polymer data - helmo of materials/polymers annex.pdf · 2017-03-30 · polymer data christian...

POLYMER DATA

Christian CHARLIER HELMo-Gramme Institute

Annex I : Main polymers with characteristics .............................................................. 1

A1.1. PolyEthylene ............................................................................................ 3

A1.2. PolyPropylene.......................................................................................... 5

A1.3. PolyIsoButylene ....................................................................................... 7

A1.4. PolyButadiene.......................................................................................... 8

A1.5. PolyStyrene............................................................................................ 10

A1.6. Copolymer of Styrene and Butadiene .................................................... 12

A1.7. PolyVinylChloride................................................................................... 14

A1.8. PolyVinylACetate ................................................................................... 16

A1.9. PolyVinylButyrale ................................................................................... 18

A1.10. PolyMethylMethAcrylate....................................................................... 19

A1.11. PolyMethylAcrylate............................................................................... 21

A1.12. PolyAcryloNitrile ................................................................................... 23

A1.13. PolyCyanoAcrylate............................................................................... 24

A1.14. Copolymer of Styrene and Butadiene and of Styrene .......................... 25

A1.15. PolyTetraFluoroEthylene...................................................................... 27

A1.16. PolyOxyMethylene ............................................................................... 28

A1.17. PolyEthyleneTerephtalate .................................................................... 30

A1.18. PolyButyleneTerephtalate .................................................................... 32

A1.19. PolyGlycolicAcid................................................................................... 34

A1.20. PolyLacticAcid...................................................................................... 35

A1.21. Unsaturated Polyester.......................................................................... 36

A1.22. PolyAmide 66....................................................................................... 38

A1.23. PolyAmide 6......................................................................................... 40

A1.24. PolyCarbonate ..................................................................................... 41

A1.25. PolySUlfone ......................................................................................... 42

A1.26. PolyPhenylene Ether............................................................................ 44

A1.27. PolyPhenylene Sulfide ......................................................................... 45

A1.28. PolyURethanes .................................................................................... 46

A1.29. PolyUreas ............................................................................................ 48

A1.30. Phenoplaste ......................................................................................... 50

A1.31. Aminoplaste ......................................................................................... 52

A1.32. Epoxy or phenoxy resin........................................................................ 54

A1.33. Polysiloxane or Silicone ....................................................................... 56

A1.34. Polysaccharides or Cellulosic polymers ............................................... 58

Study Of Materials Polymers

- 1 -

Annex I : Main polymers with characteristics

The few examples given hereafter (and even before) cannot exhaust the topic. We do not

have to be surprised to find other uses and/or other examples in the vast literature about

polymers, which remains anyway, one of the truly absolutely necessary reference.

The presented characteristics on polymers are limited to the following headings :

Structure of the monomer(s) (names of the substance or substances)

Developed chemical formula of the basic component(s) to point out the future motif and the

reagent part(s).

Structure of the polymer : Usual Abbreviation

MER or MOTIF or REPEAT UNIT is usually close of the chemical formula of the basic

component(s) and it is regularly repeated in the macromolecule. "n" is the number of motifs

also called degree of polymerization.

Technical classification (with the limit temperature of use)

The polymers belong either to thermoplastics or to thermosets or still even elastomers.

Most important usual properties

Remarkable properties which are generally linked to the uses.

Usual values of some chosen properties (pure polymer)

!

kg dm-3 Specific mass

"

MPa1/2 Solubility parameter

#r

MPa

Tensile strength

Fracture strength

E

MPa

Young Modulus

Tensile Modulus

Tg

C Glass point

Tm

C Melting point

For the polymers, values are clearly influenced by the molar mass and values can be

different due to the methods of measurement.

Uses : most common applications

Examples of commercial names : usual names of the polymer as the manufacturing

companies call them. Those names are copyright or trade mark as well as the involved

processes. Main important companies in the production of polymers are BASF, ATO

Chem, HOECHST, CDF Chimie, DUPONT NEMOURS, ICI, DOW Chemicals, BAYER,

joint ventures of oil companies, …, SOLVAY, and so on.


- 2 -

Manufacturing processes : used methods to achieve the reaction of polymerization.

Main manufacturers : some important companies (varying according to the market).

Remark(s) : additional information.


- 3 -

A1.1. PolyEthylene

Structure of the monomer (ethylene or ethene) :

C

H

H

C

H

H

Structure of the polymer : PE

CH2 CH2( )

n

Thermoplastic (usable until 80-100 C)

Excellent electrical properties, good resistance to impacts, easy colorability (translucent if

thick), good resistance to chemical aggressions (problems with oxidizing acids).

!

kg dm-3

0.92 to 0.96

L.D.P.E. – H.D.P.E.

"

MPa1/2

15 to 16.5 (18)

L.D.P.E. – H.D.P.E

#r

MPa

5 to 50


E

MPa

100 to 300


Tg

C

-130 (-110)

and -120 (-90)

L.D.P.E. – H.D.P.E.

Tm

C

110 and 135


Values are linked to molar mass. Glass points are usually difficult to determine for both

polymers.

Uses : films (L.D.), packaging (L.D.), flexible bottles (H.D.), molding (H.D.), insulation of

electrical wires (H.D.).

Examples of commercial names : alkatene, hostalen, lupolen, eltex, lacqtene, dowlex,

escorene, marlex, stamylan, flexomer, and so on.

Manufacturing processes

Polyethylene is made under high or low pressure, which gives it different properties. The

high pressure polyethylene has a low density (radicalar reactions in a bulk process, it gives

L.D.P.E. or LDPE) and in the low pressure process, that is the opposite (coordination

complex in a suspension or even solution process, catalyst ZIEGLER or NATTA, it gives

H.D.P.E. or HDPE).

Main manufacturers : Arco, Total, Dow, BASF, Hoechst, Paxon, Philips, Solvay, and so on.


