= 2.0 and overallGPA >= 2.0

d. numCredits >= 120 and majorGPA >= 2.0 and overallGPA >= 2.0

17. Enter and execute the program in #16. Include your choice for the correct Boolean expression.

Create several data sets to test all possibilities for the Boolean expression. List the data you used

to test all possibilities for the expression.

Data Set numCredits majorGPA overallGPA Expression Result (True or False)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10


1. Write a Boolean expression that tests if the value stored in the variable num1 is equal to the value

stored in the variable num2.

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Write a Boolean expression that tests if the value stored in the variable time is less than the value

stored in the variable maxTime or if the value stored in the variable cost is less than the value

stored in the variable maxCost

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Write the code for an if statement that adds 5 to the variable num1 if the value stored in the

variable testA equals 25. Otherwise subtract 5 from num1.

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Write the code for an if statement that prints a random number between one and 6 if the value

stored in the variable isValid equals the Boolean value true.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


29

5. Write a Python program that prompts the user for the cost of two items to be purchased. Then

prompt the user for their payment. If they enter an amount that is less than the total cost of the

two items, print a message that tells them how much they still owe. Otherwise, print a message

that thanks them for their payment and tells them how much change they will receive.

Thoroughly test your code for all possible input.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. Write a Python program that prompts the user for a word. If the word comes between the words

apple and pear alphabetically, print a message that tells the user that the word is valid, otherwise,

tell the user the word is out or range.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7. Write a Python program that prompts the user for a multiple of 5 between 1 and 100. Print a

message telling the user whether the number they entered is valid.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


30


Name: _______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________ Python Activity 6: Functions

“Modularizing your code”


Python Program

Flowchart

Learning Objectives


Content:

Explain the meaning and purpose of a function

Recognize a function definition, function header, and function call in a program

Combine the use of functions with if/else statements

Explain programs that use the same function multiple times

Use good test data for programs that include functions

Process:

Write code that includes function definitions and function calls

Write programs that incorporate functions and if/else statements

Prior Knowledge



Further Reading


Python Activity 6: Functions

32

FYI: A function is a segment of code that performs a single task.

1. Closely examine the flowchart and Python program above.

a. Draw arrows between each flowchart symbol and the equivalent Python code.

FYI: A function definition is the segment of code that tells the program what to do when the

function is executed. The first line of a function definition is known as the function

header

b. What Python keyword is used to indicate that a code segment is a function definition?

________________________________________________________________________

c. What is the function header in the Python code above?

________________________________________________________________________

d. The name of the function is in the function header. What is the name of the function?

________________________________________________________________________

e. Examine the Python function. Explain the syntax required for a function: indentation,

etc.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

f. Enter and execute the Python program. What is the output?

________________________________________________________________________

g. What line of code would you add to the program to print the last two lines twice? Where

would you add the code?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

2. Examine the following program

a. Label the function definition and the function call.

b. The function call and the function definition each include a variable within the

parentheses. The variable in this role is known as an argument. What is the argument in

the function definition? What is its purpose?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________


33

c. In this example the argument in the function definition and the argument in the function

call have the same name. Is this required? _______________________________

d. Enter and execute the program. Verify your answer to question ‘c’ by changing the

variable name in the main program from radius to number. Do not change the variable

name in the function definition. Does the program still work? __________________

e. Write a line of code that calls the calculateArea function and sends the value “6” as the

argument. Add the line of code to the main program and execute it to be sure it works

properly. _______________________________________________________________

f. Add a second function to the program that calculates and prints the diameter of a circle,

given the radius as an argument (parameter). Place the function definition above the main

part of the program. Write the function below.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

g. Add another line of code to the main part of the program that calls the function that was

created in part ‘f’. Send the radius entered by the user as the argument to the function.

________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the purpose of a function? Why do programmers use them?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Carefully examine the following program.

a. What is the first line of code executed by the Python interpreter?

________________________________________________________________________


34

b. Enter and execute the program. Use the following test data and indicate what the output

is for each set of data.

Data Set Operand 1 Operand 2 Operator Result

1 2 6 +

2 3 8 -

3 34 23 +

4 4 5 /

c. What problems did you notice when you entered Data Sets 3 and 4?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

d. Add code to the program that would warn the user about the problems that could occur

when data similar to that in Data Sets 3 and 4 are entered. See sample output below. List

the lines of code below the sample output.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________


35

FYI: So far, the functions you have printed any results within the function. They did not send

back any information to the original calling code. Functions that do not send back

information to where they are called are known as void functions. Functions often send

back or return the result and are known as value returning functions.

5. Enter and execute the code below. Carefully examine the code.

a. What is the new keyword used in the function definition? What do you think the

keyword tells the program to do?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

b. Write the line of code from the program that includes the function call to getSmaller.

