HERNIAS

MOSTAFA ABOU ALI

PROFFESSOR OF SURGERY

QASSIM UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF MEDICINE

• Hernia is a protrusion of an organ through the wall that normally contains it

• The wall can be the abdominal wall, muscle fascia, diaphragm or foramen magnum.

• Hernias can be congenital or acquired • Abdominal wall hernias are common

• Account for approximately 10% of general surgical workload

• Types Inguinal 73% femoral 17% umblical 8.5 % rare forms 1.5% ( incisional hernia is excluded.)

HERNIAS..DEFENITIONS

A HERNIA CONSISTS OF:

• A sac •  Its coverings

• Its contents ( all abdominal viscera

except liver and pancreas).

ABDOMINAL REGIONS WHERE

HERNIAS OCCUR

HERNIAS…ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS

Acquired hernias:

• Increased intra-abdominal pressure (e.g. straining or lifting )

• Abdominal weakness (e.g. advancing age or malnutrition)

ANATOMY OF THE INGUINAL CANAL

• Anterior border is the external oblique aponeurosis

• Posterior border is the transversalis fascia

• Inferior border is the inguinal ligament

• Superior border is the conjoint tendon - the lower fibers of internal oblique and transversus abdominis

ANATOMY OF INGUINAL CANAL

Inguinal canal lies between the superficial

and deep inguinal rings

Deep ring lies deep to the mid-inguinal point Mid-inguinal point is half way between symphysis pubis and anterior superior iliac spine

Not the midpoint of the inguinal ligament

In men it contains vas deferens and testicular artery and veins

In women it contains the round ligament

INGUINAL HERNIAS…INCIDENCE.

• 3% adults will require operation for inguinal hernia

• Male : female ratio is 12:1 • Elective : emergency operation 12:1 • Peak incidence is in the 6th decade • 65% inguinal hernias are indirect • In females inguinal hernias are as

common as femoral hernias

OBLIQE INGUINAL HERNIA

(I) Congenital theory :

Due to persistence of all or part of

processes vaginalis .

(II) Acquired theory :

Due to deficiency of factors (shutter

mechanism) which prevent herniation.

What is an Indirect Hernia?

• Congenital or acquired weaknesses in TF

• Location: lateral to deep epigastric vessels

• Protrude through deep inguinal ring; may descend into the scrotum

• Men

Deep ring

DIRECT INGUINAL HERNIA

– Acquired weaknesses in TF

– Location: Hesselbach’s

– Emerge between the deep epig. artery and rectus abd. muscle and protrude into the ingu. canal but not into the SC.

– More difficult to repair?!

– Men

FACTORS PREVENTING HERNIATION

1- Oblique coarse of the inguinal canal .

2- Contraction of conjoint tendon during

coughing or straining (shutter mechanism) .

3- Contraction of cremasteric muscle :

Plugging of inguinal canal

CLINICAL FEATURES

• Irreducible hernias have either a narrow neck or the contents adhere to the sac wall

• Obstructed hernias contain obstructed but viable intestine

• Strangulated hernias when the venous drainage from the sac contents is compromised

CLINICAL FEATURES

• Lump at an appropriate anatomical site

ncreases in size on coughing or straining.

t reduces in size or disappears when relaxed or supine position.

• Examination may show it to have a cough impulse and to be reducible

QUESTIONS MUST BE ANSWERED AT THE END OF GENERAL AND LOCAL

EXAMINATION

1- Hernia or not ?2- Rt or Lt ? 3- Is it inguinal or femoral ?4- Is it direct or oblique ?5- What is the content ?6- Recurrent or not ?7- Complicated or not ?8- what is the predisposing factors ?

HERNIAS…COMPLICATIONS

• Reducible

• Irreducible

• Obstructed or incarcerated

• Strangulated

D.DIAGNOSIS of OIH

1- Other hernia direct inguinal hernia femoral hernia 2- Hydrocele congenital & infantile encysted hydrocele of the cord 3- Ectopic or undescended testicle 4- Psoas abscess 5- Inguinal adenitis 6- Endemic funiculitis 7- Lipoma of the cord

COMPLICATIONS

Obstruction • Irreducible• abdominal pain, • distension and vomiting may occur • The hernia will be tense tender and irreducible

Strangulation • become red and tender, • Irreducible• No impulse on cough.• If contains bowel signs of obstruction.

Rt. INDIRECT ING. HERNIA

Ex. Ring Test?

INTERNAL RING TEST

HUGE LONG STANDING IDIH

COMPLETEINDIRECT INGUINAL HERNIA

INGUINAL HERNIA REPAIR

RATIONALE

TENTION FREE REPAIR

MESH REPAIR

HERNIA…REPAIR

Irrespective of approach used the following will be achieved

• Dissection of the sac • Reduction / inspection of the contents • Ligation of the sac • Approximation of the inguinal and

pectineal ligaments

INGUINAL HERNIA.TYPES OF REPAIR

• Bassini repair : Suturing conjoined tendon to inguinal ligament behind the cord .

• Lytle repair: Plication of the fascia transversalis .

• Shouldice repair : incision of the fascia & double breasting of it .

• Halsted ‘s repair Bassini repair plus reinforced by suturing the 2 leaflets of external oblique together behind the cord

INGUINAL HERNIA.TYPES OF REPAIR

Tanner’s repair: add to the repair a releasing incision in the rectus sheath to in avoid tension suture line

Blood good’s repair: triangular flap of ant rectus sheath wall is turned downward behind its lateral border and sutured to the inguinal ligament .