- 4 -

Remarks

Since 1980, polyethylene similar to L.D.P.E. has appeared. It is so called Linear Low

Density Polyethylene or L.L.D.P.E. (rather suspension process), properties are close to the

L.D.P.E but process is less difficult to manage.

The last born PE is the U.H.M.W.P.E. which is a polyethylene with Ultra High Molecular

Weight. It is used in fibers, gears, screws, and so on.


- 5 -

A1.2. PolyPropylene

Structure of the monomer (propylene or propene) :

C

H

H CH3

C

H

Structure of the polymer : PP

CH CH2( )n

CH3


The lowest density of all the plastics, excellent resistance to impacts, very great colorability

(translucent if thick), good resistance to the chemical aggressions (problems with strong

acids), good stiffness.

!

kg dm-3 0.91

"

MPa1/2 17-18

#r

MPa 30 to 40

E

MPa 3800

Tg

C -15

Tm

C 165

Uses : not very different from polyethylene H.D. but used where better mechanical

properties are necessary. Plenty of molded articles as luggage shells, bumpers, pipes,

caps, films for packaging, and so on.

Examples of commercial names : propathene, novolen, hostalen PP, napryl, lacqtene P,

eltex P, moplen stamylan P, appryl, olevac, and so on.


Suspension or even solution process with catalyst ZIEGLER or NATTA (coordination

complex).

Main manufacturers : Amoco, Total, Dow, BASF, Hoechst, and so on.


- 6 -

Remark

Polypropylene is a rather recent plastic (around 1956-1957) whose uses and applications

have quickly increased when the process has been mastered. Indeed the useful

polypropylene is isotactic.

It exists copolymers of PP and PE in order to improve impact properties.


- 7 -

A1.3. PolyIsoButylene

Structure of the monomer (isobutylene or 2,2 methyl propene) :

C

H

H CH3

C

CH3

Structure of the polymer : PIB

CH3

C

CH3

CH2( )n

Elastomer thermoplastic (usable until 100 C)

Good resistance to abrasion, to tear, to shear and to leaks. Good thermal behavior.

!

kg dm-3 0.92

"

MPa1/2 16.5

#r

MPa 0.5 to 50

E

MPa 0.5 - 50

Tg

C -70

Tm

C Not well defined

Melting point can be measured at 2 C.

Uses : tubes for hot transport of fluids, insulation of electrical wires, inner tubes as

copolymer with butadiene or isoprene (butyl rubber)

Examples of commercial names : napvis, oppanol, vistanex.


Solution process (cationic at low temperature, $ -70 C) or possible in a low pressure

emulsion process with ZIEGLER-NATTA catalyst.

Main manufacturers : Exxon Mobil, Bestone chemical.


- 8 -

A1.4. PolyButadiene

Structure of the monomer (butadiene or 1,3 butadiene) :

C

H

H

C

H

C

H

C

H

H

Structure of the polymer : PB or BR

HC CH

2)n

CH( CH2


Good resistance to abrasion, to impacts. Fairly good chemical resistance (problems with

hydrocarbons, chlorinated or aromatized HC, ozone). Some properties can be improved if

an H atom on C2 of the monomer is replaced (see remarks) by CH3 (increase resistant to

abrasion) or Cl (increases resistance to weather conditions, to shear, to stress, to

temperature).

!

kg dm-3 0.94

"

MPa1/2 15-17

#r

MPa 14 to 17

E

MPa 2-10

Tg

C -90

Tm

C Not well defined

Some experiments indicate Tm = 2 C for cis (H atoms on the same side of the double link))

not reticulated and 145 C for trans (H atoms not on the same side of the double link) not

reticulated (values have been extrapolated as well).

Uses : tires, uses in association with others as copolymers (with styrene to form SBR

and/or with acrylonitrile to form NBR).

Examples of commercial names : alcryn, hypalon, hytrel, nordel


Solution process or emulsion process

Main manufacturers : Bayer, Union Chemical, A.Z. Chemicals. Also tire companies.

Remarks

Polybutadiene is a complicate polymer as the structure can be cis or trans configuration.


- 9 -

If a H atom of the monomer is replaced by :

- CH3, it becomes isoprene, the PolyIsoPrene (natural or synthetic rubber, NR or IR or

PIP) is used for tires, tubes, gaskets, pipes, and so on.

IR or artificial PIP is made by solution process.

! = 0.93 kg dm-3, #r = 17-20 MPa, Tg = -73 C, Tm = 28 C (cis, 78 C for trans)

- Cl, it becomes chloroprene, the PolyChLoroprene (PCL) is used for pipes, gaskets,

soles, adhesives, and so on.

! = 1.23 kg dm-3, #r = 20-25 MPa, Tg = -50 C, Tm = 80 C.

PCL is made by emulsion process.


- 10 -

A1.5. PolyStyrene

Structure of the monomer (styrene or 1 benzene ethene) :

C

H

H

C

H

Structure of the polymer : PS

CH2

( )n

CH

Thermoplastic (usable until 80 C)

Excellent colorability, the polystyrene is transparent, good stiffness and tridimensionnal

stability, good electrical properties, easy and fast to mold, fair chemical resistance

(problems with strong acids).

!

kg dm-3 1.05

"

MPa1/2 15-21

#r

MPa 40-60

E

MPa 3300

Tg

C 90 (100)

Tm

C (180-280)

Some experiments indicate Tm = 240 C but the value is rather theoretical and not really

well defined.

Uses : above all in molding, records, rigid foams (for packaging), beads, insulation

(expensed PS or EPS), in copolymers with butadiene and/or acrylonitrile.

Examples of commercial names : styron, hostyren, polystyrol, lacqrene, edistir, vestyron,

and so on. For EPS, it is styropor, hostapor, vestypor, and so on.


All kinds of polymerization processes, bulk or suspension or emulsion process and also in

solution.

Some copolymers of styrene are made by the solution process (styrene and butadiene)

and by the bulk or suspension process (styrene and acrylonitrile).

Main manufacturers : BASF, Hoechst, Dow, Arco, Novacor.