________________________________________________________________________

c. In a void function, the function call is on a line by itself. Why is this function call

placed on the right-hand-side of an assignment statement?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

d. What are the arguments used for the function call? _______________________________

6. Examine the following Python program.

a. What does the program do?

________________________________________________________________________

b. Circle the function call. What is different about the placement of the function call?

________________________________________________________________________


36

c. Is the function a void function or a value returning function? ____________________

d. Why is the import statement needed in this program?

_______________________________________________________________________

7. The following Python program performs the same operations and produces the same output as the

previous program. Describe the major differences between the two programs. Edit the previous

program so that it looks like this one and execute it.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


1. Write a function that draws a frog. Call the function to be sure it works. Sample frog:

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


37

2. Expand the program in #1 to produce the following output.

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

3. Write a Python program that prompts the user for three words and prints the word that comes last

alphabetically. Use a function to create the program.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________


38


Name: _______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________ Python Activity 7: Nested IF/ELSE Statements

“Decisions, decisions – decisions within decisions!”


1. Closely examine the flowchart and Python program above.

Learning Objectives


Content:

Explain the purpose of a nested if-else statement

Explain how to use Python if-elif structure

Explain how to test code using Python if-elif structure

Process:

Write code that includes if-elif statements

Write code that uses if-elif statements and functions

Prior Knowledge



Further Reading


Python Program

Flowchart

Python Activity 7: Nested IF/ELSE Statements

40


b. In the Python code, circle the if/else statement that is nested within another if/else statement.

c. Enter and test the code. List five numbers that you would use to test this program. Indicate

why you chose the numbers.

Number Why chosen

2. Enter and execute the following Python program using the same data as you used for #1c.

a. How does the output for this program compare with the output for the previous program?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

b. What new keyword is used in this program? _______________________________________

c. Notice the syntax of this program compared to the previous program. Which program

contains simpler indentation? _____________________________________________

FYI: elif is the Python keyword that represents else if and allows you to test for one of several options. As

soon as one of the tests is true, the rest are ignored.

d. You can use elif as many times as you need to. Suppose you wanted to add the comment

“Good!” for grades that are between 80 and 89. Where would you add it? Write the code for

this additional choice.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

e. Does the placement of an additional elif clause matter? ______________________________

f. When is the code associated with the else statement executed?

___________________________________________________________________________


41

g. Describe how an if/elif/else statement works.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

h. Change the program in #2 so that it prints the following messages. Write the code below.

Greater than 90 “Very Good!”

Between 80 and 89 “Good!”

Between 70 and 79 “Satisfactory”

Between 60 and 69” “Fair”

Less than 60 “Poor”

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

i. Make a final change to the program so that it prints an error message if the grade entered

is greater than 100 or less than 0.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

3. Is the use of the else statement mandatory when creating an if/elif statement? Explain your

answer.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________


42


1. Write an if/elif statement that assigns a value to the variable bonus depending on the amount of sales.

Assume the amount of the sales is stored in a variable called sales.

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

2. Carefully examine and then complete the following Python program. The program prompts the user

to enter a number between 1 and 5 and also generates a random number between 1 and 5. The

program prints the number the user enters and prints the random number. The program then

compares the two numbers. If the numbers are the same, it prints the message “You picked the same

number as the computer!”. If the number the user entered is higher than the random number, the

program should print “Your number is higher than the computer’s number.” Otherwise, it should

print: “Your number is smaller than the computer’s number”.

Explain what the if/else statement does in the Main Program.

Sales Bonus

>= 100,000 10,000

>= 75,000 5,000

>= 50,000 2,500

>= 25,000 1,000


43

.


44


Name: _______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________ Python Activity 8: Looping Structures – WHILE Loops

“Repeating code”

Critical Thinking Questions

1. Closely examine the flowchart and Python program below.

FYI: A looping structure allows a block of code to be repeated one or more times. A while loop is

one of the two looping structures available in Python.

Python Program

Flowchart


b. In the Python code, circle all the code associated with the WHILE loop.

Learning Objectives


Content:

Explain the three parts of a loop

Explain the syntax of a while loop

Explain sentinel-controlled and counter controlled loops

Explain short-cut operators

Process:

Write code that includes sentinel-controlled and counter controlled loops

Write code that uses short-cut operators

Prior Knowledge



Further Reading


Python Activity 8: Looping Structures – WHILE Loops

46

c. Enter and test the code. What does the line of code: x=x+1 do?

___________________________________________________________________________

d. How does the Python interpreter know what lines of code belong to the loop body?

___________________________________________________________________________

e. Every loop structure requires three actions. Identify the line of code in the Python

program that corresponds to each of the three actions.

