memory liudexiang. contents the sensory registers short term memory long term memory forgetting
TRANSCRIPT
Memory
liudexiang
contents
• The sensory registers
• Short term memory
• Long term memory
• forgetting
The sensory registers
• *Memory : the ability to remember the things that we have experienced, imagined, and learned.
• Information-processing model: a computerlike model used to describe the way humans encode, store, and retrieve information.
Information-processing model
The sensory registers
• Sensory registers: entry points for raw information from the senses.
• Attention: the selection of some incoming information for further processing.
Short-term memory (STM)
• *Short-term memory (STM) : Working memory; briefly stores and processes selected information from the sensory registers.
Primary tasks
• Store new information
• Work on the new information
Capacity of STM
• *Chunking: the grouping of information into meaningful units for easier handling by short-term memory.
Encoding in STM
• We encode verbal information for storage in STM phonological—that is, according to how it sounds.
• Some material is stored in visual form, and other information is retained on the basis of its meaning.
Maintaining STM
• Rote rehearsal : retaining information in memory simply by repeating it over and over.
Long-term memory
• Long-term memory (LTM): The portion of memory that is more or less permanent, corresponding to everything we “ know .”
Capacity of LTM
• Long-term memory can store a vast amount of information for many years.
Encoding in LTM
• Some LTM memories are codes in terms of nonverbal images: shapes, sounds, smells, tastes, and so on.
• Most of the information in LTM seems to be encoded in terms of meaning.
*Serial position effect
• Serial position effect : The finding that when asked to recall a list of unrelated items, performance is better for the items at the beginning and end of the list.
*The recency effect
• The recency effect occurs because the last items that are presented are still contained in STM and thus are available to recall.
*The primacy effect
• The primacy effect reflects the opportunity to rehearse the first few items in the list--- increasing their likelihood of being transferred to LTM.
Maintaining LTM
• Rote rehearsal • Elaborative rehearsal: The linking of new
information in STM to familiar material stored in LTM.
• Mnemonics: Techniques that make material easier to remember.
• Schema: A set of beliefs or expectations about something that is based on past experience.
Improving your memory
• Develop motivation
• Practice memory skills
• Be confident in your ability to remember
• Minimize distractions
• Stay focused
• Use mental imagery
Improving your memory
• Make connections between new material and other information already stored in your LTM
• Use retrieval cues
• Rely on more than memory alone
• Be aware that your own personal schemata may distort your recall of events
*Types of LTM
• Episodic memory: the portion of LTM that stores personally experienced events.
• Semantic memory: the portion of LTM that stores general facts and information.
• Procedural memory: the portion of LTM that stores information relating to skills, habits, and other perceptual-motor tasks.
• Emotional memory: learned emotional responses to various stimuli.
Explicit and implicit memory
• Explicit memory : memory for information that we can readily express in words and are aware of having; these memories can be intentionally retrieved from memory.
• Implicit memory : memory for information that we cannot readily express in words and may not be aware of having; these memories cannot be intentionally retrieved from memory.
Forgetting
• *Decay theory : A theory that argues that the passage of time causes forgetting.
• Retrograde amnesia: The ability to recall events preceding an accident or injury, but without loss of earlier memory.
Interference
• *Retroactive interference : the process by which new information interfere with information already in memory
• *Proactive interference: the process by which information already in memory interfere with new information
•End