Issue 2 GermanyAn assessment of the degree of growth of nationalism in Germany, up to 1850

GERMANY- SEPARATENAPOLEON- 400 STATES- 39 (CONFEDERATION OF THE

RHINE)NAPOLEON GONE- BUNDAUSTRIA- ANTRI NATIONALISTPRUSSIA- POWERFUL FREDRICK WILHELM(FR) 1848 REVOLUTION- DESIRE FOR CHANGE. RESULT

FRANKFURT PARLIAMENT, FR TO LEAD- DISPUTES. CRUMBLE. OLD PRINCES RETURN TO POWER.

ERFURT UNION- FR TRIES TO HEAD UP A UNITED GERMANY. AUSTRIA SAYS NO, FR BACKS DOWN AT THE TREATY OF OLMUTZ.

OVERVIEW Issues1-3

THINGS WE COVEROpponents of nationalism

(Austria, State Leaders, other countries)

Supporters of nationalism (educated middle class, Liberals)

Attitudes of peasants (didn’t care!)

The Frankfurt Parliament (Showed possible unity) , divisions (didn’t succeed)

Factor- Supporters of nationalism

Factor- Supporters of nationalismThis should be a recap of Issue 1

content. You should speak about the

different things pushing Germany towards unity.

On the following slide is a summary of this.

MAKE SURE YOU KNOW AND UNDERSTAND IT!

Evidence of unity

Growing Nationalism 1789 - 1848

Political Nationalism

1840 French threats to Rhineland – people grouped together to protect Prussia

Revolution of 1848 and showed many wanted change and a united Germany.

Zollverein. Economic unity under Prussian control

Growing amongst the educated classes: through Romantic Movement evidence is Wartburg and Hambach.

Cultural Nationalism

Economic Nationalism

The Rail network broke social and territorial boundaries and helped trade

The ZollvereinThe Zollverein was important because:

◦ Prussia’s control of the Zollverein put them at the heart of the German states.

◦ The rail network was developed putting Prussia again at the centre. This rail system would later be used for Prussian controlled wars in

Bismarck’s wars of unity.

◦ Prussia became increasingly stronger economically ◦ Austria was not in the Zollverein – becoming isolated◦ It set the example of working together economically and a

precedent for working together politically in a Prussian controlled united Germany.

◦ BUT WAS IT REALLY AN EXAMPLE OF NAITONALISM???? CARR states did not join it because of nationalism but “ simply and solely to escape the economic difficulties which beset them” (Carr)

By 1850 the German states had made some advances towards unity.

Culturally the states realised their similarities. The Romantic Movement promoted the idea of a Great Germany

Politically the states shared their fear of the French and their hatred of Napoleon due to the Wars of Occupation

Economically some of the states promoted nationalism and the idea

of a united through the Zollverein. The member states traded as one country and realised they could be more successful if they acted and traded as one.

BUTDespite these factors, it would not be until 1871 that Germany was

finally unified.

Negatives of supporters of nationalismThese factors didn’t apply to all

e.g Cultural not applied to working class.

Some had been involved in 1848 Rev not for a United Germany but because they were poor

SHOWED some evidence of nationalism but some of this could be attributed to other things/ was weak in doing so.

FACTOR- opponents of nationalism.

FACTOR- opponents of nationalism. Despite this Germany was not

Unified. This shows that those against Nationalism were strong. We now need to find out who was against Nationalism and WHY!

The following slide outlines what we are going to study. Some of it should be familiar, copy it down and ensure you know all of it by the end of this issue.

Evidence of lack obstacles to unity

Obstacles to Unity 1815-50

Political

Austria and Metternich – violently anti nationalist stance, Austrian empire felt threatened by unity

Anti-nationalist Austria at the helm of the bund ensured unity was repressed

Cultural Nationalism was limited to educated classes

The 39 leaders were against unity

Lack of Cultural

The Bund / Confederation

Article 2 of the Confederation stated that it’s aim was to keep the states separate

Six Acts, 1832

Reinforced the Carlsbad Decrees, gave more powers to individual states to crush nationalism

Carlsbad Decrees 1819

Newspaper censored, student societies banned, inspectors into universities, professors sacked

1848 Revolution shows just how weak nationalism was. It failed due to the weakness of Nationalism & Divisons within Nationalists.

Erfurt Union &Olmutz show that Nationalism was still weak as they didn’t gain support from all states and it ultimately failed.

OPPONENTS TO NATIONALISM

METTERNICH- Austrian Chancellor.

Read the information about the Carlsbad Decrees and Six Acts on the next slide and p. 10-11 (Gold) (share)

Make detailed notes from it to summarise how nationalism was suppressed and curbed

The Carlsbad Decrees 1819 Fired with their belief in Nationalism and Liberalism, many

students demanded change. Fearing change Metternich passed the Carlsbad decrees which

banned student societies and censored newspapers. However Cultural Nationalism continued amongst the

educated classes to an extent:◦ Literature by the Brothers Grimm, amongst others,

highlighted shared German myths and legends.◦ Beethoven’s music joined all the German states.◦ Folk music was shared across all the states.◦ History, traditions, music, poetry (all inspired by the idea◦ of a great Germany) were shared despite the decrees.