Initialize a variable used in the test condition:

________________________________________________________________________

Include a test condition that causes the loop to end when the condition is false:

________________________________________________________________________

Within the loop body, update the variable used in the test condition:

________________________________________________________________________

2. Enter and execute the following code.

a. Beside each line of code below explain what the code does.

b. Explain the difference between the two print statements.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

3. The following code should print the numbers from 1 to 10, but it does not print anything.

Correct the problem.

number = 12

while number <= 10:

print(number)

number = number + 1

4. Enter and execute the following code: number = 0

while number <= 10:

print(number)

number = number - 1

a. Describe the output. ____________________________________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________


47

b. What caused the output to be what it was?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

c. Does the program end? Why or why not? ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________


while number <= 10:

if number % 2 == 0:

print(number, end= " ")

number = number + 1

a. State the output.

________________________________________________________________________

b. What caused the output to display on one line?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

c. What control structures are used in this code?

________________________________________________________________________

7. We want to create a program that prompts the user to enter a number between 1 and 10. As long

as the number is out of range the program re-prompts the user for a valid number. Complete the

following steps to write this code.

a. Write a line of code the prompts the user for number between 1 and 10.

________________________________________________________________________

b. Write a Boolean expression that tests the number the user entered by the code in step “a.”

to determine if it is not in range.

________________________________________________________________________

c. Use the Boolean expression created in step “b.” to write a while loop that executes when

the user input is out of range. The body of the loop should tell the user that they entered

an invalid number and prompt them for a valid number again.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

d. Write a line of code that prints a message telling the user that they entered a valid

number.

________________________________________________________________________

e. Put the segments of code from steps “a-d” together. Enter and execute the code. Does it

work properly? If not, correct it and test it again. _________________________


48

f. How many times does the loop execute? ______________________________________

FYI: A looping structure for which you know the number of times it will execute is known as a

count-controlled loop.

8. Sometimes a programmer does not know how many times data is to be entered. For example,

suppose you want to create a program that adds an unspecified amount of positive numbers

entered by the user. The program stops adding numbers when the user enters a zero or a negative

number. Then the program prints the total. Before creating this program, review the three actions

required for all loops:

a. Initialize a variable that will be used in the test condition: What will be tested to

determine if the loop is executed or not? Write a line of code that initializes a variable to

be used in the test condition of the loop for this program. The variable should contain a

value entered by the user.

________________________________________________________________________

b. Include a test condition that causes the loop to end when the condition is false: What is

the test condition for the while loop used in this program?

________________________________________________________________________

c. Within the loop body, update the variable used in the test condition: Write the code for

the loop body. Include the code to update the variable in the test condition.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

d. Is this a count-controlled loop? Why or why not?

________________________________________________________________________

e. Complete the program. Enter and execute the code. Does it work properly? __________

FYI: Short-cut operators provide a concise way of creating assignment statements when the

variable on the left-hand side of the assignment statement is also on the right-hand side. The

addition short-cut operator (+=) is usually used for incrementing a variable.


number += 3

print(number)

a. What does the “+=” shortcut operator do?

________________________________________________________________________

b. The code: x += 5 is equivalent to which of the following lines of code?

x = 5

x = y + 5

x = x + 5

y = x + 5


49

c. Replace the operator ‘+=’ with the following shortcut operators and execute the code.

Explain what each operator does.

-= _________________________________________________________

*= _________________________________________________________

10. Enter and execute the following code: bonus = 25

salary += bonus

print(“Total salary:”, salary)

a. What is the output of the preceding code? Is it what you expected?

________________________________________________________________________

b. Edit the code so that it produces valid output.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

c. As a result of correcting this code segment, what is needed in order for the shortcut

operators to work properly?

_______________________________________________________________________

d. Is the following line of code valid: 23 += total? Why or why not?

________________________________________________________________________

11. The following code should print the numbers beginning at 100 and ending with 0. However it is

missing a line of code. Add the missing code, using the shortcut operator. Indicate where the

code belongs. countdown = 100

while countdown > 0:

print(countdown)

print(“Done!”)

________________________________________________________________________

12. Enter and execute the following code: doAgain = "y"

while doAgain == "y":

word = input("Enter a word:")

print("First letter of " + word + " is " + word[0])

doAgain = input("Type ‘y’ to enter another word and anything

else to quit.")

print("Done!")


________________________________________________________________________

b. What is the name of the variable used to store the user’s input? ____________________

c. In the print statement, what does word[0]represent? ___________________________


50

d. If you changed 0 to 1 in word[0]in the print statement above, what is printed?

________________________________________________________________________

e. When does the program end? _____________________________________________

g. Why is the loop in this program is an example of a sentinel control loop?

