muscle funccellularlevel animal systems
DESCRIPTION
MuscleTRANSCRIPT
MO Figure
Muscle Function at
the Cellular Level
Michael Patrick O'Neill/Science Source.
• Like nervous tissue, muscles are excitable
or "irritable”they have the ability to respond to a stimulus
• Unlike nerves, however, muscles are also:
Contractible (they can shorten
in length)
Extensible (they can extend or
stretch)
Elastic (they can return to their
original shape)
Functions of Muscular Tissue
• Muscle makes up a large percentage of the
body’s weight
• Their main functions are to:
Create motion – muscles work with nerves,
bones, and joints to produce body movements
Stabilize body positions and maintain posture
Store substances within the body using
sphincters
Functions of Muscular Tissue
Location Function Appearance Control
Skeletal
skeletonmovement,
heat, posture
striated, multi-
nucleated (eccentric),
fibers parallel
voluntary
Cardiac
heartpump blood
continuously
striated, one central
nucleusinvoluntary
Visceral
(smooth muscle)G.I. tract,
uterus, eye,
blood vessels
Peristalsis,
blood pressure,
pupil size,
erects hairs
no striations, one
central nucleusinvoluntary
Three Types of Muscular
Tissue
(b) Cardiac muscle (c) Visceral smooth muscle
(a) Skeletal muscle
Three Types of Muscular Tissue
Location Function Appearance Control
Skeletal
skeletonmovement,
heat, posture
striated, multi-
nucleated (eccentric),
fibers parallel
voluntary
Cardiac
heartpump blood
continuously
striated, one central
nucleusinvoluntary
Visceral
(smooth muscle)
G.I. tract,
uterus, eye,
blood vessels
Peristalsis,
blood pressure,
pupil size,
erects hairs
no striations, one
central nucleusinvoluntary
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal muscle fibers are very long “cells” - next to
neurons (which can be over a meter long),
perhaps the longest in the body
The Sartorious muscle contains
single fibers that are at least
30 cm long
A single skeletal muscle fiber
Skeletal Muscle
Sarcolemma
Motor neuron
Skeletal Muscle
The terminal processes of a motor
neuron in close proximity to the
sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle fiber
A muscle fiber consists of a single cell.
• The cell is long and multinucleated.
• The cytoplasm is called the sarcoplasm.
• Contains a specialized ER, called the
sarcoplasmic reticulum, that stores
calcium.
• Contains myofibrils made up of thick and
thin filaments.
Skeletal muscle fibers
The Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Increasing the level of magnification, the myofibrils are
seen to be composed
of filaments
Thick filaments
Thing filaments
A scanning electron micrograph of a sarcomere
• The basic functional unit of skeletal muscle
fibers is the sarcomere: An arrangement of
thick and thin filaments sandwiched between
two Z discs
The Skeletal Muscle Fiber
The “Z line” is really a Z disc when considered in 3
dimensions. A sarcomere extends from Z disc to Z disc.
• Muscle contraction occurs in the sarcomeres
The Skeletal Muscle Fiber
• Myofibrils are built from three groups of
proteins
Contractile proteins generate force during
contraction
Regulatory proteins help switch the contraction
process on and off
Structural proteins keep the thick and thin
filaments in proper alignment and link the
Muscle Proteins
• The thin filaments are comprised mostly of
the structural protein actin, and the thick
filaments are comprised mostly of the
structural protein myosin
• However, in both types of filaments, there
Muscle Proteins
• In the thin filaments actin proteins are strung
together like a bead of pearls
• In the thick filaments myosin proteins look
like golf clubs bound together
Muscle Proteins
In this first graphic, the myosin binding sites on the actin
proteins are readily visible.
The regulatory proteins troponin and tropomyosin have
been added to the bottom graphic: The myosin binding
sites have been
covered
Muscle Proteins
In this graphic the troponin-tropomyosin complex has
slid down into the “gutters” of the actin molecule
unblocking the myosin binding site
The troponin-tropomyosin complex can slide back and
forth depending on the presence of Ca2+
Myosin binding site exposed
Muscle Proteins
• Ca2+ binds to troponin which changes the shape of
the troponin-tropomyosin complex and uncovers
the myosin binding sites on actin
Muscle Proteins
• Besides contractile and regulatory proteins, muscle
contains about a dozen structural proteins which
contribute to the alignment, stability, elasticity, and
extensibility of myofibrils
• Titan is the third most plentiful protein in muscle,
after actin and myosin - it extends from the Z disc and
accounts for much of the elasticity of myofibrils
• Dystrophin is discussed later as it relates to the disease
of muscular dystrophy
Muscle Proteins
• With exposure of the myosin binding sites on
actin (the thin filaments)—in the presence of
Ca2+ and ATP—the thick and thin filaments
“slide” on one another and the sarcomere is
shortened
The Sliding-Filament
Mechanism
• The “sliding” of actin on myosin (thick
filaments on thin filaments) can be broken
down into a 4 step process
The Sliding-Filament
Mechanism
Figure 1
Sliding filament model
Thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments slide past one another
during muscle contraction. As a result, the sarcomere shortens.
Figure 2
Sarcomeres
Z-discs form dark lines in electron micrographs and give
skeletal muscle a striated appearance.
C. F. Armstrong/Science Source.
Figure 3
Figure 4
Muscle anatomy
Figure 4a
Figure 4b
Muscle energy storage
Glycogen
• Glucose polymer. Glucose is used in
cellular respiration to make ATP.
Creatine phosphate
• Transfers a phosphate to ADP to form
ATP.
Figure 5
Muscle innervation
Muscle fibers can be innervated by a single neuron, which
increases contraction strength at the expense of fine control, or by
multiple neurons, which allows finer control but with little strength.
Figure 5a
Figure 5b
Figure 6
Excitation-contraction coupling
Figure 7
Regulation of contraction
In resting muscle,
tropomyosin covers
myosin-binding sites
on actin. The
troponin complex
holds tropomyosin in
place. Ca2+ binding
to troponin causes
tropomyosin to shift,
which exposes the
myosin-binding sites.
Myosin binds actin,
and the muscle
contracts.
Figure 7a
Figure 7b
Figure 7c
MO Figure
Skeletal System
and Locomotion
Art Wolfe/Science Source
Skeletal systems
Endoskeleton: inside the animal
Exoskeleton: outside the animal
Hydrostatic skeleton: composed of
pressurized water in internal compartments.
Figure 1
Hydrostatic skeletons
This Hydra moves using a hydrostatic skeleton.
© 2006 Nature Publishing Group Alvarado, A & Tsonis, P. Bridging the
regeneration gap: genetic insights from diverse animal models. Nature
Reviews Genetics 7, 873–884 (2006) doi:10.1038/nrg1923. Used with
permission.
Figure 2
Peristaltic movement
Caused by
alternating
radial and
longitudinal
muscle
contractions
against a
fluid-filled
coelom.
Figure 2a
Figure 2b
Figure 3
Exoskeletons
Arthropod exoskeletons contain chitin.
© 2002 Nature Publishing Group GDC seeks members of new Appointing Body. British Dental Journal 193, 431–
433 (2002), doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4801590. Used with permission.
Figure 4
The human skeleton
Figure 5
Antagonistic muscle pairs
Coordinated
movement
enables flexion
and extension
of a limb.
Figure 5a
Figure 5b
Figure 6
Balance and locomotion
During walking and
running, the feet are
used for balancing,
pushing off, and
maintaining momentum.
Figure 7
Terrestrial locomotion
Energy stored in tendons enables this frog to jump.
Stephen Dalton/Science Source.