◦ BUT, the decrees kept these ideas from successfully developing further and drove nationalism underground

The Obstacles to Unity Read p102-105 (BLUE (Gold) p.23-29(And hand out of p. 6 of gold book)

Summarise the obstacles facing the nationalists in uniting Germany. The things that hindered progress to unity

This could be an essay topic

These notes are important so have to make sense to you!

OBSTACLES- Ensure you have notes onThe Bund as a barrierReligionGross/Klein DeutschlandLeaders of the 39 statesGreat PowersFear of Prussia

P.89-80

It looked like naionalism was growing but notreally

FACTOR The Frankfurt Parliament , divisions

1848 Revolutions

1848 revolutionsLook back on your notes on the

1848 revolution. or BLUE) Read p93, Attitude of the Peasants, up to p95,

The Forces of Change (Gold) Read p. 21-p.24 The Forces of Change

Create a storyboard about the 1848 revolutions to show what happened.

The 1848 Revolution Why did political nationalism fail to unite Germany

in 1848/49? Revolutions relatively ineffective – no sweeping changes made◦ Monarchs not overthrown◦ Armies remained loyal to monarchs – especially in Prussia◦ Reforms granted by monarchs were easily reversed.◦ FW IV refused the crown of united Germany.◦ KleinD decision disgruntled Austria◦ Frankfurt Assembly took too long to make decisions about

issues they disagreed on.◦ Lack of clarity, purpose and strong leadership among

nationalists and liberals ◦ Lack of power from below to unify.

1848 revolution failed, Frankfurt Parliament failed and Efurt Union failed.

The Erfurt Union 1849The Treaty of Olmutz 1850

The Erfurt Union 1849 - 1850 Also known as the League of the Three

Kings. Started by Frederick William IV of

Prussia along with the kings of Saxony and Hanover.

27 states eventually joined and it became the Erfurt Union.

It was an attempt by the rulers to have a form of unification on their terms.

It had a limited constitution and parliament, though not a very liberal one.

NOT a unified state - more of an alternative to the Bund.

Austrian Recovery By 1850, revolution had subsided in the

Austrian Empire. The Austrians had a new Chancellor –

Schwartzenberg. This meant that Austria was once again

in a position to intervene in German affairs.

The Russians made clear that they would support Austria in any war to end the Erfurt Union threat.

The Treaty of Olmutz 1850 Also known as the ‘Humiliation of

Olmutz’ by the Prussians. At a meeting at Olmutz in 1850 the

Bund was re-convened as it had been before 1848 and Prussia was forced to dissolve the Erfurt Union.

This marked a swing in the balance of power back towards Austria, as the Bund was fully reinstated with Austria back in its dominant role as President and actively working against unification.

Prussia was not yet ready to challenge Austria militarily or in terms of leadership and create a Kleindeutschland – that would not come until the 1860s.

Remember this factor can be argued both ways:

It shows a serious growth in Nationalism

BUTIt still wasn’t enough.

Situation by 1850Treaty of Olmutz Nov 1850 – agreement

that the Bund should be reinstated with Austria as leader

BUTFrederick William (King of Prussia) still

keen on idea of a united Germany – under

Prussia’s control

SUMMARY

Checklist- By 1850, Germany was still not unifiedForces Repressing Unity Forces for Unity

Common language, traditions + customs

The growth of liberal and national feeling among the m/c

Romantic MovementThe Zollverein The development of

railwaysMilitary necessity –

shared fear of the French

• The Confederation / Bund

• The 39 leaders• Austria + Metternich• Carlsbad Decrees

1819• Six Acts 1832• Religious Divisions –

North + South• Other European

powers• No consensus on

defining Germany – Klein v Gross

. How much had nationalism grown by 1850?

1. Intro – start date – 1815, end of Napoleonic war/creation of Deutscher Bund, end date – 1850, still no united German state, but nationalism had grown to the extent that had been one serious attempt to unite the German states in 1848 (Frankfurt) 2. Examples of how far nationalism had grown before 1840s - (2 BRIEF paragraphs)

Cultural – Wartburg/Hambach. Were these real nationalists? Would they ever unite the German states? Mention Carlsbad/Six Acts ‘nipped this in the bud’3. Economic – Zollverein. Was this just an economic union? Was it a force for political unity? 4. Extent of nationalism by 1840s. (2 paragraphs)1848 Revolutions – how economic problems created nationalism amongst peasants and working classes (Berlin demands for constitution and united Germany). Frankfurt Parliament and reasons for failure of revolutions

Had nationalism really grown enough to unite the German states? Or was nationalism in the 1840s simply a short-lived reaction to wider economic problems?5. Erfurt Union/Olmutz

Attempt by ruling classes to have unification on their own terms and its failure with the humiliation of Olmutz.

