essential question : how was china affected by global changes during the qing dynasty?
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Essential Question : How was China affected by global changes during the Qing Dynasty? Warm-Up Question : ?. A Review of Chinese History. From ancient times to 1900, China was the most dominant & influential society in Asia - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
■Essential Question:–How was China affected by global
changes during the Qing Dynasty?
■Warm-Up Question:–?
A Review of Chinese History■From ancient times to 1900, China was the
most dominant & influential society in Asia–Chinese culture spread to surrounding
neighbors, including Korea & Japan–China was one of the most innovative
cultures in world history by developing technologies such as, compass, printing, silk, paper, & gunpowder
–Chinese civilization is unique in world history because of its continuity over 4,000 years of history
Quick Class Discussion: What elements of Chinese culture remained constant over the course of Chinese history
(from 3000 B.C. to 1900 A.D.)?
Core Ideas Across Chinese History China was isolated from outsiders by deserts &
the Himalayan Mountains
This isolation led the Chinese to refer to themselves as the “Middle Kingdom”, thought of outsiders as
barbarians, & rarely traded with foreign merchants
Core Ideas Across Chinese History China was ruled by emperors who claimed the Mandate of
Heaven (approval of the gods)
Since the Classical Era of the Han Dynasty, Chinese government was run effectively by educated bureaucrats
because of the examination system
Dynasties could be overthrown if they lost the mandate of heaven, called the dynastic cycle
Core Ideas Across Chinese History
Rather than following a major world
religion, China was influenced by the ethical
system of Confucianism
Buddhism was introduced &
spread through China during the
Han Dynasty
Core Ideas Across Chinese History Chinese luxury goods spread through Asia
& Europe across the Silk Road
China was a reluctant trade nation, but it was the trend setter as other Asian nations adopted Chinese
writing, gov’t, & artistic styles
Eras in Chinese history are named after the dynasties that were in power; Each of these dynasties added unique
contributions in Chinese history
Review of Chinese Dynasties
River Valley Era (5000-1700 B.C.)China began along the unpredictable Yellow & Yangtze Rivers but only 10% of China is suitable for
farming
Qin Dynasty (316-206 B.C.)China’s first emperor (Qin Shi Huang-di) came to power, gave “China” its name, & built the
Great Wall to protect from northern invasions
Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.)China became an empire for the first time & entered the Classical Era during the Han Dynasty
Chinese artisans mastered silk & paper making
The Silk Road began Buddhism was
first introduced & began to spread
The Confucian Examination
System began
Tang & Song Dynasties (618-1279)China experienced a “golden age” was the most powerful & advanced country in the world during
the Tang & Song Dynasties of the post-classical era
For the 1st time, foreign trade
was encouraged
A series of advanced inventions were developed, like gunpowder, compass, printing press, vaccines
Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368)In 1279, Genghis’ grandson Kublai Khan
became the first foreign leader to rule China;
The Mongols created the Yuan Dynasty
Marco Polo’s visit during the Yuan
Dynasty increased European demand for
Chinese goods
During the Pax Mongolica, the Silk Road was protected
& trade with China increased
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)During the Ming Dynasty Chinese rule was restored, emperors encouraged foreign trade & exploration
(Zheng He) for the first & only time in history
To protect Ming emperors from future invasions, the Forbidden City was built in Beijing that no one other than royalty or approved bureaucrats could
enter
■ Text Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)In 1644, northern invaders from Manchuria
conquered China & created the second foreign dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing Dynasty
During this era of Manchu rule, China grew to its largest size by claiming Taiwan, central Asia, Mongolia, & Tibet
Forced Chinese men to wear their hair in a pigtail as a sign of submission to their ruleMade the frontiers safe and restored China’s prosperity.
