The Age of The Age of ImperialismImperialism

Chapter 11-12Chapter 11-12

1850-19141850-1914

Review!Review!

Remember unity and separation?Remember unity and separation? Remember nationalism?Remember nationalism? Remember the Industrial Remember the Industrial

Revolution?Revolution?

How did the Industrial How did the Industrial Revolution give Britain Revolution give Britain

and America power?and America power?

What is Imperialism?What is Imperialism? The seizure (takeover) of a country or The seizure (takeover) of a country or

territory by a stronger countryterritory by a stronger country Super-nation “dominates”Super-nation “dominates”

Political, Economic, Social lifePolitical, Economic, Social life Culture and traditionsCulture and traditions

Put their mark on “barbaric lands”Put their mark on “barbaric lands” Competition! Competition!

Which country can have the most flags Which country can have the most flags

planted in the most areas?planted in the most areas?

Why do Europeans do Why do Europeans do this?this?

Industrialization sparks the need Industrialization sparks the need for: for: Land perfect for establishing trading Land perfect for establishing trading

and military postsand military posts Natural resources and raw materialsNatural resources and raw materials New markets for productsNew markets for products Way to exert power and controlWay to exert power and control

What are the reasons What are the reasons behind Imperialism?behind Imperialism?

Racism- belief that ones race is superior to Racism- belief that ones race is superior to othersothers

Social Darwinism- Social Darwinism- “survival of the fittest” “survival of the fittest” Belief: it is the RIGHT and DUTY of Belief: it is the RIGHT and DUTY of superior nations to show their superiority superior nations to show their superiority by bringing it to other areasby bringing it to other areas

NationalismNationalism Economic competition!Economic competition! Missionary impulseMissionary impulse Technological superiorityTechnological superiority

Types of ImperialismTypes of Imperialism 2 Methods of Management2 Methods of Management

Direct ControlDirect Control Paternalism- “fatherly” “parenting”- Europeans Paternalism- “fatherly” “parenting”- Europeans

provideprovide for local people but grant for local people but grant no rightsno rights Assimilation – adaptation of local people to Assimilation – adaptation of local people to

ruling cultureruling culture Indirect ControlIndirect Control

Limited self-rule for local governmentsLimited self-rule for local governments Legislative body includes colonial & local Legislative body includes colonial & local

officialsofficials ““oversee”oversee”

Forms of Control!Forms of Control! ColonyColony

Governed by a foreign powerGoverned by a foreign power ““colonization”= takeover!colonization”= takeover!

ProtectorateProtectorate Governs itself, but under outside controlGoverns itself, but under outside control Own government is “protected” “overseen” by Own government is “protected” “overseen” by

superior nationsuperior nation Sphere of InfluenceSphere of Influence

Outside power controls investments & tradingOutside power controls investments & trading Superior nation has control of $$$Superior nation has control of $$$

Economic ImperialismEconomic Imperialism Private business interests assert controlPrivate business interests assert control Ex) Dole controls all pineapple trade in HawaiiEx) Dole controls all pineapple trade in Hawaii

Predict history! What role do you think England will play in imperialism?

Look at the Picture.

I. The Scramble for I. The Scramble for AfricaAfrica

Africa Before European DominionAfrica Before European Dominion Divided into hundreds of ethnic groupsDivided into hundreds of ethnic groups Followed traditional beliefs, Islam or Followed traditional beliefs, Islam or

ChristianityChristianity Nations ranged from large empires to Nations ranged from large empires to

independent villagesindependent villages Africans controlled their own trade networksAfricans controlled their own trade networks ex) gold, ivoryex) gold, ivory Europeans only had contact on African coastsEuropeans only had contact on African coasts

The Scramble for Africa The Scramble for Africa (cont)(cont)

Nations compete for overseas Nations compete for overseas empiresempires Europeans wanted more landEuropeans wanted more land

Contained large amounts of gold, diamonds, and Contained large amounts of gold, diamonds, and rubberrubber

Africa was a mystery to manyAfrica was a mystery to many Europeans who penetrated Africa were:Europeans who penetrated Africa were:

Explorers – seeking wealth and notoriety Explorers – seeking wealth and notoriety Missionaries – trying to convert Africans to Missionaries – trying to convert Africans to

ChristianityChristianity Humanitarians – “westernize” the “savages”Humanitarians – “westernize” the “savages”

Look at Look at this this picture.picture.