- 11 -

Remark

Expanded (expansive) PS or EPS has a very low volumic mass (15 to 80 kg m-3), it is

waterproof and insulating. Generally the Expansible PS is processed during the

polymerization phase by adding a blowing agent (such as pentane) and it leads to

Expanded PS after a further physical process.


- 12 -

A1.6. Copolymer of Styrene and Butadiene

Structure of the monomers (styrene and butadiene) :

C

H

H

C

C C

H

H

H + C

H

H

C

H

H

Structure of the polymer (alternated) : SB or SBR

HC CH2

)n

CHCH2

( CH CH2


Excellent stiffness and tridimensionnal stability, facility of fast molding, good resistance to

impacts and easy colorability. Fairly good chemical resistance (problems with

hydrocarbons, chlorinated or aromatized HC, ozone).

!

kg dm-3 0.93

"

MPa1/2 17-18

#r

MPa 1.5 to 3

E

MPa 1 to 2

Tg

C -35

Tm

C Not well defined

#r = 20 MPa if reinforced (for 25 wt % styrene),

Tg = relationship (%weight and Tg), Tm = relationship (Tm and Tg).

Examples of commercial names : generally the same names as PS often completed by

SB, so lacqrene, edistir, polystyrol, styron, hostyren, and so on.

Uses : particularly in molding, packaging, rubbers (tires, mechanical goods).


Solution process (anionic for block copolymer), also emulsion process (random

copolymer).

Main manufacturers : Eastman, Sinopec Qilu, Union Carbide.


- 13 -

Remark

SB polymers are also called High Impact PolyStyrene or HIPS if Styrene is the main

component and are as rubber if Butadiene is the main component.

Styrene is also associated with Acrylonitrile to make SAN copolymers (! = 1.08 kg dm-3, #r

= 70 MPa, Tg = 115 C, Tm = not well defined). with similar properties than ABS (see table

of contents).


- 14 -

A1.7. PolyVinylChloride

Structure of the monomer (vinyl chloride or 1 chloro ethene) :

C

H

H

C

H

Cl

Structure of the polymer : PVC

CH CH2( )n

Cl


Good electrical properties, resistant to flame, good resistance to impacts, good stiffness

but may become flexible with plastifiers, good resistance to chemical aggressions.

!

kg dm-3 1.3 to 1.4

"

MPa1/2 20

#r

MPa 15 to 50

E

MPa 1500 - 3000

Tg

C 85

Tm

C 175

Values of PVC enlarge on plastified (flexible) to rigid.

Uses : bottles, pipes, tubes, films, coatings, profiles. There are different kinds of PVC as

rigid, flexible, anti-impact, chlorinated, expensed, conductor.

Examples of commercial names : lacqvyl, lucovyl, solvic, corvic, darvic, welvic, vinoflex,

hostalit, vestolit, and so on.


Suspension process or solution process or emulsion process but also possible in bulk

polymerization.

Main manufacturers : Solvin, Geon.

Remark

If the H atom on the carbon already linked to Cl is replaced by one Cl, we have a

PolyVinyliDene Chloride or PVDC which has good properties of resistance to chemical

aggressions (! = 1.77 kg dm-3, Tg = -20 C, Tm = 200 C.).


- 15 -

Made by emulsion or suspension process (“saran”).

Lot of copolymers are obtained from VC and other vinyls or with propylene.


- 16 -

A1.8. PolyVinylACetate

Structure of the monomer (vinyl acetate or acetic 2 methyl ethene ester) :

C

H

H

CH3

C

H

C

OO

Structure of the polymer : PVAC

CH3

C

H

CH2( )n

O C

O


Good colorability, good resistance to the chemical aggressions (problems with strong

acids), to weathering.

!

kg dm-3 1.2

"

MPa1/2 18 - 20

#r

MPa 28 to 50

E

MPa 600

Tg

C 30

Tm

C 65 to 200

Molar mass influences a lot the values of fracture strength and melting point. Classical

value for melting point is around 100-105 C (not easy to fix), Polymer handbook

(Branderup and alia) gives also the value of 175 C.

Uses : glue, coating for cellophane, outdoor coatings (water-based latex), hydrolyzed to

give vinyl alcohol.

Examples of commercial names : rhodopas, hostaflex, mowilith, and so on.


Emulsion or suspension process.

Main manufacturers : Kuraray, Sekisui Chemicals, Chinese companies.


- 17 -

Remark

The acetate group CH3CO can be replaced by H by hydrolyzation so that the polymer

contains the function OH in the motif and it is so called PolyVinylALcohol or PVAL or

PVOH (! = 1.26 to 1.35 kg dm-3, Tg = 85 C, Tm = 265 C). That polymer is used for its

absorbent properties.

EVA is a copolymer based on ethylene and vinyl acetate monomers, it has good

properties of insulation and used in protection in electrical wiring.


- 18 -

A1.9. PolyVinylButyrale

Structure of the monomer (vinyl acetate and butyraldehyde) :

Structure of the polymer : PVB

2CH

CHCH2

CH2

CH

O O

CH

2CH

3CH

n2

CH


Good mechanical properties, good flexibility, optical clarity and excellent adhesion, used

as intermediate layers in safety glasses, it has an excellent coefficient of adhesion with the

glass. Good resistance to the ultraviolet ray.

!

kg dm-3 1.1

"

MPa1/2 10

#r

MPa 40

E

MPa 2

Tg

C 50

Tm

C > 170

Use : most in the safety glasses as safety glass middle layer and also as industrial

coatings, lacquers, primers, printing inks, adhesives, fiber binders, temporary binder for

ceramics.

Examples of commercial names : mowital, and so on.


In three steps, polymerization of vinyl acetate through emulsion or suspension process,

followed by hydrolyzation to give polyvinylalcohol, finally followed by the condensation of

the polyvinylalcohol with butyraldehyde.

Main manufacturers : Eastman, BASF.


