Nationalisma belief, creed or political ideology that involves an individual

identifying with, or becoming attached to, one's nation, national identity

Nationalism contributes to the formation of two new Germany and

Italy and a new political order in Europe

Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity

Two Views of Nationalism1. Nationalists use their common bonds to build nation-states2. Rulers eventually use nationalism to unify their subjectsThree different types of nationalist movements:

• unification merges culturally similar lands• separation splits off culturally distinct groups• state-building binds separate cultures into one

Nationalism: A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country.

The last half of the 1800s can be called the Age of Nationalism. Through national feeling,

European leaders fought ruthlessly to create strong, unified nations. Germany and Italy

unified under nationalism, the Austrians and Ottomans fought to keep their empires in tact,

and Russians started to challenge the power of the Czar (Tsar).

Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

The Breakup of the Austrian Empire

Austria includes people from many ethnic groups1866 defeat in Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) and Hungarian nationalism forces emperor to split the empire into Austria and Hungary

• still ruled by emperor

Flag of Austria-Hungary representing two kingdoms, but ruled by one emperor. This was a concession to Hungarian nationalism.

Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

The Russia Empire CrumblesAfter 370 years, Russian czars begin losing control over their empireRussification—forcing other peoples to adopt Russian culture

• policy further disunites Russia, strengthens ethnic nationalism

Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

The Ottoman Empire WeakensInternal tensions among ethnic groups weakens the empire.Rulers grant citizenship to all groups, outraging Turks.

Building a German Nation In the early 1800s , German-speaking people, Austrians,

and Prussians lived in a number of small and medium-sized states.

Under Napoleon’s control the people of the area united to throw the French out.

With Napoleon gone the Congress of Vienna created the German Confederation headed by Austria.

Building a German Nation In 1848 people again demanded German political unity under the leadership of Frederick William IV of Prussia – he rejected the notion of a throne offered by “the people”.

Under a Prussian, Otto von Bismarck, the German states were united through a series of “wars of unification” against Denmark, Austria, and France. In the Franco-Prussian War Napoleon III surrendered after a mere few weeks. Bismarck is considered the architect of German unity.

In January 1871, William I of Prussia took the title of Kaiser (emperor) of Germany – ushering in the Second Reich (empire) – heir to the First Reich, the Holy Roman Empire.

Nationalism: A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country.

Under Otto von Bismarck, Germany emerged as Europe’s most powerful empire – but at a

considerable cost. Where once the world saw Germany as a center for the Northern

Renaissance, it was now viewed as conquerors and destroyers. Neither loved nor respected,

only feared.

Bismarck Unites GermanyBeginning in 1815, thirty-nine German states form the German Confederation

Prussia Leads German UnificationPrussia has advantages that help it to unify Germany

• mainly German population• powerful army• creation of liberal constitution

Bismarck Takes ControlJunkers—conservative wealthy landowners—support Prussian Wilhelm IJunker realpolitik master Otto von Bismarck becomes prime ministerRealpolitik—power politics without room for idealismBismarck defies Prussian parliament

Seven Weeks WarBismarck creates a border dispute with Austria to provoke a warPrussia seizes Austrian territory, northern GermanyEastern and western parts of Prussian kingdom are joined for the first time.

The Franco-Prussian WarBismarck provokes war with France to unite all GermansWilhelm is crowned Kaiser—emperor of a united Germany—at VersaillesBismarck creates a Germany united under Prussian dominance.

In the aftermath of unification Germany emerged as the industrial giant of the European continent; it’s shipping was second only to Britain.

Germany had many advantages, its iron and coal deposits, along with a population surge (from 41 million in 1871 to 67 million in 1914) served to propel Germany forward.

Bismarck, sought to keep France isolated and weak, while building strong links with Austria and Russia, as well as erase local loyalties within by attacking the Catholic Church and the Socialists. His moves backfired, forcing him to make peace with the church and woo the workers of Germany. Because of this Germany became the model of social reform for other European countries.