Midterm Exam PF0317

Andrea Lasso de la Vega Moreno

A83378

Part I

The four principles of instructional design are: contrast, repetition, alignment, and proximity (CRAP).

• Contrast refers to the idea of making the elements in a work look different from each other. Within

these elements, size, color, font, images, shape, and space among other can be taken into

account to make, for example, some of them more evident or less obvious in a page depending

on the focus and the purpose of what is created. This first principle is very important because it

reflects the characteristics that will make a reader pay attention or just ignore a page.

• Repetition means to repeat elements in a page that will be key to convey a certain meaning or an

idea that has to be transmitted. All the elements in a page can be repeated, but it depends on the

intention that the creator has to choose if the color, fonts, sizes, or any other element needs or not

to be repeated because at the end they will give unity to the entire concept.

• Alignment has to do with knowing where every element in the page should be placed , not just

by chance, but because there should be a connection among the elements in the page that will

create a sense of order and cleanness in the work.

• Proximity is when the elements in a page are organized together if they have similar elements;

therefore, the elements will become units that help the reader to understand the organization and

functioning of the page because the information is presented in “blocks” rather than separated

words.

In my opinion, these principles are necessary because they help not only the producer, but

also the user. In the case of the producer, these principles establish a logical order that makes an

application easier to be produced, managed, changed, and proved. For the user, these principles

give an unity to the product that will make it easier to use because, in theory, the product will have a

clear organization and steps that will guide the reader through all the program, including extensions

for the application that might be needed to fulfill a certain objective.

In addition, many people could think that following the CRAP principles can limit the

originality and creativity in the production part, but for me what these principles do is that they help to

guide and standardize a work: originality and creativity do not mean disorder; they mean taking

advantage of the parameters and coming up with innovative ideas out of the ordinary. Moreover, the

way that we approach these principles will give any work our own signature. Finally, if we want our

work to be seen, used, and suitable to be teaching material, there should be a logic behind the

position of each element, colors, fonts, units because all this will help to have a more organized,

clean, and friendly presentation that aims to help the user and the producer at the same time.

Part II

ADDIE is an instructional design model that consists on: analyze, design, develop, implement, and evaluate.

These are parts of the development process of an application or program in order to make this process

more organized and to keep documentation of each one of the parts for further analysis if necessary;

indeed, documentation is vital for the development of future project. Dividing the development process helps

the developer to create each application or program because it makes a guide of each part. After the whole

work is finished, the final parts of the process help to the constant enhancement of the application, and the

development of more efficient and accurate future versions. In the first part of the model, the developer has

to analyze the target audience and the needs of that audience to plan the steps to follow. Then, the

developer has to design the application or program that has all what is needed. In this stage, the

advantages and disadvantages are studied to then develop the idea itself using the previous aspects that

were consider . During the implementation part, the program is tested in real life situation to look for faults or

aspects that should be corrected or even redesigned, and evaluate the product in general after all the steps

were finished, and in case of need, it has to go back to other steps up to have the program ready.

In my opinion, ADDIE is important when developing a courseware because it gives the steps to follow when

designing a program. Moreover, it provides a kind of outline of what has to be done, and it helps to have an

idea of what is next and to have a record of what was done and what needs to be done. In this way, it is

easier to keep track of the progress in a specific project, and in case that any changes have to be done, it is

easier to go back. In addition, it saves time because all the steps that have to be followed are already

planned, and it is just a matter of following the procedures.

Part III

Principles of presentation Design:

Tips on how to think like a designer

By Allen Quesada

Full Professor, M,A. in TESOL

UNIVERSIDAD DE

COSTA RICA

Part IV

Visual

Finish

Visual Learner Assessment

WHAT’S IT

MEAN?

YOUR SCORE:

24POINTS

20+

19-20

<10

You’re highly visual

You’re moderately visual

You’re minimally visual