■ Text Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)Like the era of Mongol rule, Chinese rejected &
led rebellions against their Manchu rulers
But, Emperor Kangxi earned Chinese respect by keeping Confucian beliefs, lowering taxes,
& restoring peace and prosperity to China
Kangxi was the first emperor to tour China & visit peasant villages
Kangxi & later Manchu rulers returned China to isolationism by restoring strict
adherence to the “Middle Kingdom”
■ Text Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)But, Qing China faced 2 important challenges
that would threaten China’s future strength The introduction of new American crops like corn & sweet potatoes led to a dramatic increase in the
Chinese population
The sharp rise in the number of Chinese peasants would
lead to competition for land & peasant uprisings
■ Text Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)But, Qing China faced 2 important challenges
that would threaten China’s future strength
European missionaries & merchants arrived in Asia eager to gain
access into China
Europeans arrived with superior military technology, demanded that China trade
with them, & refused to accept Chinese customs
Activity: Advice to Kangxi■ Imagine that you are an advisor to the
Manchu emperor Kangxi & give suggestions as to how to deal with China’s problems–Working with a partner, identify China’s 2
major problems during the Qing Dynasty; Write these on one side of an index card
–On the same side of the card, brainstorm at least 3 potential solutions to each problem
–Rank order these potential solutions–On the other side of the card, offer your
best solution for each problem
The Qing Dynasty■King George III asks for a better trade
arrangement ■representative Lord George
McCartney refuses to kowtow the emperor
■Qian-long denies Britain’s request■Why was the kowtow ritual
important to the Chinese emperor?
■Quick Write:
■What were the characteristics & causes of Japanese feudalism?
■What foreign group ruled China during the Qing Dynasty?
■What two major challenges did China face during Kangxi’s reign as emperor of China?
Geography of JapanJapan is a series of islands off the coasts of Korea & China
Like Greece, Japan was divided by mountains &
had few areas for farmingBefore 400 A.D., Japan was
not a unified nation but was ruled by hundreds of
different family clans Japan’s island location
provided protection from Chinese & Mongol invasions…
…but Japan was close enough to borrow cultural ideas from China
Japan’s isolation gave rise to a unique Japanese culture, most specifically the Shinto religion
Shinto is a polytheistic religion
based on the respect of nature & ancestor worship Shinto worshipers believed in divine spirits called kami that live in natureThe most important of the Shinto gods is the sun goddess who
gave light to the world
Amaterasu: Sun GoddessAmaterasu: Sun Goddess
As Japan had more contact with Asia, it adopted Chinese culture & ideas
Japan adopted the Chinese idea of an emperor & rule by dynasties; The first Japanese emperor was
said to have descended from the sun goddess
Unlike China, Japanese emperors often did not have power over clan leaders; Japan often had an
emperor figurehead & a clan ruler with true power
Japan tried, but failed, to model the Chinese examination
system for gov’t officials
Japan adopted Confucianism & blended Chinese styles of writing, architecture, & art
Chinese architecture
Japanese architectureChinese writing Japanese writing
Chinese landscape art
Japanese landscape art
In the mid-700s Buddhism was introduced in Japan from China & Korea
Buddhism was accepted by Japanese emperors, but in Japanese society,
Buddhism & Shinto blended
An example of religious blending
was Zen Buddhism
Classical Japan during the Heian Period■? From 794-1185, Japan entered a
classical era during the Heian Period
During this time, the imperial gov’t was strong & Japan experienced an
era of peace and prosperity Japan developed a
“golden age” in poetry, art, & literature
Japanese Feudalism■?By the mid-1000s, the imperial gov’t grew
weak, regional landowners gained power, & Japan became lawless & dangerous
Outlaws attacked farmers & pirates attacked the coast
Rival clans competed for power & threw Japan into a series of civil wars
Quick Class Discussion:Based on these images, how were
Japanese & European feudal systems similar?
Japanese Feudalism As a result, Japan
developed a feudal system
Farmers traded land to strong
warlords called daimyo who
offered protection
Daimyo were served by
loyal warriors called samurai
The emperor had little power
Japanese FeudalismSamurai warriors were usually
relatives or dependents of daimyo, although some were hired warriors called Ronin
Samurai warriors lived by a code of Bushido
which demanded courage, loyalty, deity,
fairness, & honor
Samurai were skilled swordsmen, but also used horses & guns (after the
arrival of Europeans)
■ Text
Japanese FeudalismIn 1192, the first
shogun was named by the emperor
The emperor remained in place,
but the shogun held real power & ruled
as military dictators
Shoguns’ power varied over time, but the pattern of
gov’t controlled by a shogun lasted
until 1867
Activity■ Who were the
military leaders, landowners, & warriors in medieval Europe & feudal Japan?