- 19 -

A1.10. PolyMethylMethAcrylate

Structure of the monomer (methylmethacrylate or 2 methyl ethene methyl ester) :

C

H

H

CH3

C

C

O

O

CH3

Structure of the polymer : PMMA

CH3

C CH2( )n

O

C

O

CH3


Excellent colorability, very good transparency, good stiffness, good tridimensionnal

stability, good resistance to impacts. Fairly good chemical resistance (problems with bases

and strong acids).

!

kg dm-3 1.2

"

MPa1/2 19

#r

MPa 50 to 70

E

MPa 3100

Tg

C 110

Tm

C (190-240)

Melting point is rather difficult to measure due to glassy state behavior.

Uses : moldings, thick sheets, manufacturing of "glass" sheets, medical applications in

artificial lenses.

Examples of commercial names : perspex, diakon, lucite, oroglas, plexiglas, altuglas,

lucryl, macrynal, vedril, limacryl, vitroflex, and so on.


Bulk process (between 2 glass sheets) or suspension process.

Main manufacturers : BASF.


- 20 -

Remark

The widely used PMMA is atactic.


- 21 -

A1.11. PolyMethylAcrylate

Structure of the monomer (methyl acrylate or ethene methyl ester) :

C

H

H

CH3

C

H

C

O

O

Structure of the polymer : PMA

CH3

C

H

CH2( )n

O

C

O


Excellent colorability, good transparency, good stiffness, good tridimensionnal stability,

good resistance to impacts. Fairly good chemical resistance (problems with bases and

strong acids).

!

kg dm-3 1.1 to 1.2

"

MPa1/2 21

#r

MPa 7

E

MPa -

Tg

C 95

Tm

C Not defined

Uses : manufacturing of "glass" sheets of high impact resistance in association with

acrylonitrile.

Examples of commercial names : similar to PMMA


Suspension process.

Main manufacturers : BASF, and so on.

Remark

PMA is very similar to PMMA, so chains are smoother and thinner than those of PMMA.

Esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are also used to make acrylic coatings.


- 22 -

Polymers of acrylic acids and its derivatives (as methacrylic and acrylamide) are soluble in

water.


- 23 -

A1.12. PolyAcryloNitrile

Structure of the monomer (acrylonitrile) :

C

H

H

C

H

C N

Structure of the polymer : PAN

CH2

( CH )n

C

N


Outstanding resistance to impacts, good resistance to chemical aggressions (problems

with concentrated acids and organic solvents), resistant to bad weather, sunlight.

!

kg dm-3 1.18

"

MPa1/2 31.5

#r

MPa 200

E

MPa -

Tg

C 60 to 80 and more

Tm

C 315 C

Molar mass influences a lot the values of glass transition. Classical value for glassy point

is around 105 C.

Uses : mainly fibers (also pyrolized to make carbon fibers) and in copolymers (A.B.S. for

instance).

Examples of commercial names : P.A.N. or PAN, orlon


Emulsion process (with water).

Main manufacturers : mainly Chinese companies.

Remark : mainly used to produce carbon fibers.


- 24 -

A1.13. PolyCyanoAcrylate

Structure of the monomer (methyl 2-cyanoacrylate) :

Structure of the polymer : PMCA


Good transparency, good stiffness, good resistance to impacts. Water resistant. Non toxic.

!

kg dm-3 1.1 to 1.2

"

MPa1/2 -

#r

MPa 180000

E

MPa -

Tg

C variable (100-170)

Tm

C Not defined

Uses : manufacturing of super glues.

Examples of commercial names : loctite


Bulk process (polymerization with water).

Main manufacturers : Eastman Kodak, Permabond, and so on.

Remark

Other cyanoacrylates can be obtained by replacing methyl by ethyl, butyl groups, both

used in glue applications.


- 25 -

A1.14. Copolymer of Acrylonitrile, of Butadiene and of Styrene

Structure of the monomers (acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene) :

C

H

H

C

H

C N

+ C

H

H

C

C C

H

H

H + C

H

H

C

H

H

Structure of the polymer (alternated) : ABS

C

H

CH2( )n

N

C

CH2 C C CH2

H H

H H

C

H

CH2


Outstanding resistance to impacts, good resistance to chemical aggressions (problems

with concentrated acids and organic solvents), hardness.

!

kg dm-3 1.04

"

MPa1/2 -

#r

MPa 50

E

MPa -

Tg

C -40 to 100

Tm

C 220-280

The fracture strength is about 50 MPa for A.B.S. medium impact,

Tg = relationship (%weight and Tg), Tm = relationship (Tm and Tg).

Uses : pipes, moldings, extruded sheets, an so on according to following figure

Polystyrene

glassyPolybutadiene

elastic

NBR

Rubber

SAN

Molding Resins

SBR

Rubber

Fibers

RubbersPlastics

Acrylonitrile

crystalline


- 26 -

Examples of commercial names : ugikral, cycolac, novodur, royalite, terluran, delta, denka,

toyolac, ronfalin, tufrex, ultrastyr, sinkral, and so on.


Emulsion or even solution process of styrene and acrylonitrile in butadiene latex.

Main manufacturers : Dow, Nova Polymers, Bayer, BASF, EniChem, DSM and so on.


- 27 -

A1.15. PolyTetraFluoroEthylene

Structure of the monomer (tetrafluoroethylene) :

C

F

F

C

F

F

Structure of the polymer : PTFE

( )

nCF2

CF2

Weakly thermoplastic (usable until 290 C)

Excellent resistance to chemical aggressions, good elasticity, low friction coefficient, stable

at high temperature as well as low. Generally high UV resistance.

!

kg dm-3 2.2

"

MPa1/2 13 (16)

#r

MPa 15 to 35

E

MPa 2000- 4000

Tg

C (120)

Tm

C 330

Uses : anticorrosion, antiadhesive material, electrical insulator, chemical-resistant filters,

waterproofness (gaskets, fittings, an so on), fibers, medical items, artificial limbs, and so

on.

Examples of commercial names : teflon, hostaflon, fluon, algoflon, foraflon, solef, lenzing,

rastex, gore-tex and so on.


