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OilField Geomechanics LLC
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry2
OilField Geomechanics, OFG, is an independent geomechanics consulting company.
OFG can be your third party experienced advisor, part of your team, providing the geomechanics expertise needed to tackle challenges from exploration to abandonment – whether for conventional or unconventional developments.
OFG can deliver turn key geomechanics projects for oil and gas applications.
OFG Geomechanics Services
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry3
Ne
ar W
ellb
ore
• 1D Geomech. Models -Stresses, PP, Mech. prop.
• Wellbore Stability evaluations
• Conventional and Unconventional HF Design & Optimization
• BHS / Drilling –conventional, salt/sub-salt, HPHT
• Sand Production
• Casing Deformation
• Cuttings Reinjection
• Pre-Salt/Sub-Salt Analysis
Sect
or
and
Re
serv
oir
Sc
ale
• 3D Geomech. Models
• Reservoir Compaction / Subsidence - effects in the overburden
• Coupled Flow / Stress-Strain Evaluations
• Multistage - Multi-well HF Evaluations
• Fault Seal / Reactivation Analysis
• Integrated Fractured Reservoir Characterization
• Integrated Unconventional Reservoir Analysis
3D Geomechanical Model
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry5
Stratigraphic
horizons, reservoir
Eclipse layering and
near-reservoir faults
North Sea HP/HT Case
3D Geomechanical Model -Horizons and Faults
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry6
Gulf of Mexico Carbonate Case
A 3D geomechanical model can be used to
evaluate an entire range of production or
injection schemes and determine the stress
changes within the reservoir or along faults
(as shown here).
The critical issues for fault modeling include
stress magnitude changes and rotations (as
shown in this figure of principal stress
tensors) as well as fault movement.
3D Geomechanical Model Results
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry7
GEOMODEL (e.g. PETREL)
3D Geomechanical Model
Reservoir Simuator(i.e. ECLIPSE, STARS, Psim, etc)
One-way or two-way iterative coupling between the reservoir simulator and the geomechanics simulator (HTM coupling)
Model imported into a
geomechanics
simulator
Coupling Flow and Geomechanics
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry8
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
GEOMECHANICAL MODEL
FRACTURE DISCRETE MODEL
AT FIELD SCALE
Calibrated for intensity, geometry
and hydraulic properties of
fractures, and scaled to the dual
porosity model.
Including faults and stratigraphic
layers from surface to underburden,
calibrated with well and core data.
3D Geomechanical Model + DFN
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry9
Unconventional Play Scenarios
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry12
HF=Hydraulic Fracture NF=Natural Fractures/weakness planes
Critical Issues in Unconventionals
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry13
Presence of the resource (TOC, maturity…..);
Presence of natural fractures and/or weak planes (free surface to
be converted to flow area) and their connectivity and hydro-
mechanical properties;
Fluid pressure and fluid type – high pressures favor the stimulation
of nat. fractures as the effective stresses are low and less shear is
needed for stimulation and can the fluid pressure be increased in
the nearby wells;
Influence of stresses and mechanical properties on HF
geometry and SRV – some conditions are more favorable than
others; and
Influence of operational parameters/design, well landing and
spacing on HF geometry and SRV.
Our Approach - Geomechanics is Key
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry14
Characterization - multidisciplinary
Geomechanical Models - OFG uses models that
incorporate the right physics of coupled geomechanics
and fluid flow, including the natural fractures to represent
rock mass failure, changes in the shape of HFs with
multiple stages, changes in ISIP (stress shadows) and its
effect on the natural fractures.
Calibration - The field data (microseismics, injection
pressures, PLTs, tracers and ultimately production)
together with the models help us understand and
quantify the effects of geomechanical, reservoir,
geological and operational parameters on the stimulation
efficiency (increased SRV) and optimization strategies
Summary of Services for HF
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry15
Resource Characterization Support• Geomechanical assessment (stress, pore pressure, and rock mechanical properties - 1D or
3D sector models).
• Design of Data Acquisition Program
Geomechanical Evaluation of Microseismic Data• Numerical geomechanical simulations of synthetic microseismicity
Hydraulic Fracture Stimulation Design and Optimization• DFIT/FET/Mini-frac design and interpretation
• Evaluation and optimization of operational parameters (rates, volumes, etc.)
• Evaluation and optimization of stage spacing-stress shadows
• Post-frac analyses
• Simulation history-matching to field MS data and injection data
Multi-Stage/Multi-Well Completions Design and Optimization• Stage spacing/Cluster evaluation and optimization
• Evaluation and optimization of multi-well stimulation strategies (Simul-Frac, Zipper-Frac, etc)
• Evaluation and optimization of well placement and orientation
Upscaling of Propped/Stimulated Volume for Flow Simulations• Single porosity, Directional permeability, Double porosity/double permeability models
DEM Model - DFN
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry17
Perspective View (core only) X-Section View
Outer Boundary Domain
Core DFN Domain
• The DFN was populated in an inner core domain.