1. What is it 1. What is it trying to trying to show you?show you?

2.What 2.What problems problems may come may come of this?of this?

3. PREDICT 3. PREDICT what will what will happen happen NEXT!NEXT!

The Division of Africa!The Division of Africa! The Berlin Conference The Berlin Conference

(1884)(1884) 14 nations14 nations Europeans leaders divide Europeans leaders divide

AfricaAfrica ““You can have control of You can have control of

African land as long as you African land as long as you notify the other 14 nations notify the other 14 nations and prove you can control it”and prove you can control it”

No African ruler invitedNo African ruler invited Little or no thought about Little or no thought about

the complex differences in the complex differences in ethnic groupsethnic groups

By 1914 – Only independent By 1914 – Only independent nations = nations = Liberia, Liberia, EthiopiaEthiopia

Compare ! How has the Berlin Conference affected the geography of Africa TODAY?!

South Africa!South Africa! Three main fighting powers!Three main fighting powers!

AfricansAfricans Zulu nation, led by the leader, Shaka, fought Zulu nation, led by the leader, Shaka, fought

the Britishthe British Zulu nation lost to British in 1887Zulu nation lost to British in 1887

BoersBoers Dutch settlers that had controlled South Dutch settlers that had controlled South

Africa since the mid 1600sAfrica since the mid 1600s Also known as AfrikanersAlso known as Afrikaners 1830’s many moved North “Great Trek”1830’s many moved North “Great Trek”

BritishBritish Gained control of South Africa after the Gained control of South Africa after the

Berlin ConferenceBerlin Conference

Boer WarBoer War Boers vs BritishBoers vs British

Many Africans fought with Many Africans fought with the Boersthe Boers

First example of First example of “total “total war” war”

Used ALL resources Used ALL resources and ALL populationand ALL population

Burned Boer farms, Burned Boer farms, imprisoned their women imprisoned their women and children, killed their and children, killed their menmen

British win in 1910- Boers British win in 1910- Boers now controlled by Britishnow controlled by British Established the Established the

Union of South Union of South Africa Africa (British Rule)(British Rule)

II. Case Study: NigeriaII. Case Study: Nigeria

1835: Berlin Conference gave Britian a 1835: Berlin Conference gave Britian a “protectorate” in Africa’s lands along the “protectorate” in Africa’s lands along the Niger RiverNiger River

1914: Britain CLAIMS Nigeria by force1914: Britain CLAIMS Nigeria by force Britain didn’t have enough troops to DIRECTLY Britain didn’t have enough troops to DIRECTLY

rule Nigeriarule Nigeria British INDIRECTLY ruleBritish INDIRECTLY rule Local African chiefs resent having little to no Local African chiefs resent having little to no

power in ruling their countrypower in ruling their country All 250 ethnic groups and cultures under British All 250 ethnic groups and cultures under British

controlcontrol

African Confront African Confront Imperialism!Imperialism! Broad resistance, but Europeans have superior Broad resistance, but Europeans have superior

weaponsweapons Unsuccessful MovementsUnsuccessful Movements

Algeria fights the French for 50 yearsAlgeria fights the French for 50 years East Africa resistance to plant cotton for GermansEast Africa resistance to plant cotton for Germans

Successful MovementsSuccessful Movements Ethiopia under Emperor Menelik IIEthiopia under Emperor Menelik II Plays Italians, French, and British against each otherPlays Italians, French, and British against each other Africa gets modern weapons from France and RussiaAfrica gets modern weapons from France and Russia Italy tries to claim as a protectorateItaly tries to claim as a protectorate 1896 1896 Battle of Adowa Battle of Adowa Ethiopia defeats Italy’s Ethiopia defeats Italy’s

attempt to ruleattempt to rule Ethiopia remains independent Ethiopia remains independent

Legacy of ImperialismLegacy of Imperialism Negative EffectsNegative Effects

Africans lose land and independenceAfricans lose land and independence Many lives are lostMany lives are lost Traditional cultures breakdownTraditional cultures breakdown Division of Africa creates problems that Division of Africa creates problems that

continue todaycontinue today Positive EffectsPositive Effects

““modernization”modernization” Sanitation improvesSanitation improves Hospitals and schools createdHospitals and schools created Technology brings economic growthTechnology brings economic growth

ReviewReview How was the Ottoman Empire doing How was the Ottoman Empire doing

during this time?during this time? What was the Ottoman’s land called?What was the Ottoman’s land called? Which country was the first to break Which country was the first to break

away from the Ottoman Empire?away from the Ottoman Empire? Who do YOU think will want to take Who do YOU think will want to take

over Ottoman controlled land?over Ottoman controlled land? PREDICT! How do YOU think they are PREDICT! How do YOU think they are

going to do it???going to do it???

