Perkembangan Pranatal

Uterus◦ A muscular

chamber about the size and shape of a pear.

◦ Located in a woman's abdomen, is a hollow, elastic reproductive organ, where a baby develops during pregnancy.

Sperm is the male reproductive cell

Chief Characteristics:1. Tightly packed tip (acrosome) that contains 23

chromosomes that carry genetic information2. Short neck region3. Trail to propel it in its search for the ovum4. Microscopic

Remains capable of fertilizing egg for 24-48 hours after ejaculation

Of 200 million sperm that enter the vagina, only about 200 survive the journey to the fallopian tubes, where fertilization occurs

Males, at birth, have in their testes those cells that will eventually produce sperm

The ovum is the female reproductive cell

Chief Characteristics:1. Round2. .01 mm in diameter 3. Consistency of stiff jelly4. Contributes 23 chromosomes

Females already have 1-2 million primal eggs at birth

Eggs usually fertilized about 12 hours after discharged from the ovary or they die within 12-24 hours

◦ Germinal stage◦ Embryonic stage◦ Fetal stage

Starts at conception (fertilization) until implantation 14 days.

Conception process When the sperms meets the egg (ovum) in the fallopian tube travel down into the uterus where it implants in the uterine lining and begin to grow (implantation).

Conception occurs when the sperm meets and penetrates the ovum, or egg

spermsperm

ovumovum

Normally, only one sperms will succeed penetrating through the ovum wall.

When one sperms succeeded penetrating the ovum wall, a protective lining will form around it preventing other sperms to enter/penetrate.

The combination of ovum & sperms form zygote (with one nucleus).

Zygote will later develop into blastosist a complex organism with millions of cells with various functions.

A zygote is a fertilized egg with 46 chromosomes

Genetic potential determined at this time

Egg is 2.5 mm in diameter at end of 1st week

Mitosis, a process of cell division, occurs during this period

2 kinds:◦ Reproductive cells divide through meiosis

process.◦ All other body cells divide through mitosis

process Meiosis

◦ a complex process by which gametes form; involves duplication and division of reproductive cells and their chromosomes.

◦ The number of chromosomes in cells divide into two’s, and each set of cell will receive 1 from each sets of chromosomes makes up 23 sets.

Mitosis◦ The creation of new cells through duplication of

chromosomes & divisions of cells cells duplicates (From 1 24 16 32, etc)

Cells developed into organs, brain, heart etc.

The differentiation of embryonic cells into layers marks the beginning of the embryo, or embryonic period

Period when all body systems form

Highly sensitive for susceptibility of congenital malformations, or abnormal conditions with which an infant is born

The Genetic Code◦ Basis of heredity is a chemical called deoxyribonucleic

acid (DNA), which contains all the inherited material passed from biological parents to children

◦ Every cell except the sex cells has 23 pairs of chromosomes--46 in all

◦ Genetic action that triggers growth of body and brain is often regulated by hormones

◦ Sex chromosomes are either X chromosomes or Y chromosomes

◦ When an ovum (X) is fertilized by an X-carrying sperm, the zygote formed is XX, a female

◦ When an ovum (X) is fertilized by a Y-carrying sperm, the resulting zygote is XY, a male

Boy or girl? Chromosomes determine sex :

◦ 23 pairs of sex chromosomes◦ Female : XX pairs of sex chromosomes◦ Male : XY pairs of sex chromosomes

AYAH=XY IBU=XX

XY (anak lelaki) XX (anak Perempuan)

What Causes Multiple Births?◦ Dizygotic (two-egg) twins=fraternal twins◦ Monozygotic (one-egg) twins=identical twins◦ The rise in multiple births is due in part to a trend

toward delayed childbearing

Infertility◦ Inability to conceive a baby after 12 to 18 months of

trying

◦ Some defects are due to abnormalities in genes or chromosomes, which may result from mutations

◦ Many disorders arise when an inherited predisposition interacts with an environmental factor, either before or after birth

Nature:◦ genetics

Nurture:◦ Asuhan/persekitaran

How Heredity and Environment Work Together?◦ A combination of constitutional factors (related to

biological and psychological makeup), and social, economic, and cultural factors help shape development

The phase after implantation. after the development of zygote and developing its blastosist.

Embryo composed of millions of cells with various functions (week 3-8)

The differentiation of embryonic cells into layers marks the beginning of the embryo, or embryonic period

Period when all body systems form

Highly sensitive for susceptibility of congenital malformations, or abnormal conditions with which an infant is born

1/4 inch (6 mm) long 1 oz. Weight Crescent-shaped with

small limb buds on sides

Tail with tiny ridges Rudimentary

circulatory system is forming

Heart begins to beat Growth acceleration

1.5 inches long Beginning of face, neck,

fingers, toes develop Limb buds lengthen Muscles enlarge Sex organs begin to form Rapid brain development Embryo is firmly planted

on uterine wall and is receiving nourishment from placenta and umbilical cord

Embryo develops fetus (baby in the uterus).

Cells that represents eyes, head, body, hands, legs further develops larger. (Week 8 – delivery)

The period of consumption until baby is born 40 weeks (sometimes 38-36 weeks).