• An outer boundary domain, extended twice of the size of the inner core domain, was used to decrease the boundary effects.
Sparse DFN @15 min Injection
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry18
Stim. DFN
HF
Plan view contours of pore pressure
distribution
Shmin
SHmax
Inj. Pt.
Plotting
planeHF plane
Dense DFN @15 min Injection
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry19
Stim. DFN
HF
Plan view contours of pore pressure
distribution
Shmin
SHmax
Inj. Pt.
Plotting
planeHF plane
Horizontal
wellbore
Effect of Injection Rate
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry20
• Injection rate ↓; ratio of stimulated DFN area to HF area ↑.
• Injection rate ↓; leakoff ratio ↑.
• Dense DFN was more sensitive to the change of injection rate.
Sparse
Dense
(+30%
)
Sparse
Dense
(+20%)
Decrease
Q
Influence of Fracture Network
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry21
• The Dense DFN had as much as a 5.2 x DFN stimulated area to HF area....
• The Dense DFN had as much as 70% of the fluid go to stimulate the DFN....
2.9
:1
1.8
:1
Influence of Fracture Network
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry22
Sparse DFN Dense DFN
Pre
ssu
reM
S E
ven
ts
Plan view (at injection pt) of pressure & MS events
Inj. Pt.
Inj. Pt.HF Trace HF Trace
Sparse vs. Dense DFN– HF Width
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry23
Sparse DFN Dense DFN
X-section view (at injection pt) of HF aperture
Proppant Transport?????
Injection pt Injection pt
Effect of Initial Pressure and Stress Ratio
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry24
Shmin/Shmax=30/30 MPa Shmin/Shmax=30/33 MPa
(e) Invaded fracture length: 2220.7m (f) Invaded fracture length: 2914.2m
Stimulated
length increases
with:
- initial
pressure
(lower
effective
stress); and
- in-situ stress
ratio.
Effect of Initial Pressure and Stress Ratio
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry25
Shmin/Shmax=30/30 MPa Shmin/Shmax=30/33 MPa
(e) Wet events: 799; Dry events: 366 (e) Wet events: 724; Dry events: 121
MS wet events
increase with:
- initial pressure
(lower effective
stress); and
- in-situ stress
ratio.
MS dry events
significant
increase with
pressure but
decrease with
stress ratio.
Pressure
changes
Fracture
Aperture
Changes
Directional Perm Changes
Scaling for Flow Analysis
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry26
Frac Rotation - Field Evidence
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry28
ISIP
Under certain conditions, the
stress shadow will cause fracture
rotation.
What is the significance for MS
evaluations??
- 50 psi
- 20 psi
- 30 psi
- 40 psi
- 10 psi
Stress Shadows
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry29
Shmin ~f(Height) – One stage
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry30
H=40m
H=60m
H=80m
wellbore
HF
lo
ca
tio
n
Shmin – Two Stages, Sp=56m
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry31
wellboreH
F l
oc
ati
on
DShmin: 12 Stages - Irregular Spacing
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry32
Wellbore Length
ToeHeel
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
HF
lo
ca
tio
n
Zipper Fracs - Overlapping HFs
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry33
Shmin (29 to 34 MPa) Sxy Shear (0 to 5 MPa)W
ell
bo
re#
1
Planview at injection point
We
llb
ore
#2
We
llb
ore
#1
We
llb
ore
#2
++
+
++
+
50m
HF Trace
Integrated Unconventional Evaluations
34
Static Model (TOC, Petroph: Poro,
perm, reservgeometry,
structures, seismic attrib, elast. seismic
inversion)
Geological Model (Natural fracs, weak
planes, intensity, open/closed,
mineralization)
Geomech. Model(Stresses, Pore Press,
Mech. Properties matrix and fractures)
DFN Realizations – Stat. Model –
(seismic, logs, cores, outcrops) Upscalingof Hyd. properties
RESERVOIR CHARACT.
‘Sweet’ Spots,Well Location,
Landing Location
STIMULATIONModeling,
CompletionDesign and
Optimization
Shale Play & DFN Scenarios
(construct HF models)
HF Modeling & Hist. Match (pressure, MS and prelim flow area
from product.)
