PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGYCHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

Jenna Lee Q. Valencia, RPhDepartment of Pharmacy

School of Natural SciencesSaint Louis University

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

A.BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MICROBIOLOGY

1. DEFINITION2. SIGNIFICANCE3. HISTORY OF

MICROBIOLOGY

1. DEFINITION OF MICROBIOLOGY

MICROBIOLOGY

“Micro” Very small, minute

“Biology” “Bios”- living organisms “logy”- the study of

MICROBIOLOGY

Microbiology is the study of very small living organisms

Microorganisms are said to be ubiquitous.

PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY

Sterilization and preservation

Antibiotics

2. SIGNIFICANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY

1. Living on and in our bodies

500 to 1000 different species of microorganisms live on and in us

Indigenous microflora

2. Opportunistic pathogens

Microorganisms awaiting the opportunity to cause disease.

3. Essential for life

Responsible for many processes that sustain life

4. Involved in decomposition

Decomposition of dead organisms and the waste products of living organisms.

Decomposition of industrial wastes

5. Essential in various food and beverage industries

APPLIED MICROBIOLOGYFood Microbiology

Industrial Microbiology

6. Produce antibiotics

ANTIBIOTIC:A substance produced by a microorganism that is effective in killing or inhibiting the growth of other organisms.

Penicillium chrysogenum

Other Examples:

BacitracinBacillus licheniformis

StreptomycinStreptomyces griseus

VancomycinStreptomyces orientalis

7. Field of Genetic engineering

A gene from one organism is inserted into a bacterial or yeast cell.

8. Can cause disease

1. Infectious disease

2. Microbial intoxication

3. HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY

a. Early Years of Microbiologyb. The Golden Age of Microbiologyc. The Modern Age of Microbiology

a. Early Years of Microbiology

a. Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

The man who discovered the microbial world

Made a simple microscope

Leeuwenhoek’s Microscope

b. Carolus Linnaeus

Father of Taxonomy

b. The Golden Age of Microbiology

1. Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible?

1. Francesco Redi

Made series of experiments with meat

Redi’s Experiments

2. John Needham

Boiled beef gravy infusions of plant material in vials, which he then tightly sealed with corks.

3. Lazarro Spallanzani

Boiled some infusions for almost an hour and sealed the vials by melting their slender necks closed

4. Rudolf Virchow

Concept of biogenesis

5. Louis Pasteur

Boiled infusions long enough to kill everything

But instead of sealing the flasks, he bent their necks into an S-shape

Pasteur’s Experiment

b. The Golden Age of Microbiology

2. What causes fermentation?

1. Louis Pasteur

Discovered that bacteria fermented grape juice into acids = the spoilage of wine.

Developed pasteurization

b. The Golden Age of Microbiology

3. What causes disease?

1. Robert Koch

Discovered anthrax bacillus

Started the field of ETIOLOGY

Bacillus anthracis

Isolation of specific types of microbes

2. Richard Petri

Invented the Petri dishes

3. Hans Christian Gram

Developed the staining technique Gram’s Stain

Gram’s Stain

ASSIGNMENT

1. Gram stain Procedure 2. Stains and chemicals3. The use of each stain

and chemical

b. The Golden Age of Microbiology

4. How can we prevent Infection and Disease?

1. Ignaz Semmelweis

Began requiring medical students to wash their hands with chlorinated lime water

2. Joseph Lister

He began spraying wounds, surgical incisions and dressings with phenol

3. John Snow

Standards for good public hygiene

His study was the foundation of : INFECTION CONTROL

EPIDEMIOLOGY

4. Edward Jenner

Tested the hypothesis that a mild disease called cowpox provided protection against potentially fatal smallpox.

SMALL POX

Caused by the pox virus: Variola

COW POX LESION ON COW

5. Paul Ehrlich

Speculated about a “magic bullet"

Found a chemotherapeutic agent called salvarsan

SYPHILIS

Salvarsan

6. Alexander Fleming

Discovered penicillin

ZONE OF INHIBITION

Penicillium chrysogenum

c. The Modern Age of Microbiology

Microbial Genetics

1. Molecular Biology

Combines aspects of biochemistry, cell biology and genetics to explain cell function at the molecular level.

2. Recombinant DNA Technology

The genes of microorganisms are manipulated for practical applications.

3. Gene Therapy

A process that involves inserting a missing gene or repairing a defective one in human cells

Gene therapy has been used to treat patients with:

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency

Cystic fibrosisLDL-receptor deficiency