LESSON PLAN

Immune System

Sonya Sandra D.S

4113141080

Bilingual Biology Education 2011

FACULTY OF MATHEMATIC AND NATURAL SCIENCE

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

2014

Lesson Plan

Subject : Biology

Class / Semester : XI (eleven) / Semester I

Meetings : 25th meetings

Allocation Time : 2x45 minutes

Competency Standard :

1. Appreciate and practice the teachings of their religion

2. Appreciate and practice honest behavior, discipline, responsibility, caring (mutual assistance,

cooperation, tolerance, peace), polite, responsive and pro-active and displayed as part of the

solution to various problems in interacting effectively with the social and natural environment

and in placing itself as a reflection of the nation in the association world

3. Understand, implement, and analyze factual knowledge, conceptual, procedural, and

metacognitive based on his curiosity about science, technology, arts, culture, and humanities

with knowledge of humanity, national, state, and civilization-related causes of phenomena and

events, as well as apply the knowledge procedural in specific fields of study according to their

talents and interests to solve problems

4. Processing, reasoning, and presenting in the realm of the concrete and abstract domains

associated with the development of the independently learned in school, acting effectively and

creatively, and be able to use the method according to the rules of science

3.14

Describe the body's defense mechanism against foreign substances such as antigens and germs

4.18 Presenting the results of a discussion of a case related to the immune system

(immunization, allergies, inflammation, healing, and recurrence of disease) based on the human

immune mechanism

Indicators

1. Matching the pathogens and germs with the disease

2. Listing the organs that included in human immunes system

3. Knowing the structures and function of human immune system

4. Identifying human immune system naturally

5. Differentiating respons of specifical human immune system and non specifical human

immune system.

6. Listing the disorder/abnormality of human immune system

7. Clarifying the mechanism of inflammatory response

Objectives

1. Students are able to matching the pathogens and germs with the disease after presentation

2. Students are able to list the organs that included in human immunes system after

presentation

3. Students know the structures and function of human immune system after discussion

4. Students are able to identify human immune system naturally after presentation

5. Students are able to differentiate the respons of specifical human immune system and non

specifical human immune system.

6. Students are able to list the disorder/abnormality of human immune system

Learning Materials

- Human immunne system : specific defense and non specific defense

- Vaccine

- Antibiotic

- Human immune system disorder/ abnormality

The diversity of microorganisms that are human pathogens. (a) Human immunodeficiency virus

(HIV), the cause of AIDS. (b) Influenza virus. (c) Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium that

colonizes human skin, is the common cause of pimples and boils, and can also cause food

poisoning. (d) Streptococcus pyogenes, the bacterium that is the principal cause of tonsillitis and

scarlet fever and can also cause ear infections. (e) Salmonella enteritidis, the bacterium that

commonly causes food poisoning. (f) Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes

tuberculosis.

PATHOGENS

Lists of virus, bacteria, fungi and parasites:

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Red Bone Marrow

Red bone marrow is a highly vascular tissue found in the spaces between trabeculae of

spongy bone. It is mostly found in the ends of long bones and in the flat bones of the body. Red

bone marrow is a hematopoietic tissue containing many stem cells that produce blood cells. All

of the leukocytes, or white blood cells, of the immune system are produced by red bone marrow.

Leukocytes can be further broken down into 2 groups based upon the type of stem cells that

produces them: myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells.

Myeloid stem cells produce monocytes and the granular leukocytes—eosinophils,

basophils, and neutrophils. Lymphoid stem cells produce T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes.

- T lymphocytes.

T lymphocytes, also commonly known as T cells, are cells involved in fighting specific

pathogens in the body. T cells may act as helpers of other immune cells or attack pathogens

directly. After an infection, memory T cells persist in the body to provide a faster reaction to

subsequent infection by pathogens expressing the same antigen.

- B lymphocytes.

