International studbook for the scimitar-horned oryx

Oryx dammah

Twelfth edition. Current to 31 December 2016

Tania Gilbert, Marwell Wildlife

Produced by: Marwell Wildlife Thompsons Lane Winchester Hampshire SO21 1JH United Kingdom Phone: +44 (0) 1962 777407 Fax: +44 (0) 1962 777511 Web: www.marwell.org.uk E-mail: taniag@marwell.org.uk

Compiled and Edited by: Tania Gilbert International Studbook Keeper and EEP Coordinator Citation: Gilbert, T. (2017): International studbook for the scimitar-horned oryx Oryx dammah. Twelfth edition. Marwell Wildlife, Winchester Front cover: Scimitar-horned oryx calf in Dghoumes National Park, Tunisia. Photograph by Robert Cooke, Marwell Wildlife

mailto:taniag@marwell.org.uk

Copyright © 2017 by Marwell Wildlife. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in hard copy or other formats without advance written permission from Marwell Wildlife. Members of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) may copy this information for their own use. The information contained in this studbook has been obtained from numerous sources and is believed to be reliable. However, given the nature of institutional records Marwell Wildlife cannot guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information. Marwell Wildlife make no warranties or representations of any kind, express or implied including but not limited to warranties of merchantability of fitness for particular purpose. Marwell Wildlife disclaim all liability for errors or omissions that may exist and shall not be liable for any incidental, consequential, or other damages (whether resulting from negligence or otherwise) including, without limitation, exemplary damages or lost profits arising out of or in connection with the use of this publication. The technical information provided in the studbook can easily be misread or misinterpreted unless properly analysed, as such WAZA and Marwell Wildlife strongly recommend that users of this information consult with the Studbook Keeper in all matters related to data analysis and interpretation, and for the most current data.

Contents Page 1. Introduction 1

1.1 Acknowledgements 1 1.2 Introduction and explanations 1 1.3 The captive population 1 1.4 Wild Status 2 1.5 Acronyms 2 1.6 Studbook Legend 3

2. The natural history of scimitar-horned oryx 4

2.1 Taxonomy 4 2.2 Morphology 4 2.3 Reproduction 4 2.4 Social structure 5 2.5 Ecology 5

3. Conservation of Scimitar-horned Oryx 7

3.1 Current and former status 7 3.2 Conservation measures 8

4. Research 12

4.1 Evaluating conservation breeding success for an Extinct-in-the-Wild antelope

12

4.2 Fecal parasite identification by microscopy and PCR in scimitar- horned oryx, Oryx dammah, managed at two sites 4.3 Vegetative habitat selection of Scimitar horned oryx (Oryx dammah) in

Bouhedma National Park, Southern Tunisia

12

13

5. References and Bibliography 14 6. Global Management of Scimitar-horned Oryx 23

6.1 Data currentness 6.2 Population analyses

24 28

6.3 Inbreeding coefficient report 30 7. Living 221 8. Births 2016 293 9. Deaths 2016 307 10. Transfers 2016 322 11. Historical Studbook 331 12. Location Glossary 863

1

1. Introduction 1.1 Acknowledgements I would like to thank all those institutions and individuals who have provided data for this studbook, and Species360 for filling in the gaps. 1.2 Introduction and explanations This is the twelfth edition of the international studbook for scimitar-horned oryx and aims to provide information on the global captive population. All individuals in the studbook that have been assigned permanent international studbook numbers should be added to institutional records. This publication contains some demographic and genetic information to inform holders of scimitar-horned oryx about the general status of the global population. However, it is not designed to supersede any analyses or breeding recommendations produced by regional coordinators. The data include all global institutions who have provided information on their collection of scimitar-horned oryx regardless of regional zoo association affiliations and membership of coordinated breeding programmes. This full register and studbook for scimitar-horned oryx updates any previously published register. 1.3 The captive population The data reported in this studbook are current through to 31 December 2016. As of that date, the historical population was 5022.4700.245 (9967) animals in 468 institutions, and the living population was 615.874.42 (1531) animals in 154 institutions. This number includes: 225.289.27 (541) animals in 29 institutions in the Asian region; 25.35.3 (63) animals in 5 institutions in the Australasian region; 13.20.4 (37) animals in 4 institutions in the Central & South American region; 155.264.7 (426) animals in 74 institutions in the European region; 147.211.0 (358) animals in 35 institutions in the North American region In 2016, there were: 115.111.11 (237) births in 52 global institutions; 69.84.12 (165) deaths in 65 global institutions; 58.47.0 (105) transfers in 37 global institutions

2

1.4 Wild Status The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Version 3.1) lists the scimitar-horned oryx as ‘Extinct in the Wild’ and there has been no evidence of its persistence in the wild for over 15 years. The species is listed in Appendix 1 of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), and in Appendix I on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group , 2016). Further information can be found at www.iucnredlist.org.

1.5 Acronyms ARKS Animal Record Keeping System ASMP Australasian Species Management Program AZA The Association of Zoos and Aquariums EAD The Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi EAZA European Association of Zoos and Aquaria EEP European Endangered Species Programme F Inbreeding coefficient FGE Founder Genome Equivalents GD Gene Diversity GV Gene Value ISIS International Species Information System JAZA Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquaria MK Mean Kinship NGO Non Government Organisation NP National Park PMx Population Management 2000 SCF Sahara Conservation Fund SHO Scimitar-horned oryx SPARKS Single Population Analysis and Record Keeping System SSIG Sahelo-Saharan Interest Group SSP Species Survival Plan WAZA World Association of Zoos and Aquariums ZAA Zoo and Aquarium Association ZIMS Zoological Information Management System

http://www.iucnredlist.org/

3

1.6 Studbook legend

Stud#: Animal's permanent studbook number. Studbook numbers may not

always be assigned chronologically, due to animals being recorded as they become known to the Studbook Keeper.

Sex: M for male, m for castrated male, F for female, cont if contracepted,

neut if neutered, U for unknown sex Birth Date: Animal's birth date. A tilde mark, '~', before a date indicates that it

is approximate. '??' indicates that the date is unknown. Sire and Dam: Studbook numbers for the animal's sire and dam. 'UNK' if unknown.

'MULT' if several candidates have been identified. 'WILD' if the sire or dam was considered to be wildcaught - this animal is a founder.

Location: The institution holding the animal at the time. If the animal is no

longer traceable by the Studbook Keeper, 'ltf' (lost-to-followup) will appear to the right of the last known location.

Date: The date on which the event occurred. A tilde mark, '~', before a

date indicates that it is approximate. '??' indicates that the date is unknown.

Local ID: The identification assigned by the specimen's location, often its ISIS

number, house number, or occasionally house name. Event: Capture, Birth, Transfer, Loan, Ownership change, Death or

Release Identifiers: House Name, Transponder, Tag/Band, Tattoo, Notch

4

2. The natural history of scimitar-horned oryx

In this international studbook for scimitar-horned oryx, I summarise available information on the natural history and conservation of the species. For more detailed information see the ‘biology, husbandry and conservation of scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah)’ published in 2004 and the papers and reports listed in the bibliography. 2.1 Taxonomy Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Suborder: Ruminantia Family: Bovidae Sub-family: Hippotragini Genus: Oryx Species: Dammah Common name: Scimitar-horned oryx, scimitar oryx, Sahara oryx, oryx

algazelle, antilope oryx, wach, begar al ouach (IUCN, 2004; Wakefield, 1995; Devillers & Devillers-Terschuren, 2003; Engel, 2004a)

The scimitar-horned oryx was given the scientific name of Oryx dammah after it was described by Cretzschmar in 1826. However, examination of the available literature reveals that it has been also known as Oryx algazelle, Oryx tao, Oryx damma, Oryx bezoarticus, Oryx ensicornis and Oryx leucoryx (which now belongs to the Arabian oryx) (Dolan, 1973). There are four species in the genus oryx; scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah), Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx), gemsbok (Oryx gazelle) and beisa oryx (Oryx beisa) which is further sub-divided into two sub-species; beisa oryx (Oryx beisa beisa) and the fringe-eared oryx (Oryx beisa callotis) (IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group, 2008). It is possible to cross breed all species of oryx with each other and with addax (Addax nasomaculatus) and the resulting hybrids are normally fertile (Engel, 2004a). 2.2 Morphology Scimitar-horned oryx are large, predominantly white antelope whose neck, shoulders and rump are stained a deep russet colour. Their faces are white with light brown stripes running down their nose, cheeks and through the eyes. Their most notable features are the long, slender scimitar-shaped horns which can grow to a length of 150cm, although the norm is approximately 90 to 115cm for an adult oryx (Newby, 1978a, 1988; Barzdo, 1982; Kingdon, 1997). There is no sexual dimorphism between the sexes, although males may be slightly larger than females (Dolan, 1966; Engel, 2004). At birth, calves are a light brown colour, with adult colouration developing at three to 12 months old (Dolan, 1966; Gill & Cave-Browne, 1988; Nishiki, 1992). 2.3 Reproduction Scimitar-horned oryx have a gestation period of between 242 to 300 days (approximately eight and a half months) and most of the time a single calf is born (Dolan, 1966; Dittrich, 1972; Anon, 1987; Newby, 1988). If a male is present during the female’s post-partum oestrus, it is possible for females to fall pregnant again

5

immediately. Therefore, under favourable conditions females can have a calf every eight and a half to nine months (Nishiki, 1992; Wakefield & Engel, 2004). As such it may be necessary to separate the sexes at certain times of the year to control breeding. Calves are capable of following their mothers a few hours after birth (Dolan, 1966), but in the wild lay hidden in vegetation for the first two weeks of their life (IUCN, 1987; Gill & Cave-Browne, 1988). After two weeks they are crèched with calves of a similar age and are weaned at four to ten months (Newby, 1974; 1984; Mayor, 1984; Gill & Cave-Brown, 1988). In captivity, the calves will be crèched in a suitable location in the enclosure. Females reach sexual maturity between 11 and 35 months, and males between 10 and 30 months (Dittrich, 1970, 1972; Dolan, 1976; Gill & Cave-Browne, 1988; Puschmann, 1989; Nishiki, 1992; Volf, 1994; Engel, 2004b). 2.4 Social structure Before their extinction in the wild, scimitar-horned typically formed herds of between 15 and 40 animals, but at certain times of the year, during their seasonal migrations or in areas of fresh pasture, aggregations of thousands could be seen (Dolan, 1966; Newby, 1978a, 1988; Barzdo, 1982, Devillers & Devillers-Terschuren, 2004). Some authors have suggested that herds were led by an adult bull (Dolan, 1966; Kranz & Ralls, 1979), but Newby (1974) reported that an adult female leads the group. Old males expelled from the herds tended to be solitary (Dolan, 1966), although it is possible that bachelor herds were formed (Engel, 2004c). Scimitar-horned oryx have a well-defined linear dominance hierarchy (Pfeifer, 1985; Engel, 2004d) which is evident in zoological institutions and at release sites in Tunisia (Wacher, 1986; Gordon, 1987; Molcanova, 2004). However, this may be disrupted if an individual is removed from the herd for some period of time and reintroduced at a later date (Engel, 2004d). The social organisation of captive scimitar-horned oryx is dictated either by the institutions in which they are held or the requirements of the regional coordinated captive breeding programme. European zoos hold all-female herds, bachelor herds, or harem groups with mixed sex calves. The majority of the herds are all-female or harem groups and this has resulted in a surplus male problem which needs addressing. 2.5 Ecology Historically scimitar-horned oryx could be found on the arid grassy steppe that lies between the Sahel and the desert vegetation zones to the south of the Sahara (Newby, 1978a), and the Mediterraneo-Saharan transition zone to the north of the Sahara (Devillers & Devillers-Terschuren, 2003). These areas are characterised by scrub vegetation, scattered trees, rolling dunes and wooded inter-dunal depressions receiving an annual rainfall of 100 to 400mm (Dolan, 1966; Newby, 1978b, 1980, 1988; Anon, 1987). The rain falls in just one season, to the south of the Sahara this is from June to September (Anon, 1987; Newby, 1988) and to the north the rains begin in September at the earliest (E.Flach, pers comm.). Shade is an important factor in modifying scimitar-horned oryx distribution, and at the hottest times of the day the oryx seek shade in wooded wadis and inter-dunal depressions to conserve water (Anon, 1987; Newby, 1988). This results in the oryx exhibiting a crepuscular activity pattern with their peak activity at dawn and dusk when they can be observed feeding (Anon, 1987; di Croce, pers. comm.). Scimitar-horned oryx are primarily grazers feeding on a wide variety of grasses and leguminous plants, but will occasionally take browse and other food resources such as the fallen seed pods of Acacia tortilis (Dolan, 1966; Anon, 1987). On fresh green pastures oryx need little drinking water as the vegetation meets their water requirements, but in the hot season scimitar-horned oryx seek out water rich plants such as the wild bitter melon Citrullus colocynthis, and will go to great lengths to