HF Geometry and Improved SRV (HF +
Nat. fractures)
Multiwell HF -Zipper Fracs
(designs to max. flow area)
Flow Area Optimization
(parametric analysis: rate, fluid, proppant)
Stress Shadows (opt. stage spacing,
near-wellbore effects)
Most Likely Reservoir
Parameters + # stages, well length
Production History Matching (post-frac,
few days, months, years). Use improved
SRV
Model of Well/Multi-well/
Reserv. (single/ double poro-perm)
Optimum Well Spacing & Landing
LocationForecast Scenarios
Exploitation Plan (NPV, etc.)
FLOW SIMULATIONProduction
Optimization
Reserv. Eng.
Coupling @ specific
times
Upscaling of Propped Flow Area
(HF & Stimul. Nat Fracs) to Double
Poro/Perm Model
Pressure Saturations Flow Area
OFG Relevant Publications
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry35
1. Nagel, N.B., Sheibani, F., Lee, BT., Agharazi, A., Zhang, F., 2014, “Fully-Coupled Numerical Evaluations of Mulitwell Completion
Schemes: The Critical Role of In-Situ Pressure Changes and Well Configuration”, SPE Paper 168581 presented at the SPE
Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, 4-6 February.
2. Nagel, N.B., Zhang, F., Sanchez-Nagel, M., Lee, BT., Agharazi A., 2013, “Stress Shadow Evaluations for Completion Design in
Unconventional Plays”, SPE Paper 167128 presented at the SPE Unconventional Resources Conference-Canada, Calgary, Alberta, 5-7
November.
3. Zhang, F., Nagel, N.B., Sanchez-Nagel, M., Lee, BT., Agharazi, A., 2013, “The Critical Role of In-Situ Pressure on Natural Fracture
Shear and Hydraulic Fracturing-Induced Microseismicity Generation”, SPE Paper 167130 presented at the SPE Unconventional
Resources Conference-Canada, Calgary, Alberta, 5-7 November.
4. Agharazi, A., Lee, BT., Nagel, N.B., Zhang, F., and Sanchez-Nagel, M., 2013 “Tip-Effect Microseismicity – Numerically Evaluating the
Geomechanical Causes for Focal Mechanisms and Microseismicity Magnitude at the Tip of a Propagating Hydraulic Fracture”,
SPE Paper 167129 presented at the SPE Unconventional Resources Conference-Canada, Calgary, Alberta, 5-7 November.
5. Nagel, N.B., F. Zhang, M. Sanchez-Nagel and B. Lee, 2013, "Evaluation of Stress Changes Due to Multi-Stage Hydraulic Fracturing -
Consideration of Field Results", presented at Rock Mechanics for Resources, Energy and Environment, Eurock13, the ISRM
International Symposium, Wroclaw, Poland, 21-26 September.
6. Garcia, X., N.B. Nagel, F. Zhang, M. Sanchez-Nagel and B. Lee, 2013, "Revisiting Vertical Hydraulic Fracture Propagation Through
Layered Formations - A Numerical Evaluation", Paper ARMA 13-203 presented at 47th US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics
Symposium, San Francisco, CA, USA, 23-26 June.
7. Rios, A.M., G. Gutierrez, N.B. Nagel, F. Zhang, M. Sanchez-Nagel and B. Lee, 2013, "Stress Shadow Evaluations for Chicontepec -
Evaluating New Completion Options", Paper ARMA 13-200 presented at 47th US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium, San
Francisco, CA, USA, 23-26 June.
8. Zhang, F., N.B. Nagel, B. Lee and M. Sanchez-Nagel, 2013, "The Influence of Fracture Network Connectivity on Hydraulic Fracture
Effectiveness and Microseismcity Generation", Paper ARMA 13-199 presented at 47th US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics
Symposium, San Francisco, CA, USA, 23-26 June.
9. Zhang, F., N.B. Nagel, X. Garcia, B. Lee and M. Sanchez-Nagel, 2013, "Fracture Network Connectivity - A Key To Hydraulic
Fracturing Effectiveness and Microseismcity Generation", presented at ISRM International Conference for Effective and Sustainable
Hydraulic Fracturing, Brisbane, Australia, 20-22 May.
10. Nagel, N.B., F. Zhang, M. Sanchez-Nagel, X. Garcia, and B. Lee, 2013, "Quantitative Evaluation of Completion Techniques on
Influencing Shale Fracture Complexity", presented at ISRM International Conference for Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing,
Brisbane, Australia, 20-22 May.
OFG Relevant Publications
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry36
11. Savitski, A. A., M. Lin, A. Riahi, B. Damjanac and N.B. Nagel, 2013, "Explicit Modeling of Hydraulic Fracture
Propagation in Fractured Shales", in International Petroleum Technology Conference, Beijing, China.
