multiculturalism in international relations developing... · south africa officially became a...

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Aleksandra Jaskólska, [email protected]

-Tuesday, 13.45-14.45, r. 400 - Wednesday, 11.30-13.00, r. 400

Cooperation of Developing

countries. Circumstances and factors concerning the creation of cooperation between

developing countries. Non-alignment Movement

in 90s. New form of cooperation following the end

the cold war - IBSA Forum, G-4, G-20. Common

Identity of Developing Countries? Constraints of

cooperation of Developing countries. New

regionalism in developing countries (Africa, Asia,

Latin America): ASEAN, MERCOSUR, Africa

Union; subregional organizations.

Non-alignment Movement

IBSA Forum

BRIC/S Forum

G-4

G-20

G-77

Africa Union

ASEAN

SAARC

APEC

A WORLD OF REGIONS

Regional multilateralism worldwide: regional organizations and regional trading blocs

African Union (AU) =

54 member states

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation = 6 member states

NAM – 1961 HTTP://NAMIRAN.ORG/

IBSA

June 2003, Yashwant Sinha (External affairs

minister of India), Celso Amorim (Foreign minister

of Brazil) and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma (Foreign

minister of South Africa) met in Brasilia

IBSA Dialogue forum was formalized - "Brasilia

Declaration„

last summit 2011 in South Africa

http://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about-ibsa/ibsa-

summits

http://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about-ibsa/areas-of-

cooperation/working-groups

http://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about-ibsa/ibsa-summitshttp://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about-ibsa/ibsa-summitshttp://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about-ibsa/ibsa-summitshttp://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about-ibsa/ibsa-summitshttp://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about-ibsa/ibsa-summitshttp://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about-ibsa/ibsa-summitshttp://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about-ibsa/ibsa-summitshttp://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about-ibsa/ibsa-summitshttp://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about-ibsa/areas-of-cooperation/working-groupshttp://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about-ibsa/areas-of-cooperation/working-groupshttp://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about-ibsa/areas-of-cooperation/working-groupshttp://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about-ibsa/areas-of-cooperation/working-groupshttp://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about-ibsa/areas-of-cooperation/working-groupshttp://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about-ibsa/areas-of-cooperation/working-groupshttp://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about-ibsa/areas-of-cooperation/working-groupshttp://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about-ibsa/areas-of-cooperation/working-groupshttp://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about-ibsa/areas-of-cooperation/working-groupshttp://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about-ibsa/areas-of-cooperation/working-groupshttp://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about-ibsa/areas-of-cooperation/working-groupshttp://www.ibsa-trilateral.org/about-ibsa/areas-of-cooperation/working-groups

BRIC/S

2001 - by chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset

Management, Jim O'Neill (Building Better Global

Economic BRICs.)

foreign ministers met in New York City in

September 2006 at the margins of the General

Debate of the UN General Assembly

first formal summit - in Yekaterinburg, 16 June

2009 (Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry

Medvedev, Manmohan Singh and Hu Jintao)

South Africa officially became a member nation

on 24 December 2010

BRICS – April 2011, Jacob Zuma, attended the

2011 BRICS summit in China, as a full member

G -7/20/77

G7/8 - group consisting of the finance ministers and central bank governors of seven major advanced economies

http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/international/forums/g7_g8_g20/index_en.htm

1999/2008

https://g20.org/about-g20/g20-member-map/

group was founded 1964 - "Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries" issued at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

first major meeting was in Algiers in 1967, Charter of Algiers was adopted (http://www.g77.org/doc/)

G-24 is a chapter of the G-77 that was established in 1971 to coordinate the positions of developing countries on international monetary and development finance issues (http://g24.org/)

AFRICA UNION

Organization of African Unity (1963-2002)

http://www.au.int/en/about/nutshell

http://agenda2063.au.int/

http://www.au.int/en/about/nutshellhttp://www.au.int/en/about/nutshellhttp://www.au.int/en/about/nutshellhttp://www.au.int/en/about/nutshell

MERCOSUR/MERCOSUL

full members are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay,

Uruguay and Venezuela

associate countries are Bolivia, Chile, Peru,

Colombia, Ecuador and Suriname

observer countries are New Zealand and Mexico

Mercosur was established in 1991 by the Treaty

of Asunción, which was later amended and

updated by the 1994 Treaty of Ouro Preto

REGIONAL MULTILATERALISM IN SOUTH ASIA

THE SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION

(SAARC)

Original initiative: Bangladesh in 1978

Original vision: extensive regional multilateralism along the lines of EC (EU)

Negotiation stages: 1978-85

Eventually founded in 1985

Members: first 7, now 8

SAARC Headquarters; SAARC Secretary General

8 Observer countries: Australia, China, European Union, Japan, Iran, Mauritius, Myanmar, South Korea, United States

Evolutionary stages: Summits and Conventions

18 Summits until 2015

REGIONAL MULTILATERALISM IN SOUTH ASIA

THE SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION

(SAARC)

SAARC Achievements:

SAARC Headquarters; Secretary-General

Summits and Conventions/Agreements

SAARC identity through SAARC Centers

(ASEAN identity?)

