how spatial attention modulates reading aloud and lexical decision: evidence from italian neglect...
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How spatial attention modulates reading aloud and lexical decision:
Evidence from Italian neglect dyslexia patientsLisa S. Arduino
University of Milano-Bicocca, MilanISTC-CNR and Fondazione S. Lucia, IRCCS, Rome
Cristina BuraniInstitute of Science and Technology of Cognition ISTC-CNR, Rome
Giuseppe VallarUniversity of Milano-Bicocca
The Third International Conference on the Mental Lexicon Banff,
Alberta, Canada October 6-8, 2002.
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NEGLECT DYSLEXIA (ND)
LESION: RIGHT INFERIOR PARIETAL LOBULE (Bisiach & Vallar, 2000; Vallar et al., 1998)
NEGLECT DYSLEXIA: SINGLE WORD READING (egocentric coordinate frames)
TARGET: ALBERO “tree” (Ellis et al. 1987)
SUBSTITUTION: POBERO
OMISSION: BERO
ADDITION: COSBERO
UNILATERAL SPATIAL NEGLECT: disturbance in perceiving,representing and orienting attention to the controlesional side of space.
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DISSOCIATIONS
• Làdavas et al. (1997, Neuropsychologia): Simple words and nonwords presented centrally (9 patients)
POOR READING ALOUD
BUT
PRESERVED LEXICAL DECISION AND
SEMANTIC JUDGEMENT
xcamposanto
*camposanto= cemetery*campo= field*santo= saint
Severe ND in reading aloud BUT appropriate association (e.g., coffin)
• Vallar et al. (1996, Journal of Clinical and Experimental
Neuropsychology): compound words (E.S.)
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Explanations
• Reading aloud differs from lexical decision (semantic judg. and associations) for:
• Diffculty: lexical decision is easier than reading aloud and requests less information from the left side (guessing strategy).
• The different involvement of spatial co-ordinate frames (Vallar et al., 1996).
• The differential use of reading routes (Ladavas et al., 1997): DRC model (Coltheart et al., 2001).
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Written stimulus
ORTHOG.LEXICON
PHONOL.LEXICON
Phonemic buffer
GPC
rules
Semantics
OUTPUT
The route operates serially:attentional scanning fromleft-to-right
The routeoperates
on the wholeword- form:
NOattentionalscanning
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The present study
• Aimed at specifying in further detail the preserved lexical processing in patients with left ND by exploring in LD tasks, the effect of morpho-lexical variables, which influence the performance of Italian unimpaired subjects.
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EXPERIMENT 1
Morphologically simple words and nonwords
• Dissociations between reading aloud (RA) and LD in neglect dyslexia patients: the same stimuli presented to six patients for both RA and LD (Arduino et al., 2002, Cognitive Neuropsychology). Untimed presentation.
• LD accuracy: The six patients were compared to 12 controls (matched for age, sex and educational level)
• Lexical effects in LD: four patients’ LD performance was compared to that of non neurological younger adults. Timed presentation (500 or 700 ms.)
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EXPERIMENT 1
A) 40 WORDS: High and Low surface frequency (50%).
B) 72 BISYLLABIC NONWORDS (5-6 letters). Neighborhood frequency (High/Low)
BRISI: CRISINERPE: SERPE
PROCEDURE: untimed (all) timed (4 patients)
LIST: 240 simple words and nonwords
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: errors
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Experiment 1RA and LD:
patients% errors
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
P.P. M.N. C.I. F.S. A.A. A.A.
%
RALD
Experiment 1LD: patients vs.
controls % errors
0
5
10
%
P.P. M.N. C.I. F.S. A.G. A.A.
patients
controls
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ESP. 1LD with timed presentation (500 ms.): 4 patients
High and Low frequency words: % correct answers.
• High-frequency words are recognized faster and with less errors than low-frequency words (Colombo, 1992, JEP:HPP; Burani et al., 2002, Brain and Language)
80
85
90
95
100%
P.P. M.N. C.I. F.S.