________________________________________________________________________

h. Examine the print statement in this program: print("First letter of " + word + " is " + word[0])

What is the purpose of the “+” as part of the argument in the print statement? What

happens if you replace the “+” with a “,”?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

13. Examine the code below. name = “Simone”

cost = 3.56

numApples = 89

What type of data is stored in each variable: (integer, floating point, or string)

name – __________________________

cost – __________________________

numApples – __________________________

FYI: A variable that can store only the values True and False is called a Boolean variable.

14. Given the assignment statement: foundCost = False

What value is stored in the variable foundCost? ________________________________

What type of data is stored in foundCost? ________________________________

15. Enter and execute the following code:

a. What type of variable is ‘doAgain’? _______________________________________

FYI: A sentinel-controlled while loop is a loop that repeats the loop body until the user enters a pre-

specified value.


51

b. What does the program do?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

c. What does the following line of code do? maxNum1 = max(num1, num2, num3, num4)

________________________________________________________________________

d. Experiment with the arguments in the max() function in the program to determine if the

function must have four arguments. Demonstrate your answer.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

e. What does the following code in the program do? if another != 'y':

doAgain = False

________________________________________________________________________


1. Write a code segment that prompts the user for an even number. As long as the number is

not even, the user should be given a message and prompted again for an even number.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Write code segment that prompts the user for a letter from ‘a-z’. As long as the character is not

between ‘a-z’, the user should be given a message and prompted again for a letter between ‘a-z’.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Complete the following program:

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


52


53

Name: _______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________ Python Activity 9: Looping Structures: FOR Loops

“Another form of loops”


4. Enter and execute the following two Python programs.

WHILE LOOP -- Python Program

FOR LOOP – Python Program

a. What is the output for each program?

___________________________________________________________________________

b. Both programs produce the same output. Which code fragment is more concise?

___________________________________________________________________________

FYI: The Python predefined range() function is used to define a series of numbers and can be used in

a FOR loop to determine the number of times the loop is executed..

2. Enter and execute the following code fragments and state the output:

a. for x in range(5):

print(x, end=” “) ________________________________

b. for x in range(1,5):

print(x, end=" ") ________________________________

Learning Objectives


Content:

Explain the difference between while loop and a FOR loop

Explain the syntax of a FOR loop

Explain how to use the range() function in a FOR loop

Explain an accumulator in a FOR loop

Process:

Write code that includes FOR loop

Write code that uses use FOR loops within functions

Prior Knowledge



Further Reading


Python Activity 9: Looping Structures: FOR Loops

54

c. for x in range(3,20,2):

print(x, end=” “) ___________________________

d. numIterations = 6

for x in range(numIterations):

print(x, end=” “) ___________________________

e. numIterations = 6

for x in range(1, numIterations+1):

print(x, end=” “) ___________________________

3. After examining the five code fragments in #2, explain how the range() function works. Include

an explanation of the arguments.

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

FYI: In a FOR loop you can include a list of values in place of the range() function.

4. Enter and execute the following code. for x in [3,6,9,12,15,18]:

print(x, end=” “)

a. Rewrite this code using the range() function.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

b. Why would you use the range() function when you could just list the numbers?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

5. As you learned in Activity 8, every loop structure requires three actions. Explain how these

actions are implemented in the following Python FOR loop. for x in range(1,5):

print(x, end=" ")

a. Initialize a variable used in the test condition;

________________________________________________________________________

b. Include a test condition that causes the loop to end when the condition is false:

________________________________________________________________________

c. Within the loop body, update the variable used in the test condition:

________________________________________________________________________


55

6. Read through the code and determine what it does. favorite = input("Enter your favorite ice cream flavor: ")

for x in range(1,5):

print(str(x) + “.”, favorite, end="\t")

a. Explain what you think the program does.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

b. Enter and execute the code to determine if you were correct. What does the program

actually do? Provide a detailed explanation.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

c. Explain the use of the str() function in the print statement. Why is it needed?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

7. Complete the arguments in the following range function so that the code prints the even

numbers between 100 and 200 inclusive. for x in range(_____________________________):

print(x)

8. Complete the arguments in the following range function so that the code prints: 5 4 3 2 1 0. for x in range(______________________________):

print(x)

FYI: An accumulator is a variable that stores the sum of a group of values.

9. Examine the following code segment. total = 0

for x in range(5):

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))

total += number

print("The total is:",total)

a. Why is the variable total initialized to 0 in the first line of code?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

b. Explain what the following code does: number = int(input("Enter a number: "))

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________


56

c. Explain what the following code does: total += number

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

d. How many numbers does the program prompt for? __________________________

e. What is the accumulator in the code segment?

________________________________________________________________________

10. Is it better to use a FOR loop when you know the number of times the loop should be executed or

when you do not know? Explain your answer.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


1. Write a code segment using a FOR loop that prints multiples of 5 from 5 to 500.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Complete the program on the following page. The program should:

Display five addition facts, one at a time, and allow the user to answer them.