6

obtain fresh water even though they are able to go without drinking for nine or ten months of the year (Dolan, 1966; Anon, 1987; Newby 1978a, 1988). The oryx evolved a migratory response to cope with the hot season or times of drought, and in former times these great migrations in search of food and rain numbered thousands of individuals (Dolan, 1966; Newby, 1978a, 1980, 1988; Barzdo, 1982). Historically scimitar-horned oryx were subject to predation from a number of large carnivores including; cheetah Acinonyx jubatus, striped and spotted hyaena Hyaena hyaena and Crocuta crocuta respectively, wild dog Lycaon pictus and lion Panthera leo. Most predators have been exterminated from the Sahel thanks to systematic persecution (Newby, 1988) however there are reports that jackals pose a threat to oryx calves in Sidi Toui National Park, Tunisia (Molcanova, 2004).

7

3. Conservation of Scimitar-horned Oryx 3.1 Current and former status The scimitar-horned oryx (SHO) is listed as ‘Extinct in the Wild’ in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group, 2016). The SHO is Sahelian in its distribution with its former range extending both north and south of the Sahara from Mauritania eastwards to Sudan, Egypt westward to Western Sahara (Dolan, 1966; Anon, 1987; Dixon et al, 1991). In the north of their range, the SHO would have been geographically constrained by the Sahara and the Mediterranean sea, and in all probability were never as numerous as the SHO population south of the Sahara (Newby, 1978a, 1988). In the east of their range, the Nile made an effective barrier against dispersal, and to the west, the Sahara runs into the Atlantic. Only to the south of the Sahara would the SHO have been unencumbered by physical barriers, and it was there that they could be found in the largest number (Newby, 1988). SHO were formerly widespread throughout the Sahelian zone but successive waves of human occupation constrained their distribution, and their numbers dramatically declined until they were classified as ‘extinct in the wild’ (Newby, 1978a, 1988; Gordon, 1991; IUCN, 2002). The trend towards extinction in the wild was faster in the Sahelian zone north of the Sahara than the southern Sahelian Zone, and the northern population of SHO were probably exterminated by 1900 (Newby, 1978a). Up until the 1920s and 1930s, SHO were abundant throughout the southern part of their range from the Atlantic to the Nile and were considered common in some areas (Anon, 1987; Newby 1978). By 1978, the largest remaining population could be found in the Ouadi Rimé-Ouadi Achim Game Reserve (OROA) in Chad. However, political unrest meant that conservation efforts in this area had to be abandoned until 1986. By mid 1987, it is almost certain that the number of SHO in the wild had plummeted to less than a 1000 with the only surviving population being found in OROA (Anon, 1987). The last SHO in Chad was reportedly killed in 1989 on the Ouadi Kharma in the OROA. It was a male and had previously been seen for a couple of years with two other animals. A survey in Chad in 2001 found no evidence of any remaining SHO in the wild (Moksia et al., 2001). Figure 1. The last known photograph of scimitar-horned oryx before their extinction in the

wild. The photograph was taken by John Newby in Niger

A number of factors have contributed to the decline and eventual extinction of SHO in the wild (Newby, 1988). These include; over-hunting, civil unrest, development,

8

drought, and competition with domestic livestock (Dixon et al, 1991; Wakefield, 1992; Wakefield et al., 2004). 3.2 Conservation measures SHO have been part of zoological collections since the 1890s, but most of the ex-situ population is descended from a capture of wild animals in Chad in the mid 1960s (Rost, 1985; Dixon et al., 1991). These SHO, and their offspring, were distributed to zoological institutions in Europe, North America, Japan and more recently Australasia (Dixon et al., 1991). The records of these transactions are incomplete and the ancestry of many animals is not fully known. In total, the number of wild-caught founders of the global population is estimated to be 40 – 50 (Dixon et al., 1991; Mace, 1986). On an international level, Europe (EEP), North America (SSP), and Australasia (ASMP) have co-ordinated captive breeding programmes for SHO, although there are a large number of SHO outside of formal breeding programmes, particularly on ranches in the USA and in collections in the Arabian Peninsula. The Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi have a collection of more than 3000 SHO. Tunisia A number of projects have taken place in which SHO populations have been restored to fully fenced or partially fenced protected areas. The first was in Tunisia in 1985 and involved the transfer of 10 SHO from Marwell and Edinburgh zoos, UK, to Bou Hedma National Park (NP) (Gordon, 1991). The population was augmented by additional male SHO from Bratislava zoo in 1999. The Tunisian SHO population was increased in 1999 when 10 (1.9) and 3 (1.2) SHO were sent from various EEP zoos to Sidi Toui NP and Oued Dekouk Nature Reserve (NR) respectively (Molcanova, 2003). The most recent Tunisian SHO reintroduction project began in February 2007 when eight SHO (3.5) were translocated from Bou Hedma NP to Dghoumes NP, close to Tozeur in Tunisia. In December of the same year, nine (5.4) SHO from EEP and SSP institutions were transported to the Park to genetically augment the population. The population experienced high birth rates and low mortality rates, until southern Tunisia experienced a drought in 2012 and 2013. The fauna and flora in all the southern Tunisian protected areas were affected, and the SHO population suffered from low birth rates and increased mortality. Fortunately, the rains returned at the end of 2013 and the habitats and SHO were quick to recover (Figures 2 & 3). The project in Dghoumes National Park is continuing with regular post-release monitoring, capacity building and training of eco-guards, development of an eco-museum, health monitoring of SHO populations and biodiversity surveying. Other projects on wider Sahelo-Saharan biodiversity are ongoing across several parks and reserves and include the genetic analysis of the Tunisian SHO metapopulation, the reintroduction of the North African ostrich, rescue and rehabilitation of spur-thighed tortoises trafficked for the pet trade, dorcas gazelle conservation, and monitoring of the reintroduced addax populations in Djebil and Senghar National Parks. The current Tunisian metapopulation of SHO consists of approximately 200 individuals divided across the protected areas. Please see Woodfine & Gilbert (2016) for a review of SHO conservation work in Tunisia.

9

Figure 2. SHO in Dghoumes National Park, Tunisia. Figure 3. SHO in Dghoumes National Park, Tunisia.

Photo by Tanya Langenhorst, Marwell Photo by Robert Cooke, Marwell Wildlife Wildlife

Figure 4. SHO in Souss Massa National Park, Figure 5. SHO in Guembeul Reserve, Senegal.

Morocco. Photo by Heiner Engel, Erlebnis Photo by Conrad Ensenat, Barcelona Zoo Zoo

Morocco In 1995, five SHO were reintroduced to Souss Massa NP, Morocco, and these were followed by a further two releases in 1996 and 1997. In total, 29 SHO have been sent from EEP zoos to the Moroccan National Park (Müller & Engel, 2003) and by 2011 the population had grown to ~270 individuals (Oubrou pers. comm., 2013) (Figure 4). Senegal In February 1999, Israel donated eight SHO to the Guembeul Faunal Reserve, Senegal. These were joined by four more SHO from Paris Zoo, and in January 2003 eight SHO were translocated to The Ferlo Biosphere Reserve, Senegal (Gilbert, 2004b; B. Clark pers. comm.). There are now approximately 60-70 SHO in the Ferlo Biosphere Reserve and 110-120 SHO in the Guembeul Reserve (Abaigar pers.comm., 2013) (Figure 5). Chad The largest and most recent attempt to reintroduce the SHO to its historical range is currently underway in Chad. The programme is a joint initiative between the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi (EAD), UAE and the Government of Chad in close collaboration with the Sahara Conservation Fund (SCF) as the implementing partner

10

in Chad. A number of other global conservation organisations are contributing to the initiative. The project aims to create a healthy and self-sustaining population of 500 breeding adult SHO in the unfenced Ouadi Rimé-Ouadi Achim Game Reserve (OROA) in Chad over the next five years. OROA was the last stronghold for SHO in the wild before their extinction and extends over 77,950 km2 of Sahelian grassland and sub-Saharan habitats (Wacher et al., 2011). The source population for this reintroduction is managed by the EAD and consists of more than 3,000 individuals. The EAD has built a genetically diverse world herd by importing unrelated individuals from Europe (EEP) and North America (SSP and private holders), integrating them into the existing herd in Abu Dhabi. The European and North American SHO will breed in the UAE and their offspring may be included in future releases to Chad. On the 16th of March 2016, the first 25 SHO were transported from Abu Dhabi to the pre-release facility in OROA (Figure 6). The animals settled into the pre-release pens for a five-month acclimatisation period prior to their release into the wild. The SHO were fitted with GPS collars in July 2016, and shortly afterwards they were let out of their pens (Figure 7). They are now roaming freely within the reserve and appear to have settled into their natural habitat extremely well, finding key resources such as fresh grasses and shade (Figure 8), and have started calving with five calves being born to date in the wild (Figure 9). Second and third shipments of 25 SHO each have now arrived at the pre-release facility in OROA. Some of these (14) were released in January, 2017. The remainder will be released in August, 2017. The released SHO are being closely monitored both through the GPS collars and rangers and wildlife biologists on the ground (Figure 10). The GPS collars provide data that track and help protect individuals, but also collect movement, behavioural, life-history and ecological data on the released SHO, which can aid further species reintroduction efforts. The collars will continue to collect data for 2-3 years before remotely detaching from the oryx. The EAD and Zoological Society of London (ZSL) have also trained a team of wildlife experts and rangers in the reserve to monitor the SHO, as well as conduct community outreach programmes to ensure their continued protection. In addition to daily monitoring of SHO, the team in Chad are continuously engaging with nomadic herders who cross the protected area (Figure 11). The teams have been met with much excitement by older herders who recall the presence of SHO from their childhood. Whilst this initiative is a collaboration between the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi, the Government of Chad and the Sahara Conservation Fund, a number of other partner organizations are contributing to this reintroduction by carrying out wildlife and habitat surveys, pre-release population modeling and genetic studies to inform release strategy, sending animals to genetically augmentation of the source population in the UAE, post-release monitoring, animal husbandry in Chad, and training and capacity building. This initiative is possibly the world’s most ambitious large mammal reintroduction programme and a huge step in the field of conservation. If you would like any further information, please visit the Environment Agency – Abu

Dhabi website https://www.ead.ae/Pages/SHO/Index.aspx

https://www.ead.ae/Pages/SHO/Index.aspx

11

Figure 6. First transport of SHO released into Figure 7. SHO released from the pre-release the pre-release pens in OROA. Photo into the wild in OROA. Photo by

by Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi Sahara Conservation Fund

Figure 8. Released SHO in OROA. Photo by John Figure 9. Second calf born in Chad. Photo by Newby, SCF the Sahara Conservation Fund

Figure 10. Post-release monitoring of SHO. Figure 11. Nomadic herders in OROA. Photo by Photo by the Sahara Conservation Fund the Sahara Conservation Fund

12

4. Research This section provides information on some of the research that has taken place since the last publication of the international studbook for scimitar-horned oryx.