Was this really nationalism or a knee-jerk reaction by rulers to protect their own interests?6. CONCLUSION

Nationalism grew but ultimately failed to unite the German states by 1850. How much more likely was unification by 1850? How many serious attempts had been made to unify the German states? How much closer were the German states economically and culturally?

1. Intro – set scene/background, wording question, what factors, historical debate.

2. Cultural Nationalism – common factors of language, heritage, traditions, Romantic Movement, Burschenshaften, Universities, MC

3. Economic Nationalism – Zollverein > Railways > Coal + Iron stats

4. Political forces Confederation > Metternich > 39 state leaders > other European powers

5. Repressive Measures – Carlsbad Decrees > Six Acts > Limited appeal of nationalism/liberalism> middle class movement

6. Lack of unity – divisions between Northern Prots and Southern Catholics, nationalists themselves divided in aims

7. Conclusion – answer Q in one sentence > go through factors and use argument to answer question > re-answer question in one sentence

‘By 1850 the German nationalists had made significant progress in their aims’. How valid is this view?

Issue 2

This essay requires you to weigh up the progress that had been

made by the nationalists (towards unity)

V’s

The evidence that suggests the nationalists had not made much

progress (towards unity)

1Progress Made Culturally

Cultural nationalism spreading among the middle classes

Romantic Movement : work of poets, musicians, writers all inspired by idea of a

great GermanyLanguage united people – 25 million

Common traditions and heritage

2

Progress Hindered

Nationalism remained largely middle class movement

WC had other priorities Nationalist enthusiasm tended to be of a

‘romantic’ kind – no clear aims

Nationalists couldn’t agree on the issue of Klein v’s Gross Deutsch

Paragraph 3Progress made Politically

1840 French threats to Rhineland – ordinary Germans out with Prussia roused to defend their neighbour

Thomson suggests ‘The French united the German states in a common feeling of resentment against them’ – showed that people felt common bond

1848 revolutions showed that people wanted change and were prepared to demand it – had some success in getting Metternich out and Frankfurt Parliament set up

Vormartz period suggests some ordinary workers taking an interest in politics

Paragraph 4Progress Hindered

The confederation acted against unity – all decision shad to be unanimous – meant nothing got done. Bund merely a ‘talking shop’

The 39 leaders, and mostly Austria, acted against unity – change was stifled

Political nationalism was non-existent between 1815 – 1850 – repressed by Carlsbad Decrees and Six Acts.

The failure of the 1848 revolutions showed that the nationalists were divided - No agreement made by the nationalists – Klein v’s Gross; no clear visions and aims

Growth of Burschenshaften were lacking in vision and clear focus

Paragraph 5Economic Progress

Most clear sign of progress

Economic nationalism – success of Zollverein, bringing

states together. By 1850, many states trading and acting as

one countryCarr – mighty lever of unity Railways development ended isolation of the

statesCoal and iron development

HistoriographyEvery essay needs some historiography –

use of quotes which are explained and back up the points you mention

Historiography

The Confederation and the Individual States

Mitchell - The Bund was more a means to perpetuate the division of Germany (than to unite it)

Article 2 of the Act of Confederation - 'The aim of this confederation shall be the maintenance of the external and internal security of Germany as well as the independence of the individual German states‘

McKichan - The way in which the confederation worked was designed to make it difficult for it to develop into a united Germany

Carr – He (Metternich) had no doubt that demands for freedom would inevitably lead to the destruction of the Austrian Habsburg Empire

McKichan - The events of 1840 show that nationalism had some impact on people throughout Germany

Thomson suggests ‘The French united the German states in a

common feeling of resentment against them’ – showed that people

felt common bond

Cultural NationalismStiles - Even in 1815 there were tens of thousands of people

….. who felt passionately that Germans deserved a Fatherland

McKichan - The Carlsbad Decrees certainly succeeded in keeping Germany quiet for a considerable period of time

McKichan – To keep the dark forces of nationalism at bay, Metternich relied on the prestige of Austria and the goodwill and co-operation of the German princes

Fitche – Those who speak the same language are joined to each other by a multitude of invisible bonds

McKichan – Most historians agree that these ideas were held by relatively limited numbers of educated town dwellers

Economic Factors

Carr - 'It would be inappropriate to see the Zollverein as the forerunner of German political unity'

Carr - The Zollverein was the mighty lever of German unification

Stiles - The Zollverein was a force for unity in the 1840s and therefore a focal point for nationalist sentiments

Stiles - (as a result of being leader of the Zollverein) 'Prussia came to be regarded by many as the natural leader of a united Germany'

Carr - Railways were of great political significance. They helped to break down provincial barriers …. And underlined the need for national unification

BUT WAS IT REALLY AN EXAMPLE OF NAITONALISM???? CARR states did not join it because of nationalism but “ simply and solely to escape the economic difficulties which beset them” (Carr)

USE ISSUE 2 EXAMPLE ESSAY!

“By 1850 political nationalism had made little progress in Germany.” How valid is this view?