Provide the correct answer if user enters incorrect answer.

Print a congratulatory answer, if the answer is correct.

Keep track of the number of problems the user answers correctly.

Prints a special message, if the user gets all five problems correct.

Fill in the missing code; comments (also written below) indicate location of missing code.

# include the required import statement ______________________________________________________________________________

# include a FOR loop that prints the numbers from 10 to 0 ______________________________________________________________________________

# Assign a random number between 1 and 10 to num1 and num2 ______________________________________________________________________________

# Write the test condition to determine if the user’s # answer is equal to the sum of the two numbers ______________________________________________________________________________

# Write the line of code to increment the variable # that is keeping track of the number of correct answers. ______________________________________________________________________________

# Print the addition fact and include the correct answer. ______________________________________________________________________________


57

# Write the test condition to determine if the user answered # all the questions correctly ______________________________________________________________________________

# Write the code to call the function that prints the rocket ______________________________________________________________________________


58


59

Name: _______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________ Python Activity 10: Files and Nesting Looping Structures

“Alternative input and loops inside loops”


FYI: In Python, you can access data from a text file as well as from the keyboard. You can create a

text file in any text editing tool. You should only have one data item per line in the file.

5. Create a text file named sports.txt and enter the sports listed below, one word per line.

Enter and execute the Python program. Be sure the saved program is in the same folder as the

text file.

Python Program

sports.txt file

Learning Objectives


Content:

Explain how to open a text file for reading and for writing

Explain the difference between the read() and readline() functions

Explain the purpose of the str() function.

Explain the effect of the arguments of the range function when reading data from a file.

Explain the purpose of the rstrip(), open(), close(), and write() functions

Explain the difference between writing and appending to a file

Read and write nested FOR loops

Identify inner and outer loops

Process:

Write code that opens, writes to and closes a file

Write code that opens, reads from and closes a file

Write code that uses a nested FOR loop

Prior Knowledge


Further Reading


Python Activity 10: Files and Nesting Looping Structures

60


_______________________________________________________________________

b. Explain the purpose and syntax of the first line of code. What does the ‘string argument’

for the function open represent?

_______________________________________________________________________

c. Replace the function read() with the function readline(). Execute the program again.

What happens?

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

d. Explain the difference between the two functions: read() and readline().

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________


a. Explain the format and content of the output.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

b. How does the output from this programs differ from the output of the program that used

the “read()” function? What caused the difference?

________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

c. What is the subtle difference in the output if the following print statement

replaced the one above? Which is better?

________________________________________________________________________

d. What does str(index) do in the program above? Why is the str () function necessary?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

e. What happens when you change the arguments in the range() function to 1,10?

_______________________________________________________________________

f. What happens when you change the arguments in the range() function to (0, 30)?

_______________________________________________________________________


61

g. What do the results from “f.” and “g.” tell you about the arguments of the range()

function when you are using it in a FOR loop to read data from a file?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

FYI: The purpose of the rstrip() function is rather subtle. rstrip() returns a copy of the string after all

characters have been stripped from the end of the string (default whitespace characters, EOL

characters, and newline characters).

3. The following program is slightly different from the program in #2. Enter and execute the

program.

a. Compare the output from this program to the output in the previous program. What is the

difference?

________________________________________________________________________

b. What code caused the difference in the output?

________________________________________________________________________

c. In this example the rstrip() function strips the newline character from the string that is

read from the file. Why is the newline character attached to the end of the string?

________________________________________________________________________

d. Does the rstrip() function contain any arguments? How does it know what string to act

upon?

________________________________________________________________________

e. lstrip() is a similar function. What do you think it does?

____________________________________________________

4. The following program is slightly different from the program in #3. Enter and execute the

program.

a. What does the program display?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

b. How many functions are used in this program? _________________________________

c. Two functions use what is known as dot(.) notation. What are the two functions?

________________________________________________________________________


62

d. Examine the output and explain what the len() function does.

________________________________________________________________________

5. Enter and execute the following program:

a. What output appears on the screen?

________________________________________________________________________

b. What does the program do?

________________________________________________________________________

c. Locate the file studentInfo.txt on your computer. The file is stored in the same folder as

the program. What is stored in the file?

________________________________________________________________________

d. What is the purpose of “w” in the following line of code?

________________________________________________________________________

e. Did you create the file: studentInfo.txt before you included it in the code? ___________

f. Execute the program again using different input. Open the studentInfo.txt file. What is

in the file? Is the data from the first program execution still there?

________________________________________________________________________

g. Change the ‘w’ to ‘a’ in the open() function. Execute the program again with different

input. Examine the student Info.txt file. What did ‘a’ as an argument in the open()

function do? What word do you think ‘a’ represents?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

h. Notice the new function – write(). How many arguments does the write function have?

