animal systems 1
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Animal Systems 1. Body organization . Unicellular Multicellular simple Multicellular complex-rely on folded and branched internal surfaces to facilitate exchange of materials. Levels of organization. cells tissues organs systems - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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ANIMAL SYSTEMS 1
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Body organization • Unicellular
• Multicellular simple
• Multicellular complex-rely on folded and branched internal surfaces to facilitate exchange of materials
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Levels of organization• cells tissues organs systems• Tissues are composed of cells with a common structure and function• Cells are held together with a sticky matrix
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• There are 4 types of tissues:
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1. Epithelial-covers outside of body and lines organs and cavities
• Cells are tightly joined• Simple or stratified• Shape may be squamous,
columnar or cuboidal
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2. Connective-binds and supports other tissues• Composed of a few cells in a matrix• Connective tissue is made of 3 kinds of fibers:
a. Collagen fibers-collagen is the most abundant animal protein, these fibers are non-elastic and do not tear easily
b. Elastic fibers-long threads of elastin protein that provide a rubbery quality c. Reticular fibers-thin and branched, they join connective tissue to adjacent tissue
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• Types of connective tissue:a. Looseb. Adiposec. Fibrousd. Cartilagee. Bonef. blood
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3. Muscular-long cells called fibers that are capable of contracting
-most abundant tissue in animals-muscle contractions use much of the energy produced in respiration
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4. Nervous-senses -sense stimuli-transmits signals-mostly concentrated in the brain
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Staying warm or cool:• Endothermic-produce heat from inside, includes birds,
mammals, some fish and some insects• Body coverings help retain heat (fur, fat layers)• High metabolic rate (80% can go to heat)• Modify behavior (migrate, hibernate)• Panting • Seeking shade• Huddling• Shedding• Thicker fur• Nocturnal
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• Ectothermic-gain heat from external sources, includes most fish, amphibians, reptiles• Body coverings help retain heat-scales• Modify behavior (basking)• Fanning wings• Nocturnal
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Homeostasis • Maintaining the internal environment
• Body temperature • Water-salt balance• Carbon dioxide• Glucose• pH
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Homeostatic control:Negative feedback
1. Sensor2. Control center
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• Negative feedback-a change causes the control center to counteract any further changesPrevents small changes from becoming too big
• Positive feedback-a change causes the control center to increase the responseExample-labor
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Digestive system• Obtaining food
• Filter feeders-sift small particles from water (baleen whales)• Fluid feeders-parasites that tap into the vascular system of host• Substrate feeders-live on the material they eat (maggots)• Bulk feeders-bite off chunks or whole organism
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Essential NutrientsMust be preassembled as the animal cannot make them
1. Amino acids-need 20 to make all proteins, about half are essential.• Protein deficiency is the most
common type of malnutrition in humans
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2. Fatty acids-deficiencies are rare3. Vitamins-organic, need very small amounts, 13 are essential
• Water soluable-excess excreted in urine• Fat soluable-excess stored and may be toxic (A, D, E, K)
4. Minerals-inorganic, too much may cause toxic side effects
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Food Processing 1. Ingestion-eating2. Digestion-breaking down food to small molecules3. Enzymatic hydrolysis-splitting large molecules4. Absorption of small molecules5. Elimination of undigested waste
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Complete digestive system• Consists of two openings-mouth and anus• Long tube with specialized structures
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Structures of digestion• Mouth-saliva moistens food and makes it slippery,
contains the enzyme amylase to break down starch• Teeth make food smaller• Pharynx-throat• Larynx-contains vocal cords
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• Esophagus-muscular tube that carries food to the stomach
• Food is pushed down by waves of muscle contractions called peristalsis
• No food is digested in the esophagus
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• Stomach, j shaped elastic sac, stores and mixes food with gastric juices• HCl- ph = 2, the acid breaks down the matrix that holds cells
together and kills most bacteria• Pepsin-enzyme that breaks down proteins• Sphincters (circular muscles) keep food inside until consistency of
thick milkshake
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The stomach is coated with a mucus lining that protects it from acid• Even so, the stomach lining is constantly eroded and replaces itself every 3
days
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• Accessory organs• Liver-makes bile• Gall bladder-stores bile
Pancreas--secretion acts as a pH buffer, bile acts as a detergent (emulsifies fat)
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• Small intestine• 6 meters long• Most of the breakdown and
absorption occurs here• Duodenum-first 25 cm,
juices from pancreas, liver, gall bladder and intestine are added here
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Absorption in the small intestine• Has huge surface area (300 m2 or size of tennis court)
• Folds with projections called villi• Each villus has microvilli• Inside each villus is a network of
capillaries and lymph vessels