4.1 Evaluating Conservation Breeding Success for an Extinct-in-the-Wild Antelope Holly A. Little, Tania C. Gilbert, Marie L. Athorn, Andrew R. Marshall Abstract With the number of threatened species increasing globally, conservation breeding is vitally important now more than ever. However, no previous peer-reviewed study has attempted to determine how the varying conditions across zoos have influenced breeding by an extinct-in-the-wild species. We therefore use questionnaires and studbook data to evaluate the influence of husbandry practices and enclosure design on scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) breeding success, at the herd level. Regression models were used to identify the variables that best predicted breeding success among 29 zoos across a five-year period. Calf survival decreased with herd age and the use of soft substrates in hardstand areas (yard area usually adjacent to the indoor housing), explaining 30.7% of overall variation. Calf survival also decreased where herds were small and where food provisions were not raised (and hence likely incited competition), although these were less influential. Likewise, birth rate decreased with soft substrates in hardstand areas and unraised food provisions, although these were less influential than for calf survival. Birth rate increased with year-round male presence, yet this decreased calf survival. Compared to previous studies, the number of enclosure/husbandry influences on breeding were relatively few. Nevertheless, these few enclosure/husbandry influences explained over one third of the variation in calf survival. Our data therefore suggest some potential improvements and hence that extinct-in-the-wild species stand a greater chance of survival with empirical design of zoo enclosures and husbandry methods. Citation: Little H.A., Gilbert T.C., Athorn M.L., Marshall A.R. (2016) Evaluating Conservation Breeding Success for an Extinct-in-the-Wild Antelope. PLoS ONE 11(12): e0166912. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166912

The full paper is open access and available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0166912

4.2 Fecal parasite identification by microscopy and PCR in scimitar-horned oryx, Oryx dammah, managed at two sites Cassandra D. Pauling, Anna R. Oller & Victoria Jackson

Abstract

The scimitar-horned oryx, Oryx dammah, an endangered species extinct in the wild,is managed in various captive management programs and is the focus of reintroduction efforts. Management variability can contribute to substantial parasite load differences, which can affect deworming programs and potentially transfer parasites to different regions with translocations. Parasite studies in O. dammah are lacking. In this study, we determined fecal egg/oocyst counts of O. dammah in two captive herds, Fossil Rim Wildlife Center (FRWC) and Kansas City Zoo (KCZ). Fecal egg counts (FEC) were performed on O. dammah feces collected seasonally using the modified McMaster method, and microscopy provided additional identification of parasite genera ova and oocysts. To identify parasites to species level, homogenized

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224416300554http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224416300554http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224416300554

13

fecals provided DNA subjected to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using genus specific primers. Microscopy and sequencing results indicated the presence of Strongylus (Strongylus vulgaris, Angiostrongylus cantonensis), Trichostrongylus (Haemonchus contortus, Camelostrongylus mentulatus), Trichuris (T. leporis, T. ovis, and T. discolor), Isospora (Isospora gryphoni) and Eimeria (E. zuernii and E. bovis), with Strongylus being the most common. Nematodirus was identified through microscopy at FRWC. Fecal egg counts were significantly higher in (FRWC) than in (KCZ) in all samplings (P =

14

5. References and Bibliography Allen, J.L. (1996) A comparison of nalmefene and naltrexone for the prevention of

renarcotization following carfentanil immobilization of nondomestic ungulates. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 27: 496 - 500

Alyousif, M.S. & Al-Shawa, Y.R. (2002) A new coccidian parasite (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the scimitar-horned oryx, Oryx dammah. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 32: 241-246

Anon (1987): Scimitar-horned oryx Oryx dammah. WCMC. IUCN. Unpublished report.

Arif, I. A.; Khan, H. A.; Bahkali, A.H., Al Homaidan, A.A.); Al Farhan, A.H., Shobrak, M. & Al Sadoon, M. (2011) Comparison of neighbor-joining and maximum-parsimony methods for molecular phylogeny of oryx species using 12s rRNA and 16s rRNA gene sequences. In: Animal Science and Issues. Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, NY: 117-125

Ballou, J. & Ralls, J. (1982) Inbreeding and juvenile mortality in small populations of ungulates - a detailed analysis. Biological Conservation 24: 239-272

Barzdo, J. (1982): New hope for the scimitar. Country Life May 27: 1552 - 1553 Bassett, T.H. (1975) Oryx and addax in Chad. Oryx 13: 50-51 Bauwens, L., Vercammen, M.L.T.F. & De Meurichy, W. (2001) Occurrence of Listeria

spp. in captive antelope herds and their environment. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 32: 514 - 518

Berg, N., Lavi, B., Steinberger, Y., Vikinski, Y. & Shore, L.S. (2008) Hormonal patterns associated with social rank and season in male oryxes Oryx dammah and elands Taurotragus oryx. Acta Zoologica Sinica 54: 44-51

Beyouli, H.C.T. & Neffati, M. (2016) Vegetative habitat selection of Scimitar horned oryx (Oryx dammah) in Bouhedma National Park, Southern Tunisia . Journal of King Saud University - Science 28 (3): 261–267.

Bowen, J.M. & Barrell, G.K. (1996) Duration of the oestrous cycle and changes in plasma hormone concentrations measured after an induced ovulation in scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). Journal of Zoology 238: 137-148

Brouin, G. 1950. Notes sur les ongulés du Cercle d’Agadez et leur chasse. Pp. 425-455 in Monod, Th. (ed.): Contribution à l’étude de l’Air. Paris: Larose (Mémoires de l’Institut Francais d’Afrique Noire 10).

CBSG (2009): Scimitar-horned Oryx Conservation Planning Workshop I Workshop Report. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group: Apple Valley, MN.

CBSG (2010): Scimitar-horned Oryx Conservation Planning Workshop II Draft Workshop Report. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group: Apple Valley, MN.

Chai, N. (1999) Vegetative endocarditis in a scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 30: 587 – 588

Chardonnet, P. (2007) Translocation of addax and oryx: a big step towards the restoration of Saharan wildlife in Tunisia. Gnusletter 26: 13

Chatterton, J., Chantrey, J., Unwin, S. & Sanderson, S. (2012) Trichostrongylid resistance to fenbendazole in non-domestic ruminant and equid species in a zoological collection in the United Kingdom. Proceedings of the International Conference on Diseases of Zoo and Wild Animals 2012, May 16th - 19th, 2012, Bussolengo/Italy: 131

Clark, B. (200) Oryx dammah reintroduction in Ferlo NP. Gnusletter 19: 22 Clark, B & Bovee, C. (2000) Restoration of the scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah)

to Senegal: completion report and project proposal. Gnusletter 18: 16 Colman, S. & Glover, M. (2009) Using cue conditioning to facilitate voluntary

separation for supplemental feeding in a geriatric 0.1 scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). Animal Keepers’ Forum 36: 197-202

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/10183647http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/10183647http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/10183647/28/3

15

Cooke, R. (2014) Distance sampling as a technique for quantifying habitat use: resource partitioning by ungulates in Tunisia. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of M.Res. Wildlife Conservation. University of Southampton and Marwell Wildlife. Unpublished Report.

CITES (2004): Convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora. www.cites.org.uk. Downloaded on 10/12/2004.

CMS (2004): Convention on migratory species. www.cms.int. Downloaded on 10/12/2004.

Claro, F., Hayes, H. & Cribu, E.P. (1994) The C-banded, G-banded, and R-banded karyotype of the scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). Hereditas 120: 1-6

Correll, T., Houston, B. & Engel, H. (2008) Reintroduction of zoo-born addax (Addax nasomaculatus) and scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) into Dghoumes and Djebil National Parks in Tunisia, in cooperation with the Direction Général des Forêts (DGF). Gnusletter 26: 2

Devillers, P. & Devillers-Terschuren, J. (2006): Report on the status and perspectives of a species Oryx dammah. In: Convention on Migratory Species: Status reports Sahelo-Saharan antelopes.CMS.

Dittrich, L. (1972): Gestation periods and age of sexual maturity of some African antelopes. International Zoo Yearbook 12: 184 – 187.

Dolan, J. M. (1966): Notes on the scimitar-horned horned oryx Oryx dammah (Cretzschmar, 1826). International Zoo Yearbook 6: 219 – 229.

Dolan, J. M. (1973): The return of the unicorn. Zoonooz 46 (2): 6 – 10. Drews, C. (1991) Simultaneous suckling and suckling bout lengths in Oryx dammah

Journal of Zoology 225: 662-665 Durant, S. M., Wacher, T., Bashir, S., Woodroffe, R., De Ornellas, P., Ransom, C.,

Newby, J., Abaigar, T., Abdelgadir, M., El Alqamy, H., Baillie, J., Beddiaf, M., Belbachir, F., Belbachir-Bazi, A., Berbash, A. A., Bemadjim, N. E., Beudels-Jamar, R., Boitani, L., Breitenmoser, C., Cano, M., Chardonnet, P., Collen, B., Cornforth, W. A., Cuzin, F., Gerngross, P., Haddane, B., Hadjeloum, M., Jacobson, A., Jebali, A., Lamarque, F., Mallon, D., Minkowski, K., Monfort, S., Ndoassal, B., Niagate, B., Purchase, G., Samaila, S., Samna, A. K., Sillero-Zubiri, C., Soultan, A. E., Price, M. R. Stanley, Pettorelli, N. (2014) Fiddling in biodiversity hotspots while deserts burn? Collapse of the Sahara's megafauna. Diversity and Distributions 20: 114 - 122

Engel, J. (1996) Choosing an appropriate sample interval for instantaneous sampling. Behavioural Processes 38: 11-17

Engel, J. (2004a): Taxonomy and nomenclature. In: The biology, husbandry and conservation of scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) (T. Gilbert & T. Woodfine,

Eds.). Marwell Preservation Trust, UK: 1 - 2 Engel, J. (2004b): Reproduction. In: The biology, husbandry and conservation of

scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) (T. Gilbert & T. Woodfine, Eds.). Marwell Preservation Trust, UK: 10 – 11.

Engel, J. (2004c): Behavioural ecology. In: The biology, husbandry and conservation of scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) (T. Gilbert & T. Woodfine, Eds.). Marwell Preservation Trust, UK: 4 – 5.

Engel, J. (2004d): Social organisation of scimitar-horned oryx in captivity. In: The biology,husbandry and conservation of scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) (T. Gilbert & T.Woodfine, Eds.). Marwell Preservation Trust, UK: 21 – 24.

Exotic Game Farming Orange Free States (2015). Golden oryx genetics. http://exoticgamefreestate.com/?page_id=71. Downloaded on 15 April 2015.