________________________________________________________________________

i. How does the write() function know what file to write to?

________________________________________________________________________

j. What line of code closes the file? Where is the line of code positioned in the program?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________


63

k. Revise the program so that the user can enter three names during one execution of the

program. You may need to change the order of some of the code.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

FYI: A loop within another loop is known as a nest loop. Proper indentation is essential for the

loops to work properly..


a. What does the program display?

________________________________________________________________________

b. How many FOR loops are in this code? Is one loop completely executed before the next

loop begins? What do you call this type of loop?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

c. How many times is the following line of code executed in the program? ______________

d. In the program listed at #6, above, label the inner loop and the outer loop.

e. What does the inner loop do?

________________________________________________________________________

f. What does the outer loop do?

________________________________________________________________________

6. If you were asked to created a Python program that displayed the adjacent

rectangle, you could easily do it with a set of print statements or a FOR loop

and a print statement. We will go through several steps to create a program that

will print similar output but allows the user to determine the length and width

of the figure when they execute the program.


64

a. Create a code segment that prompts the user for a number between 1 and 10 and then

prints that many asterisks (*) on one line. Use a FOR loop.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

b. You want to create several lines of asterisks. Revise the code in “a.” to also prompt the

user for how many lines to print. Use an “outer” loop to print that many lines of asterisks.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

c. Edit the program so that it prints numbers instead of asterisks. Write

the line of code that was changed.

________________________________________________________

7. Examine the following code and determine the output. Indicate the changes in

memory as the program is executed. Assume the user input is 5.


1. Create a text file that contains 10 numbers between 50 and 100. Write a program that reads the

numbers from the file and totals the numbers. The program should print all the numbers and

display the total when all the numbers have been added together. (Warning! The input from the

file will be considered a string. Be sure to convert the input to int or float – just as you do when

numbers are entered from the keyboard.)

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Variable Memory

height

row

column


65

2. Revise the following program. Allow the user to enter the name of the file and use the input to

open the file.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Create a Python program that prompts the user for a number and

then prints an inverted right triangle containing that many rows

similar to the output to the right.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


66


67

Name: _______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________ Python Activity 11 Part A: Lists

“More versatile than arrays -- lists”


FYI: A sequence is an object that stores multiple data items in a contiguous manner. Two types of

sequences are strings and lists. Each value stored in a list is called an element.

6. Examine the sample lists below.

Sample Lists in Python

a. How many elements does the list named digits contain? ___________________

b. What type of data is stored in each list (String, numeric)?

digits list: __________________________________________________________

fruits list: __________________________________________________________

studentData list: ___________________________________________________

c. How would you define a list?

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Learning Objectives


Content:

Define a list

Identify elements of a list

Explain the purpose of positive and negative indexes in a list.

Explain how to access individual elements of a list

Explain how the following functions are used with lists: append(), insert(), remove(), count(),

index()

Explain how to replace an item

Process:

Write code that prints a list

Write code that edits a list – add, remove, and insert items

Prior Knowledge


Further Reading

Transitioning from Visual Logic to Python: Chapter 11 pp. 95-101

Python Activity 11 Part A: Lists

68

2. The following line of code prints the first element in the digits list.

a. What value does fruits[3] represent? _______________________________________

b. Enter and type the fruits list and write a line of code that prints the last value.

________________________________________________________________________

c. Edit your print statement in ‘b’ so that it prints fruits[4]. What is printed? Why?

________________________________________________________________________

d. Edit your print statement so that it prints fruits[-1]. What is printed?

_______________________________________________________________________

e. Change -1 to -2 in “d.”. What is printed?

_______________________________________________________________________

FYI: The number used to locate an element in the list is called an index.

f. Explain how the positive and negative indexes locate the desired elements.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

g. What is printed with the following print statement: print(fruits)? How is the information

displayed?

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________


a. What is the output?

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

b. Explain the first line of code especially the code on the right hand side of the equal sign.

________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

c. Explain why the second line of code produces the same output as the first line above.

________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________ ______


69

d. Add the following line of code to the program: print(len(mult2))

What is the output? What does the len() function do?

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________


a. What is the output for the second line of code:

________________________________________________________________________

b. Examine the following code. It contains a FOR loop but does not use the range()

function. In previous FOR loops the values resulting from the range() function were

stored in x during each iteration of the loop.

i. What is being stored in x for each iteration of the loop in the following code?

________________________________________________________________________

ii. What is the output for this code?

________________________________________________________________________

c. What are the similarities and differences between the output for “a.” and “b.”?

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

d. Add each of the following print statements to the code above. What is the output for each

statement? Explain the output.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________


70


a. Explain what the following line of code does: flowers.append(‘gardenia’)

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

b. Write a line of code that would add the flower lavender to the list.