B lymphocytes, also commonly known as B cells, are also cells involved in fighting specific

pathogens in the body. Once B cells have been activated by contact with a pathogen, they

form plasma cells that produce antibodies. Antibodies then neutralize the pathogens until

other immune cells can destroy them. After an infection, memory B cells persist in the body

to quickly produce antibodies to subsequent infection by pathogens expressing the same

antigen.

- Natural killer cells.

Natural killer cells, also known as NK cells, are lymphocytes that are able to respond to a

wide range of pathogens and cancerous cells. NK cells travel within the blood and are found

in the lymph nodes, spleen, and red bone marrow where they fight most types of infection.

Lymph Capillaries

As blood passes through the tissues of the body, it enters thin-walled capillaries to facilitate

diffusion of nutrients, gases, and wastes. Blood plasma also diffuses through the thin capillary

walls and penetrates into the spaces between the cells of the tissues. Some of this plasma diffuses

back into the blood of the capillaries, but a considerable portion becomes embedded in the

tissues as interstitial fluid. To prevent the accumulation of excess fluids, small dead-end vessels

called lymphatic capillaries extend into the tissues to absorb fluids and return them to circulation.

Lymph

The interstitial fluid picked up by lymphatic capillaries is known as lymph. Lymph very

closely resembles the plasma found in the veins: it is a mixture of about 90% water and 10%

solutes such as proteins, cellular waste products, dissolved gases, and hormones. Lymph may

also contain bacterial cells that are picked up from diseased tissues and the white blood cells that

fight these pathogens. In late-stage cancer patients, lymph often contains cancerous cells that

have metastasized from tumors and may form new tumors within the lymphatic system. A

special type of lymph, known as chyle, is produced in the digestive system as lymph absorbs

triglycerides from the intestinal villi. Due to the presence of triglycerides, chyle has a milky

white coloration to it.

Lymphatic Vessels

Lymphatic capillaries merge together into larger lymphatic vessels to carry lymph through

the body. The structure of lymphatic vessels closely resembles that of veins: they both have thin

walls and many check valves due to their shared function of carrying fluids under low pressure.

Lymph is transported through lymphatic vessels by the skeletal muscle pump—contractions of

skeletal muscles constrict the vessels to push the fluid forward. Check valves prevent the fluid

from flowing back toward the lymphatic capillaries.

Lymph Nodes

Lymph nodes are small, kidney-shaped organs of the lymphatic system. There are several

hundred lymph nodes found mostly throughout the thorax and abdomen of the body with the

highest concentrations in the axillary (armpit) and inguinal (groin) regions. The outside of each

lymph node is made of a dense fibrous connective tissue capsule. Inside the capsule, the lymph

node is filled with reticular tissue containing many lymphocytes and macrophages. The lymph

nodes function as filters of lymph that enters from several afferent lymph vessels. The reticular

fibers of the lymph node act as a net to catch any debris or cells that are present in the lymph.

Macrophages and lymphocytes attack and kill any microbes caught in the reticular fibers.

Efferent lymph vessels then carry the filtered lymph out of the lymph node and towards the

lymphatic ducts.

Lymphatic Nodules

Outside of the system of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, there are masses of non-

encapsulated lymphatic tissue known as lymphatic nodules. The lymphatic nodules are

associated with the mucous membranes of the body, where they work to protect the body from

pathogens entering the body through open body cavities.

o Tonsils.

There are 5 tonsils in the body—2 lingual, 2 palatine, and 1 pharyngeal. The lingual tonsils

are located at the posterior root of the tongue near the pharynx. The palatine tonsils are in

the posterior region of the mouth near the pharynx. The pharyngeal pharynx, also known as

the adenoid, is found in the nasopharynx at the posterior end of the nasal cavity. The tonsils

contain many T and B cells to protect the body from inhaled or ingested substances. The

tonsils often become inflamed in response to an infection.

o Peyer’s patches.

Peyer’s patches are small masses of lymphatic tissue found in the ileum of the small

intestine. Peyer’s patches contain T and B cells that monitor the contents of the intestinal

lumen for pathogens. Once the antigens of a pathogen are detected, the T and B cells spread

and prepare the body to fight a possible

- Spleen.