Emulsion or suspension process (in water as PVC).

Main manufacturers : Hoechst, Dupont, Allied Signal, Enflo, SinoSeal, SKF.

Remark

If two F atoms are replaced by 2 H, we have a PolyVinyliDene Fluoride or PVDF which

has good properties of resistance to UV, weathering aggressions and ageing

(! = 1.76 kg dm-3, #r = 50 MPa, Tg = -30 C, Tm = 175 C, " = 17 Mpa1/2, 23 by Hansen's

theory).


- 28 -

A1.16. PolyOxyMethylene

Structure of the monomer (formol or formaldehyde or methanal) :

C

H

H

O

Structure of the polymer : POM

C

H

O( )n

H


Good resistance to abrasion and to stresses. Good resistance to creeping and to flexing.

Good chemical resistance problems with bases and strong acids.

!

kg dm-3 1.4

"

MPa1/2 21-22

#r

MPa 50 to 70

E

MPa 3100

Tg

C -50 (-70)

Tm

C 175

Uses : molding of little pieces (clips, springs, an so on).

Examples of commercial names : ultraform, hostaform, delrin, ertacetal, sniatal, tenac, and

so on.


Solution polymerization (cationic).

Main manufacturers : BASF, Mitsubishi, Ashai, DSM.

Remark

Ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, epichlorohydrin, tetrahydrofuran give also other

oxypolymers. This class of polymers is called polyethers and can include the epoxy and

phenoxy resins (see epoxy and phenoxy), PolyPhenylene Oxide (from 2,6

dimethylphenol), PolySUlfone (from bisphenol and dichlorophenylsulfone) and


- 29 -

PolyPhenylene Sulfide (from dichlorobenzene and sulfur sodium), depending on the

combinations between monomers.

Polyoxymethylene is also called polyacetal.

If methanal is replaced by ethanal, it leads to PolyOxyEthylene or POE.

Poly Ether Ether Ketone or PEEK (from diphenol or hydroquinone and 4,4'

difluorodiphenyl ketone) as well as Poly Ether Ketone (from chloro hydroxy

benzophenone) or PEK, are recent aromatic polymers with high thermal resistance and

good flexibility.

PEEK

!

kg dm-3 1.26 to 1.45

"

MPa1/2 21.5

#r

MPa 90

E

MPa 3560

Tg

C 143

Tm

C 334

PEK

!

kg dm-3 1.27 to 1.43

"

MPa1/2 20

#r

MPa 100

E

MPa 3190

Tg

C 154

Tm

C 360


- 30 -

A1.17. PolyEthyleneTerephtalate

Structure of the monomers (ethane diol and terephtalic acid) :

HOC

O

OHO

C

C

H

H

C

H

H

HO OH +

Structure of the polymer : PET (PETE or PETP)

CH O2

C

O

n

C

O

2OCH

Thermoplastic (usable to 100 C)

Outstanding robustness and good resistance to shear as films. Good resistance to

pressurized gases. It is common linear polyester.

!

kg dm-3 1.34

"

MPa1/2 20-22

#r

MPa 80

E

MPa 1700

Tg

C 70

Tm

C 260

Uses : films (bottles for fizzy drinks), fibers.

Examples of commercial names : arnite, melinex, hostaphan, lurex, tenite, terphane,

dacron, tergal, and so on.


Solution process.

Main manufacturers : Eastman chemical, Dupont.


- 31 -

Remark

Stretching increases mechanical properties of PET by orientation.

This polymer belongs to the polyester family.


- 32 -

A1.18. PolyButyleneTerephtalate

Structure of the monomers (butane diol and terephtalic acid) :

Structure of the polymer : PBT (PBTE or PBTP)


Excellent moldability, excellent mechanical, electrical and thermal properties, good

chemical resistance. It is common linear polyester.

!

kg dm-3 1.32

"

MPa1/2 21

#r

MPa 55 to 60

E

MPa 2600

Tg

C 60

Tm

C 225

Uses : electric and electronic components, little parts in household appliances.

Examples of commercial names : orgater, ultradur, pocan, crastin, vestodur, techster,

lupox, topex, and so on.


Solution process.

Main manufacturers : Hoechst, G.E., BASF, Toray Industries.


- 33 -

Remark

This polymer belongs to the polyester family.


- 34 -

A1.19. PolyGlycolicAcid

Structure of the monomer (glycolide) :

Structure of the polymer : PGA


Good biocompatibility, biodegradable, good physical and mechanical properties as for the

polyester family.

!

kg dm-3 1.53

"

MPa1/2 22-23

#r

MPa 340

E

MPa 6000

Tg

C 35-40

Tm

C 225-230

Uses : biodegradable suture material and other applications in medicine.

Examples of commercial names : PGA, dexon, vycril, resomer, and so on


Suspension process.

Main manufacturers : Davis and Geck, Chinese companies.

Remark

This polymer is considered as a biopolymer and it belongs to the polyester family.


- 35 -

A1.20. PolyLacticAcid

Structure of the monomers (Lactide from lactic acid HOOC-CCH3-OH) :

Structure of the polymer : PLA


Good biocompatibility, biodegradable by hydrolysis, good processability, good physical

and mechanical properties as for the polyester family.

!

kg dm-3 1.25 to 1.30

"

MPa1/2 21-22

#r

MPa 30-50

E

MPa 2700-16000

Tg

C 55-65

Tm

C 173-178

Uses : films, fibers (high tensile strength), films, woven shirts, microwaveable trays,

medical applications (suture, dentistry, orthopedics).

Examples of commercial names : loopla


Suspension process.

Main manufacturers : DOW, NatureWorks, PURAC biomaterials, Galactic.

Remark

This polymer is considered as a biopolymer and it belongs to the polyester family.