_______________________________________________________________________


a. Explain what the following line of code does: flowers.insert(2,‘lily’)

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

b. Write a line of code that would place the flower: sunflower at the beginning of the list.

_______________________________________________________________________


a. Explain what the following line of code does: del flowers[2]

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

b. Write a line of code that would delete the last flower in the list.

_______________________________________________________________________


a. Explain what the following line of code does: flowers.remove(‘tulip’)

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________


71

b. Write a line of code that would delete ‘daffodil’ from the list.

________________________________________________________________________

c. Edit the code to determine what happens if the same flower appears in the list twice and

use the remove()function to remove the word. Does it remove both instances of the

word? _________________________________________________________________

d. Write a line of code that attempts to remove the flower: sweet pea. What happens when

the code is executed?

_______________________________________________________________________


a. Explain what the following line of code does: flowers[1]= ‘freesia’

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

b. Write a line of code that would replace ‘daffodil’ with ‘gardenia’.

_______________________________________________________________________

c. Explain what the following line of code does: flowers[-3]= ‘lily’

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

d. Explain what happens when the following line of code is added to the program: flowers[8]= ‘lily’

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________



72

a. What is the output of this program?

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

b. Explain the line of code: numY = ballot.count(‘y’)

What does the count() function do? How many arguments does it have?

________________________________________________________________________

c. Add the following lines of code to the program:

What do the lines print? ____________________________________________________

What does the index() function do? _______________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

What happens if you replace ‘y’ or ‘n’ with ‘x’? Why does this happen?

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________


1. Create a program that prints a given list, prompts the user for a name and average, adds the new

information to the list and prints the new list. It should produce output similar to the following:

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

7. Revise the previous program so that it allows the user to enter the name of a person in the list

whose average needs updating and also prompts the user for the new average. The program

should then update the list and print the new list. The program should produce output similar to

the output on the following page:


73

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________


74

Notes and Questions Make note of any questions you have about Activity 11A on this page.

75

Name: _______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________ Python Activity 11 Part B: List Functions

“More versatile than arrays -- lists”



a. What does the code print?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

b. What does the reverse() function do?

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Revise the program in #1 to test each of the following functions.

a. sort function: <listName>.sort()

Write the revised line of code here: ___________________________________________

Does the function make a permanent change to the list? __________________________

Does the function need to be called within an assignment statement? _____________

b. max function: max(<listName>)

Write the revised line of code here: _______________________________________

Explain the difference between the call to this function and the call to the sort function.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Learning Objectives


Content:

Explain how the following functions are used with lists: reverse(), sort(), max(), min()

Explain how to use lists with files

Process:

Write code that reverses and sorts lists

Write code the finds the largest or smallest element of a list

Write code that reads from a file into a list

Prior Knowledge

Python concepts from Activities 1-10 and 11_1

Further Reading

Transitioning from Visual Logic to Python: Chapter 11 pp. 101-109

Python Activity 12: More about Lists and Strings

76

Does the function need to be called within an assignment statement? _____________

c. min function: min(<listName>)

Write the revised code here: _____________________________________________

Is the call to this function similar to the call to the sort function or the max function?

_______________________________________________________________________

Does the function need to be called within an assignment statement? ____________

FYI: The member operation determines if a given item is an element of a list. The operation returns

True if the item is an element of the list and False otherwise. Syntax: <element> in <list name>.

3. The following program demonstrates the member operation for a list. Enter and execute the

program:

a. Circle the line of code that uses the member operation.

b. Edit the program so that if the number the user entered is not in the list, it is added to the

list. Print the list again to be sure the number is added to the list. Here is some sample

output:

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________


77

c. Suppose the program prompted the user for two numbers and stored them in the variables

guess1 and guess2. Write the code segment that would print “Super guess!” if the user

entered two numbers in the list.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

4. Let’s write a program – step by step -- that generates 100 numbers between 1 and 500 and puts

them in a list, prints the numbers, sorts the numbers, reverses the order of the numbers,

determines the number of times a given number is in the list and prints the largest and smallest

number.

a. Create an empty list to store the number

__________________________________

b. Create code to generate 100 numbers

between 1 & 500 store them in the list

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

c. Create the code to print the list without the

brackets. Create a separate function for

this since you will be printing the list

several times.

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

d. Write the code that sorts and then reverses

the numbers. Print the code after it is

sorted and after the numbers are reversed.

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

e. Does the order of these two lines of code

matter? ________________________


78

f. Write the code that prompts the user for a number between 1 and 500 and prints how many

times that number is in the list. If the number is not in the list print the message: “Sorry, your

number is not here!”

