an age of nationalism and realism, 1850 - 1871 chapter 22

An Age of Nationalis

m and Realism,

1850 - 1871

Chapter 22

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The France of Napoleon III: Louis

• Not allowed to stand for re-election under laws of French Republic

• Restored universal male suffrage and asked for longer term--gets it (10 years)

• Asked that the empire be restored--gets it

• Assumed the title of Napoleon III (Emperor), December 2, 1852

Napoleon III: Domestic Policy

• Economic prosperity

•Industrial growth•Government subsidies for infrastructure projects and industrialization

•Provided better housing, hospitals & medicine for workers•Reconstruction of Paris

• Broad streets--for armies to get through and less ability to barricade…

• underground sewage system

Authoritarian Government

(Bonapartesque)

Napoleon led the army, the police, and the civil service

He alone could introduce new legislation and declare war

The Legislative Corps (which was chosen by popular vote) gave the illusion of a representative government, but held no real power

Domestic Policy

1. Invested in national infrastructure2. The economy soared in his first 5 years

3. Developed hospitals, healthcare, etc.

4. Redesigned the streets of Paris.5. When opposition mounted, he conceded some liberal reforms (legalized unions, strikes, gave power to parliament, etc.)

Foreign policy:

• Napoleon’s domestic policy was popular and successful, his foreign policy led to his demise• Mexico--1864 tried to take over Mexico, as both the US and Mexico were distracted with their own civil wars. Unfortunately, it didn’t work out. The Mexicans got Cinco de Mayo, and his would be emperor, Maximilian of Austria, lost his life.

• The Crimean War• Franco-Prussian War



The Decline of the The Ottoman Empire

Disintegration of the Ottoman EmpireEncroachment by the Russian Empire

Geographically closeShared cultural ties with Greek Orthodox Christians

The Crimean War 1854-1856

Russia versus France and, well, just about everyone else.

Started when Russia invaded the Ottoman Empire and allegedly insulted France.



The Crimean WarRussians demand to protect Christian shrines

(Privilege already given to the French)Ottomans refuseRussia invades Moldavia and WallachiaOttomans declare war, October 4, 1853Britain and France declare war on Russia, March 28, 1854Fear of a too powerful RussiaUpsets the balance of the Concert of Europe

Austria stayed neutral (to Russia’s chagrin)Russia’s loss causes them to retreat from Euro politicsGreat Britain also retreats someSets the stage for Germany and Italy to unify

Crimean War First war between

European powers since the Napoleonic Wars & the Congress of Vienna

marked a breakdown of the alliance system that had maintained peace for nearly half a century--No more Concert of Europe

Russia and Austria now enemies

Cholera killed thousands during the Crimean War. More would have died if not for the efforts of Florence Nightingale to provide strict sanitary conditions.

When King William I (1861-1888) came to power he wanted to double the size of Prussia's army

The middle class dominated legislature feared compulsory military service and rejected the budget

The king appointed a new prime minister......

Otto von Bismarck

• a conservative

• Junker class (land-owning aristocracy)

• Experienced diplomat

• Wanted to guide the German states to unification

• A political realist who believed in Realpolitik (power politics)

• Ignored the liberals in parliament

Austro-Prussian War

Prussia & Austria had dominated the German states for years

The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual MonarchyAusgleich, Compromise, 1867

Creates a dual monarchy

German and Magyars dominate minorities

Francis Joseph Emperor of Austria/King of Hungary

Some things in held in common

Other minorities

Austro-Hungarian Empire

Franco-Prussian WarPrussian desires for a unified Germany lead Bismarck to provoke France into war.

