medical terminology mrs. marr. basic structural levels human body systems organs tissues cells...

Medical Medical TerminologTerminolog

yyMrs. MarrMrs. Marr

Basic Structural LevelsBasic Structural Levels

HUMAN BODY

Systems

Organs

Tissues

Cells

Integumentary

Skeletal

Respiratory

Heart

Brain

Liver

Lungs Muscular

Basic Structural Basic Structural LevelsLevels

Cells- simplest structural level

cells have structural differences that are closely related to the physiology of each cell type

Basic Structural Basic Structural LevelsLevelsTissues- groups of similar cells joined together to

carry out specific functions

Epithelial- outer protective layer of body, lines various body cavities, ducts, vessels, and, covers the body surface.

Muscular- capable of contraction, allows movement, i.e.. Flow of blood, movement of food through the alimentary canal.

Nervous- transmits messages throughout the body

Connective- varies considerably in form and function. Supports the skeleton, provides attachment of other tissues. I.e. Blood, lymph, adipose, cartilage, loose, dense and irregular connective tissues.

Organs- two or more tissues combined to perform complex tasks. Each organ is a specialized physiologic center for the body.

I.e.. The stomach- walls are muscular, lined with epithelial cells, held with connective tissue, and enervated by nervous tissue.

Systems- certain organs working together, each organ performing a specific part of the human body system. Organs that function cooperatively to accomplish a common goal/function

Basic Structural Basic Structural LevelsLevels

Basic Structural Basic Structural LevelsLevelsSkeletal- bones

Muscular- muscles SystemsSystems

Nervous- brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organsEndocrine- hormone secreting glandsRespiratory- nose, trachea, lungsCirculatory- heart, blood and lymph, blood and

lymphatic vesselsDigestive- mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall

bladder, pancreas, salivary glands, small and large intestines

Urinary- kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethraReproductive- ovaries, uterus, prostate, testes,

etc.

Anatomical TermsAnatomical TermsDerive from Greek and Latin

Consists of roots, prefixes, and suffixes

Example ilio- refers to hip, costal refers to ribs.

The iliocostal muscle extends from the hip to the ribs. – “epi” on or above– “gastric” – refers to stomach– “hypo” beneath or under– “chondral”- refers to cartilage

Body PositionsBody Positions Body Positions- The

standard reference body position is called the “anatomical” position. The body is erect with feet together, limbs at the side, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body.

Postures and Direction of Postures and Direction of MovementMovement

Prone- body horizontal, face face downdown

Supine- body horizontal, face face upup

Right Lateral Right Lateral RecumbentRecumbent – The Right lateral The Right lateral

recumbent, or RLR, recumbent, or RLR, means that the patient means that the patient is lying on their right is lying on their right side. side.

Left Lateral Left Lateral RecumbentRecumbent – The left lateral The left lateral

recumbent, or LLR, recumbent, or LLR, means that the patient means that the patient is lying on their left is lying on their left side. side.



Fowler's PositionFowler's Position – A person in the Fowler's A person in the Fowler's

position is sitting straight position is sitting straight up or leaning slightly back. up or leaning slightly back. Their legs may either be Their legs may either be straight or bent. straight or bent.

Trendelenberg PositionTrendelenberg Position – A person in the A person in the

Trendelenberg position is Trendelenberg position is lying supine with their lying supine with their head slightly lower than head slightly lower than their feet.their feet.


AbductionAbduction – Abduction is Abduction is

movement away from movement away from the midline, or to the midline, or to abduct. abduct.

AdductionAdduction – Adduction is Adduction is

movement toward the movement toward the

midline, or to add.midline, or to add.


FlexionFlexion – Flexion is to bend at a Flexion is to bend at a

joint, or to reduce the joint, or to reduce the angle. angle.

ExtensionExtension – Extension is to Extension is to

straighten at a joint, straighten at a joint, or to increase the or to increase the angle, for example, angle, for example, from 90 degrees to from 90 degrees to 180 degrees.180 degrees.


SupinationSupination – Supination is to rotate Supination is to rotate

the forearm so that the forearm so that the palm faces the palm faces forward. forward.

PronationPronation – Pronation is to rotate Pronation is to rotate

the forearm so that the forearm so that the palm faces the palm faces backward.backward.

PLANES PLANES In anatomy, a body plane is an imaginary flat surface that is used to define a particular area of anatomy. We usually use the umbilicus as a point of reference

PLANESPLANES FRONTAL (or coronal)

separates the body into Anterior and Posterior parts

MEDIAN (or midsagittal) separates body into Right and Left parts

HORIZONTAL (transverse or Cross-Section) separates the body into Superior and Inferior parts

SAGITTAL any plane parallel to the median plane– Parasagittal plane-

Longitudinal section that divides the body in unequal left and right sections

Terms of Relation or Terms of Relation or PositionPosition

Directional Terms- paired terms, each indication opposite directions. There are different terms when relating to humans and other animals

Superior (closer to the head)Inferior (closer to the feet)

reference point -- horizontal plane

Medial (lying closer to the midline)