Ferrell, S.T., Radcliff, R.W., Marsh, R., Thurman, C.B., Cartwright, C.M., De Maar, T.W.J., Blumer, E.S., Spevak, E. & Osofsky, S.A. (2001) Comparisons among selected neonatal biomedical parameters of four species of semi-free ranging hippotragini: Addax (Addax nasomaculatus), scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah),

http://exoticgamefreestate.com/?page_id=71

16

Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx), and sable antelope (Hippotragus niger). Zoo Biology 20: 47-54

Finnegan, J.M., Warnes, C.A., Belfiore, M., Volenec, D.E., Crichton, E.G., Armstrong, D.L. & Loskutoff, N.M. (1999). Heterologous fertilizing capacity of cryopreserved sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) and scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) sperm using fresh and salt-stored bovine oocytes. Theriogenology 51: 284-284

Flach, E.J., Reid, H., Pow, I. & Klemt, A (2002) Gamma herpesvirus carrier status of captive artiodactyls. Research in Veterinary Science 73: 93-99

Foxworth, W.B., Wolfe, B.A., Loskutoff, N.M., Nemec, L.A., Huntress, S.L., Raphael, B.L., Jensen, J.M., Howard, J.G. & Kraemer, D.C. (1989) Post-thaw motility parameters of frozen semen from scimitar-horned oryx Oryx dammah effects of freezing method extender and rate of thawing. Theriogenology 31: 193

Frankham, G.J., Hogg, C., Gillespie, J., King, A. & Johnson, R.N. (2013) Characterisation of 16 microsatellite markers via 454 sequencing, to aid ex-situ conservation of the scimitar-horned oryx, Oryx dammah. Conservation Genetics Resources 5: 795 – 797

Freemantle, T.P., Wacher, T., Newby, J. & Pettorelli, N. (2013) Earth observation: overlooked potential to support species reintroduction programmes. African Journal of Ecology 51: 482 – 492

Froelich, K. & Flach, E.J. (1998) Long-term viral serology of semi-free-living and captive ungulates. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 29: 165-170

Gamble, K.C., Boothe, D.M., Jensen, J.M., Heatley, J.J. & Helmick, K.E. (1997). Pharmacokinetics of a single intravenous enrofloxacin dose in scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 28: 36 – 42

Gamble, K.C., Jensen, J.M., Boothe, D.M., Heatley, J.J. & Helmick, K.E. (1995) Pharmacokinetics of amikacin in scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) from a single intravenous dose. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 26: 359-366

Gilbert, T, (2004a): The reintroduction of scimitar-horned oryx to Bou-Hedma National Park, Tunisia. In: The biology, husbandry and conservation of scimitar-horned oryx(Oryx dammah) (T.Gilbert & T.Woodfine, Eds.). Marwell Preservation Trust, UK: 69 –71.

Gilbert, T, (2004b): The reintroduction of scimitar-horned oryx into Senegal. In: The biology, husbandry and conservation of scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) (T.Gilbert & T.Woodfine, Eds.). Marwell Preservation Trust, UK: 82 – 83.

Gilbert, T, (2004a): Other conservation activities for scimitar-horned oryx in the Sahelo-Saharan region In: The biology, husbandry and conservation of scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) (T.Gilbert & T.Woodfine, Eds.). Marwell Preservation Trust, UK: 84 – 85.

Gilbert, T. (2013) International studbook for the scimitar-horned oryx Oryx dammah. Eighth edition. Marwell Wildlife, Winchester.

Gilbert, T., Engel, H. & Field, D. (2005): Aridland antelopes: the status and management of Arabian oryx, scimitar-horned oryx and addax in EAZA institutions: 203 – 207. In: B.Hiddinga (Ed.) Proceedings of the EAZA conference 2004, Kolmarden. EAZA Executive Office, Amsterdam.

Gilbert, T. & Woodfine, T. (2006): Studies on scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). In: Sahelo-Saharan Interest Group Sixth Annual Conference. SSIG Conference Proceedings.

Gilbert, T. (2010): Return of the native. Zooquaria 69: 16 – 17. Gilbert, T. (2011): The sustainability of endangered species under intensive

management: the case of the scimitar-horned oryx Oryx dammah. Doctoral thesis. The University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K.

Gill, J.P. & Cave-Browne, A. (1988): Scimitar-horned oryx at Edinburgh Zoo. In: Conservation and biology of desert antelopes (A. Dixon & D. Jones, Eds.)

Christopher Helm, London: 119 – 135.

17

Goossens, E., Dorny, P., Boomker, J., Vercammen, F. & Vercruysse, J. (2005) A 12-month survey of the gastro-intestinal helminths of antelopes, gazelles and giraffids kept at two zoos in Belgium. Veterinary Parasitology 127: 303-312

Goossens, E., Dorny, R., Vercammen, F. & Vercruysse, J (2005) Field evaluation of the efficacy of fenbendazole in captive wild ruminants. Veterinary Record 157: 582 - 586

Goossens, E., Vercruysse, J., Vercammen, F. & Dorny, P. (2006) Evaluation of three strategic parasite control programs in captive wild ruminants. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 37: 20-26

Gordon, I. J. (1988): The reintroduction of scimitar-horned oryx Oryx dammah from the United Kingdom to Tunisia. Report number 5. ZSL. Unpublished report.

ISIS (1989): ISIS mammalian taxonomic directory. International Species Information System (ISIS, USA.

Gordon, I.J. (1989) A case of intense interspecific aggression between scimitar horned oryx, Oryx dammah and addax Addax nasomaculatus. Journal of Zoology 218: 335 - 337

Gordon, I.J. & Gill, P.J. (1993) Reintroduction of scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) to Bou-Hedma National Park, Tunisia. International Zoo Yearbook 32: 69-73

Grenot, C.J. (1991) Ecoethology and ecophysiology of desert ungulates of Africa and the Middle-East. Ongules / Ungulates 91: 335-338

Harwood, D., Griffiths, W.H., Bradshaw, J.W. & Gilbert, T. (2009): Uterine endometrial carcinoma associated with dystocia in a captive scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). Veterinary Record 164: 661 – 662.

Herrick, J.R., Bartels, P. & Krisher, R.L. (2004) Postthaw evaluation of in vitro function of epididymal spermatozoa from four species of free-ranging African bovids. Biology of Reproduction 71: 948 - 958

IUCN (1987):Scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) (Cretzschmar, 1826). IUCN Database.

IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group. 2016. Oryx dammah. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T15568A50191470. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15568A50191470.en. Downloaded on 16 March 2017

Iyengar, A., Gilbert, T., Woodfine, T. & Mclean, N. (2007): Genetics of the scimitar-horned oryx. Zoo Research News 8 (1): 6.

Iyengar, A., Diniz, F.M., Gilbert, T., Woodfine, T., Knowles, J. & Maclean, N. (2006): Structure and evolution of the mitochondrial control region in oryx. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 40: 305 – 314.

Iyengar, A., Gilbert, T., Woodfine, T., Knowles, J.M., Diniz, F.M., Brenneman, R.A., Louis Jr. E.E. & Maclean, N. (2007): Remnants of ancient genetic diversity preserved within captive groups of scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). Molecular Ecology 16:2436 - 2449.

Jayasinghe, M. (2013) Causes of deaths in scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) in the UK zoological collections, 1971-2012: A retrospective study. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of MSc Wild Animal Health. Royal Veterinary College / Zoological Society of London. Unpublished Report

Jebali, A. (2006): The reintroduction of scimitar-horned oryx Oryx dammah and dama gazelle Gazella dama mhorr to Ferlo, Senegal: two-years after. In: Proceedings of the Sahelo-Saharan Interest Group annual conference. SSIG: 84-90.

Jensen, J.M. & Craig, T.M. (1995) Disease and parasite surveillance of a herd of scimitar-horned oryx using domestic sheep as sentinel animals. Proceedings of a Joint Conference American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Wildlife Disease Association, and American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians: 129 - 131

http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15568A50191470.en

18

Khan, H.A., Arif, I.A., Bahkali, A.H., Al Farhan, A.H. & Al Homaidan, A.A. (2008) Bayesian, Maximum Parsimony and UPGMA Models for Inferring the Phylogenies of Antelopes Using Mitochondrial Markers. Evolutionary Bioinformatics 4: 263-270

Khan, H. A.; Arif, I. A.; Al Homaidan, A. A. & Al Farhan, A. H. (2008) Application of 16S rRNA, cytochrome b and control region sequences for understanding the phylogenetic relationships in Oryx species. Genetics and Molecular Research 7: 1392 - 1397

Kingdon, J. (1997): The Kingdon field guide to African mammals. Academic press: 435 – 443.

Kirkwood, J.K. & Cunningham, A.A. (1994) epidemiologic observations on spongiform encephalopathies in captive wild animals in the British Isles. Veterinary Record 135: 296-303

Kranz, K. & Ralls, K. (1979): The scimitar-horned oryx. ZooGoer 8 (3): 13 – 15. Lazah (2005): Oryx at Bou Hedma National Park, Tunisia. Personal communication

to T.Gilbert. Kumamoto, A.T.; Charter, S.J.; Kingswood, S.C., Ryder, O.A. & Gallagher, D.S.

(1999) Centric fusion differences among Oryx dammah, O. gazella, and O. leucoryx (Artiodactyla Bovidae). Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 87: 142-142

Li, H., Gailbreath, K., Flach, E.J., Taus, N.S., Cooley, J., Keller, J., Russell, G.C., Knowles, D.P., Haig, D.M., Oaks, J.L., Traul, D.L. & Crawford, T.B. (2005) A novel subgroup of rhadinoviruses in ruminants. Journal of General Virology 86: 3021-3026

Little HA, Gilbert TC, Athorn ML, Marshall AR (2016) Evaluating Conservation Breeding Success for an Extinct-in-the-Wild Antelope. PLoS ONE 11(12): e0166912.

Loggers, C.O., Thevenot, M. & Aulagnier, S. (1992) Status and distribution of Moroccan wild ungulates. Biological Conservation 59: 9-18

Loskutoff, N.M., Nemec, L.A., Foxworth, W.B., Wolfe, B.A., Raphael, B.L., Huntress, S.L., Jensen, J.M., Williams, B.W., Howard, J.G., Kraemer, D.C. (1989) Effects of different extenders and holding temperatures on viability of spermatozoa from the scimitar-horned oryx Oryx dammah. Theriogenology 31: 220

Mallon, D. & Chardonnet, P. (2009) Quarter of antelope species in danger of extinction. Gnusletter 28: 2

Mayor, J. (1984): Hand rearing an orphaned scimitar-horned oryx calf after its integration with the herd. International Zoo Yearbook 23: 243 – 253.

Mohammed, O.B., Greene, D. & Holt, W.V. (2011) Fecal progesterone metabolites and ovarian activity in cycling and pregnant mountain gazelles (Gazella gazella). Theriogenology 75: 542-548

Moksia, D., Newby, J., Wacher, T., Monfort, S.L. & Tubiana, J. (2001): Sahelo-Saharan antelope survey republic of Chad: Final report. Unpublished report: 1 – 50.

Molcanover, R. (2000) Status of antelopes in Tunisia. Gnusletter 19: 10-11 Molcanova, R. (2004): The reintroduction of scimitar-horned oryx to Sidi Toui

National Park, Tunisia. In: The biology, husbandry and conservation of scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) (T. Gilbert & T. Woodfine, Eds.). Marwell Preservation Trust, UK: 72 – 76.

Molcanova, R. & Wacher, T. (2007): Scimitar-horned oryx: behaviour and the influence of management in a fenced protected area. Unpublished report.

Molcanova, R. & Wacher, T. (2010): Part 1: scimitar-horned oryx population management (PN Sidi Toui) and addax monitoring (PN Djebil and Senghar). Tunisia October 2010. Unpublished report.

Molcanova, R. & Wacher, T. (2011): Part 2: scimitar-horned oryx monitoring and addax monitoring. Unpublished report.