Dispute over the Spanish throne the catalyst

Bismarck sees France as its last obstacleAlready defeated AustriaPrussian victory=loss of French power and German unification under Prussian rule

Siege of Paris January, 1871

Paris after the siege

Bismarck & Napoleon III after the Battle of Sedan, September 2, 1870

The Unification of Germany

William I, 1861-1888Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)

Reorganization of the army

Realpolitik

Austro-Prussian War (1866)Austrian defeat

Southern German states joined the Northern German Confederation in the Franco-Prussian War

William I proclaimed Kaiser of the Second German Empire

German liberals were happy despite unification being achieved through the Prussian monarchy & military

Germany was now the most powerful state on the Continent

A Unified Germany

National Unification: Italy

• Kingdom of Savoy

• Victor Emmanuel II, 1849-1878

• Count Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861)

• Napoleon III alliance with Piedmont, 1858

• War with Austria, 1859

• Northern states join Piedmont

• Guiseppi Garibaldi (1807-1882)

• The Red Shirts

• Invasion of Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 1860

• Kingdom of Italy, March 17, 1861

• Annexation of Venetia, 1866

• Annexation of Rome, 1870

Count Camillo di Cavour, prime minister of Piedmont

With wealth from an expanded infrastructure he financed a large army

Fostered an alliance with Napoleon III to drive the Austrians out of Italy

France would control Nice & Savoy in exchange

The Unification of Italy

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• Giuseppe Garibaldi• Leader of Southern Italian

unification

• Led “Red Shirts” to victory in Sicily against the Bourbon King

• Crossed to the mainland and conquered southern states

• Did not want to go to war with Cavour and retired

• 1861 New kingdom of Italy under king Victor Emmanuel II (ruler of Piedmont)

January 18, 1871, Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, France

Great Britain: The Victorian Age

• Did not experience revolts in 1848

• Reforms

• Economic Growth & Stability--25% increase in wages

• Victorian Age

• Queen Victoria (1837 – 1901)

• Sense of duty and moral respectability come to symbolize the age

Queen Victoria & her family, 1881

Benjamin Disraeli

Tory (conservative) leader pushed the passage of the Reform Act of 1867

Lowered the monetary requirements for voting

Disraeli thought it would help conservatives, but it actually helped liberals in parliament

Party loyalty intensified

William Gladstone

Whig (liberal) leader

Introduced civil service exams to reduce political patronage

Secret ballot

Education Act of 1870-elementary education for all children

Imperial Russia

Alexander II, 1855-1881Emancipation of serfs, March 3, 1861

after defeat in Crimean Warserfdom seen as holding Russia back

Problems with emancipation poverty, debt

Growing dissatisfaction--Alexander Herzen and “Land ad Freedom” populism--revolution led by the peasants

Assassinated by revolutionaries of the Narodnaya Volya (People’s Will)

Alexander III (1881-1894)repressive



The United States: Slavery and War

The United States: Civil War and Reunion

Differences between North and South

• The cotton economy, state’s rights, slavery

Election of Abraham Lincoln, secession of South Carolina, 1860

Civil War, 1861-1865

• Becomes about abolition

• Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 A war measure

Differing interpretations about

1865--13th Amendment

Lincoln’s assassination

Problems for freed slaves (similar to Russia’s)

Letter to Joshua Speed--1855

I am not a Know-Nothing. How could I be? How can any one who abhors the oppression of Negroes be in favor of degrading classes of white people? Our progress in degeneracy appears to me pretty rapid. As a nation we began by declaring "all men are created equal." We now practically read it, "all men are created equal, except Negroes." When the Know-Nothings get control, it will read "all men are created equal, except Negroes, and foreigners, and Catholics." When it comes to this I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretense of loving liberty--to Russia, for example, where despotism can be taken pure and without the base alloy of hypocrisy.



Marx and Marxism• Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich

Engels (1820-1895), The Communist Manifesto, 1848

• History is the history of class struggle (dialectical materialism)

• Stages of history--feudalism to capitalism to socialism to communism.

• In the end would be a classless society

• After 1848 revolutions, Marx went to London

• Marx, Das Kapital

Basic Principles of Capitalism

• Private ownership: individual not gov’t

• Free enterprise: anyone can participate in business

• Profit motive: do it for $$$$• Competition: lower prices, better quality, bigger choice, stimulates creativity

• Market economy: supply & demand

Labor Discontent

• LOW WAGES Barely above starvation level

• LONG HOURS 12-16 Hrs./day

• Women & children (from age 5 )

• Unsanitary & UNSAFE working conditions

• Technological Unemployment displaced workers

Utopian Socialists: response to I.R.

They believed that capitalists, once convinced of the merits would voluntarily discard private ownership & profit motive

To many people the possibility that this would happen seemed unlikely, therefore these people were considered dreamers or UTOPIANS

Robert Owen, Claude St. Simon, & Charles Fourier advocate the establishment of ideal communities, however, their experimental communities typically failed.

