man and nanotechnology

affiliation (2007)

Integrated Optical Micro Systems (IOMS)

man_and_nanotech.ppt slide 1 date: 22 June 2007

man and micro-

nanotechnology

affiliation (2007)



Alfred Driessen MESA+ Institute, Integrated Optical Micro Systems (IOMS)

University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

http://ioms.ewi.utwente.nl

e-mail (2011): [email protected]

Relation between man and micro-

nano-technology

European Meeting of University Professors

WORKSHOP C2: Centrality of Human Being in the Universe

A new Humanism for Europe: the role of Universities

Rome, 21-24 June 2007

http://ioms.ewi.utwente.nl/

http://ioms.ewi.utwente.nl/

affiliation (2007)



1. Introduction

2. Examples of micro/nanotechnology

3. An optimistic view on the role of technology

4. The need of ethical considerations

5. Conclusions

Content

affiliation (2007)



Back to the sixties:

6 transistor radio

price: 2 hours of workman

6 transistor radio (~1965)

affiliation (2007)



today: 1,000,000,000 transistors in a single PC

price: 20 hours of workman

Moore's law

affiliation (2007)



The fabrication of an electronic chip

affiliation (2007)



With regards to technology: yes, we can!

time schedule for implementation

year x: discovery of scientific phenomenon

year x+10: demonstration of application in laboratory

year x+20: start of commercial production

year x+30: impact on society visible

year x+??: ethical and juridical aspects studied & solved

Let's look for micro/nanotechnology now!

Can we look into future?

Xenon atoms on nickel (Don Eigler, IBM)

affiliation (2007)



“As soon as I mention this, people tell me… about electric motors that are the size of a finger nail, and that there is a device on the market which can write the Lord’s prayer on the head of a pin. “But that’s nothing; that’s most primitive” I want to discuss the staggeringly small world below.”

Richard P. Feynman (1960)

“What I want to talk about is the problem of manipulating and controlling things on a small scale.”

“There is Plenty of Room at the Bottom”

affiliation (2007)



“There is Plenty of Room at the Bottom”

close-up of a

human hair

affiliation (2007)



1970

transistors

1 Å 1 μm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 10 μm

2003

transistors

130 nm

Smallest

lithography nanotube

atom DNA

protein

virus

cell

What is NANO?

affiliation (2007)



H. Rohrer G. Binnig

Scanning Tunneling Microscope

1986

affiliation (2007)



56 iron atoms on cupper

‘Quantum coral’

affiliation (2007)



Reading of nano-structures

Multiple probes

affiliation (2007)



Writing with molecules

Nano-pattern writing by transport of molecules by water meniscus

Mirkin group Northwestern University

affiliation (2007)



1970

1980

1990

2003

Lab on a Chip

2006

affiliation (2007)



Micro tweezers

Nano-sieve

Fluidics channels

Lab on a Chip

affiliation (2007)



CO2 CO2 H+ P

Advantages

• No reference electrode

• Small thus integratable

in a catheter

• Easily accepted in the

medical field

V

Example: CO2 sensor

BIOS, UTwente

affiliation (2007)



Dimensions 2.9x0.9x0.7 mm3

PCB stick

Pressure sensor

Porous cover

Gas permeable membrane

BIOS, UTwente

Example: CO2 sensor

affiliation (2007)



Clinical trials -> constructing prototype catheter in cooperation with a company and Medisch Spectrum Twente (MST)

Diameter: 2 mm

BIOS, UTwente

CO2 sensor, future developments

affiliation (2007)



Nanomechano-optical interaction

• Raster scanning the probe

over the sample

• Record the transmission at

each probe position

W.C.L. Hopman, et al., Opt. Express 14, 8745-8752 (2006)

Transmission Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy (T-SNOM)

Exploit the tip-induced disturbance for field mapping

Device (SEM image)

1 mm

input output

T-SNOM setup

W.C.L. Hopman et al., JLT (accepted 2007)

affiliation (2007)



The exact location of

the resonator “hot spots”

can be found by combining

both AFM (height) and

optical data

possible applications:

nanosensor

nano-optical switch

W. C. L. Hopman et al., “Nano-mechanical tuning and imaging of a

photonic crystal micro-cavity resonance,” Optics Express 14, 8745-8752 (2006).