Lateral (lying further away from the midline)

reference point -- sagittal plane

Posterior (dorsal) closer to the posterior surface of the body Anterior (ventral) closer to the anterior surface of the body

– reference point -- frontal or coronal plane Proximal- closer to the origin of a structure Distal- further away from the origin of a structure

– reference point -- the origin of a structure

Terms of Relation or Terms of Relation or PositionPosition

Terms of Relation or PositionTerms of Relation or Position

Superficial or Deep reference point -- surface of body or organ

Median- midlinereference point -- along the midsagittal or median plane

Intermediate -between two other structures


External or Internal refers to a hollow structure (external being outside and internal being inside)

Supine - face or palm up when lying on back

Prone- face or palm down when lying on

anterior surface of body


Cephalad- toward the head (higher in position)

Caudad- toward the tail (feet- lower in position)

Regional TermsRegional TermsRegional Terms-refer to

special areas of the body

Cervical- refer to the neck

Palmar- the anterior surface of the hand; the posterior surface of the hand is the dorsal surface

Regional TermsRegional Terms

Thoracic- the portion of the body between the neck and the abdomen that is commonly referred to as the chest or thorax

Dorsum- the top of the foot

Plantar- the sole of the foot

Axilla (armpit)- the depression on the inferior surface of the attachment of the upper limb and the body trunk

Arm- the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow

Forearm- the potion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist


Groin (inguinal region)- the junction of the thigh with the abdominal wall

Thigh- the portion of the lower limb between the hip and knee

Leg- the portion of the lower limb between the knee and ankle


Low BackLow Backo Lumbar- the

portion of the back between the thorax and the pelvis

o Sacral- the lower portion of the back, just superior to the buttocks

MUSCLE MUSCLE CONTRACTIONCONTRACTION

Terms of MovementTerms of Movement Extension

decreasing angle with frontal plane

Flexion increasing angle with frontal plane

Terms of MovementTerms of Movement

Abduction moving away from the sagittal plane

Adduction toward the sagittal plane

Terms of MovementTerms of Movement Protraction moving forward along

a surface

Retraction backward along a surface

Terms of MovementTerms of Movement Elevation raising a structure

Depression lowering a structure

Terms of MovementTerms of Movement

Medial Rotation movement around an axis of a bone

Lateral Rotation movement around an axis of a bone

Terms of MovementTerms of Movement Pronation placing palm backward

(in anatomical position) Supination placing palm forward

(in anatomical position)

Terms of MovementTerms of Movement Circumduction-combined

movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction medial and lateral rotation (circumscribe a cone)

Opposition- bringing tips of fingers and thumb together as in picking something up

AbdomenAbdomenBefore getting into the nitty gritty of

the abdomen, keep in mind that you want to be able to use your knowledge to project the anatomy onto the surface of the abdomen. You will want to be able to visualize the relative positions of abdominal organs as they lie within the abdomen. Clinicians might use several different ways of subdividing the surface of the anterior abdominal wall but I will only present two of them here. By subdividing the surface into regions, one person can tell another person exactly where to look for possible problems.

Abdominopelvic area is

divided into four quadrants

:

Right Upper Right Lower Left Upper Left Lower

1.upper left quadrant ULQ

2.lower left quadrant LLQ

3.upper right quadrant URQ

4.lower right quadrant LRQ

These quadrants are developed by dropping a vertical line down the middle of the sternum MSP

and a horizontal line across and through the umbilicus TUP

The abdominal cavity can also be The abdominal cavity can also be divided into nine regions to make it divided into nine regions to make it

easier to identify organseasier to identify organs1. Right hypochondriac

2. Epigastric 3. Left hypochondriac4. Right lumbar 5. Umbilical 6. Left lumbar7. Right iliac (inguinal)

8. Hypogastric 9. Left iliac (inguinal)

1. right hypochondriac RH 2. epigastric E 3. left hypochondriac LH 4. right lumbar RL 5. umbilical U6. left lumbar LL 7. right iliac RI 8. hypogastric H 9. left iliac LI

These regions are formed by two vertical planes and two horizontal planes.

The two vertical planes are the lateral lines LLL and RLL. These lines are dropped from a point half way between the jugular notch and the acromion process.

The two horizontal planes are the transpyloric plane TPP and the transtubercular plane TTP. The tubercles are the tubercles of the iliac crests.

9 abdominal regions: 9 abdominal regions:

Body CavitiesBody CavitiesBody cavities- lined with

membranes and contains fluid that surrounds structures within the cavities.

Dorsal (posterior) Cavity- contains the cranial cavity (brain) and spinal cavity (spinal cord)

Ventral (anterior) Cavity- thoracic cavity – consists of the pericardial (heart) and pleural (left & right lungs) cavities

Abdominopelvic cavity- consists of the abdominal (stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small & large intestines) and pelvic cavity, “true pelvis", bladder, rectum, female internal reproductive organs).

QUESTIONS / COMMENTS?QUESTIONS / COMMENTS?

medical terminology mrs. marr. basic structural levels human body systems organs tissues cells...

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