- 36 -

A1.21. Unsaturated Polyester

Structure of the monomers :

Unsaturated acids with at least two acid functions

(maleic anhydride or other polyacids with unsaturated link)

C

H

C

C

O O

H

C

O

Alcohols with at least two alcohol functions

(diol = glycol, ethylene glycol, an so on, but also polyols)

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

HO OH

m

Vinyl monomers as curing agents

(styrene, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate)

Structure of the polymer : tridimensionnal UP

Thermosetting (usable to 130 C)

Wide range of properties, suit well for the composites, good resistance to the chemical

aggressions (except strong acids), good stiffness, good insulator.

!

kg dm-3 1.2 to 1.3

"

MPa1/2 -

#r

MPa 15 to 80

E

MPa 2100 - 4400

Tg

C Not defined

Tm

C Not defined

Values enlarge on soft to rigid polyesters

Uses : stratified plates used in the aviation or in the navy, shells, contact moldings,

varnishes, concrete resins, and so on. Very wide uses for its resistance.

Examples of commercial names : norsoix, stratyl, scotchpack, palatal, and so on.



- 37 -

Great variety of polyesters and processing in two phases, prepolymerization between the

unsaturated acid and the polyol, curing with vinyl monomer.

Main manufacturers : BASF.


- 38 -

A1.22. PolyAmide 66

Structure of the monomers (hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid) :

Structure of the polymer : PA 66

HN

(CH ) C2 4

6(CH )2

O

n

C

NH

O


Excellent resistance to the wear, to the strains and to the impacts, low friction coefficient,

high temperature of deformation, autoextinguishing. Good chemical resistance (problems

with strong acids).

!

kg dm-3 1.13

"

MPa1/2 25

#r

MPa 80-120

E

MPa 3000

Tg

C (50)

Tm

C 270

Uses : molded goods (pieces for rotation, pipes, gearing, hinges, handles, an so on),

fibers, tire cords.

Examples of commercial names : Nylon 66, ultramid A, sustamid 6.6, ertalon 6.6, nytralon

A, technyl, and so on.


Solution process with precipitation (also called interfacial process).

Main manufacturers : Dupont, DSM, Rhone-Poulenc, Mitsubishi.

Remark

PA is the PolyAmid family and other polymers as PA 4-6, PA 6-10 and PA 6-12 are also

used in specific application of chemistry using polyamids.


- 39 -

If some aromatic rings are directly attached to amide linkages (at least 85%), we have

manufactured fibers of very high resistance which are called aramids or polyaramids.

KEVLAR fibers are of that type and give fibers as strong as steel.

PolyImids are also a kind of polyamides based on aromatic rings present in the diamine

and in a dianhydride benzene. Used to produce films for very low and very high

temperatures.

Values for Polyamide Imid (trade names PAL, orlon, vespel, kaplon)

!

kg dm-3 1.38

"

MPa1/2 -

#r

MPa 120 to 200

E

MPa 4900 to 5200

Tg

C Very high

Tm

C Very high

Amid bloc with ethers can form a copolymer such as PEBA that has properties of rigidity

and elasticity as well as perspiring properties interesting in the confection of some wearing

clothes.


- 40 -

A1.23. PolyAmide 6

Structure of the monomer (caprolactame) :

C CH H

C C

NOH

C C

HH

H

H

H

H

H

H

Structure of the polymer : PA 6

(CH2)5n

NHC

O


Similar properties to the nylon 66 or PA 66 but less good thermal properties.

!

kg dm-3 1.15

"

MPa1/2 20

#r

MPa 80

E

MPa 3000

Tg

C (50-60)

Tm

C 220

Uses : see polyamide 66.

Examples of commercial names : perlon, ultramid B, sustamid, ertalon, nytralon, orgamide,

capron, and so on.


Solution process with precipitation or bulk process.

Main manufacturers : Dupont, Bayer, Allied Signal.

Remark

Other PA (PolyAmid family) as PA 11 and PA 12 are also used in soles, coating, and so

on.


- 41 -

A1.24. PolyCarbonate

Structure of the monomers (bisphenol and phosgene or carbonate) :

Instead of phosgene (also called methylene chloride), diphenyl carbonate (C6H5-O-CO-O-

C6H5) can be used (phenol is by-product instead of HCl)

Structure of the polymer : PC

CH

3

C

CH3

O O C

O

n


Good electrical properties, excellent resistance to the impacts, good tridimensionnal

stability at high temperature, easy colorability, autoextinguishing. Good chemical

resistance (problems with bases and strong acids).

!

kg dm-3 1.2

"

MPa1/2 20

#r

MPa 65

E

MPa 2400

Tg

C 145

Tm

C 230

Uses : sheets for insulation, CD records, unbreakable windows, peaks for helmets,

sunglasses, bottles, household appliances.

Examples of commercial names : makrolon, verafil, sinvet, lexan, apec, trirex, and so on.


Solvent process with precipitation.

Main manufacturers : Bayer, Lucky, Sam Yang.


- 42 -

A1.25. PolySUlfone

Structure of the monomers (bisphenol-A and dichlorophenylsulfone) :

Structure of the polymer : PSU


Good mechanical properties, outstanding thermal resistance (autoextinguishing), good

dimensional stability, good electrical insulator.

!

kg dm-3 1.24

"

MPa1/2 20

#r

MPa 70

E

MPa 2500

Tg

C 190

Tm

C 320-360

Uses : applications that require thermal and electrical resistances, household parts (for

microwave ovens).

Examples of commercial names : udel, radel, mindel, ultrason, and so on.


Solvent process.

Main manufacturers : 3M, Amoco, BASF, PolyOne.


- 43 -

Remark

PolyPhenylSUlfone or PPSU and PolyEtherSUlfone or PESU can be considered in the

same family of ether sulfone based. PPSU is obtained from the polymerization between

dichlorophenylsulfone and diphenyle (or its salt) and PESU is obtained from the

polymerization between dichlorophenylsulfone and diphenol. Usual trade names are Radel

(PPSU) and vitrex (PESU). Properties have some differences.