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

g. Print the largest and smallest number.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

h. Enter and execute the code from a-e. be sure that it executes properly. List one sample output.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

i. To make the numbers appear in columns, replace the print statement in the print function with

the following line of code: print("%3d" %x, end=" "). What causes the change in

output format?

___________________________________________________________________________

5. Enter and execute the following code. What does the program do?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

6. Add the following code to the program above:

a. What does the program do once this code is added?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

b. Explain the following code:

________________________________________________________________________


79

c. Explain what the following line of code does:

________________________________________________________________________

d. Add a final line of code to the program that prints the list.

________________________________________________________________________

Application Question: Use the Python Interpreter to check your work

Complete the missing sections of the following program in the Python interpreter. Most of the code is

missing. Where there is code, comments are needed. First create a text file with several numbers, one on a

line.


80

Notes and Questions Make note of any questions you have about Activity 11B on this page.

81

Name: _______________________________________ Partners: ________________________________ Python Activity 12: More about Lists and Strings

“Lists and Strings and Functions and more….” Critical Thinking Questions:

1. At the end of the previous activity you created a function to print a list and passed the list to the

function. Here is another program that includes a function that takes a list as an argument. Enter

and execute the code.

a. What is the name of the function defined in this program? ___________________

b. What does the function do?

________________________________________________________________________


Learning Objectives


Content:

Explain how to send a list as an argument to a function

Explain the purpose of the following functions: isalpha(), isdigit(), isspace(), upper(), lower()

Explain what is meant by the fact that “Strings are immutable.”

Demonstrate the use of slicing with strings and lists.

Process:

Write code that uses the following functions: isalpha(), isdigit(), isspace(),

Write code that uses slicing to access elements of a list

Prior Knowledge

Python concepts from Activities 1-11_2

Further Reading



82

a. Execute the program with at least five different types of input that include just letters, just

numbers, letters, numbers and other characters. Examine the output for each input. What

does the program do?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

b. What does the isalpha() function do?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________


a. Execute the program with at least five different types of input. Examine the output for

each input. What does the program do?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

b. What does the isdigit() function do?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________



________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________


83

b. What does the isspace() function do?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________


c. Execute the program with the following input and examine the corresponding output.

cmsc190 __________________________________________________________

Cmsc190 __________________________________________________________

CMSC180 __________________________________________________________

CMSC190 __________________________________________________________

d. What does the upper() function do?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

c. Use the lower() function instead of the upper() function in the program above. Revise

the line of code so that it still produces the same output. Execute the program again with the

data listed in ‘a’. (Write the revise code below.)

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

6. Examine the following code:

a. What do you think the program prints?

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

b. Enter and execute the code. Does the program do what you thought it did?

_______________________________________________________________________

c. What would you think the code word[0] = ‘c’ should do? What does it actually do?

_______________________________________________________________________

d. “Strings are immutable.” From the output you saw when you executed this program,

what do you think this statement means?

_______________________________________________________________________


84

FYI: Slicing is a technique available in Python that allows you to access parts of lists or strings. You

can select multiple elements of a list or string.

Syntax: <listOrStringName>[indexOfFirstItem : indexAfterLastItem].

7. In this section we are going to try to access parts of a string using slicing. Enter and execute the

following code. Examine the syntax of the code. It uses slicing to access parts of a string.

a. What is the output for each print statement in the program?

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

b. The first three print statements should be familiar. What does the fourth print statement

do? Explain the meaning of [0:13].

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

c. What does the following print statement do? Explain the meaning of [16:27].

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

d. What does the following print statement do? Explain the meaning of [28:].

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

8. Finally, examine slicing using lists. Enter and execute the following program.


85

a. What is the output of each print statement in the program?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

b. Explain what the following code does.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

c. Explain what the following code does:

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

d. Are lists immutable? Explain your answer.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

e. Explain what the following code does:

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________


1. Create a list named “Days” that includes all the days of the week. Print the list.

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Create a line of code that uses slicing to print the last three days in the list “Days” which you

created in question 1.

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Create a list named “Vowels” that includes the vowels ‘a’, ‘e’, ‘i’, ‘o’, ‘u’.

______________________________________________________________________________

4. Use the code in question 3, and create a program that analyzes a user’s input. Complete the

following steps:

a. Create code that prompts the user for a vowel.

________________________________________________________________________

b. Create code to determine if the user input is a vowel. If so, congratulate them.

_______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

c. Create code that determines if it is a letter, but not a vowel and prints a message that

indicates that.

_______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________


86

d. Add code that determines if the user input is a digit instead of a letter, print a message

that indicates that as well.

_______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

e. Otherwise, tell the user that their input was not a vowel, a letter, or a number.

_______________________________________________________________________

f. Prevent the program from crashing by terminating the program if the user enters more

than one character. This should actually be tested first.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

g. Put all the code together and test the program with several sets of data. List a sample

output.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________


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