Period of the fetus begins around the 3rd month and continues until delivery

Movement first becomes apparent to mother at this time

No new anatomical features appear during this period, yet still critical time

Rapid growth, 3 inches long at end of 3rd month Sexual differentiation continues Teeth buds emerge Stomach and kidneys begin to function Vocal cords appear Reflex actions felt: opens/closes mouth, clenches

fist, sucks thumb

Most rapid growth rate (doubles in length to 6-8 inches)

6 oz. Weight Hands fully shaped Bony tissue begins to form

Reaches 1/2 of birth length (8-10 inches) Only 10% of birth weight (1/2 lb.) Skin, hair, nails appear Internal organs grow and assume proper

anatomical positions Pigmented hair on head and eyebrows appears

13 inches long 1 lb. Weight Eyelids reopen and are completed Structurally complete but functionally

immature

From the 7th month to birth, the fetus triples in weight

This is a period of filling out Preparation for birth

A layer of adipose tissue begins to form under skin (serves as both insulator and food supplier)

Rapid 2-4 lb. Weight gain

14-16 inches long Fetus is quiet for long

periods of time Brain more active and

is increasing control over body systems

Fetus is more active (frequent changes in position)

Fatty deposits distributed

16-18 inches long 4-6 lbs.

19-21 inches long 6-8 lbs. Birth process is

initiated by placenta and contraction of uterine muscles

Birth generally occurs after week 40 of gestation (normal is 38-42 wks.) Find out more about birth at:

Amniotic Sac Placenta Amniotic fluid Umbilical cord

Stages in pregnancy:◦ First trimester (week 1-12)◦ 2nd Trimester (week 13 -24)◦ 3rd Trimester (week 25 & above)

Women 30-39 are having more babies-risk down syndrome (mental retardation and physical abnormalities)◦ Amniocentesis

draws fluid from amniotic sac◦ Ultrasound or sonography

uses high-frequency sound waves

◦ Fetoscopy small incision and optical viewer

◦ Chorionic villus sampling snip tissue from fetal sac

◦ Maternal Blood Analysis/Maternal Serum Alpha Fetoprotein

Amniocentesis FetoscopyFetoscopy

Track the baby’s heart rate during labor.

Safe procedure that has saved the lives of many babies in high-risk situations.

Normal Delivery (Spontaneous vaginal delivery SVD)

Forcept Vacuum Induction Cesarean

Used when the mother’s pushing during the second stage of labor does not cause the baby to move through the birth canal in a reasonable amount of time.

Forceps are metal clamps placed around the baby’s head to pull the infant from the birth canal.

Risk: can result in head injury or brain damage

A vacuum extractor is a suction tube that is attached to a plastic cup placed on the baby’s head.

Labor is started artificially by breaking the amnion and giving the mother a hormone that stimulates contractions.

Used when continuing the pregnancy threatens the well-being of mother or baby

Contractions often longer, harder, and closer together.

A cesarean delivery is a surgical birth in which the doctor makes an incision in the mother’s abdomen

and lifts the baby out of the uterus.

When babies are in a breech position (turned so that the buttocks or feet would be delivered first) cesareans are often justified.

Although the operation is safe, mothers need more time for recovery and cesarean newborns are more likely to be sleepy and unresponsive and to have breathing difficulties.

What signs indicate that labor is near?

Stage 1: Time interval? What happens?

Stage 2: Time interval? What happens?

Stage 3: Time interval? What happens?

The longest stage of labor◦ First baby 12 - 14 hours ◦ Sebsequent babies 4 - 6 hours

Dilation of the cervix ◦ is the widening and thinning of the cervix resulting

in a clear pathway from the uterus into the birth canal.

Contractions are forceful and regular Gradually, they get closer together, occurring every 2 to 3 minutes, and become more powerful, continuing for as long as 60 seconds.

Transition is reached when the frequency and strength of contractions are at their peak and the cervix opens completely.

Figure 7.10.1

First baby 50 minutes Subsequent births 20 minutes Strong contractions continue mother

feels a natural urge to squeeze and push with her abdominal muscles forcing the baby down and out.

An episiotomy is a small incision at the perineum increases size of the vaginal opening permits baby to pass without damaging the mother’s tissues.

The baby’s head crowns when the vaginal opening stretches around the entire head.

Figure 7.10.2

The final stage lasts about 5 to 10 minutes.

The final contractions and pushes cause the placenta to separate from the uterine wall

and be delivered.

Faulty Power ◦ Problem with mother

Contraction not strong enough Faulty Passageway

◦ Problem in the uterus Placenta Previa Placenta Abruption

Faulty Passenger◦ Problem with baby

Breech Head too big

Weigh les than 2,500gm (5 ½ pound) 2 category

◦ Preterm (premature) Baby born before completing the 35th week of

gestation◦ Small for date

May not be preterm but weigh less than 90% of all babies of the same gestational age

1 in 16 infants is born underweight More common among low-income, ethnic

minority pregnant women. Small-for-date babies are associated with more

serious problems Infections Brain damage Infant death Poor school achievement

Probably due to inadequate nutrition before birth. Perhaps mothers didn’t eat well or placenta did not function normally or babies themselves have defects that prevent them from growing normally.

Parents age◦ Too Young◦ Mum too old◦ Dad too old

Mother’s Pregnancy History◦ Frequent pregnancy◦ Frequent miscarriage/abortion

Mother’s Physical condition ◦ Size (too fat/thin)

Mother’s Diet Mother’s Emotion Teratogenic Agent