Non-institutionalization / diminished

multilateralism

Educational relevance

Economic relevance

Political relevance

18

REGIONAL MULTILATERALISM BEYOND SOUTH ASIA

INDIAN OCEAN RIM ASSOCATION [IORA]

Initiative: Australia and South Africa

Founded: 1997

Original vision: extensive regional multilateralism, security and politics

Member Countries: 20

Dialogue Partners: 6

Priority sectors:

Maritime Security, Trade & Investment Facilitation, Fisheries Management, Disaster Risk Management, Science & Technology & Academic Cooperation and Tourism

Headquarters and Secretary-General

13 Council of Minister (CoM) Meetings until 2015

No summits

Pakistan rejected


INDIAN OCEAN RIM ASSOCATION FOR REGIONAL

COOPERATION [IOR-ARC]

“The organization itself is lean to the point of emaciation, with just a half-dozen staff (including the gardener).”

Shashi Tharoor, 2009

“Pilot mechanism” in Mauritius

Secretariat with Secretary-General

Tripartite governance system of APEC

Australia no longer an active member

Name change in 2104

Panchsheel-principles incorporated, non-institutionalization

REGIONAL MULTILATERALISM BEYOND SOUTH ASIA:

BAY OF BENGAL INITIATIVE FOR MULTI-SECTORAL

[BIMST-EC]

Negotiating stages: 1994-1997

Initiator: Thailand

Original vision: political and economic

community

Founded: 1997 (Bangkok Declaration)

Since September 2014: permanent secretariat in

Dhaka

3 Summits

14 priority sectors

BIMST-EC FTA planned

Non-institutionalization


MEKONG GANGA COOPERATION (INITIATIVE) [MGC]


MEKONG GANGA COOPERATION (INITIATIVE) [MGC]

Initiated by Thailand

Original vision

extensive regional cooperation

Eventually founded in 2000

“Vientiane Declaration”

6 Members

No logo

Meetings: on the margins of ASEAN Summits

Only 6 Ministerial meetings until December 2012

Geostrategic relevance

Economic relevance

Regional Inter-governmental

Organization

10 members

4.5million sq kms

570million people (growth1.5%)

OVERVIEW

8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration)

Founding Fathers of ASEAN: 5 Foreign Ministers - Adam Malik (Indonesia), Narciso R. Ramos ( Philippines), Tun Abdul Razak (Malaysia), S. Rajaratnam (Singapore) and Thanat Khoman (Thailand)

BANGKOK DECLARATION

cooperation in the economic, social, cultural, technical, educational and other fields,

promotion of regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law and adherence to the principles of the UN Charter.

representing the collective will of the nations of Southeast Asia to bind themselves together in friendship and cooperation

joint efforts and sacrifices, secure for their peoples and for posterity the blessings of peace, freedom and prosperity

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES

Feb. 1967 - Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC) :

Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, and national identity of all nations

The rights of every state to lead its national existence free from external interference, subversion, and coercion

Non-interference in the internal affairs of one another

Settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful manner

Renunciation of the threat or use of force; and

Effective cooperation among themselves.

ASEAN CHARTER

Ratified by 10 ASEAN member states

Came into force: 15 Dec 2008, Jakarta

Gives legal personality to ASEAN

Clarifies common objectives and principles

Defines structure, Mechanisms, Operations

ASEAN: STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

First 10 years (1967-1976): establishment,

solidarity, dialogue partners

The next 20 years: (1977-1997): expansion -

Brunei (1984); Vietnam (1995); Lao PDR and

Myanmar (1997); and Cambodia (1999)

The next 10 years: (1998-2007): vision,

formalization

The next 7 years: (2008-2015): Community

building

ASEAN COMMUNITY

ASEAN Political-Security Community – peaceful processes in the settlement of intra-regional differences and it has the following components: political development, shaping and sharing of norms, conflict prevention, conflict resolution, post-conflict peace building, and implementing mechanisms