19

Molcanova, R., Wacher, T., Zahzah, K., Salem, A.R.F. (2011) Scimitar-horned oryx population management (PN Sidi Toui) and addax monitoring (PN Djebil and Senghar). Gnusletter 29: 27-31

Monfort, S. (2000): Conservation of Sahelo-Saharan antelope: final report from a meeting held at Marwell Zoological Park May 9-1-, 2000. Unpublished report.

Morrow, C.J., Wildt, D.E. & Monfort, S.L. (1999) Reproductive seasonality in the female scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). Animal Conservation 2: 261 - 268

Morrow, C.J., Wolfe, B.A., Roth, T.L., Wildt, D.E., Bush, M., Blumer, E.S., Atkinson, M.W. & Monfort, S.L. (2000). Endocrine response in scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) treated with progesterone and prostaglandin F-2alpha to synchronized ovulation for artificial insemination. Biology of Reproduction 56: 131

Morrow, C.J., Wolfe, B.A., Roth, T.L., Wildt, D.E., Bush, M., Blumer, E.S., Atkinson, M.W. & Monfort, S.L. (2000) Comparing ovulation synchronization protocols for artificial insemination in the scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). Animal Reproduction Science 59: 71-86

Mosseri-Marlio, C (2001) Comparative postcranial osteology of hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus), scimitar oryx (Oryx dammah), and addax (Addax nasomaculatus), with notes on the osteometry of gemsbok (Oryx gazella) and Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx). International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 11: 238 - 238

Naude, J (2015). Golden oryx. http://www.sjnaudeboerdery.com/golden-oryx.html. Downloaded on 15 April 2015

Newby, J. (2012): The Ouadi Rime-Ouadi Achim Game Reserve, Chad: Ecology, wildlife and management of the reserve from 1972-1977 with special emphasis on the scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah Cretzschmar 1827). Sahara Conservation Fund

Newby, J.E. (1974): The ecological resources of the Ouadi Rimé-Ouadi Achim faunal reserve. Report to the food and agriculture organisation of the United Nations FAO.

Newby, J.E. (1978a): Scimitar-horned oryx – the end of the line? Oryx 14 (3): 219 – 221.

Newby, J.E. (1978b): The scimitar-horned oryx – extinction or reprieve? Marwell Zoo Paper 24: 18 - 19.

Newby, J.E. (1984): Large mammals. In: Key environments. Sahara desert (J. L.Cloudsley-Thompson, Ed.). Pergamon Press, Oxford: 277 – 290.

Newby, J.E. (1988): Aridland wildlife in decline: the case of the scimitar-horned oryx. In: Conservation and biology of desert antelope (A. Dixon & D. Jones, Eds.). ZSL

Christopher Helm: 146 – 166. Newby, J., Wacher, T., Durant, S., Pettorelli, N. & Gilbert, T. (2016) The Status and

Distribution of the Antelopes and Gazelles of the Sahara and Bordering Sahelian Grasslands. In: Antelope Conservation in the 21st Century: From Diagnosis to Action (Eds. J.Brø-Jorgensen and D.Mallon). Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

Nishiki, H. (1992): The scimitar-horned oryx breeding programme at Tama Zoo, Tokyo. International Zoo News 39: 20 - 25.

O’Brien, J.K. & Roth, T.L. (2000) Functional capacity and fertilizing longevity of frozen-thawed scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) spermatozoa in a heterologous in vitro fertilization system. Reproduction Fertility and Development 12: 413-421

Oboussier, H. & Stoeckmann, W. (1975) Dental anomalies in Oryx dammah and Gazella rufifrons kanuri. Saeugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 23: 16-19

Ofri, R. Horowitz, I.H., Raz, D., Shvartsman, E. & Kass, P.H. (2002) Intraocular pressure and tear production in five herbivorous wildlife species. Veterinary Record 151: 265-268

Ogden, R., Baird, J., Senn, H. & McEwing, R. (2012) The use of cross-species genome-wide arrays to discover SNP markers for conservation genetics: a case

http://www.sjnaudeboerdery.com/golden-oryx.html

20

study from Arabian and scimitar-horned oryx. Conservation Genetics Resources 4: 471 - 473

Osthoff, G., Hugo, A. & de Wit, M.D (2012) Comparison of the milk composition of free-ranging eland, kudu, gemsbok and scimitar oryx, with observations on lechwe, okapi and southern pudu. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 42: 23-34

Oubrou, W. (2006): Study of genetic diversity of scimitar-horned oryx in Souss Massa National Park, Morocco. Personal communication to T.Gilbert.

Pagacova, E., Cernohorska, H., Kubickova, S., Vahala, J. & Rubes, J. (2011) Centric fusion polymorphism in captive animals of family Bovidae. Conservation Genetics 12: 71-77

Pauling, C.D., Oller, A.R. & Jackson, V. (2016) Fecal parasite identification by microscopy and PCR in scimitar-horned oryx, Oryx dammah, managed at two sites. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 5 (3): 312-320.

Pearce, P.C. & Kock, R.A. (1989) Physiological-effects of etorphine, acepromazine and xylazine in the scimitar horned oryx (Oryx dammah). Research in Veterinary Science 47: 78 - 83

Perez, W. & Jerbi, H. (2012) Gross anatomy of the stomach of the Oryx dammah (Cretzschmar, 1826). American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 7 (1): 12-15

Pfeifer, S. (1985) Flehmen and dominance among captive adult female scimitar-horned-oryx (Oryx dammah). Journal of Mammalogy 66 (1): 160 – 163.

Pfeifer, S. (1985) Sex-differences in social play of scimitar-horned oryx calves (Oryx dammah). Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie-Journal of Comparative Ethology 69: 281 – 292

Pierard, M. (2003) Scimitar-horned oryx reintroduction in Senegal. Gnusletter 22: 16-17

Pope, C.E., Gelwicks, E.J., Burton, M. (1991) nonsurgical embryo transfer in the scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) - birth of a live offspring. Zoo Biology 10: 43-51

Ralls, K. Brugger, K. & Ballou, J. (1979) Inbreeding and juvenile mortality in small populations of ungulates. Science 206: 1101-1103

Robinson, S.E. & Weckerly, F.W. (2010) Grouping patterns and selection of forgage by the scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) in the Llano uplift region of Texas. Southwestern Naturalist 55 (4): 510 - 516

Rost, A. (1999) Sahelo-Saharan antelopes: scimitar-horned oryx. Gnusletter 18: 4-5 Roth, T.L., Bush, L.M., Wildt, D.E. & Weiss, R.B. (1999) Scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx

dammah) spermatozoa are functionally competent in a heterologous bovine in vitro fertilization system after cryopreservation on dry ice, in a dry shipper, or over liquid nitrogen vapour. Biology of Reproduction 60: 493 – 498

Roth, T.L., Weiss, R.B., Buff, J.L., Bush, L.M., Wildt, D.E. & Bush, M. (1996) Heterologous in vitro fertilization and sperm capacitation in the scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). Biology of Reproduction 54: 335-335

Roth, T. L.; Williamson, L. R.; Bush, M., Wildt, D.E. & Montfort, S.L. (1997) Seasonal reproductive characteristics and steriod metabolite excretion in male scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). Biology of Reproduction 56: 198

Russello, M. A. & Amato, G. (2007) On the horns of a dilemma: molecular approaches refine ex situ conservation in crisis. Molecular Ecology 16: 2405-2406

Sayer, J.A. (1977) Conservation of large mammals in the Republic of Mali. Biological Conservation 12: 245-263

Schiewe, M.C., Bush, M., Phillips, L.G., Citino, S. & Wildt, D.E. (1991) Comparative aspects of estrus synchronization, ovulation induction, and embryo cryopreservation in the scimitar-horned oryx, bongo, eland, and greater kudu. Journal of Experimental Zoology 258: 75-88

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224416300554http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224416300554http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/22132244

21

Schiewe, M.C., Bush, M., Phillips, L.G. & Wildt, D.E. (1988) Application of embryo techniques to an endangered species - the scimitar-horned oryx. Theriogenology 29: 303-303

Shaw, H.J., Green, D.I., Sainsbury, A.W. & Holt, W.V. (1995) Monitoring ovarian-function in scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) by measurement of fecal 20-alpha-progestagen metabolites. Zoo Biology 14: 239 - 250

Spevak, E., Gilbert, T., Engel, H. Correll, T. & Houston, B. (2006) Returning the Addax and the Oryx to Tunisia. Communiqué of the American Association of Zoos and Aquaria. April 2006: 13 – 14.

Van Niekerk, G. (2011). Burchell golden oryx. From prince of the Kalahari to king of South Africa. African outfitter. http://www.burchellgoldenoryx.com/golden%20oryx%20AFRICAN%20OUTFITTER%20ARTICLE.pdf. Downloaded on 15 April 2015.

Volf, J. (1994) Contribution to a comparison of the reproduction biology in three antelope species of the subfamily Hippotraginae in captivity. Zoologische Garten 64: 349-356

Woodfine, T., Chetoui, A., Zahzah. K. & Gilbert, T. Re-introduction of scimitar-horned oryx to Dghoumes National Park, Tunisia. In: Soorae, P. S. (ed.) (2011). Global Re-introduction Perspectives: 2011.More case studies from around the globe. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group and Abu Dhabi, UAE: Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi

Woodfine, T. & Gilbert, T. (2016) The fall and rise of the scimitar-horned oryx: a case study of ex-situ conservation and reintroduction in practice. In: Antelope Conservation in the 21st Century: From Diagnosis to Action (Eds. J.Brø-Jorgensen and D.Mallon). Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

Woodfine, T., Gilbert, T. & Engel, H. (2005) A summary of past and present initiatives for the conservation and reintroduction of addax and scimitar-horned oryx in North Africa: 208 – 211. In: B.Hiddinga (Ed.) Proceedings of the EAZA conference 2004, Kolmarden. EAZA Executive Office, Amsterdam.

Woodfine, T, Petretto, M. & Gilbert, T. (2014) Conservation of scimitar-horned oryx & their arid steppe habitat in Tunisia: A report for the scimitar-horned oryx EEP. Marwell Wildlife, U.K.

Wacher, T. J. (1986): The reintroduction of scimitar-horned Oryx dammah to Tunisia. ZSL. Unpublished report.

Wacher, T., Newby, J, Bourtchiakbe, S, and Banlongar, F. (2010) Wildlife survey of the Ouadi Rimé- Ouadi Achim Game Reserve, Chad (Part I). SCF/Pan Saharan Wildlife Survey. Technical Report No. 5. March 2011, vi+ 79 pp. Sahara Conservation Fund.

Wakefield, S. (1995): Scimitar-horned oryx Oryx dammah European studbook number 1. Marwell Preservation Trust. Unpublished report.

Wakefield, S. & Engel, J. (2004): Reproduction and breeding management. In: The biology, husbandry and conservation of scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) (T. Gilbert & T. Woodfine, Eds.). Marwell Preservation Trust, UK: 25 – 27.

Wakefield, S., Engel, J. & Gilbert, T. (2004): Conservation. In: The biology, husbandry and conservation of scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) (T. Gilbert & T. Woodfine, Eds.). Marwell Preservation Trust, UK: 14 – 20.

Wilson, R.T. (1980) Wildlife in Northern Darfur, Sudan - review of its distribution and status in the recent past and at present. Biological Conservation 17: 85-101

Woodfine, T., Zahzah, K., Chetoui, A., Gilbert, T. & d’Alterio, G.L. (2009): Reintroduction of scimitar-horned oryx to Dghoumes National Park, Tunisia. Report prepared for Direction Générale des Forêts, Tunis. Marwell Wildlife, UK.