III. Europeans Claim III. Europeans Claim Muslim LandsMuslim Lands

The Ottoman Empire Loses PowerThe Ottoman Empire Loses Power Empire begins to decline in 1566 Empire begins to decline in 1566 Modernization movements are Modernization movements are

unsuccessfulunsuccessful Serbia gain independence after GreeceSerbia gain independence after Greece *European Powers look to gain Ottoman *European Powers look to gain Ottoman

lands*lands*

Downfall of the Ottoman Empire

Indian Ocean

Crimean War (1853)Crimean War (1853) Crimean War – Russia vs. Ottoman EmpireCrimean War – Russia vs. Ottoman Empire

Russia wants Ottoman landRussia wants Ottoman land Want access to a warm-water port Want access to a warm-water port

(Black Sea)(Black Sea) Russia loses warRussia loses war

But Russia still is able to take land in But Russia still is able to take land in Balkans and in Africa from them!Balkans and in Africa from them!

Europeans Grab TerritoryEuropeans Grab Territory England gains control of:England gains control of:

Suez Canal – international trade Suez Canal – international trade Persia – oil and tobaccoPersia – oil and tobacco India – natural resourcesIndia – natural resources

Russia gains control of:Russia gains control of: Persia – oil, tobacco, & access to Indian Persia – oil, tobacco, & access to Indian

OceanOcean Afghanistan – oil Afghanistan – oil

Ottomans send Ottomans send Muhammad AliMuhammad Ali Ottomans want him to Ottomans want him to

govern Egyptgovern Egypt But, he decides to break away But, he decides to break away

from the Ottomansfrom the Ottomans Gains Syria and ArabiaGains Syria and Arabia He has help from European He has help from European

powerspowers Modernization of Egypt by Modernization of Egypt by

AliAli Egypt made into a cotton cash Egypt made into a cotton cash

crop regioncrop region Grandson supports the Grandson supports the

construction of the construction of the

Suez CanalSuez Canal

The Suez CanalTrade: Asia and Europe and Africa= quicker!

Less time= less ????

Suez CanalSuez Canal Connects Red Sea to Connects Red Sea to

Mediterranean Mediterranean Built French and Egyptian LaborBuilt French and Egyptian Labor Egypt went debt by 45 million Egypt went debt by 45 million

dollars because they couldn’t pay dollars because they couldn’t pay back European Bankers!back European Bankers!

British take financial control of British take financial control of the Canalthe Canal

Result.......????Result.......???? By 1882 Britain had complete By 1882 Britain had complete

control of Egyptcontrol of Egypt

IV. British Imperialism in IV. British Imperialism in IndiaIndia British Expand Control over British Expand Control over

IndiaIndia British East India Company= British East India Company=

TRADETRADE Controls India thru economic Controls India thru economic

imperialismimperialism British Company uses an army British Company uses an army

including Indian soldiers known as including Indian soldiers known as “sepoys”“sepoys”

India was seen as the most India was seen as the most important colonyimportant colony Due to its production of raw Due to its production of raw

materialsmaterials Known as the “Jewel in the Crown”Known as the “Jewel in the Crown” Bc its 300 million of a potential Bc its 300 million of a potential

market for Britain!market for Britain!

Effects of British RuleEffects of British Rule Impact of ColonialismImpact of Colonialism

Railroads move cash crops and goods fasterRailroads move cash crops and goods faster British control political and economic powerBritish control political and economic power Cash crops resulted in loss of India’s self-Cash crops resulted in loss of India’s self-

sufficiency and caused faminesufficiency and caused famine Indian culture is disrupted due to racism Indian culture is disrupted due to racism

and missionariesand missionaries Put out of business India’s textile industry Put out of business India’s textile industry

and replaced with modern British textile and replaced with modern British textile technologytechnology

The Sepoy Rebellion !The Sepoy Rebellion ! Sepoys refuse to use use new British rifles …Sepoys refuse to use use new British rifles …

why?why? Sealed with beef and pork fat and they had to Sealed with beef and pork fat and they had to