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• Large intestine (colon)• 1.5 m long• Cecum is pouch at the beginning
where appendix attaches• Recovers water, waste becomes solid• Contains harmless bacteria (some produce vitamins)• Rectum is end portion where waste is stored until elimination
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Problems Eating disorders
1. Anorexia-refusing to eat enough to be healthy2. Bulimia-overeating and purging3. Binge eating-overeating without purging
Diabetes4. Type I-no insulin is produced by the pancreas5. Type 2-insulin resistance (cells do not take up glucose even if
insulin is present), associated with obesity
High cholesterol leads to cardiovascular disease
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Circulatory system• Open systems-blood bathes organs directly, no vessels• Closed systems-all blood is contained in vessels
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Double loop systemA. The heart
-size of a fist-4 chambered
2 thin walled atria serve as receiving chambers2 thick walled ventricles serve as pumping chambers
-chambers separated by valves to prevent backflow
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• Cardiac cycle-one complete sequence of filling and contracting
• Heart rhythm• SA node (pacemaker)-specialized cells that set the rate
• Located in wall of right atrium• AV node spreads signal throughout heart
• Located in wall between right atrium and right ventricle
Produces electrical currents recorded as EKG
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B. Blood vessels-arteries are 3 layers with thick muscle, extra strength is needed for uneven speed and pressures-veins are also 3 layers but thinner, flow is mainly due to skeletal muscle contractions.valves prevent backflow
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-capillaries-one cell thick, allows exchange of material between blood and fluid around cells
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Capillaries in the heart, brain, and kidneys are always filled to capacity. Others may be diverted as needed.
For example, after a meal capillaries in digestive tract are full, while exercising capillaries in muscles are full.
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• Blood pressure-created by force of blood pushing against vessel walls• Greater in arteries than veins• Contraction pressure is called systole• Relaxation pressure is called diastole
• Healthy: 120 systole 80 diastole
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C. Blood composition• Plasma-liquid portion of blood, 90% water with dissolved ions,
proteins, antibodies, clotting factors, nutrients, waste, hormones, CO2, O2
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• RBC (erythrocytes)-transport oxygen, most numerous of thecells, disk shape helps perform
function, lack nuclei, contain hemoglobin
• WBC (leukocytes)-fight infection• Platelets-cell fragments, no nuclei, help clot blood
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Problems 1. Cardiovascular disease-caused by a combination of
lifestyle and geneticsa. atherosclerosis-deposits of cholesterol thicken and harden artery walls. It narrows the opening and causes platelets to adhere triggering a clot
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b. hypertension (high blood pressure)-promotes atherosclerosis and increases risk of heart attack and stroke
c. heart attack-death of part of heartdue to blockage and loss of oxygen
d. stroke-death of nerve tissue due to blocked vessels in brain
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Respiratory system• Uptake of oxygen from environment and release of carbon
dioxide into environment• Requires a respiratory surface
• Must by moist, thin and have a large surface area
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1. Nasal cavities warm, filter and moisten air2. Larynx-contain vocal cords, opening is covered with
epiglottis when swallowing3. trachea-windpipe, held open with rings of cartilage
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4. bronchi-tubes into each lung5. bronchioles-smaller and smaller branches6. alveoli-air sacs where exchange takes place7. diaphragm-breathing muscle
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• Breathing is controlled by two areas of the brain: the medulla oblongata and the pons• It is a response to change in pH of the blood
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Problems 1. Bronchitis2. Laryngitis3. Emphysema4. Lung cancer
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Excretory system• Types of animal waste:
• Ammonia-very toxic, animal must have lots of water to dilute it. Common in aquatic species. Requires the least amount of energy to produce
• Urea-less toxic, can be stored, found in land animals because it requires less water to dilute
• Uric acid-nontoxic, nonsoluble, excreted as dry paste, found in birds, insects and many reptiles. Requires the most energy to produce
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• Steps in excretion:• Filtration• Reabsorption• Secretion• Excretion
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1. Kidneys-bean shaped, reddish brown, fist sized 1. Made of millions of filtering units called nephrons2. Cortex-outer region3. Medulla-cone shaped regions between cortex and pelvis4. Pelvis-hollow chamber where urine collects
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2. Ureter3. Bladder-elastic sac4. Urethra-tube to exit the body
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Control of excretion1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-produced in the hypothalamus-increases water reabsorbtion, reduces urine volume-released when water is lost through sweating or eating salty foods
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2. AldosteroneProduced by adrenal glandsCauses reabsorbsion of salt and water increasing blood pressure and volumereleased when there is a drop in blood pressure
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3. Atrial natriuretic factor-released by the walls of the atria -inhibits salt reabsorption and reduces aldosterone releasereleased in response to an increase in blood volume
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Problems • Kidney stones• Urinary tract infections• Gout • Drugs and toxins