The spleen is a flattened, oval-shaped organ located in the upper left quadrant of the

abdomen lateral to the stomach. The spleen is made up of a dense fibrous connective tissue

capsule filled with regions known as red and white pulp. Red pulp, which makes up most of

the spleen’s mass, is so named because it contains many sinuses that filter the blood. Red

pulp contains reticular tissues whose fibers filter worn out or damaged red blood cells from

the blood. Macrophages in the red pulp digest and recycle the hemoglobin of the captured

red blood cells. The red pulp also stores many platelets to be released in response to blood

loss. White pulp is found within the red pulp surrounding the arterioles of the spleen. It is

made of lymphatic tissue and contains many T cells, B cells, and macrophages to fight off

infections.

- Thymus.

The thymus is a small, triangular organ found just posterior to the sternum and anterior to

the heart. The thymus is mostly made of glandular epithelium and hematopoietic connective

tissues. The thymus produces and trains T cells during fetal development and childhood. T

cells formed in the thymus and red bone marrow mature, develop, and reproduce in the

thymus throughout childhood. The vast majority of T cells do not survive their training in

the thymus and are destroyed by macrophages. The surviving T cells spread throughout the

body to the other lymphatic tissues to fight infections. By the time a person reaches puberty,

the immune system is mature and the role of the thymus is diminished. After puberty, the

inactive thymus is slowly replaced by adipose tissue.

LEUKOCYTE

Leukocyte is another name for white blood cells. Leukocyte function is defend the body

against disease by eating (phagocytosis) of the disease. That is why leukocytes also called

phagocytes. Leukocytes’s shape is variable and cell nuclei round or concave. Movements such as

Amoeba and can penetrate the walls of the capillaries.

Based on the presence / absence of granules in the plasma, leukocytes divided

becomes:

1. Granular leukocytes (granulocytes)

a. Neutrophils

The plasma is neutral, numerous cell nuclei with a variety of forms. Neutrophils are

granular leukocytes that act as the first responders to the site of an infection. Neutrophils use

chemotaxis to detect chemicals produced by infectious agents and quickly move to the site of

infection. Once there, neutrophils ingest the pathogens via phagocytosis and release chemicals to

trap and kill the pathogens.

b. Eosinophils

Eosinophils are granular leukocytes that reduce allergic inflammation and help the body

fight off parasites. Eosinophils number will increase if the body is exposed to infection. The

plasma is acidic. That is why eosinophils will be dark red when spilled eosin.

c. Basophils

Basophils are also phagocytes. Basophils are granular leukocytes that trigger

inflammation by releasing the chemicals heparin (anti-clotting chemicals) and histamine.

Basophils are active in producing inflammation during allergic reactions and parasitic infections.

The plasma is alkaline. That is why plasma is blue if spilled alkaline solution. The white blood

cells will amount to much if exposed to infection.

2. No granular leukocytes (agranulosit)

a. lymphocytes

Lymphocytes do not able to move and core one. The size is big and there none is small.

Lymphocyte function to form antibodies.

b. monocytes

Monocytes can move like Amoeba and the core has a round / elliptical. Monocytes are

produced in lymph tissue and are phagocytes. Monocytes are agranular leukocytes that can form

2 types of cells: macrophages and dendritic cells.

- Macrophages.

Monocytes respond slowly to infection and once present at the site of infection, develop

into macrophages. Macrophages are phagocytes able to consume pathogens, destroyed

cells, and debris by phagocytosis. As such, they have a role in both preventing infection

as well as cleaning up the aftermath of an infection.

- Dendritic cells.

Monocytes also develop into dendritic cells in healthy tissues of the skin and mucous

membranes. Dendritic cells are responsible for the detection of pathogenic antigens

which are used to activate T cells and B cells.

