ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

AFTER STUDYING THIS CHAPTER AND LISTENING TO MY LECTUER,I HOPE THTATYOU WILL BE ABLE TO:

1. Define organizational behavior (OB).

2. Discuss the historical perspective of OB.

3. OB as a multi Disciplinary Field

4. Describe why managers require a knowledge of OB.

5. The major challenges and opportunities for managers to use OB concepts.

6. Knowledge Management

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What Managers Do

Managerial Activities

•Make decisions

•Allocate resources

•Direct activities of others to attain goals

Managerial Activities

•Make decisions

•Allocate resources

•Direct activities of others to attain goals

Managers

Individuals who achieve goals through other people.

Where Managers Work

Enter Organizational Behavior

Organizational Behavior (OB) is the study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations. It does this by taking a system approach

system approach

Systematic study of behavior is a meaning to make accurate predictions. By systematic study we mean, Examining relationship. Cause and effects relation. Base our conclusion on scientific method.

Systematic study augments intuitions.

Historical Perspective

Scientific Management.

An approach to management which emphases the formulation of precise processes which are regarded as the best methods to achieve work goals.

The Hawthorne Studies

Conducted from 1927-1932 at the WesternElectric Hawthorne Works in Chicago

Conducted by Harvard Business School ProfessorElton Mayo who examined productivity and work conditions

The studies grew out of preliminary experiments at the plantOn the effect of light on productivity

Those experiments showed no clear connection between Productivity and the amount of illumination

The Studies?

Variables Affecting Productivity1. Rest Breaks2. Work Hours3. Temperature4. Humidity

Mayo took 6 women from the assembly line, segregated from rest of the factory and put them

under the eye of a supervisor who was more friendly observer than a disciplinarian

Feedback Mechanism

Throughout the series of experiments, an observer sat with the girls in the workshop noting all that went on, keeping the girls informed about the experiment, asking for advice and listening to their complaints.

Each experiment began by introducing various changes, each of which was continued for a test period of four to twelve weeks.

Conditions and Results

Under normal conditions with a 48 hour week, including Saturdays, and no rest pauses. The girls produced 2,400 relays a week each.

They were then put on a piece-work for eight hours----Output went UP Two five minute rest pauses, morning and afternoon, were introduces for a period of

five weeks-----Output went UP once more The rest pauses were lengthened to ten minutes each----Output went up sharply Six five minute pauses were introduced, and the girls complained that their work

rhythm was broken by the frequent pauses----output fell slightly Return to the two rest pauses, the first with a hot meal supplied by the company free

of charge----Output went up The girls were dismissed at 4:30 p.m. instead of 5:00 p.m.----output went ip They were dismissed at 4:00 p.m.----output remain the same

The Results

Finally all the improvements were taken away and the girls went back to 48 hours working with no piece-work, rest–breaks and no free meals. This state of affairs lasted for a period of 12 weeks.

Output was the highest ever recorded averaging 3000 relays a week

Confused?

What Happened during the Experiments?

Six individuals became a team and the team gave itself wholeheartedly and spontaneously to co-operation in the experiment.

They were themselves satisfied that they were working under less pressure than ever before.

The group had considerable amount of freedom of movement. They were not pushed around or bossed by anyone.

Under these conditions they established an increased sense of responsibility and instead of discipline from higher authority being imposed, it came from within the group.

Organization behavior: Past, present and future.

Organizational behavior is a multi-disciplined science.

Human relation approach Psychology. Social psychology. Anthropology. Political Science.

Human relation approach:

. Psychology:

The systematic study of human behavior & cognitive events.

Social Psychology:Is concerned with understanding behavior in a group context.

The study of interaction among people with the aim of developing mutually

beneficial outcomes

The study of interaction among people with the aim of developing mutually

beneficial outcomes

Anthropology:

Is to study the society & their culture.

Political science:Focuses on the behavior of individuals and groups in a political environment.

Why study OB

ORGANIZATIONALBEHAVIOR RESEARCH

UnderstandingOrganizational

Event

PredictOrganizational

Event

InfluencingOrganizational

Event

Challenges and Opportunities of OB

Challenges?

Opportunities?

Challenges and Opportunity for OB

Responding to Globalization Managing Workforce Diversity Improving Quality and Productivity Responding to the Labor Shortage Improving Customer Service Improving People Skills Empowering People Coping with “Temporariness” Stimulation Innovation and Change Helping Employees Balance Work/Life Conflicts Improving Ethical Behavior

Knowledge management

Any Structural activity that improves an organization's capacity to acquire, share and use knowledge in ways

that improve its survival and success.

Intellectual Capital:The sum of an organization's human capital, structural capital and relationship capital

Human Capital: This is the knowledge that employees possess and

generate including their skills, experience and creativity.

Structural Capital: This is the knowledge captured and retained in an

organization's system and structures. It is the knowledge that remains after all the human capital has gone home.

Relationship Capital: This is the value derived from an organization's

relationships with customer, suppliers and other external stakeholders.

Knowledge management process

Knowledge acquisition.Knowledge sharing.Knowledge use.

Some Important terms

ProductivityA performance measure that includes effectiveness and efficiency. Effectiveness

Achievement of goals.EfficiencyThe ratio of effective output to the input required to achieve it.

Absenteeism

The failure to report to work.

Turnover

The voluntary and involuntary permanent withdrawal from an organization.

Job satisfaction

A general attitude toward one’s job, the difference between the amount of reward workers receive and the amount they believe they should receive.

Basic OB Model