module 1 introduction to microbiology

HTL MicrobiologyHTL Microbiology 11

General MicrobiologyGeneral Microbiology

3-unit subject for Dental 3-unit subject for Dental studentsstudents

2-unit Lecture2-unit Lecture

1-unit Laboratory1-unit LaboratoryVer .2011-1Ver .2011-1


IntroductionIntroduction

Microbiology - micros/bios/logosMicrobiology - micros/bios/logos HistoryHistory BranchesBranches ApplicationApplication MicroscopyMicroscopy Units of measurements – um, nm, Units of measurements – um, nm,

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History-self checkHistory-self check(How many do you know?)(How many do you know?) FracastoriusFracastorius Leeuwenhoek Leeuwenhoek

A.A. Needham , JNeedham , J Spallanzani,L.Spallanzani,L. Tyndall, J.Tyndall, J. Flemming, A.Flemming, A.

Lister, J.Lister, J. Jenner, E.Jenner, E. Koch, R. Koch, R. Iwanowski, D.Iwanowski, D. Ehrlich, P.Ehrlich, P. Pasteur, L.Pasteur, L.


HistoryHistory FracastoriusFracastorius Leeuwenhoek, Leeuwenhoek,

A.V. A.V.


NeedhamNeedham SpallanzaniSpallanzani


Tyndall, J.Tyndall, J. Lister, JLister, J


Flemming, A.Flemming, A. Jenner, E.Jenner, E.


Ehrlich, P.Ehrlich, P. Iwanowski, D.Iwanowski, D.


Development of Development of microscopy:microscopy:

Aristotle (384-322) and others believed that (384-322) and others believed that living organisms could develop from non-living organisms could develop from non-living materials. living materials.

1590: 1590: Hans and Zacharias Janssen (Dutch (Dutch lens grinders) mounted two lenses in a lens grinders) mounted two lenses in a tube to produce the first compound tube to produce the first compound microscope. microscope.

1660: 1660: Robert Hooke (1635-1703) published (1635-1703) published "Micrographia", containing drawings and "Micrographia", containing drawings and detailed observations of biological detailed observations of biological materials made with the best compound materials made with the best compound microscope and illumination system of the microscope and illumination system of the time. time.


1676: 1676: Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) was the first person to (1632-1723) was the first person to observe microorganisms. observe microorganisms.

1883: 1883: Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe pioneered developments in pioneered developments in microscopy (such as immersion microscopy (such as immersion lenses and apochromatic lenses lenses and apochromatic lenses which reduce chromatic aberration) which reduce chromatic aberration) which perist until the present day. which perist until the present day.

1931: 1931: Ernst Ruska constructed the constructed the first electron microscope first electron microscope


Spontaneous generation controversy

John Needham – English scientist who John Needham – English scientist who

theorized that life comes from non life theorized that life comes from non life demonstrated by maggots developing on demonstrated by maggots developing on a piece of rotting meata piece of rotting meat

1688: 1688: Francesco Redi (1626-1678) was an (1626-1678) was an Italian physician who refuted the idea of Italian physician who refuted the idea of spontaneous generationspontaneous generation by showing by showing that rotting meat carefully kept from flies that rotting meat carefully kept from flies will not spontaneously produce maggots. will not spontaneously produce maggots.


1836: 1836: Theodor Schwann (1810- (1810-1882) helped develop the cell 1882) helped develop the cell theory of living organisms, theory of living organisms, namely that that all living namely that that all living organisms are composed of one organisms are composed of one or more cells and that the cell is or more cells and that the cell is the basic functional unit of living the basic functional unit of living organisms. organisms.

1861: 1861: Louis Pasteur's (1822- (1822-1895) famous experiments with 1895) famous experiments with swan-necked flasks finally proved swan-necked flasks finally proved that microorganisms do not arise that microorganisms do not arise by spontaneous generation. by spontaneous generation.


This eventually led to:This eventually led to:Development of Development of sterilization

Development of aseptic technique Development of aseptic technique


Proof that microbes cause Proof that microbes cause disease disease

1546: 1546: Hieronymus Fracastorius (Girolamo (Girolamo

Fracastoro) wrote "On Contagion" ("De Fracastoro) wrote "On Contagion" ("De contagione et contagiosis morbis et contagione et contagiosis morbis et curatione"), the the first known discussion curatione"), the the first known discussion of the phenomenon of contagious infection. of the phenomenon of contagious infection.

1835 1835 Agostino Bassi de Lodi showed that a showed that a disease affecting silkworms was caused by disease affecting silkworms was caused by a fungus - the first microorganism to be a fungus - the first microorganism to be recognized as a contagious agent of animal recognized as a contagious agent of animal diseasedisease


1847: 1847: Ignaz Semmelweiss (1818- (1818-1865), a Hungarian physician who 1865), a Hungarian physician who decided that doctors in Vienna decided that doctors in Vienna hospitals were spreading childbed hospitals were spreading childbed fever while delivering babies. He fever while delivering babies. He started forcing doctors under his started forcing doctors under his supervision to wash their hands supervision to wash their hands before touching patients. before touching patients.