Leukocytes that play an important role on the immune system there are 2 kinds, namely

phagocytes and lymphocytes. Phagocytic cells will be destroy the foreign object by means of

swallowing (phagocytosis). Phagocytes consists of two kinds of cells, namely:

1. Neutrophils, contained in the blood.

2. Macrophages, can leave the blood circulation to enter into the tissues or body cavities.

Lymph cells has 3 roles:

 

1.     Recognize antigens.

2.     Destroy antigens

3.     Remember.

Lymphocytes consist of:

1. T lymphocytes ( thymus activated cells ) (T cells), which moves to the thymus glands (lymph

glands at the base of the neck). They develop the ability to differentiate into cells that can

respond to specific antigens. Agranular, mononuclear lymphocytes with a high nuclear to

cytoplasm ration.-Originate from stem cells in the bone marrow and pass through the thymus for

differentiation. Responsible for cellular immunity. They contain antigen binding molecules.

Millions of T cells capable of recognizing a specific antigen.

Types of T cells

a) Cytotoxic T cells-killer T cells. recognize cells with foreign antigens on their surface

and destroy these cells.

b) Helper T cells- assist other cells.

c) Suppressor T-cells- inhibit immune response.

2. B lymphocytes (B cells).

Both are produced by the bone marrow and circulate throughout the body via the blood

vessels, produce antibodies adapted to that antigen enters the body. Often the virus enters the

body through the blood vessels but not through the skin and mucous membranes to avoid

leukocytes. However, the body's cells do not remain silent. The cells of the body will produce

interferon is a protein substance that can produce barrier formation of new viruses (replication).

Antibodies on the surface of B cells serve as receptors. Compitent B cells, B cells with

matching receptors bind with a particular antigen. A macrophage with an antigen encounters a

helper T cell. Macrophage secretes interleukin. Interlukin 1 activates helper T cells. Activated

hekper T cells detect B cells that have bound to antigen on the macrophage and bind to the same

antigen. Helper T cells secrete lympkines which activate Competant B cells . Activated B cells

increase in size, divide by mitosis. Some mature into plasma cells that produce antibodies.

Plasma cells do not leave lymph nodes, only the antibodies that they secrete do. Some acivated

B cells become memory cells that continue to produce small amounts of antibody. This becomes

a part of the bodies arsenal of chemical weapons. If antigen enters the body again the anibodies

destroy it. Antibodies contain a highly specific protein called immunoglobulin that binds to

antigen.

TYPES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

The body employs many different types of immunity to protect itself from infection from

a seemingly endless supply of pathogens. These defenses may be external and prevent pathogens

from entering the body. Conversely, internal defenses fight pathogens that have already entered

the body. Among the internal defenses, some are specific to only one pathogen or may be innate

and defend against many pathogens. Some of these specific defenses can be acquired to

preemptively prevent an infection before a pathogen enters the body.

1. Innate Immunity

The immune system of the body can be divided into two, namely as follows.

Innate immunity is the potential contained within the body of its own. This immunity existed

since human beings are born. Innate immunity include:

- Surface Protection

If there is a germ enters the body, there are external defense system on the skin that will deter

and kill germs so that germs can’t get into the body. If germs can still qualify and penetrate the

skin, it will be snared by the mucus produced by the mucous membrane part. The protection

afforded by the skin and mucous membranes, among others, as follows:

a) The skin constantly peeling and producing oil periodic acid in nature that can kill germs.

Intact skin is the outermost defense for preventing the entry of seedling diseases in the body. In

normal human skin always there Stophyloccis pyogenes bacteria. During peeling skin by cuts or

abrasions then bacteria will not cause disease.

b) tear gland produces lisozyme can destroy seeds that stick to the eye disease.

c) The acidity of the vagina and urine will inhibit the growth of certain germs.

d) The stomach produces gastric acid (HCl) to kill the germs that enter the food.

e) peristaltic movement in the intestines inducing seedling diseases that are in the immediate gut

out with feces.

f) Motion Vibrating propagation, production of mucus in the respiratory and cough reflex to

prevent the entry of seedling diseases of dust into the lungs.