BITE off sealBITE off seal religious reasonsreligious reasons

What religions?What religions? Many sepoys were jailedMany sepoys were jailed

Rebellion! Remaining sepoys captured city of Rebellion! Remaining sepoys captured city of DelhiDelhi

““SEPOY MUNITY” SEPOY MUNITY” British army vs Indian British army vs Indian armyarmy

British put down the rebellionBritish put down the rebellion ResultsResults

1757-1947 Britain takes direct control of 1757-1947 Britain takes direct control of India India “RAJ”“RAJ”

Nationalism in IndiaNationalism in India India has reformsIndia has reforms

India adopts modernization movementsIndia adopts modernization movements Many Indians adopt western waysMany Indians adopt western ways

RAM MOHUN ROY- father of “Modern India”RAM MOHUN ROY- father of “Modern India” Old Ideas: Ex) child marriages- made India Old Ideas: Ex) child marriages- made India

“susceptible” to superior control“susceptible” to superior control Power= “moving with the times”= modernizationPower= “moving with the times”= modernization

Religious Issues RemainReligious Issues Remain Formation of the Indian National Congress Formation of the Indian National Congress

(1885)(1885) Called for independence from BritainCalled for independence from Britain

Formation of the Muslim League (1906)Formation of the Muslim League (1906) Many Muslims did not trust Hindus within IndiaMany Muslims did not trust Hindus within India Increase: RACISM AND DISTRUSTIncrease: RACISM AND DISTRUST

Imperialism in Southeast Imperialism in Southeast AsiaAsia Powers Invade the “Pacific Rim”Powers Invade the “Pacific Rim”

For military posts, trading, For military posts, trading, agriculture, $$$$agriculture, $$$$ Lands of Southeast Asia that border the Lands of Southeast Asia that border the

Pacific OceanPacific Ocean Britain – Malaysia and SingaporeBritain – Malaysia and Singapore Netherlands – Indonesia Netherlands – Indonesia France – Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, France – Indochina (Vietnam, Laos,

Cambodia)Cambodia) America- PhilippinesAmerica- Philippines

Promised independence after Spanish Promised independence after Spanish American WarAmerican War

Did not grant it without a fight!Did not grant it without a fight!

Imperialism in Southeast Imperialism in Southeast Asia Asia ResultsResults

Modernization helps the European Modernization helps the European businessesbusinesses

America had promised Philippines America had promised Philippines independence independence

Cash crops, Christianizing, Education, Cash crops, Christianizing, Education, Health, and sanitation improvesHealth, and sanitation improves

Millions have to migrate to find workMillions have to migrate to find work

American ImperialismAmerican Imperialism 1898 Spanish American War Results:1898 Spanish American War Results:

Cuba wants independence from SpainCuba wants independence from Spain America fights for Cuba vs SpainAmerica fights for Cuba vs Spain U.S. installs a gov’t in Cuba and gets Puerto U.S. installs a gov’t in Cuba and gets Puerto

Rico, Guam, Philippines for themselvesRico, Guam, Philippines for themselves Next- U.S. wants build Next- U.S. wants build Panama Canal Panama Canal for for

trade, $$trade, $$ After U.S. is denied the right to control After U.S. is denied the right to control

Panama Canal Zone- U.S. decides to help Panama Canal Zone- U.S. decides to help Panamanians break free from ColumbiaPanamanians break free from Columbia

In return- Panama gave them the right to the In return- Panama gave them the right to the CanalCanal

1914 Canal opens1914 Canal opens

Connects Atlantic And Pacific Ocean

1823 Monroe Doctrine- American 1823 Monroe Doctrine- American continents are NOT to be considered as continents are NOT to be considered as an area for future colonization by an area for future colonization by European powersEuropean powers Purpose? To protect themselves from Purpose? To protect themselves from

imperialismimperialism Did Did AmericaAmerica actually follow its own rule? actually follow its own rule?

1904 Roosevelt Corollary- gave the U.S. 1904 Roosevelt Corollary- gave the U.S. the right to an “international police the right to an “international police power” in the Western Hemisphere. power” in the Western Hemisphere.

HawaiiHawaii 75% of Hawaiians 75% of Hawaiians

wealth came from wealth came from America’s sugar America’s sugar plantationsplantations 1890 Eliminated 1890 Eliminated

taxes on sugar taxes on sugar entering U.S. entering U.S.

Annexation of Annexation of Hawaii (1898) – Hawaii (1898) – adding it as adding it as territory to the U.S. territory to the U.S.