Woodfine, T., Chetoui, A., Zahzah, K. & Gilbert, T. (2011) Re-introduction of scimitar-horned oryx to Dghoumes National Park, Tunisia. In: Global re-introduction perspectives: 2011. More case studies from around the globe. IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group & Environment Agency; Abu Dhabi: 190- 193

http://www.burchellgoldenoryx.com/golden%20oryx%20AFRICAN%20OUTFITTER%20ARTICLE.pdfhttp://www.burchellgoldenoryx.com/golden%20oryx%20AFRICAN%20OUTFITTER%20ARTICLE.pdf

22

Zhang, H.H., Ren, Y., Chen, L. & Sha, W.L. (2012) The complete mitochondrial genome of scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). Mitochondrial DNA 23 (5): 361 - 362

23

6. Global Management of Scimitar-horned Oryx Scimitar-horned oryx are managed in three coordinated captive breeding programmes in the North American region, European region, and Australasian region. Management in the Japanese region is carried out by the regional studbook holder. In Europe and North America the management of the breeding programmes are assisted by the TAGs and elected advisors. Below are the contact details for the regional coordinators, studbook keepers and TAG chairs involved in the management of scimitar-horned oryx:

European EEP North American SSP Tania Gilbert RoxAnna Breitigan Scimitar-horned oryx EEP coordinator Scimitar-horned oryx SSP coordinator Marwell Wildlife The Living Desert Colden Common, Winchester 47900 Portola Avenue Hampshire, SO21 1JH, UK Palm Desert, CA 92260, USA E:taniag@marwell.org.uk E: rbreitigan@livingdesert.org Japanese JAZA programme Australasian ASMP Tsunenori Tsujimoto Denny Burgoyne Scimitar-horned oryx JAZA studbook keeper Werribbe Open Range Zoo Morioka Zoological Park K Road Shimoyagaida 60-18 Werribee Shinjo, Morioka-shi, Morelia, Japan Victoria 3030, Australia E: t-tsujimoto@h2.dion.ne.jp North American antelope and giraffe taxon advisory group: Chair Vice-chair Aridland Antelope Martha Fischer Adam Eyres Saint Louis Zoological Park Fossil Rim Wildlife Center 1 Government Drive 2299 County Road 2008 Saint Louis, MO 63110-1395, USA Glen Rose, Texas 76043, USA E: fischer@stlzoo.org E: adame@fossilrim.org European antelope and giraffid taxon advisory group: Chair Vice-chair Vice-chair Jens-Ove Heckel Kim Skalborg Simonsen Sander Hofman Zoo Landau in der Pfalz Givskud Zoo - Zootopia Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp Hindenburgstr. 12 Løveparkvej 3, Givskud Koningin Astridplein 26 D-76829 Landau in der Pfalz DK-7323 Give 2018 Antwerpen Germany Denmark Belgium E:antelopes@landau.de E: kss@givskudzoo.dk E: sander.hofman@kmda.org

mailto:rbreitigan@livingdesert.orgmailto:t-tsujimoto@h2.dion.ne.jpmailto:fischer@stlzoo.orgmailto:adame@fossilrim.orgmailto:antelopes@landau.demailto:kss@givskudzoo.dkmailto:sander.hofman@kmda.org

24

6.1 Data currentness Institutions that provided 2016 data to the international studbook

Mnemonic Institution Country 2016 Data

AALBORG Aalborg Zoo Denmark Yes

AL AIN Al Ain Zoo UAE Yes

ALBG Al Bustan Gazelle Farm UAE No

ALBUSTAN Al Bustan Zoological Center UAE Yes

ALDERGROV Greater Vancouver Zoo Canada Yes

ALTINA Altina Wildlife Park Australia No

AMERSFOOR Dierenpark Amersfoort Netherlands Yes

AMSTERDAM Artis Zoo Netherlands Yes

ASHLANDNE Lee Simmons Conservation Park and Safari USA ZIMS

ATTICAZOO Attica Zoological Park S A Greece Yes

AUSTIN SA Austin Savannah (Bob Gregory) USA No

AYWAILLE Monde Sauvage Safari Sprl, Belgium Yes

BADOCA PK Badoca Safari Park Portugal Yes

BAMBERGER Bamberger Ranch USA No

BARCELONA Parc Zoologic De Barcelona Spain Yes

BATUSECRE Batu Secret Zoo Indonesia ZIMS

BEIJING Beijing Zoo China Yes

BER SHEVA Negev Zoo Israel No

BERLINZOO Zoologischer Garten Berlin Ag Germany Yes

BERRY JIM Pony Creek Ranch (Jim Berry) USA No

BOGOR Taman Safari Indonesia No

BOISSIERE Espace Zoologique La Boissiere Du Dore France Yes

BORYSEW Zoo Safari Borysew Poland No

BOUILLON Bouillon Belgium ZIMS

BREVARD Brevard Zoo USA Yes

BRIGHTSFA Bright’s Zoo USA ZIMS

BURFORD Cotswold Wildlife Park and Gardens UK Yes

BUSCH TAM Busch Gardens USA Yes

BUSSOLENG Parco Natura Viva Italy ZIMS

CAIRO ZOO Cairo Zoo Egypt Yes

CAPE MAY Cape May Zoo USA Yes

CHAMPREP Parc Zoologique de Champrepus France Yes

CHESINGTN Chessington World of Adventures Ltd UK Yes

CHESTER North of England Zoological Society UK Yes

CHIBA SHI Chiba Zoological Park Japan Yes

COLOMBO National Zoological Gardens Sri Lanka ZIMS

DAEJEON Bomunsan Daejeon Zoo Republic of Korea No

DALLAS Dallas Zoo USA ZIMS

DEBRECEN Nagyerdei Kult·rpark Kht Hungary ZIMS

DELEIKA Deleika Wildlife Conservation Center UAE ZIMS

DISNEY AK Disney's Animal Kingdom USA Yes

DUBAI ZOO Dubai Zoo UAE Yes

DUBBO Taronga Western Plains Zoo Australia ZIMS

DUBLIN Zoological Society of Ireland-Dublin Ireland Yes

DVOREC Zoo Dvorec Czech Republic Yes

25

Mnemonic Institution Country 2016 Data

DVUR KRALV Dvur Kralove Zoo Czech Republic Yes

ELCHE SAF Rio Safari Elche Spain No

ESTEPONA Parque De La Naturaleza Selwo (grpr) Spain No

FALCONARA Parco Zoo Di Falconara Italy Yes

FASANO Zoosafari Fasano Italy Yes

FOSSIL RIM Fossil Rim Wildlife Center USA Yes

FOTA Fota Wildlife Park Ireland Yes

FREJUS Parc Zoologique de Fréjus France No

FRIGUIA Fruigia Zoo Tunisia No

GDANSK Miejski Ogrod Zoologiczny Wybrzeza Poland ZIMS

GUADALJR Guadalajara Zoo Mexico ZIMS

GUAT CITY Guat City Zoo Guatamala ZIMS

GUERNO Parc Zoologique De Chateau De Branféré France Yes

HAI KEFF Hai-Keff Zoo Israel Yes

HAUGALAND Haugaland Zoo Norway No

HEMMINGFD Parc Safari Canada ZIMS

HODENHGN Serengeti-Park Hodenhagen Germany ZIMS

HODONIN Zoo Hodonin Czech Republic Yes

JACKS TWP Siz Flags Great Adventure USA Yes

JERUSALEM The Tisch Family Zoological Gardens Israel Yes

JOHANSBRG Johannesburg Zoological Gardens South Africa ZIMS

JURQUES Parc Zoologique De Jurques France Yes

KAMO GUN Izu Animal Kingdom (Gio Park) Japan No

KANSASCTY Kansas City Zoo USA Yes

KARLSRUHE Zoologischer Garten Karlsruhe Germany Yes

KATOWICE Silesian Zoological Garden Poland Yes

KHORAT Nakhon Ratchasema Zool. Park Thailand ZIMS

KNOWSLEY Knowsley Safari Park UK Yes

KOSICE Zoologicka Zahrada Kosice Slovakia ZIMS

KREFELD Zoo Krefeld GmbH Germany Yes

KYIV Kyiv Zoo Ukraine No

LA PALMYR Parc Zoologique De La Palmyre France Yes

LA TESTE Zooland Park France Yes

LAMONGAN Maharani Zoo & Goa Indonesia ZIMS

LE PAL Parc Zoologique De Pal France Yes

LE VIGEN Parc Paysager et Animalier du Reynou France Yes

LEIPZIG Zoologischer Garten Leipzig Germany Yes

LEON Patronato Del Parque Zoologico De Leon Mexico ZIMS

LISBON Jardim Zoologico / Lisbon Zoo Portugal Yes

LISIEUX Z Cerza Centre D'Etude Rech Zool Augeron France Yes

LODZ Miejski Ogrod Zoologiczny W Lodz Poland Yes

LONGLEAT Longleat Safari & Adventure Park UK Yes

LOWRY Tampa's Lowry Park Zoo USA No

LVZOO Leigh Valley Zoo USA ZIMS

MALTON Flamingo Land Ltd UK Yes

MANOR HS Manor House Wildlife Park UK ZIMS

MARWELL Marwell Wildlife UK Yes

26

Mnemonic Institution Country 2016 Data

MEMPHIS Memphis Zoo USA Yes

MEXICOCTY Zoologico de Chapultepec Mexico ZIMS

MICANOPY Micanopy Zoological Preserve USA No

MONARTO Monarto Zoo Australia Yes

MONTPELLI Parc De Lunaret France Yes

MURES ZOO Gradina Zoologica Tirgu-Mures Romania No

NIGHTSAF Chiangmai Night Safari (dasta) Thailand No

NISHIMURO Nanki Shiraham Adventure World Japan No

NZP-CRC NZP-Conservation Research Center USA Yes

NZP-WASH Smithsonian National Zoological Park USA Yes

OBTERRE Parc De La Haute-Touche (mnhn) France ZIMS

ODAN Odejewski-Odan Sp. Zoo Poland Yes

OLMENSE Olmense Zoo Belgium ZIMS

OPOLE Ogrod Zoologiczny Opole Poland ZIMS

ORANA Orana Wildlife Park New Zealand Yes

PARIS ZOO Paris Zoo France ZIMS

PELISSANE Zoo De La Barben (pelissane) France Yes

PLAISANCE African Safari France Yes

PLANCKNDL Wild Animal Park Mechelen Planckendael Belgium Yes

PLOCK Miejski Ogrod Zoologiczny Plock Poland Yes

POMBIA Safari Park Italy No

PRAHA Zoological Garden Prague Czech Republic Yes

PRETORIA National Zoological Gardens of South Africa South Africa ZIMS

PT ST PER Planete Sauvage France Yes

PUNTAVERD Parco Zoo Punta Verde Italy Yes

RAMAT GAN Zoological Center Tel Aviv Israel ZIMS

RHINOLION Rhino and Lion Nature Reserve South Africa No

RICHMOND King Animaland Park USA No

ROLLING H Rolling Hills USA ZIMS

SAFARI W Safari West USA Yes

SAN FRAN San Francisco Zoo USA Yes

SDWAP San Diego Wild Animal Park USA Yes

SEOUL Seoul Grand Park Zoo South Korea ZIMS

SHANGHAI Shanghai Zoo China No

SINGAPORE Singapore Zoological Gardens Singapore ZIMS

SOFIAZOO Sofia Zoo Bulgaria ZIMS

SOUTHWICK Southwick Zoo USA ZIMS

STATEN IS Staten Island Zoo USA ZIMS

STUTTGART Wilhelma Zoo Germany ZIMS

THOIRY Thoiry Zoological Park France Yes

TOBE Ehime Prefectural Tobe Zoo Japan Yes

TOKYOTAMA Tama Zoological Park Japan Yes

UTICA Utica Zoo USA No

VA SAFARI Virginia Safari Park and Preserve USA ZIMS

VALBREMBO Parco Faunistico Le Cornelle S R L Italy Yes

VALCORBA Parco Faunistico Valcorba Italy ZIMS

VINPEARL Vinpearl Safari and Conservation Park Vietnam ZIMS

27

Mnemonic Institution Country 2016 Data

W PALM BE Lion Country Safari USA Yes

WARSAW Miejski Ogrod Zoologiczny Warsaw Poland Yes

WERRIBEE Werribee Open Range Zoo Australia Yes

WHIPSNADE ZSL Whipsnade Zoo UK Yes

WILD WRLD Wildlife World Zoo USA ZIMS

WILDS The Wilds USA Yes

WINSTON Wildlife Safari Inc USA ZIMS

WOBURNLTD Woburn Safari Park UK Yes

WROCLAW Zoo Wroclaw Sp Z O O Poland Yes

ZAGREB Zagreb Zoo / Zooloski Vrt Zagreb Croatia ZIMS

ZAMOSCZSM Ogrod Zoologiczny Im Stefana Milera Poland ZIMS

ZOO KOKI Zoo Koki Spain Yes

ZOOSAFARI Zoo Safar Swierkocin Poland No

28

6.2 Population analyses

Figure 12. Age pyramid for the global population of scimitar-horned oryx living on the 31st December