- Internal defenses

With the defenses of the skin and mucous membranes that germs will die and not be able

to get into the body. However, if in this case the bacteria can still pass through the skin and

mucous membranes, the body has a defense, namely the immunity of the body known as

nonspecific defense. The defense made by white blood cells (leukocytes), which will turn off all

the types of microbes that enter the body. Leukocyte phagocytic properties, namely eating germs

that enter the body. Whose role is leukocyte PMN cells (nuclear plymorpho), monocytes,

macrophages, and lymphocytes.

o Fever.

In response to an infection, the body may start a fever by raising its internal temperature out

of its normal homeostatic range. Fevers help to speed up the body’s response system to an

infection while at the same time slowing the reproduction of the pathogen.

o Inflammation.

The body may also start an inflammation in a region of the body to stop the spread of the

infection. Inflammations are the result of a localized vasodilation that allows extra blood to

flow into the infected region. The extra blood flow speeds the arrival of leukocytes to fight

the infection. The enlarged blood vessel allows fluid and cells to leak out of the blood vessel

to cause swelling and the movement of leukocytes into the tissue to fight the infection.

2. Adaptive Immunity

Adaptive immunity is also called specific immunity because immunity is able to

recognize and remember specific pathogens. This is done by the defense and antitoxin antibodies

that can withstand attack germs, both micro-cell and toxins produced by these germs. The

workings of this antibodies substances is highly specific, such as antibodies to resist

Mycobacterium tuberculosis can not resist the attack of Bacillus anthracis. Tetanus antitoxin can

also be used to prevent an attack of diphtheria. Specific defenses in everyday life is called

immune (immunity).

Based on origin, immunity (immunity) is divided into two, namely as follows.

A. Active Immunity

Active immunity is a type of immunity that can be made by the body itself as the body's

response to an antigen (foreign body) that enter the body. This type of immunity will last a long

time, it can even last a lifetime. This type of immunity some are deliberately made in order for

the body to make antibodies to fight and produce a new immune. For example, by incorporating

antigens (foreign bodies) in the form of a vaccine into the body. The vaccine is in the form of

germs or viruses that have been attenuated.

B. Passive Immunity

Passive immunity differ from active immunity. In passive immunity, the body of a person

directly receiving ready-made antibodies that do not need to create your own. This antibody was

obtained by injecting an antigen into the body of the corresponding animal. Animals were

selanjutny will make antibodies in response to these antigens. Antibodies that have been formed

in the animal body then taken and put into the body of someone in need.

Another example of passive immunity is breast-feeding (breast milk) in children.

Breastfeeding is in addition aim to provide the best food for children as well as to provide

immunity to the baby. Based on the research it is known that breast milk contains antibodies that

new breastfeeding is good for baby so that the baby has immunity to a particular disease. Passive

immunity is temporary, so that within a certain period of these antibodies will disappear from the

body.

ABNORMALITIES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Humans can only live with the immune system. If the immune system is not working

normally or impaired, a person will be able to survive when in a sterile environment free from

germs or disease or immune system administered by injection of bone marrow cells from a

healthy donor. Abnormalities that occur in the immune system, among others, as follows.

a. Autoimmunity

Autoimmunity is a disease that causes the body to develop antibodies to the antigen

alone. Sorts of autoimmunity are artitis rheumatism, pernicious anemia and adison disease.

b. AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome)

AIDS is a disease caused by the HIV virus (Human Immunodefisiency virus). The

disease is a disease most feared by the public, because it has not found a cure. HIV attacks the

human immune system. If a person has been infected with HIV, then the power will drop

dramatically kebalnya, within a certain period it will lose durability. If it is so then the body

easily infected by other germs.

The incubation period is the period of entry of the virus until the virus multiplies, about

0-6 months. Breeding period is the period of virus infection until symptoms is 2-5 years. The

symptoms that accompany the disease AIDS, among others, decreased body weight, often with

the flu for a long time, decreased immunity and ultimately disappear altogether, people in a very

weak condition. AIDS can be transmitted. This virus spread through an intermediary may use

syringes, blood transfusion, and sexual intercourse.