Karl Marx & Scientific Socialism

Karl Marx : 1818-1883 “father of communism”

lived in poverty & witnessed the suffering of English industrial workers

Wrote:– Communist Manifesto: pamphlet written w/ Fredrich Engels

Used “communist” to distinguish himself from Utopians

– Das Kapital: criticism of capitalism

Socialism- a movement to displace Capitalism

CAPITALISM• Private individuals own & operate

• Private owners provide people with goods & services

• Individual owners make decisions

SOCIALISM• Gov’t representing people owns & operates

• Gov’t determines needs of the people

• State planning Gov’t plans economy

A New Age of Science

Development of the steam engine led to

science of relationship between heat and mechanical energy

Growth of scientific interest

Louis Pasteur – germ theory of disease

Dmitri Mendeleyev – atomic weights

Michael Faraday – generator

Louis Pasteur – Germ discovery was a major breakthrough in medicine

Germ theory of disease pioneered by Louis Pasteur

A chemist, Pasteur helped launch the science of bacteriology

Developed a process of heating to kill bacteria which helped prevent disease in the wine industry

Developed vaccination for rabies

Dmitri MendeleyevClassified material elements based on their atomic weight

This would lay the groundwork for the periodic law

Michael Faraday

Discovered the process of electromagnetic induction

Created a generator, pioneering the use of electricity

Charles Darwin and the Theory of Organic

Evolution

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

• On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, 1859

• All plants and animals have evolved over a long period of time

• Those who survived had adapted to the environment

• The Descent of Man, 1871

• Ideas highly controversial; gradually accepted

Studied theology at Cambridge

Organic Evolution- all plants & animals over a long period of time from simpler forms of life

Expanded on Mathus’s ideas: there are more individuals than can possibly survive

life forms engage in a “struggle for existence

A Revolution in Health Care

Joseph ListerHospital gangrene a major problemAntiseptic principle (to fight infection)

New Public Health MeasuresPasteurization of milkWater purificationimmunization

American Medical AssociationSome standardization of medical training and practices

Women and Medical SchoolsElizabeth Blackwell (New York)

Female Medical College of Pennsylvania



Joseph ListerUsed carbolic acid as a disinfectant during surgery, thus preventing “hospital gangrene”

Antiseptic steamer

Elizabeth Blackwell1st woman in America to earn a M.D.

Established a clinic in New York City

Realism in Literature • The Realistic Novel

• Rejected Romanticism

• Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880), Madame Bovary, 1857

• Romantic ideals have made Madame Bovary unhappy—unrealistic expectations

• William Thackeray (1811-1863), Vanity Fair, 1848

• A novel should convey the sentiment of reality

• Charles Dickens (1812-1870)

• Famous for his descriptions of the industrial age

Thomas EakinsThe Gross Clinic (1875)

Dr. Samuel Gross is seenperforming surgery.

He pauses midway to explain the operation with his students in the Amphitheater of JeffersonMedical College

Gustav Courbet’s The Stonebreakers Aimed at a lifelike portrayal of the daily activities ofordinary people. Use of browns & grays to communicate the Drudgery of the work. of their work. Courbet is the most famous of

Jean-Francois Millet’s The GleanersFrench peasants. These women appear as powerful figures despite thefact that they are performing backbreaking labor.

The March of the Weavers, Kathe

Kollwitz, 1897.

Women Ironing, Edgar Degas, 1884

Franz Liszt and the New German School

1. Virtuoso pianist/composer

2. The peak of romanticism in music.

3. Got to love the piano recital.

Richard Wagner--opera composer

1. German nationalist. 2. Loved the leitmotiv: recurring musical form (chord progression, melody, etc.) that evoked the theme of the opera.

3. Obsessed with Germanic myths, etc. His The Ring of the Nibelung is an example of this.

4. Famous today for being Hitler’s favorite composer



an age of nationalism and realism, 1850 - 1871 chapter 22

Documents

france of napoleon

foreign policy

insulted france

unifycrimean warfirst

ottoman empireencroachment

napoleons domestic policy

crimean warrussians

ottoman empiredisintegration