2016

Figure 13. Census 1950 to present for the global scimitar-horned oryx population

29

Figure 14. Fertility (Mx) throughout the age classes Figure 15. Survivorship (Lx) throughout the age

for the global population (smoothed x2) classes for the global population. (smoothed x2)

Figure 16. Age specific mortality (Qx) for the Figure 17. Age specific reproductive value (Vx)

global population (smoothed x2) for the global population (smoothed x2)

Table 1. Population statistics for the global population of scimitar-horned oryx

Demographic Summary Genetic Summary

Life expectancy 9.8 years Founders 62 30 day mortality 17% Living animals 1553 Oldest living 26.2 years Living descendants 747.53 Growth rate (λ) 1.110 % ancestry known 48% Growth rate (r) 0.104 % ancestry certain 33% R0 1.857 Mean inbreeding* 0.1134 Generation length (T) 5.9 years Ne/N 0.2793

* The mean inbreeding is calculated from those individuals with known ancestry and therefore only represents part of the population

6.3 Inbreeding coefficient report Studbook # Sex Age (y) Location % known % certain F

30

4964 M

PHILADELP 0 0 0

4968 F 10 PHILADELP 0 0 0

4972 M

PHILADELP 0 0 0

4976 F 0 PHILADELP 0 0 ???

4980 M 7 PHILADELP 0 0 ???

4984 F 0 PHILADELP 0 0 ???

4988 F 4 PHILADELP 0 0 0

4992 M

PHILADELP 0 0 0

4996 F

PHILADELP 0 0 0

5000 M

SYDNEY 0 0 0

5004 M

PARIS ZOO 1 1 0

5008 F

PARIS ZOO 1 1 0

5012 F

PARIS ZOO 1 0.5 0

5016 M

PARIS ZOO 1 1 0

5020 F

PARIS ZOO 1 1 0

5024 M 17 ANTWERP 1 0.5 0.0833

5028 M 10 PARIS ZOO 1 0.75 0.25

5032 F 10 PARIS ZOO 1 0.75 0.25

5036 F 7 PARIS ZOO 1 0.75 0.25

5040 F 6 PARIS ZOO 1 0.375 0.1667

5044 F 2 PARIS ZOO 0.5 0.375 ???

5048 M 1 ZURICH 0.5 0.375 ???

5052 F 1 ZURICH 0.5 0.375 ???

5056 M

UNKNOWN 0 0 0

5060 M

CAIRO ZOO 1 1 0

5064 F

CAIRO ZOO 1 1 0

5068 F

CAIRO ZOO 1 1 0

5072 M 0 PARIS ZOO 0.5 0.375 ???

5076 F 12 ANTWERP 1 0.375 0.2743

5080 F 0 PARIS ZOO 0.5 0.375 ???

5084 M 7 BERLINZOO 1 0.5 0

5088 F 3 HAMBURG 1 0.5 0

5092 F 2 CHICAGOBR 0 0 0

5096 F 8 CHICAGOBR 0 0 0

5100 M 14 CHICAGOBR 0 0 0

5104 Unk 0 PARIS ZOO 0.5 0.375 ???

5108 M 13 ANTWERP 0.5 0.375 ???

5112 M 1 PARIS ZOO 0.5 0.375 ???

5116 M 16 HAMBURG 0 0 0

5120 F 16 ANTWERP 1 0.4375 0.2364

5124 M 0 ANTWERP 1 0.4375 0.2364

5128 M 6 CAIRO ZOO 1 0 0.0625

5132 F 8 BERLINZOO 1 0 0.1146

5136 F

PARIS ZOO 1 1 0

5140 M 22 PARIS ZOO 1 0.4375 0.2364

5144 F 9 PARIS ZOO 1 0.4688 0.389

5148 F 12 HANNOVER 1 0.5 0

5152 F 3 CHICAGOBR 0 0 ???

5154 M

PARIS ZOO 0 0 0

Studbook # Sex Age (y) Location % known % certain F

31

5156 M 4 ANTWERP 1 0.4375 0.2364

5160 Unk 0 ANTWERP 1 0.4688 0.389

5164 F 1 CHICAGOBR 0 0 ???

5168 F 18 PARIS ZOO 0.75 0.1875 0.1883

5172 F 1 CHICAGOBR 0 0 ???

5176 F 0 BERLINZOO 1 0.25 0.2604

5180 F 0 CHICAGOBR 0 0 ???

5184 M 0 PARIS ZOO 0 0 0

5188 F 2 CAIRO ZOO 1 0 0.1224

5192 F 0 PARIS ZOO 0 0 0

5196 F 0 PARIS ZOO 0 0 0

5200 F 4 BERLINZOO 1 0.25 0.2604

5204 M 0 ANTWERP 0.75 0.4063 0.3602

5208 M 0 ANTWERP 0.75 0.375 0.4497

5212 M 7 BERLINZOO 0.9875 0.2188 0.1751

5216 F 0 PARIS ZOO 0.5 0.2188 ???

5220 F 3 AMSTERDAM 0.9688 0.2188 0.1855

5224 M

AALBORG 1 1 0

5228 F

AALBORG 1 1 0

5232 F

AALBORG 1 1 0

5236 M

AALBORG 1 1 0

5240 F

AALBORG 1 1 0

5244 F

AALBORG 1 1 0

5248 F

AALBORG 1 1 0

5252 F

AALBORG 1 1 0

5256 F

AALBORG 1 1 0

5260 M 0 NAPLES 0.75 0.4063 0.3602

5264 F 0 CAIRO ZOO 1 0 0.1339

5268 M 11 KOLN 0.75 0.375 0.4497

5272 M 1 BARCELONA 0.5 0.2188 ???

5276 M 10 AMSTERDAM 0.9688 0.2188 0.1855

5280 F 8 CATSKILL 1 1 0

5284 F 0 BARCELONA 0.5 0.2188 ???

5288 F 0 ANTWERP 0.75 0.375 0.4497

5292 M 0 WULFF W 0.75 0.4063 0.3602

5296 M 19 CATSKILL 1 1 0

5300 F 10 L RUHE 1 1 0

5304 F 7 BARCELONA 0.5 0.2188 ???

5308 F 13 PARIS ZOO 0.9719 0.2188 0.2313

5312 M 7 HANNOVER 0.9938 0.1094 0

5316 M 0 BERLINZOO 0.9938 0.2344 0

5320 M 0 BARCELONA 0.5 0.2188 ???

5324 F 3 CATSKILL 1 1 0

5328 F 12 SAN ANTON 1 1 0

5332 F 0 PARIS ZOO 0 0 0

5336 F 0 ANTWERP 0.75 0.4063 0.3602

5340 M 0 BERLINZOO 0.9938 0.2344 0

5344 F 0 BERLINZOO 0.9938 0.2344 0

5348 F 19 SAN ANTON 1 1 0

5352 F 12 SAN ANTON 1 1 0

5356 M 23 NZP-WASH 1 1 0

5360 F 19 NZP-WASH 1 1 0

Studbook # Sex Age (y) Location % known % certain F

32

5364 F 2 AMSTERDAM 0 0 0

5368 M 1 ANTWERP 0 0 0

5372 M 11 ANTWERP 0 0 0

5376 M 3 SOEST 1 1 0

5380 F 17 NZP-WASH 1 1 0

5384 F 2 SAN ANTON 1 1 0

5388 F 22 SAN ANTON 1 1 0

5392 F 15 SAN ANTON 1 1 0

5396 M

TOKYOTAMA 1 1 0

5400 M

PRETORIA 0.9969 0.5547 0

5404 M 5 PELISSANE 0.5 0.2188 ???

5408 F 5 PELISSANE 0.9536 0.2188 0.2235

5412 M 0 CAIRO ZOO 0.9969 0.5547 0

5416 F 0 AMSTERDAM 0.4844 0.1094 ???

5420 F 1 CATSKILL 1 1 0

5424 F 18 CATSKILL 1 1 0

5428 M 7 SAN ANTON 1 1 0

5432 M 12 SAN ANTON 1 1 0

5436 F 22 SAN ANTON 1 1 0

5440 F 18 SAN ANTON 1 1 0

5444 M 13 LOSANGELE 1 1 0

5448 F 12 LOSANGELE 1 1 0

5452 F 17 SANDIEGOZ 1 1 0

5456 F 2 MEMPHIS 1 1 0

5460 F 16 MEMPHIS 1 1 0

5464 F 17 MEMPHIS 1 1 0

5468 M 16 OMAHA 1 1 0

5472 F 17 OMAHA 1 1 0

5476 F 4 OMAHA 1 1 0

5480 F

AMSTERDAM 1 1 0

5484 M

HOLIDAY 0 0 0

5488 F 0 PARIS ZOO 0.5 0.2188 ???

5492 F 0 PARIS ZOO 0.5 0.2188 ???

5496 M 0 CATSKILL 1 1 0

5500 M 3 ANTWERP 0.5 0.2188 ???

5504 F 0 PARIS ZOO 0.5 0.2188 ???

5508 F 5 L RUHE 0.9969 0.5547 0

5512 F

TOKYOTAMA 1 1 0

5516 M 0 PARIS ZOO 0.5 0.2188 ???

5520 M 17 SANDIEGOZ 1 1 0

5524 F 17 SANDIEGOZ 1 1 0

5528 M 17 CATSKILL 1 1 0

5532 F 9 AMSTERDAM 1 1 0

5533 F

PRETORIA 1 1 0

5534 F

PRETORIA 1 1 0

5536 M 10 PENROSE 1 1 0

5540 M 1 BARCELONA 0 0 0

5544 M 0 GELSNKRKN 0.9969 0.5547 0

5548 F

PRAHA 1 1 0

5552 F

PRAHA 1 1 0

5556 M 4 MONTPELLI 0 0 0

5560 M

PRAHA 1 1 0

Studbook # Sex Age (y) Location % known % certain F

33

5564 M 0 CATSKILL 1 1 0

5568 M 9 DOSWELL 0 0 0

5572 F

HANNOVER 1 1 0

5576 F 11 HAI BAR 0 0 0

5580 M

BREMERHVN 0.955 0 0.0256

5584 F

BREMERHVN 0.9494 0 0.028

5588 M

PRAHA 0 0 0

5592 M

BERLIN TP 1 1 0

5596 F

BERLIN TP 1 1 0