Learning Activity

Pra-conditionLife Skill /

Character

Time

Allocation

Pra-Condition

Student answer the greeting which conveyed by the teacher

when entering the class.

The prefect of the class lead the class to pray

Students response politely when teacher check the students

attendance

Religious

2 minutes

Opening Activity

Students listening carefully when teacher give them

instruction about the learning material function

(motivation)

Students answering the question of the teacher when the

teacher showed a picture and asked questions based on

image which is shown by teacher and observed by the

students. (apperception)

Students write down the topics and read learning objectives

which showed by teacher in front of the class (orientation)

Curiosity

Motivation

4 minutes

7 minutes

Core Activity

Students divide into groups by teacher, each of group consist

of 5 persons and the students sit based on group.

Students got worksheet which is distributed by teacher and

answer the questions individually based on what they got from

the teacher presentation.

Students answer the teacher questions which is given in the

middle of presentation and got score for their group.

Tolerance

Understanding

Dicipline

5 minutes

35 minutes

(Exploration)

Students collecting their individual worksheet and took

another worksheet for group.

Students answer the questions in worksheet together.

Students collect their worksheet and the first group that collect

it got score.

Students together with the teacher checking the worksheet.

(Elaboration)

Noting the strengthening of the teacher which is

reinforcement to the results of the discussion (reinforcement

in the form of key concepts, examples can be seen in the

strengthening of essential material).

(Confirmation)

Curiosity

Competitive

Communicative

Achievement

Honesty

Appreciation

12 minutes

10 minutes

Closing Activity

2 students asked to make a conclusion

Students asked to make a reflection paper

Students assigned to find articles on the internet and make a

critical analysis of the article.

Students listen carefully when teacher distributed work

instructions for 'Critical Analysis of Articles'

Students listen carefully when the teacher tells the matter and

the activity for next meeting and also the students

homework which us said by the teacher before out of the

class

Honesty

Responsibility

Curiosity

Dicipline

3 minutes

5 minutes

5 minutes

2 minutes

Learning Media and Sources

Sources : - Textbook :

Pujiyanto, Sri. 2008. Menjelajah Dunia, Biologi 2 untuk kelas XI SMA dan MA.

Solo, Platinum

Yamsuri, Istamar, et al. , 2007. Biology for class XI semester of high school 1.

Jakarta: penerbit Erlangga

- Internet

- Magazine, Article, or Medical Journal.

Media : Pictures, LCD, Teacher’s presentation, Laptop

http://www.livescience.com/26579-immune-system.html

http://blue.utb.edu/rlnash/Spring2004/Notes/1307%20notes/Immune%20System.htm

VI. Assessment of Learning Outcomes

a. Assessment Technique :

Evaluation

Assessment worksheet KD 3.14

Assessment of learners' learning KD 3.14

Assessment of character attitude

Assessment of social skills

b. Form of Instruments:

Test the performance of the product

- PG

- A brief description

Appendix 1

1. Write down the pathogen name, the type of pathogen & the route of infection:

a. AIDS →

b. Diarrhea →

c. Cholera →

d. Thypus →

e. Tuberculosis →

f. Pneumonia →

g. Malaria →

2. Write down the organs which has role in lymphatic system

, , ,

3. Write down the 3 role of lymphocyte.

4. Write down the types of immune system

5. Mention the types of immunity and the example

6. Mention the disorder which could be happened in immune system

………………………………………. & ………………………………….