HF
LF
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EXP. 1 LD with timed presentation (500 ms.): 4 patients
Nonwords with High/Low frequency neighbor: % errors
0
5
10
15
20
25
%
P.P. M.N. C.I. F.S.
HF LF
BRISI: CRISINERPE: SERPE
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LD: non neurological subjects (Arduino & Burani, accepted, JPR)
Stimuli: the same
Participants: 49 university students
Dependent variable: RT and errors
610
620
630
Rt
HF-neigh LF-neigh
Error analysis showed the same pattern
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EXPERIMENT 2
Morphologically complex words and nonwords
• Dissociation between RA and LD in neglect dyslexia patients: the same stimuli presented to six patients for both RA and LD (Arduino et al., 2002). Untimed presentation.
• LD accuracy: The six patients were compared to 12 controls (matched for age, sex and educational level)
• Lexical effects in LD: three patients’ LD performance compared to non neurological younger adults. Timed presentation (700 ms.)
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• A) 88 suffixed derived words (Burani & Thornton, 2002, Linguistics). All words were low frequency
• 44 with HF root (CONSUM-ISMO “consumerism”)
• 44 with LF root (SIMBOL-ISMO “simbolism”)
EXP. 2
LIST: 300 morphologically complex words and nonwords
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: errors
PROCEDURE: untimed (all) timed (3 patients)
• B) 138 nonwords (Burani et al., 1997, Yearbook of
Morphology; Burani et al., 1999, Brain and Language)LAMPAD-ISTA (R+S+)
RONDIN-OSTO (R+S-)
ROVOLL-ISMO (R-S+)
MEVIN-OSTO (R-S-)
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
P.P. M.N. C.I. F.S. A.A. A.A.
%
RALD
0
5
10
15
%
P.P. M.N. C.I. F.S. A.G. A.A.
patientscontrols
Exp. 2RA and LD:
patients% errors
Exp. 2 LD: patients vs.
controls % errors
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EXP. 2LD with timed presentation (700 ms.): suffixed
derived words
• Burani & Thornton (2002): less errors in deciding upon words with high-frequency root.
02468
101214161820
HF root LF root
% e
rror
s
subjects patients
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EXP 2LD with timed presentation (700 ms.):
morphologically complex nonwords
• Burani et al. (1997, 1999); Burani & Thornton (2002):
more errors on nonwords that included either one or two constituent morphemes with respect to nonwords with no morphemes
0
5
10
15
20
R+S+ R+S- R-S+ R-S-
% e
rror
i
patients
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SummaryThe results of both experiments confirmed that neglect dyslexia patients’ lexical decision: •is preserved compared to reading aloud; •is normal compared to the performance of control subjects;
Moreover the results show that LD:
•is affected by the same morpho-lexical characteristics that influence non neurological younger adults;
•is not related to the severity of neglect dyslexia
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0
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60
P.P. M.N. C.I. F.S. A.A. A.A.
%
RALD
0
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60
70
P.P. M.N. C.I. F.S. A.A. A.A.
%
RALD
Exp. 1
Exp. 2
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CONCLUSIONS
• Guessing strategy: The fact that morpho-lexical effects also emerged in the patients’ LD allows us to discard the hypothesis that the patients adopt a rough guessing strategy in LD.
• Differential use of the reading routes (Ladavas et al., 1997):
LD: good performance because patients made use of the lexical route (no serial processing is required)
RA: impaired performance because patients made use of the sublexical route (serial processing, from left-to-right)
Moreover
For some Italian patients the lexical route is available for reading aloud (Arduino et al., 2002). It is the availability of the lexical route, which makes use of the whole word-form, that allows the patients to process the stimuli correctly.
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Arduino et al.’s data (2002) may be taken as further evidence that when patients may have access to the entire word-form directly, through the lexical route, their disturbance is ammeliorate because this latter procedure does not require a sequential, from left-to-right, processing.
In conclusion
The dissociation between reading aloud and lexical decision may be due to the fact that reading aloud requires, at different processing stage, a left-to-right sequential processing that is impaired in neglect patients, whereas it is not required in LD.
