Module 25

Storage: Retaining Information

Sensory Memory

Short Term Memory

Long Term Memory

Sensory Memory

Storage: Sensory Memory

Visual persistence the beginning of memory

Characteristics of Sensory Memory: Large Capacity Very brief in duration (3-5 sec.) Two types visual (iconic) and auditory

(echoic)

Storage:Retaining Information

Iconic Memory a momentary sensory memory of

visual stimuli a photographic or picture image

memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second

Echoic Memory momentary sensory memory of

auditory stimuli

SPERLING (1960) SENSORY MEMORY

On the next slide, you will first see a letter X which will disappear and be replaced by 12 letters and numbers flashed briefly on the screen. To prepare to see the

letters and numbers, focus on the X. As soon as you see the letters and numbers, write down all of the

letters and numbers you remember.

X X X XX X X XX X X X

WHOLE REPORT

Here’s where the letters and numbers will appear when I flash them. The next slide will provide you a place to focus your attention. Keep your eyes on the “X” on the next slide and I will flash the letters and numbers.

X

B 5 Q T2 H S 9O 4 M Y

B 5 Q T2 H S 9O 4 M Y

> X X X X <X X X XX X X X

PARTIAL REPORT – NO DELAY.

For the next demonstration, I will ask you to report only the Top, Middle, or Bottom row. The row to report will be identified by arrows IMMEDIATELY when you see the letters.

> REPORT THIS ROW <

X

2 V 9 RQ M 7 L

> K H 5 F <

2 V 9 RQ M 7 L

> K H 5 F <

2 V 9 RQ M 7 L

> K H 5 F <

> X X X X <X X X XX X X X

> > X X X X < <X X X XX X X X

> > X X X X < <X X X XX X X X

X X X XX X X X

> X X X X <

X X X XX X X XX X X X

X X X X> X X X X <X X X X

PARTIAL REPORT – SLIGHT DELAY.

For the next demonstration, I will ask you to report only the Top, Middle, or Bottom row. The row to report will be set off by arrows ONLY AFTER you have seen the letters.

> REPORT THIS ROW <

X

G 1 W KZ A 3 87 U X P

G 1 W K> Z A 3 8 <7 U X P

G 1 W KZ A 3 87 U X P

National Geographic - Memory Game

Short Term Memory Test

National Geographic Magazine - NGM.com

AttentionIn order to get information from sensory

memory to STM must pay attention.

Ability to ignore lots of information Ability to automatically process information

0

STROOP EFFECT

On the next slide, you will see a column of letters in green, red, and blue. Your task is

to whisper the names of the COLORS as fast as you can from the top to the bottom

of the column. Ignore the letters themselves, just WHISPER THE NAME THE

COLORS. When you finish, note the number at the bottom of the screen, which represents the time, in seconds, it took you

to finish the list.

1234567891011121314151617181920

0

LIST 1 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

1234567891011121314151617181920

0

LIST 2 CUPDESKTABLECUP TABLETABLECUPDESKTABLEDESKDESKCUP

1234567891011121314151617181920

0

LIST 3 GREENREDGREENREDBLUEGREENBLUEREDBLUEREDGREENBLUE

1234567891011121314151617181920

0

LIST 4 GREENREDBLUEREDBLUEREDGREENBLUEBLUEGREENREDGREEN

1234567891011121314151617181920

LIST 1XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

LIST 2

CUPDESKTABLECUP TABLETABLECUPDESKTABLEDESKDESKCUP

LIST 3

GREENREDGREENREDBLUEGREENBLUEREDBLUEREDGREENBLUE

LIST 4

GREENREDBLUEREDBLUEREDGREENBLUEBLUEGREENREDGREEN

Stroop Effect

With experienced adult readers, automatic processing tends to occur causing interference in the processing of information and a significant increase in the time required to name the colors.

Attention

In order to get information from sensory memory to STM must pay attention.

Ability to ignore lots of information Ability to automatically process

information

Storage:Short-Term Memory

Short-Term Memory

limited in duration and capacity

“magical” number 7+/-2

0102030405060708090

3 6 9 12 15 18

Time in seconds between presentationof contestants and recall request

(no rehearsal allowed)

Percentagewho recalledconsonants

SHORT-TERM MEMORY SPAN

You will see a series of letters, one at a time, followed instructions to write

down the letters you saw in the exact order they appeared. Do not write

anything until you see the instructions.

*

TRIAL 1

B

Z

T

K

Write the letters in exact order

B Z T K

*

TRIAL 2

D

J

R

N

Q

P

Write the letters in exact order

D J R N Q P

*

TRIAL 3

M

T

X

V

L

C

S

R

F

H

Write the letters in exact order

M T X V L C S R F H

*

TRIAL 4 (Can you remember 14 letters?)

F

R

O

G

B

A

T

P

I

G

D

U

C

K

Write the letters in exact order

F R O G B A T P I G D U C K

Storage: Short-term Memory

Number Activity

Storage:Long-Term Memory

How does storage work? Karl Lashley (1950)

rats learn maze lesion cortex test memory

Synaptic changes Long-term Potentiation

increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation

Strong emotions make for stronger memories some stress hormones boost learning and retention

Storage:Long-Term Memory

Amnesia--the loss of memory Explicit Memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

also called declarative memory hippocampus-(HM)-neural center in limbic

system that helps process explicit memories for storage

Implicit Memory retention independent of conscious recollection also called procedural memoryClive Wearing

Storage: Long-Term Memory Subsystems

Types oflong-termmemories

Explicit(declarative)

With consciousrecall

Implicit(nondeclarative)

Without conscious recall

Facts-generalknowledge(“semanticmemory”)

Personally experienced

events(“episodic memory”)

Skills-motorand cognitive

Dispositions-classical and

operant conditioning

effects

Storage:Long-Term Memory

MRI scan of hippocampus (in red)

Hippocampus