fisiologi hewan 11.20.2013 respirasiku

8/13/2019 fisiologi hewan 11.20.2013 RESPIRASIku

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RESPIRATORY

SYSTEM


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RESPIRATION


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The term respiration includes 3 sepa

functions:

1. Ventilation: Action of breathing with muscles and lungs.

2. Gas exchange: Between air and capillaries in the lungs.

Between systemic capillaries and tissues of the3. 02 utilization:

Cellular respiration in mitochondria.


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Functional Anatomy of the Respirator

Structural aspects in the processof respiration

1. The conduction portion2. The exchange portion

The structures involved withventilation Skeletal & musculature, pleural

membranes, & neural pathways

All divided into1. Upper respiratory tractentrance to

larynx

2. Lower respiratory tractlarynx toalveoli (trachea to lungs)


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Conducting Zone

All the structures air passes through before reaching trespiratory zone.

Warms and humidifair.

Filters and cleans: Mucus secreted to tra

the inspired air.

Mucus moved by ciliaexpectorated.(terminal)


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The branching patterns of the airw


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Respiratory Zone

Region of gas exchangebetween air and blood.

Bronchioles (respiratory)

Alveoli


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Red and blue represent oxygenated and

deoxygenated blood


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Thoracic Cavity

Diaphragm:

Sheets of striated muscle divides anterior bodycavity into 2 parts.

Above diaphragm: thoracic cavity

Below diaphragm: abdominopelvic cavity

Lungs normally remain in contact with thechest walls.

Lungs expand and contract along with thethoracic cavity.


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Intrapleural space

Space between visceraland parietal pleurae

The intrapleural spacecontains only a film of fluid

secreted by themembranes.

l l l


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Intrapulmonary, Intrapleural & TranspuPressures

Intrapulmonary pressure: Intra-alveolar pressure (pressure in the alveoli).

Intrapleural pressure: Pressure in the intrapleural space.

Pressure is negative, due to lack of air in the intrapleural sp

Intrapleural pressure:

Pressure difference across the wall of the lung.

Intrapulmonary pressureintrapleural pressure.

Keeps the lungs against the chest wall.


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Intrapulmonary and Intrapleural Pre(continued)

During inspiration:Atmospheric pressure is > intrapulmonary

pressure (-3 mm Hg).

During expiration: Intrapulmonary pressure (+3 mm Hg) is >

atmospheric pressure.


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Boyles Law

Changes in intrapulmonary pressure occur asresult of changes in lung volume. Pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its vo

Increase in lung volume decreases intrapulmpressure.

Air goes in.

Decrease in lung volume, raises intrapulmonpressure above atmosphere.

Air goes out.


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H k B l l b t b h t t


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Hukum Boyle: volume bertambah saat tekecil dan volume berkurang saat tekana

Inspirasi

Rongga dada membesar, paru-paru menge

volume bertambah dan tekanan udara keci

Ekspirasi

Rongga dada mengecil, paru-paru mengemvolume berkurang, dan tekanan udara bes


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Inspiration

Active process:

Contraction of diaphragm, increases thoracic voluvertically.

Parasternal and external intercostals contractthe ribs; increasing thoracic volume laterally.

Pressure changes:Alveolar changes from 0 to3 mm Hg.

Intrapleural changes from4 to6 mm Hg.

Transpulmonary pressure = +3 mm Hg.


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Expiration Expiration is a passive process.

After being stretched by contractions of the diaphrathoracic muscles; the diaphragm, thoracic muscles

lungs recoil.

Decrease in lung volume raises the pressure within

above atmosphere, and pushes air out.

Pressure changes:

Intrapulmonary pressure changes from 3 to +3 m

Intrapleural pressure changes from6 to3 mm Hg

Transpulmonary pressure = +6 mm Hg.


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Physical Properties of the Lu

1. Compliance (stretchability): the abilit

lungs to expand2. Elasticity: tendency to return to initial s

distension. High content of elastin proteins

3. Surface tension: is a force generated surface of a liquid at a gasliquid interf

Lungs secrete and absorb fluid, leaving a very tfluid.


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Surface Tension

H20 molecules at the surface are attracted to omolecules rather than to air.

Surface tension tends to shrink the surface areinterface, so the tendency for the alveolar surfato shrink tends to decrease alveolar volume.

Pressure in alveoli is directly proportional to sutension; and inversely proportional to radius of(Laplace Law).


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Surfactant

Phospholipid produced by

alveolar type II cells. Lowers surface tension.

Reduces attractive forces ofhydrogen bonding surface tensionin alveoli is reduced.

As alveoli radius decreases,surfactants ability to lowersurface tension increases.

P l F ti T t


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Pulmonary Function Tests

Assessed by spirometry. Subject breathes into a closed system in which air is tra

a bell floating in H20.

The bell moves up when the subject exhales and down subject inhales.


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Pulmonary disorders

Restrictive disorder:

Vital capacity is reduced.Less air in lungs.

Black lung from coal mines.

Pulmonary fibrosis: too much connective tissue.

Obstructive disorder:Rate of expiration is reduced.

Lungs are fine, but bronchi are obstructed. COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease): asthma, e

Chronic bronchitis


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fisiologi hewan 11.20.2013 respirasiku

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