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• Some authors have suggested that word processing may involve two anatomically distinct attentional structures:
A posterior attentional system which is devoted to the allocation of visual spatial attention across the visual field (necessary for reading aloud, and which is impaired in neglect patients) and a more central anterior attentional system (preserved in neglect patients) which plays a role in lexical/semantic access (see Carr, 1992, American Journal of Psychology, for a review).
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READING ALOUD (ARDUINO ET AL, 2002)
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Written stimulus
ORTHOG.LEXICON
PHONOL.LEXICON
Phonemic buffer
GPC
rules
Semantics
OUTPUT
The route operates serially:attentional scanning fromleft-to-right
The routeoperates
on the wholeword- form:
NOattentionalscanning
![Page 25: How spatial attention modulates reading aloud and lexical decision: Evidence from Italian neglect dyslexia patients Lisa S. Arduino University of Milano-Bicocca,](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032800/56649d245503460f949fa5f4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Demographic features
S/A/E Lesion DurationP.P M/77 - 5 Basal ganglia 5M.N. F/66 - 12 Fs 1C.I. M/47 - 13 FTP 3F.S. M/72 - 8 P 7A.G. M/63 - 13 Fs 4A.A. F/65 - 5 TP 2
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Baseline assessment for visual spatial neglect
Letter Canc. Line Canc. Wundt-Jastrow ReadingL R L R L R
P.P 29\53* 0\51 6\11* 0\10 0\20 0\20 2\6M.N 28\53* 0\51 0\11 0\10 3\20* 0\20 1\6C.I. 53\53* 42\51 11\11* 3\10 20\20* 0\20 6\6F.S. 45\53* 3\51 6\11* 1\10 9\20 8\20 6\6A.G. 53\53* 37\51 11\11* 1\10 2\20 2\20 6\6A.A. 53\53* 29\51 6\11* 0\10 7\20* 0\20 6\6
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Words (N=38) Nonwords (N=38) Illegal nonwords(N=38)
P.P 0\1 11\15 (73.3%) 2\7 (28.6%)M.N. 4\4 (100%) 13\19 (68.4%) 12\18 (66.7%)C.I. 0\0 2\2 (100%) 7\7 (100%)F.S. 1\1 (100%) 18\22 (81.8%) 7\20 (35%)A.G. 5\7 (71.4%) 15\24 (62.5%) 14\24 (58.3%)A.A. 22\24 (91.7%) 27\33 (81.8%) 19\35 (54.3%)
Reading test (Vallar et al., 1996)
% neglect errors out of the total number of errors
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0
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% n
egle
ct e
rror
sP.P. M.N. C.I. F.S. A.G. A.A.
high-frqlow-frq
0
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% n
egle
ct e
rror
s
P.P. M.N. C.I. F.S. A.G. A.A.
highlow
Exp. 1 HIGH\LOWFREQUENCYWORDS
Exp. 1 NONWORDSWITH HIGH\LOWFREQUENCYNEIGHBOR
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Exp. 1Percent of neglect errors as a function of error type
0
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100
% n
egle
ct e
rror
s
P.P. M.N. C.I. F.S. A.G. A.A.
substitutionsomissions
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EXPERIMENT 2Reading aloud morphologically complex words and nonwords
Morpho-lexical reading of nonwords (Burani et al., 1997; 1999;Burani & Thornton, 2000)
LAMPAD-ISTA (root-suffix: R+S+)MEVIN-OSTO (no root and no suffix: R-S-)
Morpho-lexical processing of derived (suffixed) (Burani &Thornton, 2000)
BASS-EZZA (high-freq. root and suffix, HH) “Lowness”BEFF-ARDO (low-freq. root and suffix, LL ) “Mocking”
113 stimuliLIST: 300 STIMULI. DEPENDENT VARIABLE: ERRORS PROCEDURE: UNTIMED AND TIMED (700 msec.).
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Exp. 2 Percent of neglect errors in reading word and nonword
targets
0
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40
50
60
% n
egle
ct e
rror
s
P.P. M.N. C.I. F.S. A.G. A.A.
wordsnonwords
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0
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% n
egle
ct e
rror
sP.P. M.N. C.I. F.S. A.G. A.A.