RUBRIC for Worksheet 3.14

No Answer Score

1 a. Human Deficiency Virus, Virus, Sexual transmission &

infected Blood

b. Rotavirus, Virus, Oral

c. Vibrio cholerae, Bacteria, oral

7

d. Rickettsia prowazeki, Bacteria, Bite of infected tick

e. Myobacterium tuberculosis, Bacteria, Oral / respiratory

f. Streptococcus peumoniae, Bacteria, Oral / respiratory

Pneumocystis carinii, Fungi, Opportunistic pathogen,

resident lung flora

g. Plasmodium talciparum, Protozoan Parasite, Bite of an

infected mosquito

2 Spleen, Lymph Nodes, Bone Marrow, Thymus, Tonsil 4

3 Recognize antigens, Destroy Antigens, Remember 3

4 Innate & Adaptive 2

5 Active. Example: Vaccine

Passive. Mother’s placenta & milk

4

The Total of The Score 20

MATCHING TEST

Value = scoresobtained

totalmaximum scorex100 Value = ………

A. Disease when immune system goes awry and turns against some of the body’s own molecules.

B. Substance that cause dilatation in inflammation

C.Function of inflammatory response

Immunodeficiency

Bone Marrow

AIDS

Thymus

1

2

3

4

Rubric for Matching Test

Number Answer Score

A 7 1

B 5 1

C 6 1

D 1 1

E 2 1

F 9 1

G 3 1

H 4 1

Total of Score 8

C.Function of inflammatory response

Value = scoresobtained

totalmaximum scorex100 Value = ………

Appendix 3

A. Multiple Choice

1. Below which is not a form of non-specific defenses are:

a. tears

b. gastric

c. mucus

d. normal microflora

e. antibody

2. Vaccines are germs already. . . .

a. attenuated

b. be modified

c. strengthened

d. destroyed

e. discarded

3. Macrophages are the biggest phagocytic cells. Macrophages originate from

a. monocytes

b. lymphocyte

c. neutrophils

d. asidofil

e. basophils

4. In the skin there is a structure that is very strong and hard that contribute to restrain bacterial

pathogens, namely

a. keratin

b. chitin

c. dentin

d. wax layer

e. cuticle

5. The following tract in the body that are not covered by the mucous layer and does not have

direct contact with the external environment is

a. respiratory track

b. digestive track

c. excretion track

d. reproduction track

e. blood circulatory track

6. In the stomach there is a non-specific defenses in the form of hydrochloric acid that can cause

a. microbial protein coagulation

b. destruction of microbial protein

c. destruction of the microbial cell wall

d. lysis of microbial

e. inhibition of microbial growth

7. A chemical compound produced by the body cells which is infected by viruses that were sent

to the surrounding cells so that a wider spread of the virus can be prevented is called

a. complement

b. interferon

c. interleukin

d. antibody

e. histamine

8. Type of white blood cell that serves to boost immunity against disease germs are:

a. eosinophils

b. basophils

c. neutrophils

d. monocytes

e. lymphocytes

9. The following is the result of long-term immunity is

a. fetus in the womb obtain antibodies from the mother

b. inflammatory response

c. serum obtained from people immune to rabies

d. obtaining the chickenpox vaccine

e. babies acquire antibodies from mother’s milk

10. Person acquired immunity after smallpox disease is called:

a. natural immunity

b. adaptive immunity

c. natural active immunity

d. passive immunity

e. Natural passive immunity

Answer the questions below with a short and right!

1. The mechanism of swallowing foreign objects, especially microbes by white blood cells

called?

2. Antibodies are formed by the cells ...

3. The skin is the body's non-specific defense which effective because it has ...

4. ….. is a response to the entry of pathogens into the body which is marked by the onset of

redness, swelling, and pain in the infected part.

5. Two indicators that the body is fighting an infection is an increase in ... and ...

Answer the questions below with a short and right explanation!

1. Give simple description of all kinds of leukocytes!

2. What is an antigen? Why antigen is important for the immune system!

3. If one part of the body injured, sometimes accompanied by swelling reddish. Explain how this

event!

4. Why should vaccine administration be repeated again after some time?

5.Why is a vaccine for HIV is difficult to develop?

