The Canadian “unity rally” (1995)

Citizenship, National IdentityCitizenship, National Identity& Nationalism& Nationalism

Celebrating South Sudan’s independence (2011)

This weekThis week

The state and citizenshipThe state and citizenship

Nations and nationalismNations and nationalism

Dealing with cultural diversityDealing with cultural diversity

Three recalls & an observationThree recalls & an observation

Recalls 5 characteristics of the modern state the social contract real, historical states

Unity of the people is created getting the people’s allegiance imposing a national identity taken for granted

The State and CitizenshipThe State and Citizenship

Citizenship: A definitionCitizenship: A definition

““The idea that the permanent residents The idea that the permanent residents of a particular country are full members of a particular country are full members of the political community, involving of the political community, involving various duties and rights”, Mintz et al., various duties and rights”, Mintz et al., Politics, Power and the Common GoodPolitics, Power and the Common Good, p. , p. 3232

““The right to have rights”The right to have rights” A mix of rights and obligationsA mix of rights and obligations A A legallegal distinction between “us” and distinction between “us” and

“others”“others” Citizenship is inclusive and exclusive Citizenship is inclusive and exclusive

Natural bases for citizenshipNatural bases for citizenship

Jus sanguinis Jus soli By bloodBy blood Parents’ Parents’

citizenship citizenship Parents’ ethnicityParents’ ethnicity AncestryAncestry Varies by countryVaries by country

BirthplaceBirthplace Possibility of Possibility of

acquisitionacquisition The need to register The need to register

birthsbirths Varies by countryVaries by country

Naturalization: Acquiring Naturalization: Acquiring citizenship neither by blood nor by citizenship neither by blood nor by soilsoil

To each country its own To each country its own processprocess

ConditionsConditions duration of residencyduration of residency truthfulness on applicationtruthfulness on application citizenship examcitizenship exam oath of allegianceoath of allegiance

The choice of immigrants: a The choice of immigrants: a controversial topiccontroversial topic

The Canadian Citizenship Oath“From this day forward, I pledge my loyalty and allegiance to Canada and Her Majesty Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Canada. I promise to respect our country's rights and freedoms, to defend our democratic values, to faithfully observe our laws and fulfil my duties and obligations as a Canadian citizen.”

The evolution of citizenship rightsThe evolution of citizenship rights

T.H. Marshall, T.H. Marshall, Citizenship and Citizenship and Social ClassSocial Class

European & North American European & North American experienceexperience

Civil Civil political political social social

A contested conception of A contested conception of citizenshipcitizenship inequalities exist despite rightsinequalities exist despite rights classical liberals & conservatives classical liberals & conservatives

reject social rightsreject social rights

The The Magna Carta Magna Carta (1216)(1216)

Nations and NationalismNations and Nationalism

A distinction: Legality vs. identity A distinction: Legality vs. identity

Citizenship = legal statusCitizenship = legal status Identity = sense of belongingIdentity = sense of belonging There are many competing identitiesThere are many competing identities

classclass disabilitydisability ideologyideology religionreligion sex/gendersex/gender tribetribe nation nation … …

Nation: A definitionNation: A definition

““People with a common identity who have People with a common identity who have formed a nation-state or usually aspire to formed a nation-state or usually aspire to do so”, Viotti and Kauppi, do so”, Viotti and Kauppi, International International Relations and World PoliticsRelations and World Politics, p. 396, p. 396

May be based onMay be based on languagelanguage ethnicity ethnicity religionreligion culture & valuesculture & values

A.k.a. “a people”A.k.a. “a people”

A nation exists A nation exists in the mindin the mind

Not a physical realityNot a physical reality Not a timeless realityNot a timeless reality A modern European ideaA modern European idea A powerful ideaA powerful idea

Nations are social constructsNations are social constructs

They are manufacturedThey are manufactured A deliberate policyA deliberate policy

story-tellingstory-telling symbolssymbols

Nation-buildingNation-building Unchallenged ideas & uncritical citizens Unchallenged ideas & uncritical citizens

Some recent issues in Canada•War of 1812 comemorations•Renaming the Museum of Civilizations•Eliminating non-Christian prison chaplains•Language debates

Some recent issues in Canada•War of 1812 comemorations•Renaming the Museum of Civilizations•Eliminating non-Christian prison chaplains•Language debates

““Mononational” states: A rare thingMononational” states: A rare thing

The false assumption of social contract The false assumption of social contract theorytheory

Then & now: the illusion of unityThen & now: the illusion of unity What it means to be Canadian, Russian, What it means to be Canadian, Russian,

Nigerian, etc.?Nigerian, etc.? ideological differencesideological differences conflicts of values & interests between conflicts of values & interests between

individuals and groupsindividuals and groups changing characteristics of individuals and changing characteristics of individuals and

groupsgroups Conflicts & differences resolved in the Conflicts & differences resolved in the

context of the nation-statecontext of the nation-state

Binational & multinational states: Binational & multinational states: The most common situationThe most common situation

So many nations, so few statesSo many nations, so few states Canada & its two “founding nations”: a Canada & its two “founding nations”: a

good examplesgood examples What about “First Nations”?What about “First Nations”?

not so much a third nationnot so much a third nation … … as many different nations (also)as many different nations (also)

Political & territorial arrangementsPolitical & territorial arrangements federationfederation confederationconfederation

Immigration: only adding to the diversityImmigration: only adding to the diversity

Want to know who makes up the population of a state? Click here.