PPSU

!

kg dm-3 1.29

"

MPa1/2 20

#r

MPa 70

E

MPa 2480

Tg

C 220

Tm

C 320-360

PESU

!

kg dm-3 1.37

"

MPa1/2 23

#r

MPa 80

E

MPa 2400

Tg

C 225

Tm

C 340-380


- 44 -

A1.26. PolyPhenylene Ether

Structure of the monomers (2-6 xylenol) :

Structure of the polymer : PPE (PPO)

n

O

CH3

CH3


Good mechanical properties, good thermal resistance (autoextinguishing), good

dimensional stability, good chemical resistance (sensitive to hydrocarbons).

!

kg dm-3 1.3

"

MPa1/2 -

#r

MPa 50

E

MPa -

Tg

C 190

Tm

C 260

Uses : thermal-resistant parts, uses in computer parts.

Examples of commercial names : noryl, prevex.


Solvent process (oxypolymerization with Cu+).

Main manufacturers : G.E., Mitsubishi.

Remark

PolyPhenylene Oxide or PPO is an old name.


- 45 -

A1.27. PolyPhenylene Sulfide

Structure of the monomers (paradichlorobenzene and sodium sulfur) :

ClCl + Na S Na

Structure of the polymer : PPS

n

S


High mechanical properties, high strength modulus, one of the less incombustible,

generally good chemical resistance (except for amines chlorinated solvents), good

electrical insulator.

!

kg dm-3 1.44

"

MPa1/2 20-21

#r

MPa 65

E

MPa 3000

Tg

C 85

Tm

C 280

Uses : thermal-resistant electrical parts, parts for motoring, equipment for chemical

industry.

Examples of commercial names : supec, fortron, primef, techtron, ryton, and so on.


Emulsion or solvent process.

Main manufacturers : Phillips, G.E., Solvay, Hoechst.


- 46 -

A1.28. PolyURethanes

Structure of the monomers (for example : toluene diisocyanate and diol) :

Structure of the polymer : PUR

NH C

O

O

CH3

CH2

( )m

CH2

CH2

NH

O

C

O

n

Thermoplastic (if linear) to thermosetting (usable until 120 C)

Good resistance to the wear, good resistance to the chemical aggressions (a few problems

with acids) and good thermal, acoustic and electrical insulator.

!

kg dm-3 1.25

"

MPa1/2 27

#r

MPa 10 to 20

E

MPa -

Tg

C -40 to 130

Tm

C ! 180

! = 0.03-0.04, 0.1-1.0 kg dm-3 for the insulating foam to the rigid foam.

If thermosets, Tg and Tm do not exist, polymers are destroyed before transition.

Uses : foams (commercial bottles of prepolymers), insulation, coatings, soles, covering,

filling, used in I.P.N. (Interpenetrated Polymer Network).

Examples of commercial names : syntodur, suprasec, glendion, caradate, fomrez, voranol,

baydur, bayfill, baytex, and so on.


Bulk or solution process for the prepolymerization, then curing with diamines or polyols.

Main manufacturers : B.F. Goodrich.


- 47 -

Remark

The polyurethane is also a big family of polymers as the polyamids or the polyesters.

So for instance, other polyurethanes are made with 4,4" diisocyanate diphenylmethane

instead of toluene disocyanate.


- 48 -

A1.29. PolyUreas

Structure of the monomers (for example : toluene diisocyanate and diamine) :

Structure of the polymer : PU or PUA

Thermoplastic if linear (usable until 150 C)

Good resistance to the wear, good dyeability, good resistance to the chemical aggressions

and good resistance to water and blood compatibility.

!

kg dm-3 1.2 to 1.7

"

MPa1/2 20 to 25

#r

MPa 9 to 22

E

MPa -

Tg

C -2 to 60

Tm

C 170 to 280

Uses : automobile parts, high impact body panels, microporous films, ultrathin

membranes, lubricant grease, medical equipment (organic organs), wall materials,

coatings, fibers.

Examples of commercial names : spandex or elastane.


Bulk or solution process for the prepolymerization, then curing with diamines or

polyamines (or polyurethanes).

Main manufacturers : BASF, GAMA, Huntsman LLC.


- 49 -

Remark

Polyurea can also be made from the polyisocyanate with urea through similar reactions of

polymerization (in such polymers the O links are replaced by NH links).


- 50 -

A1.30. Phenoplaste

Structure of the monomers (phenol and formol) :

OH

+ C

H

H

O

Structure of the polymer : PF

OH

CH2

n (tridimensionnal)

Thermosetting (usable until 175 C)

Good electrical properties, good resistance to impacts, to abrasion and to strains, excellent

resistance to the heat, very difficult to color. Fairly good chemical resistance (problems

with strong bases and acids)

!

kg dm-3 1.4

"

MPa1/2 -

#r

MPa 35 to 60

E

MPa -

Tg

C Not defined

Tm

C Not defined

Tg and Tm do not exist, polymers are destroyed before any transition (typical themoset).

Uses : moldings in the electrical industry or in the decoration (stratified), handles,

varnishes for the electrical, thermal insulation, impregnation of materials (waterproof

panels, formica, an so on).

Examples of commercial names : Bakelite, hostaset, norsophen, phenodur, synresine, and

so on.


Rather bulk or solution process for the prepolymerization, under pressure and high

temperature in the mold for the final polymerization (see also aminoplastes).

Main manufacturers : DSM, Accurate Plastics.


- 51 -

Remark

The most famous phenoplaste is well known as Bakelite, one of the first synthesized

polymers. It is also a phenolic resin.


- 52 -

A1.31. Aminoplaste

Structure of the monomers (melamine and formol) :

C O

H

H

NH

+N

2

N

N

NH2H N

2

Structure of the polymer : MF

NH

N

N

N

HN

n

NH

CH2

CH2

(tridimensionnal)

Thermosetting (usable until 120 C)

Excellent electrical properties, good resistance to creeping, excellent resistance to the heat

(incombustible). Fair chemical resistance (problems with bases and strong acids).

!

kg dm-3 1.5

"

MPa1/2 -

#r

MPa 40 to 90

E

MPa -

Tg

C Not defined

Tm

C Not defined

Tg and Tm do not exist, polymers are destroyed before any transition.