Nanomechano-optical interaction

1 μm

affiliation (2007)



Optical communication: wavelength router

1x1 cm2 area of mask picture of processed device

(lithography done in cooperation with ASML) 1.4 x 1.6 mm2

affiliation (2007)



Pigtailed and packaged device

Klein et al. 2006

with thanks to ASML

and BSIK, Broadband Access

Optical communication: wavelength router

affiliation (2007)



Ronald Dekker, MESA+

Optical switch based on ring resonators

<1 ps switching time, > 200 Gbit/s data-rate

pump pulse: off pump pulse: on picture of device

area: 0.004 x 0.003 mm2

R. Dekker et al., Optics Express, Vol. 14 (18), pp 8336-8346, 2006.

affiliation (2007)



•unlimited tele-presence, audio, video (later including smell and touch)

in field of:

• entertainment

• education

• health and care

• safety

•creation of a virtual world with unlimited access

•"intelligence" everywhere: at home, in office, on road

•cheap work power - robots - available for routine tasks

•sensor networks enabling efficient use of energy and other resources

What can we espect within a generation?

affiliation (2007)



apparatus for personal use:

• computers: PC's everywhere, at least one per person

• mobile phone

• MP3 player

• USB memory stick

• navigation system

• broad-band access

• (nearly) free communication

• internet

• digital camera

globalization

• cost of factory of advanced electronic ICs : 5 000 000 000 $

• same software and hardware used worldwide

Current impact of nano/micro technology

affiliation (2007)



An example of history

Thomas Robert Malthus:

On population (1798)

main hypothesis:

Unchecked population growth always exceeds

the growth of means of subsistence.

some numbers:

Great Britain world

population

1798

10 000 000 <1 000 000 000

population

2007

60 000 000 >6 000 000 000

population growth in Great Britain in 19th century: 4 x

growth of national product: 14 x

affiliation (2007)



An example of history

Paul Kennedy:

Preparing for the twenty-first century (1993)

Why was Malthus wrong?

Malthus did not foresee:

•migration

•increased agricultural productivity

•industrialization

more in general:

Malthus ignored dynamics of system

affiliation (2007)



The anthropic principle

Brendon Carter (1973) The Universe (and hence the fundamental

parameters on which it depends) must be such as

to admit the creation of observers within it at some

stage.

A generalized version of the anthropic principle

The Universe (and hence its evolution in time) is

such that man always will develop the technology

and culture needed to live according to human

dignity.

Example of an actual challenge: energy

Fossil fuels have been stored during million of years to provide an

easy accessible energy source for humanity during 1-2 centuries.

Thereafter man will have had time to develop alternative technologies.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/52/BrandonCarter.jpg

affiliation (2007)



Scientific and technological knowledge: fundamentally good

but: with new technologies:

•new weapons for aggressive wars

•new totalitarian systems

•new forms of intimidation and criminal behavior

•new forms of addiction and abuse

•new forms of exploitation

•enormous control (manipulation) of behavior of individuals

and groups

needed: ethical assessment and support

ethics is art to make good use of the technology

new scientific journal: NanoEthics (Springer)

A too optimistic view?

affiliation (2007)



Further development of science and technology is

necessary for the current and future world population to

live according to human dignity,

but it is not sufficient,

it is a necessary condition, conditio sine qua non.

An important distinction

affiliation (2007)



1) Create conditions for the dialogue between experts in

technique and humanity (ethics)

How to make good use of technology?

characteristics

expert in technology expert in humanity

specialist generalist

trained in science and

technology

trained in humanities

layman in ethical aspects layman in technical aspects

industry & business (semi-) government and

ngo

affiliation (2007)



2) work out scenarios for the introduction of new

technologies incl. economic, juridical, pedagogical, psychological, sociologic and

ethical aspects

3) anticipate on opportunities and threats example:

use of multimedia and internet by children and youth

•educate for convenient use

•prevent addiction

•protect against unwanted contacts

•recognize long-term consequences of intense use of multimedia on

health (RSI, obesity), social behavior, creativity, concentration, etc.

How to make good use of technology?

affiliation (2007)



We just have made a begin with the application of

micro/nano technology

There is reason for optimism of the technological

development by man

There is urgent need to study and implement ethical

issues of the application of new technologies.

Acknowledgments: Albert van den Berg, Dave Blank of MESA+

Ronald Dekker, Wico Hopman, Edwin Klein of IOMS-MESA+

Conclusions

man and nanotechnology

Technology

hours of workman affiliation

human hair affiliation

implementation year

laboratory year x

society visible year

commercial production

electronic chipaffiliation

small scale