1857: 1857: Louis Pasteur proposed the proposed the "germ theory" of disease. "germ theory" of disease.


1867: 1867: Joseph Lister (1827-1912) introduced (1827-1912) introduced antiseptics in surgery. By spraying carbolic antiseptics in surgery. By spraying carbolic acid on surgical instruments, wounds and acid on surgical instruments, wounds and dressings, he reduced surgical mortality dressings, he reduced surgical mortality due to bacterial infection considerablydue to bacterial infection considerably

1876: 1876: Robert Koch (1843-1910). German (1843-1910). German bacteriologist was the first to cultivate bacteriologist was the first to cultivate anthrax bacteria outside the body using anthrax bacteria outside the body using blood serum at body temperature. Building blood serum at body temperature. Building on pasteur's "germ theory", he on pasteur's "germ theory", he subsequently published "subsequently published "Koch's Koch's postulatespostulates" (1884), the critical test for the " (1884), the critical test for the involvement of a microorganism in a involvement of a microorganism in a disease: disease:


– The agent must be present in every case of The agent must be present in every case of the disease. the disease.

– The agent must be isolated and cultured in The agent must be isolated and cultured in vitro. vitro.

– The disease must be reproduced when a pure The disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the agent is inoculated into a culture of the agent is inoculated into a susceptible host. susceptible host.

– The agent must be recoverable from the The agent must be recoverable from the experimentally-infected hostexperimentally-infected host

This eventually led to:This eventually led to:– Development of pure culture techniquesDevelopment of pure culture techniques– Stains Stains – Agar & culture mediaAgar & culture media– petri dishes petri dishes


Pasteur, LouisPasteur, Louis


Koch, R.Koch, R.


Golden Age of Golden Age of Microbiology: ( 1857-Microbiology: ( 1857-

1914)1914) 1857 – Pasteur – Fermentation1857 – Pasteur – Fermentation 1861 – Pasteur – disproved 1861 – Pasteur – disproved

spontaneous generationspontaneous generation 1864 – Pasteur – Pasteurization1864 – Pasteur – Pasteurization 1867 – Lister – Aseptic Surgery1867 – Lister – Aseptic Surgery 1876 – Koch – Germ Theory of Disease1876 – Koch – Germ Theory of Disease 1879 – Neisser – N. gonnorhea1879 – Neisser – N. gonnorhea 1881- Koch – pure culture1881- Koch – pure culture


1881 – Finley – Yellow Fever1881 – Finley – Yellow Fever 1882 – Koch – Postulates1882 – Koch – Postulates 1882 – Hess – Solid Agar media1882 – Hess – Solid Agar media 1883 – Koch – Vibrio cholera1883 – Koch – Vibrio cholera 1884 – Metchnikoff – phagocytosis1884 – Metchnikoff – phagocytosis 1884 – Gram – Gram staining 1884 – Gram – Gram staining

procedureprocedure 1884 – Escherich – Escherichia coli1884 – Escherich – Escherichia coli 1887 – Petri – Petridish1887 – Petri – Petridish 1889 – Kitasato – Clostridium tetani 1889 – Kitasato – Clostridium tetani


1890 – Von Berring – Diphtheria antitoxin1890 – Von Berring – Diphtheria antitoxin 1890 - Ehrlich – Theory of Immunity1890 - Ehrlich – Theory of Immunity 1892 – Winogradsky – sulfur Cycle1892 – Winogradsky – sulfur Cycle 1898 – Shiga – Shigella dysenteriae1898 – Shiga – Shigella dysenteriae 1910 – Chaga – Trypanosoma cruzi1910 – Chaga – Trypanosoma cruzi 1910 – Ehrlich – Syphilis1910 – Ehrlich – Syphilis

Golden age of Microbiology is so named Golden age of Microbiology is so named because numerous discoveries during this because numerous discoveries during this period led to the establishment of period led to the establishment of microbiology as a science.microbiology as a science.


Divisions & ApplicationsDivisions & Applications BacteriologyBacteriology ProtozoologyProtozoology MycologyMycology VirologyVirology ProtistologyProtistology ImmunologyImmunology Molecular BiologyMolecular Biology Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering BiotechnologyBiotechnology

MedicalMedical Food & DairyFood & Dairy Soil & WaterSoil & Water IndustrialIndustrial SpaceSpace Marine & AquaticMarine & Aquatic EnvironmentalEnvironmental AgriculturalAgricultural EducationEducation


BacteriologyBacteriology::


ProtistologyProtistology::


MycologyMycology::


ImmunologyImmunology::


Molecular BiologyMolecular Biology::


VirologyVirology::


ParasitologyParasitology::


GeneticsGenetics::


Industrial uses of Industrial uses of MicroorganismsMicroorganisms

CheeseCheese Alcoholic beveragesAlcoholic beverages VinegarVinegar Citric AcidCitric Acid VitaminsVitamins AntibioticsAntibiotics Amino acids & InsulinAmino acids & Insulin


Types of Types of Microorganisms:Microorganisms:

Bacteria/bacteriumBacteria/bacterium Fungi/FungusFungi/Fungus Protozoa/ProtozoanProtozoa/Protozoan Algae/algaAlgae/alga VirusesViruses Multicellular Animal Multicellular Animal

Parasites/HelminthsParasites/Helminths


Career opportunitiesCareer opportunities Research associateResearch associate Food , industrial & Food , industrial &

environmental environmental tech.tech.

