microbiology for nursing students: 1. introduction to microbiology

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Microbiology An introduction to microbiology designed for allied health majors By BugLady

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Microbiology for nursing students Introduction to microbiology History of microbiology

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Page 1: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

MicrobiologyAn introduction to microbiology designed for allied health majors

By BugLady

Page 2: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

How to Ace this Class

Book and slides are no substitute for active engagementParticipate: post questions and ask for helpDon’t wait to ask Take notes aka active learning

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Page 3: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

Writing EssaysTake brief notes as you go

Record all references

Create an outline

Rewrite information in your own words Use peer-review or credible sources

PMC: full length, peer-reviewed articles HON: Health on the Net; look for badge on the website

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Page 4: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

Introduction to Microbiology

Overview of course

What is microbiology?

History of microbiology

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Page 5: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

Course Overview

Biochemistry and MicroscopyBiology of microorganismsMetabolismGrowth and EcologyContainment of MicroorganismsGenetics and BioengineeringMutations and Bacterial RecombinationViruses

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Page 6: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

Course Overview

AntibioticsInnate Immune SystemAdaptive Immune SystemHost Microbe InteractionsDisorders of the Immune SystemEpidemiologyClassification

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Page 7: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

Microbiology

Microbiology is the study of all the organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye (<0.1mm)

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Page 8: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

Size of Particles and Microorganisms

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Limit of light microscope

Page 9: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

Why Study Microbiology?

Impact on human life

Decomposers

Microbes are ubiquitous: soil, water, ice cap, hot vents, body

Extremely adaptable

Simple models to study biological processes

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Page 10: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

Positive Impact on Human Life

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Microbiome Decomposers

Food source Ecological balance

Antibiotics and other chemicals

Biodegradation

Bioengineering Bioremediation

Page 11: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

Negative Impact on Human Life

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Pathogens (disease causing agents)

Food spoilage

Corrosion

Bad smells

Page 12: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

Scientific NamesEscherichia coli

o Honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich, and describes the bacterium’s habitat, the large intestine or colon.

Staphylococcus aureuso Describes the clustered arrangement of the cells

(staphylo-) and the golden color of the colonies.

After the first use, scientific names may be abbreviated with the first letter of the genus and the species:

• Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are found in the human body: S aureus on skin and E coli in the large intestine.

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Page 13: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

Use of Latin

One bacterium – many bacteriaOne medium – several mediaOne bacillus – many bacilliOne staphylococcus – many staphylococci

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Page 14: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

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Two Empires and Three Domains

Pathogens are disease causing agents or organisms

Page 15: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

Prions

Prions Proteinaceous infectious particles

Diseases linked to the presence of prions are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (e.g. mad cow disease).

Misfolded proteins

Slow infection (20-30 years)

No cure

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Page 16: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

VirusesNot cellsWill not propagate on their ownNo metabolismContain genetic/protein materialPhages, tobacco mosaic virus, HIV, causative agents of common cold, flu, polio, chicken poxViruses infect organisms from the 3 domains of life

Apr 11, 2023 16National Institute of General Medical Sciences

Page 18: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryote = no nucleus

Archaea and Bacteria are prokaryotes

Eukaryote = true nucleus

Protists, plants, fungi, and animals are eukaryotes

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Page 19: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

Archaea are ProkaryotesNo true nucleus, no organelles, 1-5µ length

Classified as Bacteria until 1979

Molecular structures closer to Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes and Bacteria diverged from Archaea

Oldest known organisms on Earth. o Fossil records show over 3.6 BILLION years ago

No known pathogensApr 11, 2023

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Page 20: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

Extremophiles

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Hydrothermal vent Courtesy: NASADead Sea Courtesy: EXACT-ME

Geyser Courtesy: Volcano Hazards Team/USGS

Polar ice Courtesy: NOAA

Page 21: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

BacteriaBacteria are unicellular microscopic organisms that lack a true nucleus.

Less than 10% of bacteria cause diseases

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Staphylococcus epidermidis Neisseria sicca

Page 22: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

Bacteria or Eubacteria

Bacteria grow in a wide variety of habitats and conditions.

