European Nationalism

Unification of Italy and Germany, 1850-1871

Main Underlying Causes1) Spread of nationalism

2) Revolutions of 1848: liberalism and nationalism part ways

3) Defeat of Russia in Crimean War

4) Isolation of Austria

5) Re-emergence of France under Napoleon III

Italy becomes Italy (the Italian state)

• Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)

• Revolutionary democrat

• Republican• Land question

Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)

• Republican• Revolutionary• Military leader• guerilla fighter• Land question

Count Camillo Benso di Cavour (1810-1861)

• Sardinian nobleman• Prime minister of

Sardinia-Piedmont• King Victor

Emmanuel II (1849-1861)

• Conservative• Ambitious• Pragmatic

Napoleon III, Emperor of France (1808-1873; r. 1848-1870)

• Nephew of Napoleon• Re-emerging French Empire• Sounded democratic• Believed in personal rule

and a centralized state• Made a deal with Cavour: • France promised Nice and

Savoy (from Piedmont)• Sardinia promised

Lombardy and Venetia (from Austria)

Unification of Italy Timeline

1859 Austria goes to war against Sardinia-Piedmont (and France)

1860 Napoleon bails, but Austria cedes Lombardy

1860 Plebescites in Tuscany, Parma, and Modena

May 1860 Garibaldi and thousand Red Shirts go to Sicily

1861 Kingdom of Italy declared (King Victor Emmanuel)

Massimo d'Azeglio

First speaker of the new Italian Parliament:

“We have made Italy, now we must make Italians!”

Unification of Germany, 1864-1871

• William I, King of Prussia (r. 1861-1888)

• Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)

• Junker• Brilliant diplomat• “Blood and iron”• Not revolution• 1862 became Minister-

President

German Unification (cont.)

• Schleswig-Holstein (1864): Austria and Prussia against Denmark

• Austro-Prussian war of 1866– The Seven Weeks’ War

Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71

• Leopold von Hohenzollern• Napoleon III, r. 1852-1870• January 18, 1871: Second German

Empire (Reich) declared in the Palace of Versailles, Hall of Mirrors

Paris Commune, March 18-May 28, 1871