november 13-15, 2017 | san luis obispo, ca www ...€¦ · mechanization in california wine grape...
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www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Mechanization in California Wine Grape Vineyards
Dr. S. Kaan Kurtural
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Driving Factors for Mechanization and Precision
Management • Mechanization
– Timeliness of cultural practices
– Willing labor force
– Cost of labor ($15/h)
– Quality of life socioeconomic factors
– Proximity to population centers
– Land availability and cost
– Foreign competition
• Precision management
– Variability in vineyards
– Greater planting density
– Greater level of mechanization
– Greater level of monitoring
– Greater level of control
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Evolution towards spatio-temporal management of vineyards
Uniform
vineyard and
soil management
Zone
vineyard and
soil management
Site-specific
vineyard and
soil management
Bulk or composite
vine and
soil sampling
Stratified random
sampling within
zone
Fine grid
sampling or
sensing/scanning
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From the Canopy to Crop Load
• Shoot system of the grapevine:
– Stems
– Leaves
– Clusters
• Collectively: Microclimate
– Length
– Height
– Width
– Leaf area
– Shoot density
– Leaf layer number
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Climate within the Grape Canopy
• Microclimate is affected by:
– Amount of leaf area
– Distribution of leaf area
– Their interaction with above ground climate
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Why? Berry composition
Vine health improvement
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Fruit Maturity: The point at which fruit composition most closely matches that required to make the style of wine desired
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Desirable Aspects
• Uniformly ripe fruit
• Sound fruit
• An abundance of flavor
– With correct composition
• Reaches peak at ideal time
– Avoiding inclement weather
– Winery logistics
• BUT…..
• YIELD IS PARAMOUNT
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Optimum light environment in the fruit zone during set AND ripening
• Optimize diffuse or indirect sunlight within the canopy interior
• Minimize exposure of clusters to direct sunlight – particularly in warm climates
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
What can we do in vineyards mechanically?
• Dormant pruning *
• Suckering
• Shoot thinning *
• Leaf removal *
• Berry/cluster thinning *
• Harvest
Wine Raisin Table
Harvesting 90 35 -
Pruning
Pre-prune 65 5 30
Box-hedge 12 - -
Canopy Mgt
Leaf removal 45 - 10
Shoot thinning 7 - -
Hedging 100 100 100
Shoot positioning
2 - -
Crop load Mgt
Cluster removal 7 - -
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Dormant pruning • When?
– Depends on where you are – Dormant season – Incidence of rain
• Severity – Defines bearing surface – Capacity
• Costs: – Spur: $0.29/vine – Cane w/ tying: $0.48/vine – Mechanical w/ hand follow
up: $ 0.36/vine: – Box-prune single-high wire:
$0.07/vine
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Types of equipment available
• Pre-pruners – Various manufacturers – Various materials of construction – May only do one plane of cut – Mostly adapted to VSP type canopies – Have to follow up with manual operations
• Combination pruners – Multiple planes of cuts – May be used for pre-pruning, as well as a finish and
precision pruner – Maybe used in many types of canopies including split-
canopies and California-sprawl
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
How do you set up a mechanical pruning head?
• Spur height – Sets the height of the
bearing surface • Commonly:
– 4 inches = Precision prune – 6 inches = Pruning + follow
up – 8 inches = Pre-pruning
• Bearing surface girth – Set the width and depth of
bearing surface • Commonly
– Sprawl: Completely removed – Width: 4 to 6 inches
• Ground speed
– T-top or VSP canopy
• 1.0 to 1.5 miles/h
– Single high-wire
• 2.0 miles/h
• Measure, and measure often!
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Parts of a mechanical pruner
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Shoot thinning
• When?
• During dormant pruning*
• Trunk suckering – 1” – 3” shoot length
• Cordon – 8” – 12” shoot length
• In FROST PRONE AREAS WAIT TILL ALL DANGER OF FROST HAS PASSED!
• Reduces shoot density, but impact on canopy density is often temporary if irrigation is unchecked
• Efficient method of crop thinning
• Assists in the establishment of spur positions
• Reduces pruning costs next season
• Cost per acre - $80 – $300/acre
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Application – Manual/Mechanical
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
How do you set up a mechanical shoot thinner?