Bacteria have a wide range of environmental and nutritive requirements.

Bacteria play important roles in the global ecosystem.

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Page 23: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

Bacteria

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Bacilli

Escherichia coli

Courtesy: Public Health LibraryCourtesy: Environmental Protection Agency

Page 24: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

Eukarya

The word 'eukaryote' means 'true nucleus’

Eukaryotes contain a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Nucleus: genetic material

Organelles:o specific function

o subcellular structures bound by membranes

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Page 25: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

ProtistsUnicellular or poorly differentiated organisms

Plankton, flagellates, protozoa, algae…are all protists.

Important infectious diseases are caused by parasitic protists: malaria, sleeping sickness, dysentery

Red tide causes poisoning

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Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Courtesy of CDC

Cyclospora cayetanensisCourtesy of CDC

Page 26: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

FungiUse organic materials for energy

Both multicellular (molds and mushrooms) and unicellular - single cell- (yeasts) organisms

Source of antibiotics, food, bread and alcohol

Mycosis are fungal infectionso Pneumocystis (pneumonia in HIV patients), tinea

(athlete’s foot), thrush

Apr 11, 2023 26Courtesy: CDC

Page 27: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

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Helminthes

Helminthes are parasitic wormso Tape worms, flukes, pinworms

Courtesy of the Public Health Library

Page 28: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

Review

http://www.quia.com/rr/240939.html

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Page 29: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

History of Microbiology

The Golden Ages1850s: Gram, Pasteur, Koch…1940-1950s: antibioticsNow: Microbiome, metagenomics,

probiotics, asthma, MS, RA

Page 30: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

History of Microbiology IThe Golden Age (mid-19th century)

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Scientific Discovery Technical Progress

Cell theory – Schwann, Virchow 1858

Growth media – Koch’s Lab 1880s

Disproving spontaneous generation – Pasteur 1865

Staining protocols – Gram 1884

Postulate rules – Koch 1890 Disinfection - Semmelweis 1847 Lister 1867

Development of vaccines- Jenner 1796

Sterilization procedures – 1879Tyndall, Pasteur’s Lab

Page 31: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

The First Observations

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1673-1723)

Described live microorganisms in teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions.

Apr 11, 2023 31Figure 1.2b

Page 32: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

Vaccination

1796: Edward Jenner and cowpox

Called vaccination from vacca for cow

The protection is called acquired immunity

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Page 33: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

The Debate Over Spontaneous Generation

Spontaneous Generation:oLiving organisms arise

from nonliving matter.

BiogenesisoLiving organisms arise

from preexisting life.

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Louis Pasteur

Page 34: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

Louis PasteurPasteur developed swan necked flask to show that air is filled with microbes

Was able to demonstrate infusions remained sterile even if flask was left open

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Original sketches of Pasteur (1861)

Page 35: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

The Germ Theory of DiseasePasteur’s work showed microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases

Joseph Lister (1860s) o used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical

wound infections.

Robert Koch (1876)o provided proof that a bacterium causes anthrax

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Page 36: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

Koch’s Postulates

The agent must be present in every case of infection and absent from healthy individuals

The agent can be isolated from infected organism and grown in a pure culture

The disease can be reproduced by inoculating a healthy organism with a pure culture

The agent can be isolated from the newly infected organism

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Page 37: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

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Courtesy: CDC Adapted from: Hosp Epidemiol Infect Control, 2nd Edition, 1999

Page 38: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

History of Microbiology II

Antibiotics 1940-current

Biotechnology 1978-current

Genetics 1920-current

Human Microbiome Project

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Page 39: Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to Microbiology

Gentlemen, microbes will have the last word!

“…It is time to close the book on infectious diseases…”

William Stewart, US Surgeon General in a message to Congress 1969

Antibiotics resistance

The big 3: TB, HIV, malaria

Microbiome, obesity, allergies

New threats: Health Acquired Infection (HAI), MERS, H7N9, Ebola virus

Ecological balance

Bioremediation

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