HHLL
01020304050607080
%ne
glec
t e
rror
s
P.P. M.N. C.I. F.S. A.G. A.A.
R+S+R-S-
Exp. 2 DERIVED (SUFFIXED)WORDS
HH: BASS-EZZALL: BEFF-ARDO
Exp. 2MORPH. COMPLEXNONWORDS
R+S+ LAMPAD-ISTAR-S- MEVIN-OSTO
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Exp. 2Percent of neglect errors as a function of error type
0
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80
100
% n
egle
ct e
rror
s
P.P. M.N. C.I. F.S. A.G. A.A.
substitutionsomissions
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RESULTS
• FIVE PATIENTS SHOWED LEXICAL EFFECTS IN READING, WHILE ONE PATIENT DID NOT (A.A.)
• FEW ERRORS IN READING
– words vs. nonwords (Exp. 1 and 2)
– high vs. low-frequency words (Exp. 1)
– nonwords with no high-frequency neighbor (Exp.1)
– derived words with high-frequency constituents (root and suffix). (Exp. 2)
– morph. complex nonwords with real root and suffix (Exp. 2)
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CONCLUSIONS
The two types of neglect dyslexia are differentmanifestations of a single attentional disorder, different in degree.
Relationship between the severity of the attentional disturbance and the presencevs. absence of lexical effects in reading.
BUT: Relationship between the severity of left neglect andlexical effects is specific to the domain of neglect dyslexia, and not extending to other manifestations of the disorder.
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Baseline assessment for visual spatial neglect
Letter Canc. Barrage Wundt-JastrowL R L R L R
C.I. 53\53* 42\51 11\11* 3\10 20\20* 0\20 8%
A.A. 53\53* 29\51 6\11* 0\10 7\20* 0\20 53%
Percentage of reading errors committed by the two patientsunder condition of unconstrained time (Exp. 1 and 2)
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These results suggest that neglect dyslexia reflects a form of impairment in the spatial allocation of attention or in spatial representation, specific to the domain of the reading system. By and in line with this view, neglect dyslexia has been described in the absence of other manifestations of neglect symptoms for nonverbal material (Bisiach et al., 1990), or involving the one side of space opposite to the one where neglect for nonverbal material is present (Cubelli et al., 1991; Riddoch et al., 1995).
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Relationship between error type and lexical eff ects
Exp. 1 Exp. 2 Subst./Omiss.P.P Yes Yes SubstitutionsM.N. Yes Yes SubstitutionsC.I. Yes Yes OmissionsF.S. Yes Yes OmissionsA.G. Yes No OmissionsA.A. No No Omissions
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0
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%ne
glec
t er
rors
P.P. M.N. C.I. F.S. A.G. A.A.
substitutionsomissions
0
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% n
egle
ct e
rror
s
P.P. M.N. C.I. F.S. A.G. A.A.
substitutionsomissions
EXP. 1 (6.0)
EXP. 2 (8.3)
Mean stimuli length
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• Within a left-to-right gradient interpretation of left neglect the assumption can be made that the longer is the letter string the more degraded is the internal representation of its left side.
• The increase in omissions with longer letter strings representsa counterpart, in the reading domain of the well known effectof line length in segment bisection: The rightward shift of the subjective midpoint increases with longer lines (Vallar et al., 2000; Bisiach et al., 1983).
•Within this interpretative framework the more material is tobe computed on the left side of the letter string, the greater is the probability of a defective processing, that is of an omissionerror.
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Length effect. Percentage of neglect errors to 5-6 vs. 7-11 letter targets (data from Exp. 1 and 2).
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The relationship between error types (sub. vs. omiss.) the severity of the attentional disorder and lexical effects also falls along a continuum:
• Large majority of omissions may be associated witha more severe attentional disorder and with the absence of lexical effects in reading.
• A large majority of substitutions may be associatedwith preserved lexical effects and a less severe attentional disorder.