INGUINAL HERNIA.TYPES OF REPAIR

• Shouldice or Liechtenstein now regarded as 'gold standard' as judged by low risk of recurrence

• Laparoscopic hernia repair: Should be reserved for bilateral or

recurrent hernia

STRENTHENING OF THE POSTERIOR WALL OF TH ING. CANAL

SPERMATIC CORD

INDIRECT INGUINAL HERNIA MESH REPAIR

INCESION

Hernia Sac

Vas Deference

Hernia Sac Twisted

Spermatic Cord with the Vas

Preparation of the Mesh for Mesh Repair

Right direct inguinal hernia, the sac was coming from the posterior

wall of the inguinal canal. The cord is elevated separate from the sac.

Left direct inguinal hernia. the sac is separated from the cord.

direct inguinal hernia, the sac was fully reduced

Spermatic Cord

The superior edge of the mesh was tacked down to the aponeurosis or muscle

of the internal oblique with a few interrupted sutures.

Mesh in place and fixed

Laparoscopic Trans-abdominal pre-peritoneal prosthetic Fixation.

Spermatic Cord

Mesh in Place

Peritoneal closure on the pre-peritoneal mesh

MORTALITY OF ELECTIVE HERNIA REPAIR

The mortality of elective hernia repair increases with age

MORTALITY OF STRANGULATED HERNIA REPAIR • 10% patients with strangulation give no previous

history of a hernia

• The peak incidence of hernia strangulation is approximately 80 years

• In those with acute onset of a hernia the greatest risk is in the first 3 months

• Risk of strangulation depends on type of hernia - Femoral is approximately 40% - Direct inguinal is approximately 3%

MORTALITY OF STRANGULATED HERNIA REPAIR

• The mortality of surgery for strangulated hernias has changed little over the past 50 years

• Operative mortality remains at approximately 10%

• Is ten times greater than that following an elective repair

• Risk of death is dependent on: -Age -Presence of necrotic bowel requiring resection

COMPLICATIONS OF HERNIA SURGERY

• Urinary retention

• Scrotal haematoma

• Damage to the ileoinguinal nerve

• Ischaemic orchitis

• Recurrent hernia

TRUSSES

• 40000 sold annually in UK

• 20% purchased prior to seeing a doctor

• 45% have no instruction on fitting

• 75% fit whilst standing up!

RECURRENT INGUINAL HERNIA

• Recurrence rate varies with herniorrhaphy technique and duration of follow up

• With Bassini and darn repairs may be as high as 20%

• With Shouldice and Lichtenstein repairs recurrence rates <1% have been reported

RECURRENT INGUINAL HERNIA

Factor involved in recurrence include:

- Inadequate preoperative selection

- Type of hernia

- Type of operation

- Postoperative wound infection

RECURRENT HERNIA REPAIR

• Recurrent hernias should be repaired using a mesh technique

• Can be performed as either an open or a laparoscopic procedure

• Patients should be consented for a possible orchidectomy

FEMORAL HERNIAS…INCIDINCE.

• Account for 7% of all abdominal wall hernia

• Female : male ratio is 4:1

• Commonest in middle aged and elderly women

• Rare in children

• More common in parous

ANATOMY OF THE FEMORAL CANAL

• Anterior border is the inguinal ligament

• Posterior border is the pectineal ligament

• Medial border is the lacunar ligament

• Lateral border is the femoral vein

FEMORAL SHEATH AND CANAL WI TH RELATIONS OF CONTENTS

Right Femoral Hernia

Pubic Tubercle

FEMORAL HERNIA…REPAIR

All uncomplicated femoral hernias should be repaired as an urgent elective procedure

Three classical approaches to the femoral canal have been described

– Low (Lockwood)– Transinguinal (Lotheissen)– High (McEvedy)

SPECIAL TYPES OF HERNIA

Richter's hernia

• Partial enterocele

• presents with strangulation and obstruction

SPECIAL TYPES OF HERNIA

• Maydl's hernia

W loop strangulation, Strangulated

bowel within abdominal cavity

• Litter's hernia Strangulated Meckel's

diverticulum Can cause small bowel

fistula

CONGENITAL INGUINAL HERNA

• Presence of an PATENT processes vaginalis .• The hernia reaches down to the bottom of the

scrotum.• The testis lies among the contents of the sac • Although congenital , it may appear in adult

life .• Herniotomy can be performed at any age

provided a skilled anaesthetist and surgeon are available.

Incarcerated Congenital Inguinal Hernia

LEFT CONGENITAL INGUINAL HERNIA

SUBCUTANEIUS HERNIOTOMY

DISECTED SAC

VAS DEFRENCE

VD

TRANSFEXSION LIGATION AT THE NECK

Wound Closure With Subcuticulr Fine Sutures

Previous Rt. H Repair

CONGENITAL UMBLICAL HERNIAOXOMPHALUS MINOR

Infantile Umblical Hernia

• Due to week umblical scar• Repair is not urgent as it can

close spontaneously• If persist or became more

wide, repair at 2y age.• Very rare to be complicated• Just remove the granuloma• No truss

ADULT AQUIRED PARAUMBLICAL HERNIA PATIENT IS STRAINING

HUGE VENTRAL HERNIA WITH PENDULUS ABDOMEN

HUGE VENTRAL HERNIA WITH PENDULUS ABDOMEN