Clinical & medicalClinical & medical Medical Medical

technologisttechnologist Veterinary Veterinary

microbiologistmicrobiologist

Supervisor/lab Supervisor/lab managermanager

Instructor/ Instructor/ ProfessorProfessor

ScientistScientist Research DirectorResearch Director ConsultantConsultant Infectious disease Infectious disease

specialistspecialist


Trivia: What is the Trivia: What is the origin of the caduceus?origin of the caduceus?

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??????????Ano daw?!?Ano daw?!?


The caduceus, symbol of the medical The caduceus, symbol of the medical profession, was designed from the profession, was designed from the procedure for removing parasitic guinea procedure for removing parasitic guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensisworm (Dracunculus medinensis))


What’s new?What’s new? WNE – West Nile Encephalitis – 1999WNE – West Nile Encephalitis – 1999

– 3559 cases in 35 states of USA3559 cases in 35 states of USA BSE – Bovine spongiform encephalopathyBSE – Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

– Mad cow disease – 1996Mad cow disease – 1996 CJD – Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease - 2002CJD – Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease - 2002

– Caused by prion in bovine– UK 138 cases human Caused by prion in bovine– UK 138 cases human E. coli O157:H7 – 1996E. coli O157:H7 – 1996

– 2000 cases Japan2000 cases Japan


IGAS – Invasive Group A streptococcusIGAS – Invasive Group A streptococcus– 1995 – flesh eating bacteria1995 – flesh eating bacteria

EHF – Ebola hemorrhagic Fever – 1995EHF – Ebola hemorrhagic Fever – 1995– 315 cases – 75% mortality315 cases – 75% mortality– 1996 – monkeys from RP to USA (+)1996 – monkeys from RP to USA (+)

HPS– Hantavirus Pulmonary syndrome – HPS– Hantavirus Pulmonary syndrome – 19931993

SARS – ( I think you have heard?)SARS – ( I think you have heard?) H1N1, H5N1 – New Bird Flu strainsH1N1, H5N1 – New Bird Flu strains


And the latest . . . . And the latest . . . .

Influenza A\H1N1 ( 2009)Influenza A\H1N1 ( 2009) 4 viral strands : 2 bovine, 1 avian, 1 4 viral strands : 2 bovine, 1 avian, 1

humanhuman Variant strain of the old influenza virus Variant strain of the old influenza virus

that killed 25 million in Europethat killed 25 million in Europe Originated from MexicoOriginated from Mexico Mortality rate is high if untreatedMortality rate is high if untreated There is a cure and highly treatableThere is a cure and highly treatable


Microscopy:Microscopy:types & terminologiestypes & terminologies

SimpleSimple Compound Compound Phase contrastPhase contrast ImmunofluorescentImmunofluorescent DarkfieldDarkfield UltravioletUltraviolet X-rayX-ray TEM/SEMTEM/SEM

ContrastContrast ReflectionReflection TransmissionTransmission AbsorptionAbsorption DiffractionDiffraction RefractionRefraction MagnificationMagnification ResolutionResolution


What’s the latest?What’s the latest?

DIC – Differential Interference ContrastDIC – Differential Interference Contrast– Uses differences in refractive indexes to Uses differences in refractive indexes to

produce imageproduce image– Uses 2 beams of light separated by prisms, Uses 2 beams of light separated by prisms,

the specimen appears colored as a result of the specimen appears colored as a result of the prism effect. No staining required.the prism effect. No staining required.

Confocal – uses LASER light to illuminate Confocal – uses LASER light to illuminate 1 plane of the specimen at a time1 plane of the specimen at a time


Scanned probeScanned probe Scanning tunnelingScanning tunneling

– Uses a thin metal probe to scan a specimen and Uses a thin metal probe to scan a specimen and produce an image revealing the bumps and produce an image revealing the bumps and depressions of the atoms on the surface of the depressions of the atoms on the surface of the specimen. Resolution is greater than the EM specimen. Resolution is greater than the EM and no special preparation required.and no special preparation required.

Atomic forceAtomic force– Uses metal & diamond probe gently force down Uses metal & diamond probe gently force down

the surface of the specimen to produce a 3D the surface of the specimen to produce a 3D image without any special preparation.image without any special preparation.

module 1 introduction to microbiology

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