Imperialism in China

V. Imperialism in China and V. Imperialism in China and JapanJapan China vs. The WestChina vs. The West

China was self-sufficient – no need for China was self-sufficient – no need for tradetrade

China kept a China kept a favorable balance of tradefavorable balance of trade Europeans were able to shift the balance Europeans were able to shift the balance

their way!their way! Wanted to find a product that China would Wanted to find a product that China would

NEED and rely on Britain forNEED and rely on Britain for Britain = trading = $ + powerBritain = trading = $ + powerSale of Opium – addictive drug Sale of Opium – addictive drug from poppy plantfrom poppy plant

British merchants smuggled opium into British merchants smuggled opium into ChinaChina

Doctor prescribed, relieve painDoctor prescribed, relieve pain

Opium War (1839-1842)– China vs. Opium War (1839-1842)– China vs. BritainBritain China now NEEDs opium China now NEEDs opium Outlaws it due to its additive natureOutlaws it due to its additive nature Britain refuses to stop trading itBritain refuses to stop trading it

China LOSES war !China LOSES war ! China signs Treaty of Nanjing- gives Britain China signs Treaty of Nanjing- gives Britain

Hong KongHong Kong Extraterritoriality – foreigners were not Extraterritoriality – foreigners were not

subject to Chinese lawssubject to Chinese laws Chinese power over the West endsChinese power over the West ends

China vs. The WestChina vs. The West Foreign Influence GrowsForeign Influence Grows

Growing Spheres of InfluenceGrowing Spheres of Influence A Surge in Chinese A Surge in Chinese

NationalismNationalism Beginnings of ReformBeginnings of Reform

China tried to become more China tried to become more westernwestern

Further added to internal Further added to internal problemsproblems

Rebellion!Rebellion! Taiping Rebellion: Chinese Rebels vs Taiping Rebellion: Chinese Rebels vs

Christians Christians Wanted Public ownership of land and a Wanted Public ownership of land and a

independent economyindependent economy Had support of the starving and “hurting”Had support of the starving and “hurting” Captured Nanking= city, made it the capitalCaptured Nanking= city, made it the capital Founded the Great Peaceful Heavenly Founded the Great Peaceful Heavenly

Dynasty in 1851Dynasty in 1851 West defeated any remaining Taiping West defeated any remaining Taiping

supporters in 1864supporters in 1864

Rebellion!Rebellion!

Boxer Rebellion: Northern peasants vs Boxer Rebellion: Northern peasants vs foreignersforeigners Secret society: Righteous and Harmonious FistsSecret society: Righteous and Harmonious Fists Boxing rituals (martial arts) gave them Boxing rituals (martial arts) gave them

supernatural powers and invincible to bulletssupernatural powers and invincible to bullets Japan defeats China 1895- Japan and West take Japan defeats China 1895- Japan and West take

China’s economy $$$!China’s economy $$$! Boxers kill Chinese Christians then all Boxers kill Chinese Christians then all

foreignersforeigners 1901 Western powers sign agreement that 1901 Western powers sign agreement that

imposes even more power over Chinaimposes even more power over China

Imperialism in JapanImperialism in Japan Japan remained isolated from western world Japan remained isolated from western world

for centuries – only traded mainly with Chinafor centuries – only traded mainly with China Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) – ends Japan’s Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) – ends Japan’s

isolationisolation Opens 2 ports to AMERICAN shipsOpens 2 ports to AMERICAN ships

1867-1912 Meiji Reform – Japan begins to 1867-1912 Meiji Reform – Japan begins to modernize beginning in 1867modernize beginning in 1867

Japan was competitive with the west in many Japan was competitive with the west in many modern industriesmodern industries

Japan competes with China for Korean dominance Japan competes with China for Korean dominance and tradeand trade

Imperialism in JapanImperialism in Japan Russo-Japanese War (1904)Russo-Japanese War (1904)

Russians refuse to stay out of Russians refuse to stay out of KoreaKorea

Japan surprise attacksJapan surprise attacks Treaty of PortsmouthTreaty of Portsmouth

Japan gained Russian territoryJapan gained Russian territory Russia forced out of KoreaRussia forced out of Korea U.S. Pres Roosevelt helps draft the U.S. Pres Roosevelt helps draft the

treatytreaty

Japan Controls KoreaJapan Controls Korea Takes control of the peninsula in Takes control of the peninsula in

19101910 Begins a period of extreme Begins a period of extreme

oppression oppression