5600 F 0 AMSTERDAM 0.9844 0.6094 0

5604 M 1 FERNDALE 1 1 0

5608 M 2 AMSTERDAM 1 1 0

5612 M 11 HITACHI 1 1 0

5616 M 0 EDMONTON 1 1 0

5620 M 0 EDMONTON 1 1 0

5652 M 0 EDMONTON 1 1 0

5656 M 0 EDMONTON 1 1 0

5660 F 1 MALLORCA 0.9969 0.5547 0

5664 F 36 BUSCH TAM 1 1 0

5668 F 19 BULVERDE 1 1 0

5672 F 0 CATSKILL 0.5 0.5 ???

5676 F 0 CATSKILL 0.5 0.5 ???

5680 M

MARWELL 1 1 0

5684 M 4 HAI BAR 1 1 0

5688 F 10 MARWELL 1 1 0

5692 F 5 MARWELL 1 1 0

5696 F 5 MARWELL 1 1 0

5700 F 4 MARWELL 1 1 0

5704 F

MARWELL 1 1 0

5716 M

BERLIN TP 0.9747 0 0.0381

5720 F

BERLIN TP 1 1 0

5724 F 13 FERNDALE 1 1 0

5728 M 0 AMSTERDAM 0.9844 0.6094 0

5732 F 1 NZP-WASH 1 1 0

5736 M 16 UNKNOWN 1 1 0

5740 F 13 FERNDALE 1 1 0

5744 M 16 UNKNOWN 1 1 0

5748 F 15 SAN ANTON 1 1 0

5752 M 16 UNKNOWN 1 1 0

5756 M 1 MECOM R 1 1 0

5760 M 4 BUSCH TAM 1 1 0

5764 F 5 TOKYOTAMA 1 1 0

5768 F 7 ANIMALES 1 1 0

5772 M 7 ANIMALES 1 1 0

5776 F 1 AMSTERDAM 0.9844 0.6094 0

5780 F 3 MARWELL 1 1 0

5784 M 0 PARIS ZOO 0 0 0

5788 M 1 PARIS ZOO 0 0 0

5792 M 8 AMSTERDAM 1 1 0

5796 M 2 MOORMAN 1 1 0

5800 M 0 HANNOVER 0.9969 0.5547 0

5804 Unk 0 AMSTERDAM 0.9844 0.6094 0

Studbook # Sex Age (y) Location % known % certain F

34

5808 F 0 ZEEHANDLR 0.9953 0.332 0.25

5812 F 0 ZEEHANDLR 0.9969 0.5547 0

5816 M 1 MOORMAN 1 1 0

5820 M 0 FERNDALE 1 1 0

5824 F

AFRICAN 1 1 0

5828 M 12 STRAFFORD 1 1 0

5832 M 0 CATSKILL 0.5 0.5 ???

5836 M 2 MARWELL 1 0 0

5840 M 12 MARWELL 0.9632 0 0.0091

5844 M 9 PRETORIA 0.955 0 0

5848 F 16 MARWELL 0.955 0 0

5852 F 20 MARWELL 0.955 0 0

5856 M

AFRICAN 1 1 0

5860 M

HAI BAR 0.9148 0 0.0247

5864 M

HAI BAR 0.8758 0 0.0191

5868 F

HAI BAR 0 0 0

5872 M

LE PAL 1 0 0.187

5876 M

LE PAL 1 0 0.187

5880 F

HAI BAR 0 0 0

5884 M

SOEST 0.9129 0 0.022

5889 M

HAVANA NZ 0 0 0

5890 F

HAVANA NZ 0 0 0

5892 F 0 NZP-WASH 1 1 0

5896 M 2 L RUHE 1 1 0

5900 M 11 HAI BAR 0 0 0

5904 M 2 MT CARMEL 1 1 0

5908 F 17 TOKYOTAMA 1 1 0

5912 M 2 PARIS ZOO 1 1 0

5916 M 15 PARIS ZOO 1 1 0

5920 M 0 FERNDALE 1 1 0

5924 M 15 ZEEHANDLR 1 1 0

5928 F 18 SAN ANTON 1 1 0

5932 M 15 ZEEHANDLR 1 1 0

5936 M 10 HOLIDAY 1 1 0

5940 M 0 ZEEHANDLR 1 1 0

5944 M 0 ZEEHANDLR 1 1 0

5948 F 9 PRAHA 1 1 0.125

5952 F 24 OMAHA 1 1 0

5956 M 6 KRECHTING 1 1 0.125

5960 F 0 AMSTERDAM 0.9844 0.6094 0

5964 M 3 ANIMALES 1 1 0

5968 F 17 SAN ANTON 1 1 0

5972 M 15 OMAHA 1 1 0

5976 M 0 AMSTERDAM 0.9844 0.6094 0

5980 F

YO RANCH 1 1 0

5984 F 9 PUEBLA 1 1 0

5988 F 14 SD-WAP 1 1 0

5992 M 1 ZEEHANDLR 1 1 0

5996 F 0 NZP-WASH 1 1 0

6000 F 14 MONROE 1 1 0

6004 F 0 PRAHA 1 1 0.125

6008 M 1 ZEEHANDLR 1 1 0

Studbook # Sex Age (y) Location % known % certain F

35

6012 M 0 YO RANCH 1 1 0

6016 M 0 CATSKILL 0 0 0

6020 M 0 CATSKILL 0 0 0

6024 F 0 CATSKILL 0 0 0

6028 M 4 CZECH REP 0 0 0

6032 F 1 MARWELL 0 0 0

6036 F 17 TOKYOTAMA 1 1 0

6040 F 0 ANIMALES 1 1 0

6044 M 0 ANIMALES 1 1 0

6048 F 1 PRAHA 1 1 0.125

6052 F 6 HAI BAR 1 1 0

6056 M 0 AMSTERDAM 0.4922 0.3047 ???

6060 F 0 LOSANGELE 1 1 0.25

6064 F 0 LOSANGELE 1 1 0.25

6068 F 20 SD-WAP 1 1 0

6072 F 20 AMSTERDAM 0.9883 0.5 0.064

6076 M 0 OMAHA 1 1 0

6080 F 0 EDMONTON 1 1 0

6084 M

SOEST 1 1 0.125

6088 M 0 ANIMALES 1 1 0.125

6092 M

SOEST 1 1 0.125

6096 F 9 ACREMAN 1 0.5 0.125

6104 F 19 MARWELL 1 1 0

6110 M 10 MT ULLA 1 0.5 0.125

6112 M 0 HANNOVER 0.9984 0.7773 0

6116 M

HAI BAR 1 1 0

6120 F 14 MARWELL 1 0 0

6124 M 8 UNKNOWN 1 1 0

6128 F 17 SAN ANTON 1 1 0

6132 F 16 PRAHA 1 1 0.125

6136 F 21 SAN ANTON 1 1 0

6140 F 0 ZEEHANDLR 1 1 0

6144 F 13 SD-WAP 1 1 0

6148 M 0 GRAND PRA 1 1 0

6152 M 0 AMSTERDAM 0.5 0.5 ???

6156 F 0 ZEEHANDLR 1 1 0

6160 M 0 GRAND PRA 1 1 0

6164 M 7 SAN ANTON 1 1 0

6168 M 0 ANIMALES 1 1 0

6172 F 0 MARWELL 0.5 0.5 ???

6176 F 1 HAI BAR 0.4816 0 ???

6180 M 0 MARWELL 0 0 0

6184 F 19 NZP-CRC 1 1 0

6188 F 5 PRAHA 1 1 0.125

6192 F 18 NZP-CRC 1 1 0

6200 M 7 FRESNO 1 1 0.25

6204 M 5 HOLIDAY 0 0 0

6208 M 7 TORONTO 1 1 0.125

6212 M 12 BRACKETT 1 1 0

6216 F 15 DETROIT 0 0 0

6220 F 22 TORONTO 1 1 0.125

6224 F 2 HANNOVER 0 0 0

Studbook # Sex Age (y) Location % known % certain F

36

6228 F 21 SINGAPORE 0 0 0

6232 M

UNKNOWN 0 0 0

6236 F 17 SD-WAP 1 1 0

6240 F 16 FRESNO 1 1 0

6244 M 5 TOKYOTAMA 1 1 0

6248 M 0 MARWELL 0.5 0.5 ???

6252 M 4 TOKYOTAMA 1 1 0.25

6256 F 7 PUEBLA 1 1 0.25

6260 F 18 MARWELL 0.9816 0.5 0.0326

6264 F 14 HOLIDAY 1 0.5 0.125

6268 F 0 UNKNOWN 1 1 0.125

6272 M 0 BUSCH TAM 0 0 0

6276 M 0 PRAHA 1 1 0.3125

6280 F 21 SAN ANTON 1 1 0

6284 F 1 PRAHA 1 1 0.125

6288 F

RABAT 1 1 0.125

6292 M

SOEST 1 1 0.125

6296 F 6 HAI BAR 1 1 0

6300 M 2 ANIMALES 1 1 0

6304 F 17 SAN ANTON 1 1 0

6308 F 6 HAI BAR 1 1 0

6312 M 0 FERNDALE 1 1 0.25

6316 M 9 MARWELL 0.9816 0.5 0.0326

6320 F 0 MONROE 1 1 0.125

6324 M 1 ANIMALES 1 1 0

6328 F 0 MEMPHIS 1 1 0

6332 F 4 PENROSE 1 1 0

6336 F 13 SD-WAP 1 1 0

6340 M 0 ANIMALES 1 1 0

6344 M 0 PRAHA 1 1 0.125

6348 F 13 SD-WAP 1 1 0.25

6352 M 5 DALTON 1 1 0

6356 M 3 FERNDALE 1 1 0

6360 M 2 CZECH REP 0.9816 0.5 0.0326

6364 F 3 LONDON RP 0.9816 0.5 0.0326

6368 M 29 MORELIA 1 1 0.25

6372 F 18 BULVERDE 1 0.5 0.125

6376 F 0 MEMPHIS 1 1 0.125

6380 M 5 UNKNOWN 1 1 0

6384 M 0 CATSKILL 0 0 0

6388 F 23 SILVER SP 0 0 0

6392 F 5 BATONROUG 0 0 0

6396 M 8 REDWOOD 0 0 0

6400 F 8 REDWOOD 0 0 0

6404 M 3 TORONTO 0 0 0

6408 F 0 CATSKILL 0 0 0

6412 F 0 CATSKILL 0 0 0

6416 F 12 UNKNOWN 1 0 0.0625

6420 F 12 UNKNOWN 1 0 0.0625

6424 M 13 NZP-CRC 0 0 0

6428 F 16 LURAY 0 0 0

6432 F 6 DOSWELL 0 0 0

Studbook # Sex Age (y) Location % known % certain F

37

6436 M

HANNOVER 0 0 0

6440 F

LONDRINA 0 0 0

6444 F 4 HAI BAR 0 0 ???

6448 F 0 HAI BAR 0.5 0.5 ???

6452 M 1 HAVANA 1 1 0.25

6456 F 1 HAVANA 1 1 0

6460 M

UNKNOWN 0 0 ???

6464 F 11 BEIJING 1 1 0.25

6468 F 12 BUSCH TAM 1 0.5 0.125

6472 M 5 WHIPSNADE 0.4816 0 ???

6476 M 6 WHIPSNADE 0.9816 0.5 0.0326

6480 F 14 WHIPSNADE 0.9591 0 0.0359

6484 F 14 PRAHA 1 1 0.125

6488 F 3 KRECHTING 1 1 0.3125