ASEAN Economic Community - creating a stable, prosperous and highly competitive ASEAN economic region in which there is a free flow of goods, services, investment and a freer flow of capital, equitable economic development and reduced poverty and socio-economic disparities in year 2020;

ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community - envisages a community of caring societies and founded on a common regional identity, with cooperation focused on social development aimed at raising the standard of living of disadvantaged groups and the rural population, and shall seek the active involvement of all sectors of society, in particular women, youth, and local communities

ASEAN Plus Three is a meeting between

ASEAN, China, Japan, and South Korea, and is

primarily held during each ASEAN Summit

Asia–Europe Meeting (ASEM) is an informal

dialogue process initiated in 1996 with the

intention of strengthening co-operation between

the countries of Europe and Asia, especially

members of the EU and ASEAN

Asia-Europe Foundation (ASEF), a socio-

cultural organisation associated with the meeting

The ASEAN–Russia Summit is an annual

meeting between leaders of member states and

the President of Russia


APEC was established in 1989 with the objective of promoting trade, investment and cooperation in the Asia-Pacific. The ultimate objective of course is to achieve prosperity for the region. When APEC was established, free trade was not the dominant discourse it is today. But several trends – such as advances in information and communications technologies and the shift in geopolitical heft from the mid-Atlantic to the mid-pacific – were bringing economies in the Asia-Pacific closer together. Together, these forces of globalisation promoted increased cooperation at the official level between the economies of the world’s fastest growing region.


APEC Member Economies

APEC Official Observers • Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Secretariat • Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC) • Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)


APEC’s Mission Statement

APEC is the premier Asia-Pacific economic forum. Our primary goal is to support sustainable economic growth and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region. We are united in our drive to build a dynamic and harmonious Asia-Pacific community by championing free and open trade and investment, promoting and accelerating regional economic integration, encouraging economic and technical cooperation, enhancing human security, and facilitating a favorable and sustainable business environment. Our initiatives turn policy goals into concrete results and agreements into tangible benefits.


APEC’s Development

1989-1992 Ministerial level dialogue

1993 First APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting

1994 “Bogor Goals of free and open trade and

investment in the Asia-Pacific”

by 2010 for industrialised economies

by 2020 for developing economies

9. US, EU, Russia, Japan

international strategies towards

developing countries. The activity of the US, EU, Russia and Japan in the Developing Countries –

circumstances and factors. The new US, EU, Japan and

Russia approach to the developing countries since 1989.

The role of the US, EU and Japan in the developing

countries – an assessment and comparative analysis.

US: https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/22/fact-sheet-us-global-development-policy

http://www.globalissues.org/article/35/foreign-aid-development-assistance

EU: http://kapuscinskilectures.eu/lectures/development-policy-towards-2030-europes-role/

Russia: http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2011-10-10/russias-development-assistance

http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/may/25/russia-foreign-aid-report-influence-image

Japan: http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/summary/1997/08.html

http://www.jica.go.jp/english/index.html

https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/22/fact-sheet-us-global-development-policyhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/22/fact-sheet-us-global-development-policyhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/22/fact-sheet-us-global-development-policyhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/22/fact-sheet-us-global-development-policyhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/22/fact-sheet-us-global-development-policyhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/22/fact-sheet-us-global-development-policyhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/22/fact-sheet-us-global-development-policyhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/22/fact-sheet-us-global-development-policyhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/22/fact-sheet-us-global-development-policyhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/22/fact-sheet-us-global-development-policyhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/22/fact-sheet-us-global-development-policyhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/22/fact-sheet-us-global-development-policyhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/22/fact-sheet-us-global-development-policyhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/22/fact-sheet-us-global-development-policyhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/22/fact-sheet-us-global-development-policyhttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/22/fact-sheet-us-global-development-policyhttp://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2011-10-10/russias-development-assistancehttp://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2011-10-10/russias-development-assistancehttp://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2011-10-10/russias-development-assistancehttp://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2011-10-10/russias-development-assistancehttp://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2011-10-10/russias-development-assistancehttp://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2011-10-10/russias-development-assistancehttp://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2011-10-10/russias-development-assistancehttp://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2011-10-10/russias-development-assistancehttp://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2011-10-10/russias-development-assistancehttp://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2011-10-10/russias-development-assistancehttp://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2011-10-10/russias-development-assistancehttp://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2011-10-10/russias-development-assistancehttp://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/summary/1997/08.htmlhttp://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/summary/1997/08.html

THANK YOU

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