• Consider:
– Target shoot density:
• Count shoots
• Non-count shoots
– Cordon brush
– Rotary paddles
• 2 to 12 paddles
– Tractor ground speed
• 1 to 1.2 miles/h
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Canopy gaps at veraison
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Yield averages 2009-2011 (Syrah/1103 P)
Canopy Management
Berry wt(g)
Cluster wt (g)
Yield (T/A)
HP 1.33 a 189 a 7.0 b
5 shoots/ft 1.30 ab 151ab 8.3 c
7 shoots/ft 1.26 b 148 c 12.1 ab
15 shoots/ft 1.20 c 137 d 15.0 a
P 0.0191 0.0008 0.0006
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Pruning weights
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Red Wine Flavor Indicators
IBMP (green flavor)
00.5
11.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
RDIC
RDIE
B-damascenone (jammy, fruity flavor)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
RDIC
RDIE
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Labor operations cost
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Variable rate mechanical shoot removal
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Berry/Cluster thinning
• Pre-bloom thinning
• Post fruit set-thinning – Rule of thumb for post fruit-set cluster thinning
– If shoot is < 12” long remove all clusters
– If shoot 12” – 24 “ long retain one cluster
– If shoot > 24” long retain 2 clusters
• We are seeing most beneficial responses if applied – Berries b-b size
– Post veraison applications – self gratifying
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Manual cluster thinning
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Variable mechanical cluster thinning
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Effect of cluster numbers on canopy variables and fruit composition
Clusters
g (cm2/cm)
LLN
D shoots
(cm)
TSS(%)
pH
TA(g/L)
1 per 32.1 3.7 8.1 23.2 a 3.43 a 8.0
2 per 23.8 2.7 7.8 21.9 b 3.34 b 7.7
> 2 per 27.0 3.0 8.3 21.2 a 3.29 b 7.6
P 0.1601 0.2691 0.7721 0.0001 0.0014 0.1332
Trend NS NS NS Linear
***
Linear
**
NS
Kurtural et al. 2006
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Leaf Removal
• Severity – Both sides of the canopy – Shade side of the canopy
• East side if rows N-S * • North side if rows E-W
– Cost • $80 to $250/acre
depending on • Trellis type • Hand vs. Machine • Timing • Canopy density
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Types of equipment available
• Suck and cut type leaf removal implements – Mostly adapted to VSP trellis
– Damage to flower cluster and clusters
– Did not work well in sprawling canopies
• Air-blast type leaf removal implements – Mostly adapted to VSP trellis
– Did not work as well in sprawling canopies
– Little to no damage to flower cluster and clusters
• Roll-over type leaf removal implements – Adapted to VSP, sprawling and split canopy systems
– Selective
– Little to no damage to flower cluster and clusters
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Leaf removal
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Pre-bloom vs. Post fruit set Why Should I Even Care?
Treatment Berry mass (g) Skin mass (mg)
Berry/cluster Yield (T/A)
Control 1.36 a 55.0 a 125 10.1
Pre-bloom 1.27 b 51.7 a 117 10.0
Post fruit-set 1.28 b 45.0 b 114 9.8
Pr>F 0.0216 0.0020 0.2066 0.4996
Cook et al. 2015
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Some economic data on mechanical leaf removal
Cook et al. 2015
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Leaf removal Water deficits
Pre-bloom
Post-fruit set Regulated Deficit
Irrigation
Sustained Deficit Irrigation
Catechin/epichatechin monomer Total skin flavonols
Berry Skin Mass
Total skin anthocyanidins
Total skin flavonols
EGC (Extension subunits)
Mean Degree of polymerization
Total Skin PAs (by phoroglucinolysis) Conversion yield (Skin)
Berry mass
Berry mass
Yield (2014)
Leaf area:fruit ratio (2014)
At 200 GDD (EL stage 17)
At 644 GDD (EL stage 19)
At 0.8 of estimated ETc from anthesis (EL-Stage 19) until harvest (EL-Stage 38)
At 0.8 ETc from anthesis (EL-Stage 19) to fruit set (EL-Stage 28) with a Yl threshold of -1.2 MPa, 0.5 ETc from fruit set to veraison (EL-Stage 35)
Yu et al. 2016
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Variable rate leaf removal application
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Path forward… Can we do these practices at a variable rate?
• Precision viticulture is a
site-specific management
tool – Combines new information
technologies and production
experience to map variability
of production and quality in
order to:
• Optimize yield efficiency
• Berry composition
• Minimize environmental
impact
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS & MODELLING
OUTPUT
The Work Flow
GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS & MODELLING
SENSING
• High Resolution DEM • NDVI • DuoLite • Electrical resistivity • Multiplex • Satellite images
`
• Grapevine physiological measurements
• Plant water status • Canopy
microclimate • Net gas exchange
• Soil measurements
FIELD MEASUREMENTS LABORATORY ANALYSIS
• Primary metabolism (wet chemistry)
• Secondary metabolism • Flavan-3-ols • Flavonols • Anthocyanins • Proanthocyanidins
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Sensors in use
• Soil sensor Dual EM • Canopy reflectance
sensors • Crop estimation sensor
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Terrain analysis of the site
GPS DATA (Elevation) Soil Wetness Index Slope
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Grapevine water status
2 VERY DIFFERENT ZONES!
2 clusters = 70% variability
Clustering Lower Water Stress Higher Water Stress
Higher Water Stress
Lower Water Stress
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Summarizing information: Season average
GOOD RELATIONSHIPS WITH SOIL AND
TOPOGRAPHY!
3D model of water status
3D model of soil wetness
Surface soil electrical resistivity
Water Potential Integrals
Higher
Lower
Water stress
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Components of yield
Not a significant correlation between water status and yield!
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Primary metabolism
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Anthocyanins
3’4’5’ H Anthocyanin 3’4’ H Anthocyanin
* *
Degradation?
Total anthocyanins
*
r = 0.53
Stem Water Potentials Integrals (MPa)
ρ = 0.56
Stem Water Potentials Integrals (MPa)
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Tannins
r = 0.41 *
Total Proanthocyanidins (+)- Catechin
Stem Water Potentials Integrals (MPa)
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Selective harvest by mechanical means
Kurtural et al. 2012
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Moving forward
• Vineyard variability affects harvest composition
• Selective harvest can be a useful strategy when vineyard variability is too large to coalesce
• Water status allows to effectively discriminate between the harvest zones. Less of a need to take repeated measurements and can be easily modelled/sensed.
www.sustainableagexpo.org November 13-15, 2017 | San Luis Obispo, CA
Moving forward
• We can achieve economies of scale with mechanical practices
• Equipment is available to do most cultural practices
• Precision and accuracy continues to improve
• Spatio-temporal management will alleviate variability
• Berry composition concerns remain however, resistance seemingly diminished
• Canopy size and crop estimation will be done with proximal sensors