Want to know who makes up the population of a state? Click here.

Nationalism: A definitionNationalism: A definition

““Devotion to the interests of one’s nation, Devotion to the interests of one’s nation, usually to the exclusion of other competing usually to the exclusion of other competing identities”, Viotti and Kauppi, identities”, Viotti and Kauppi, International International Relations and World PoliticsRelations and World Politics, p. 404, p. 404

Political aspect:Political aspect: national self-determination national self-determination Cultural aspect:Cultural aspect: sense of belonging & sense of belonging &

widely shared values, language, religion, etc.widely shared values, language, religion, etc. Moral aspect: Moral aspect: ethic of sacrifice in defence of ethic of sacrifice in defence of

one’s nation against enemies within and one’s nation against enemies within and withoutwithout

Civic vs. ethnic nationalismCivic vs. ethnic nationalism

Civic nationalismCivic nationalism Ethnic nationalism

A choiceA choice TerritorialityTerritoriality Obeying the lawObeying the law Sharing valuesSharing values Not necessarily Not necessarily

peaceful or peaceful or toleranttolerant superiority of one’s superiority of one’s

culture or valuesculture or values imperialismimperialism

Nature & biologyNature & biology Primordial tiesPrimordial ties Absolute separation Absolute separation

between Self and Otherbetween Self and Other Superiority of one Superiority of one

nationnation Inferiority of other Inferiority of other

nationsnations Associated with war, Associated with war,

ethnic cleansing & ethnic cleansing & genocidegenocide

The logic of identityThe logic of identity

The benign versionThe benign version The less benign versionThe less benign version

The inevitability of othernessThe inevitability of otherness The (mis)uses of the otherThe (mis)uses of the other

A never-ending processA never-ending process A form of social controlA form of social control(see week 2)(see week 2)

Proving one’s allegiance: Proving one’s allegiance: the famous Mulroney-Turner the famous Mulroney-Turner debatedebate

1988 federal election campaign1988 federal election campaign the issue: Canada-US Free Trade Agreementthe issue: Canada-US Free Trade Agreement the controversy: good or bad for Canada’s the controversy: good or bad for Canada’s

independenceindependence selling out Canada or creating prosperity for selling out Canada or creating prosperity for

Canada?Canada?

2012 debate about oil production 2012 debate about oil production environmental groups oppose Northern Gateway environmental groups oppose Northern Gateway

and Keystone XL pipelinesand Keystone XL pipelines senator Mike Duffy: “They’re all anti-Canadian!”senator Mike Duffy: “They’re all anti-Canadian!” ex-environment minister Peter Kent: ex-environment minister Peter Kent:

environmentalists are “radicals” who “launder” environmentalists are “radicals” who “launder” foreign money foreign money

Dealing with Cultural Dealing with Cultural DiversityDiversity

Defining cultureDefining culture

Culture is “the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group, and that it encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs”, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity

Multiculturalism as a realityMulticulturalism as a reality

DiversityDiversity

Observable individuals & groups Observable individuals & groups

Equality and Equality and samenesssameness before the law before the law

No official policy No official policy

Three ways of dealing Three ways of dealing with cultural diversitywith cultural diversity

1.1. Not to acknowledge it officially (France)Not to acknowledge it officially (France)• diversity is a realitydiversity is a reality• ……but no official references to itbut no official references to it• ……and no government policyand no government policy

2.2. The “melting pot” (US)The “melting pot” (US)• diversity is a realitydiversity is a reality• ……with the recognition of with the recognition of individualindividual differences differences

onlyonly• ……and no government policyand no government policy

3.3. The multicultural “mosaic” (Canada)The multicultural “mosaic” (Canada)• diversity is a reality & a conscious choicediversity is a reality & a conscious choice• ……and a policy of recognizing and a policy of recognizing groupgroup differences differences• ……and to accommodate them if consistent with and to accommodate them if consistent with

the law & fairnessthe law & fairness

Canada and Canada and officialofficial multiculturalism multiculturalism

1960s: the French-English debate 1960s: the French-English debate Accommodating Canada’s two languages Accommodating Canada’s two languages

and two “founding nations”and two “founding nations” A changing immigration policyA changing immigration policy A changing cultural makeup of the nationA changing cultural makeup of the nation Mitigating racism & ethnic tensions Mitigating racism & ethnic tensions 1970s-2000s: accommodating difference 1970s-2000s: accommodating difference

Multiculturalism Multiculturalism & “reasonable accommodations”& “reasonable accommodations”

From good neighbourliness to rightsFrom good neighbourliness to rights From culture to religionFrom culture to religion Charter of Rights and Freedoms Charter of Rights and Freedoms versusversus

religion-based claimsreligion-based claims a human-made absolute: the constitution a human-made absolute: the constitution a God-given absolute: religiona God-given absolute: religion a useful argument: multiculturalisma useful argument: multiculturalism

The inconsistent application of the lawThe inconsistent application of the law Different legal principles for different Different legal principles for different

groupsgroups

ConclusionConclusion

Different ways to look at a state’s Different ways to look at a state’s populationpopulation

The modern state as the dominant form The modern state as the dominant form of political communityof political community

The distinction between legality & identityThe distinction between legality & identity

A de facto diversity that cause political A de facto diversity that cause political disputesdisputes