12. Nagel, N.B., M. Sanchez-Nagel, F. Zhang, X. Garcia, and B. Lee, 2013, “Coupled Numerical Evaluations of the
Geomechanical Interactions Between a Hydrualic Fracture Stimulation and a Natural Fracture System in Shale
Formations”, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, DOI 10.1007/s00603-013-0391-x
13. Pettitt, W.S., M. Pierce, B. Damjanac, J. Hazzard, L. Lorig, C. Fairhurst, M. Sanchez-Nagel, N.B. Nagel, J. Reyes-Montes, J.
Andrews and R.P. Young, 2012, "Combining Microseismic Imaging and Hydrofractur Numerial Simulations", Paper
ARMA 12-554 presented at the 46th U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
14. Pettitt, W.S., B. Damjanac, J. Hazzard, Y. Han, M. Sanchez-Nagel, N.B. Nagel, J. Reyes-Montes and R.P. Young, 2012,
"Engineering Hydraulic Treatment of Existing Fracture Networks", Paper SPE 160019 presented at the SPE Annual
Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
15. Nagel, N.B., M. Sanchez-Nagel, X. Garcia, and B. Lee, 2012, “Understanding "SRV": A Numerical Investigation of
"Wet" vs. "Dry" Microseismicity During Hydraulic Fracturing”, Paper SPE 159791 presented the SPE Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition held in San Antonio, Texas, USA, 8-10 October.
16. Nagel, N.B., M. Sanchez-Nagel, X. Garcia, and B. Lee, 2012, “A Numerical Evaluation of the Geomechanical
Interactions Between a Hydraulic Fracture Stimulation and a Natural Fracture System”, ARMA 12-287 presented at
the 46th Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium, Chicago, Illinois, 24-27 June.
17. Nagel, N.B., X. Garcia, B. Lee, and M. Sanchez-Nagel, 2012, “Hydraulic Fracturing Optimization for Unconventional
Reservoirs - The Critical Role of the Mechanical Properties of the Natural Fracture Network", Paper SPE 161934
presented at the SPE Canadian Unconventional Resources Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 30 October - 1
November.
18. Nagel, N., M. Sanchez-Nagel, and BT Lee, 2012, "Gas Shale Hydraulic Fracturing: A Numerical Evaluation of the
Effect of Geomechanical Parameters", Paper SPE 152192 presented at the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology
Conference and Exhibition, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, 6-8 February.
19. Pettitt, W.S., M. Pierce, B. Damjanac, J. Hazzard, L. Lorig, C. Fairhurst, I. Gil, M. Sanchez-Nagel, N.B. Nagel, J. Reyes-
Montes R.P. Young, 2011, "Fracture Network Engineering for Hydraulic Fracturing", The Leading Edge, 30(8), pp844-
853.
OFG Relevant Publications
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry37
20. Nagel, N., I. Gil, M. Sanchez-Nagel, and B. Damjanac, 2011, “Simulating Hydraulic Fracturing in Real Fractured Rock –
Overcoming the Limits of Pseudo3D Models”, Paper SPE 140480 presented at the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology
Conference and Exhibition, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, 24-26 January.
21. Nagel, N., B. Damjanac, X. Garcia, and M. Sanchez-Nagel, 2011, "Discrete Element Hydraulic Fracture Modeling -
Evaluating Changes in Natural Fracture Aperture and Transmissivity", Paper SPE 148957 presented at the Canadian
Unconventional Resources Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 15-17 November.
22. Nagel, N. and M. Sanchez-Nagel, 2011, “Stress Shadowing and Microseismic Events: A Numerical Evaluation”, Paper
SPE 147363 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, USA, 30 October-2
November.
23. Gil, I., N.B. Nagel, M. Sanchez-Nagel, and B. Damjanac, 2011, "The Effect of Operational Parameters on Hydraulic
Fracture Propagation in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs - Getting Control of the Fracture Optimization Process",
Paper ARMA 11-391 presented at ARMA 45th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium, San Francisco, California,
USA.
24. Damjanac, B., I. Gil, M. Pierce, M. Sanchez-Nagel, A. Van As, and J. McLennan, 2010, “A New Approach to Hydraulic
Fracturing Modeling in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs", Paper ARMA 10-400 presented at ARMA 44th U.S. Rock
Mechanics/5th US-Canadian Rock Mechanics Symposium, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, June 27-30.
OFG Geomechanics Services for the Oil&Gas Industry38
Contact Info:
Marisela Sanchez-Nagel, Ph.D.
President, OilField Geomechanics LLC
Neal Nagel, Ph.D.
Chief Engineer, OilField Geomechanics LLC
24200 Southwest Freeway, Suite 402 #293
Rosenberg, Texas 77471
www.ofgeomech.com
Office: 832-327-9566