Uses : adhesive with hardener, plastic dishes or cutlery, formica, marine plywood,

laminated.

Examples of commercial names : cibadoine, cegecol, melogas, and so on.


Rather bulk or solution process (polymerization in two steps, see also phenoplastes).

Main manufacturers : Hagemann, SudWest Chemie.


- 53 -

Remark

Melamine can be replaced by urea to give UF aminoplaste.


- 54 -

A1.32. EPoxy and phenoxy resin

Structure of the monomers (bisphenol and epichlorohydryn) :

CH

3

C

CH3

HO OH C C

O

H

H

ClC

H H H

+

Structure of the polymer : EP or EPOXY

CH

3

C

CH3

O O CH2

CH

OH

2CH

n

If the number of motifs is 1 to 10, it is epoxy resin and phenoxy resin when that number is

around 100.

Thermoplastic (usable until 90-130 C) or thermosetting (as adhesives)

Excellent adhesive properties on metal, good resistance to chemical aggressions even

outdoor (problems with strong acids), may have a good resistance to impacts, good

resistance to the heat (autoextinguishing), good electrical insulator.

!

kg dm-3 1.1 to 1.5

"

MPa1/2 22-24

#r

MPa 40 to 90

E

MPa 3000 - 5000

Tg

C Not defined

Tm

C Not defined

Tg = 90 C for phenoxy (n > 100)

Tg and Tm do not exist if they are thermosets, polymers are destroyed before any

transition.

Uses : surface coatings (particularly outside), adhesives, largely used in composites.

Examples of commercial names : araldite, beckopox, eporex, lekutherm, and so on.


Solvent process (with water).

Main manufacturers : Spolchemie, DSM.


- 55 -

Remark

The reinforced epoxy glass fibers has its tenacity properties largely increased (until 150

MPa).

Hardeners as amines or anhydride acids are used to cure the polymer chains by reaction

on the OH groups.


- 56 -

A1.33. PolySiloxane or Silicone

Structure of the monomer (dimethyl or dibenzoyl dichloride silicone but Cl can be replaced

by OH, it is so called a silanol) :

CH3

Si

Cl

Cl CH3

Si,

Cl

Cl

Structure of the polymer (CH3 can be replaced by C6H5) : PDMS (PDPS)

Si

CH3

CH3

O

n

Polymer is obtained by hydrolysis (reaction with water).

Elastomer (usable until 200 C)

Excellent resistance to the heat (incombustible), good resistance to the chemical

aggressions, good electrical insulator, good behavior to the cold (-70°C), good resistance

to weathering.

Values for PDMS or PolyDiMethylSiloxane

!

kg dm-3 0.95 to 1.25

"

MPa1/2 15

#r

MPa 2 to10

E

MPa -

Tg

C -125

Tm

C Not well defined

Melting point is linked to the molar mass and can vary in a large range (from temperature

lower than ambient temperature to higher values). Some are around -50 C.

For thermosetting silicones, Tg and Tm do not exist, polymers are destroyed before any

transition.

Uses : electrical insulator, varnishes, adhesives, filler, putty, medical material, waterproof

products, rubber molds, sealants and gaskets, greases, hydraulic fluids, used as additives

in many products (lubricants, anti-foam, anti-corrosion, shock absorber, an so on).

Examples of commercial names : silopren, rhodorsil, polyurax, and so on.


- 57 -


Solution process (need of water).

Main manufacturers : Silicone Manufacturers, Dow Corning, Wacker.

Remark

Such polymers usually called silicone are also recognized as polysiloxanes and it

constitutes a wide family of polymers with a large range of different molar masses. If the

molar mass is enough great, they belong to the elastomers.

Values for PDPS or PolyDiPhenylSiloxane (used as component, not as polymer)

!

kg dm-3 1.25

"

MPa1/2 -

#r

MPa -

E

MPa -

Tg

C 40

Tm

C 270

The silanes or polysilanes have the same structure than the previous silicones or

polysiloxanes but without the oxygen in the motif.


- 58 -

A1.34. Polysaccharides or Cellulosic polymers

General structure of the monomers (glucose if R = H) :

C

C O

C

C C

H

H

OR

H

CH OR

H

OR

H

2

HO

OH

General structure of the polymers (cellulose if R = H) :

C

C O

C

C C

H

H

OR

H

CH OR

H

OR

HO

O

C

C O

C

C C

H

H

OR

H

CH OR

H

OR

H

O

2

2

n

R is a radical that can be :

- the acetate radical (CH3CO-), CA

- the butyrate radical (C3H7CO-), CB

- the nitro or nitrate radical (-NO2), CN

- the ethyl radical (CH3CH2-) EC

Thermoplastic generally (usable until 100 C)

Good resistance to the impacts, transparency, easy colorability, stable to weathering, low

autoextinguishing. Good chemical resistance (problems with bases and strong acids).

Properties for cellulose (R = H)

!

kg dm-3 1.55

"

MPa1/2 32

#r

MPa 200-900

E

MPa 70000

Tg

C 230

Tm

C Not well defined

Uses : photo films, packaging, boxes, pipes, fibers, glues, coatings, cigarettes filters (CA)

inks (CN) and so on.


- 59 -

Examples of commercial names : rayon, cellophane, celluloid (CN), rhodoid (CA), cellidor,

and so on.


No real synthetic process but rather biosynthesis (plant or animal) or fermentation for

making cellulose, followed by treatment to set radicals.

Main manufacturers : GreenStone, Eastman kodacs, Hercules, Chinese companies.

Remark

Cellulose is mainly used in the paper fabrication.

Properties for cellulose nitrate (R = NO2)

!

kg dm-3 2.2

"

MPa1/2 22

#r

MPa 60-100

E

MPa 1400

Tg

C 55

Tm

C Not well defined

polymer data - helmo of materials/polymers annex.pdf · 2017-03-30 · polymer data christian...

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