Rubric Answer for the Worksheet 3.14

A. Multiple Choice

Number Answer Score1 E 12 A 13 A 14 A 15 E 16 B 17 B 18 E 19 D 110 C 1

Total of Score 10

B. Essay

No Answer Score

1 Phagocytosis 2

2 B Lymphocyte 2

3 Keratin 2

4 Inflammation 2

5 B Lymphocyte & T Lymphocyte 2

1 4

2 Objects / foreign substances which enter into the

body. Antigens stimulate the body's defense specific

work

3

3 The cells in the wounded part secrete histamine.

Histamine causes dilation of blood vessels and

improves blood flow in the injured part so that the

5

temperature rise as well as reddish.

4 Due to the decrease of the amount of antibodies in

the body so that the body's immunity also declined.

3

5 Because HIV infects T cells so its unable to provide

an immune response, HIV also able to change parts

of the protein becomes invisible to the immune

system.

5

The Total of The Score 30

Value = scoresobtained

totalmaximum scorex100 Value = ………

Appendix 3

Assessment of Students Learning KD 3.14

Making 'Critical Analysis of Articles'

No. Assessed Elements Max score Learners score

1 Titles according to the topic or theme that

has been determined

10

2 Source contains the address of the web

site / sites as well as the name of the

article author

10

3 Purpose in accordance with the specified topic or theme

10

4 Finding unique facts contained in the

article, contains events related to the topic

20

5 The question is made is a question whose

answer is not contained in the article (in

the form of reasoning that is the question)

20

6 Summary contains important concepts

related to the topic

20

7 Reflection provides good advice and

criticism of the author of the article and

the readers

10

Total 100

Appendix 4

Character Attitude Assessment Sheet

Subject : BiologySubject Matter : Immune SystemClass/semester : XI IPA

CharacterShows the character behavior, include: conscientious, honest, responsible, working together, open, and respect the friend’s opinion.

NuStudent’s

NameConscientious Honest Responsibility Cooperative Open

Respect friend’s opinion

Total score

0 1 2 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 0 1

Appendix 5

Attitude Character Assessment Rubric

Subject : BiologySubject Matter : Immune SystemClass/semester : XI IPA

CharacterShows the character behavior, include: conscientious, honest, responsibility, working together, open, and respect the friend’s opinion.

No Indicator Score

0 1 2

1. ScrupulousNot scrupulous in seeking answers

Less in the seeking answers

Scrupulous in seeking answers

2. HonestNot honest in

inputting data to table

Honest in doing data input

X

3. Responsibility

Has no responsibility in completing tasks

as directed in LKS

Less responsibility in completing tasks as directed in LKS

Responsible in completing tasks as

directed in LKS

4. Cooperative Not cooperative Less cooperative Cooperative

5. Open

Not open in giving question, opinion or asking when not understand

Open in giving opinion or asking

when not understand

X

6. Respecting opinion

Not respect to friend’s opinion in group/class

discussion

Respecting friend’s opinion in

group/class discussion

X

Appendix 6

Sheet Assessment of social skills

Subject : BiologySubject Matter : Immune SystemClass/semester : XI IPA

Social skillsInquire, contribute ideas or opinions, skilled in communicating

NuStudent’s /

group’s name

InquiryContribute

ideas/opinionsCommunicatio

n Total1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

1

2

3

Appendix 7Social Skill Rubric Assessment

Subject : BiologySubject Matter : Immune SystemClass/semester : XI IPA

score InquiryContribute

ideas/opinionsSkilled in

Communication

1The student not active

Student not able to communicate his/her opinion

Student not respect in handle someone’s opinion

2The students active but has no correct base

Student able to convey opinion without any basis

Students are able to respond but there is no basis

3

Students active in ask questions but with less suitable issues

Students active in expressing an opinion, the argument is less precise

Students are able to respond to other friends who argue

4

Students active in asking questions appropriate to the problem being studied

Students active in expressing an opinion with right base argument

Students are able to respond to other friends who argue, and does not dropped mutual friend

Information::

Assessment way Score

Less  1

Goof enough 2

Good 3

Very Good 4

Maksimal Score : 20          Scores obtainedScore = ------------------------------------- X 100%

Maximal score

Known by

The Headmaster of the Senior High School Biology Teacher

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

N.I.P.