– How were they alike?
– How were they different?
■Essential Question:
■What roles did Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, & Tokugawa Ieyasu, play in unifying Japan?
■Name three ways Japanese feudalism was similar to European feudalism.
From 1560 to 1600 , three powerful daimyo, known as the three unifiers, began to restore order & unify Japan
Oda Nobunaga Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa Ieyasu
From 1560 to 1600 , three powerful daimyo, known as the three unifiers, began to restore order & unify Japan
Oda Nobunaga Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa IeyasuIn 1568, a brutal daimyo named Oda Nobunaga
conquered the Japanese capital of Kyoto
Oda seized power by force, was the first to use guns effectively, & eliminated
Buddhist rivals that refused to accept rule by the emperor
By the time of his death in 1582, Japan was not unified
From 1560 to 1600 , three powerful daimyo, known as the three unifiers, began to restore order & unify Japan
Oda Nobunaga Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa IeyasuOda Nobunaga’s best general was Toyotomi Hideyoshi who took over after Oda’s death
Toyotomi was resourceful & not ruthless like Oda;
He used political alliances, adoption, & marriage to gain
power over the daimyo
By 1590, Toyotomi Hideyoshi controlled most of Japan & tried unsuccessfully to
conquer Korea
From 1560 to 1600 , three powerful daimyo, known as the three unifiers, began to restore order & unify Japan
Oda Nobunaga Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa IeyasuAfter Toyotomi ‘s death in 1598, one of his daimyo allies named
Tokugawa Ieyasu completed the unification of Japan in 1600In 1603, Tokugawa became shogun of Japan, moved to capital to Edo (later called
Tokyo), & restored gov’t & order to Japan
Tokugawa ruled until 1615, but he created a line of succession
called the Tokugawa Shogunate that ruled Japan until 1867
Tokugawa Shogunate For more than 250 years, Tokugawa’s successors ruled Japan as shoguns
During this time, Japan benefited from peace;
The economy boomed & became more commercial
Tokugawa Shogunate European merchants & missionaries first
arrived in Japan in the mid-1500s
Tokugawa enjoyed trade with Europeans & was fascinated to learn about their military, new technologies, & ideas
Tokugawa Shogunate Between1549 & 1600, European missionaries had converted 300,000
Japanese to Christianity This upset Tokugawa
because the missionaries ignored Japanese cultural
beliefs & laws In 1612, Tokugawa
banned Christianity & began ruthlessly
persecuting Christians All Japanese were forced
to be faithful to Buddhism Execution of Christians
Japanese Isolationism Tokugawa shoguns
decided to exclude foreign
merchants & missionaries
By 1639, Japan adopted a
“closed country policy” &
ended almost all foreign contacts
Nagasaki Bay
Japan
Deshima
Dutch Ships
Japanese isolation remained in place for over 200 years
until the 1850s
During this era of isolation, Japan had profitable trade,
became self-sufficient, limited foreign ideas, & reduced
Europe’s ability to colonize Japan
One Japanese port at Deshima in Nagasaki Bay remained open but
only to Dutch & Chinese merchants
Portuguese traders brought the first firearms to Japan in 1543 and thirty years later thousands of matchlock weapons were being used by Japanese armies. Yet when American navy vessels arrived in Japan in the 1850s there was almost no knowledge of guns to be found in Japan. What happened to bring about this unexpected reversal of technology? To unravel the question and look back at sixteenth century Japan, you will assume the role of a samurai advisor to the Tokugawa Shogun. He has asked for information as to whether to allow the continued influence of western guns in Japan or to end the use of firearms in the country in order to preserve traditional Japanese society. In groups you will examine five samurai positions on the question. You should present a convincing plea based on historical and cultural evidence you can discover in order to develop your position. In a culminating presentation to the shogun, you should present the accurate argument for your position (you may write a letter to the shogun presenting your position). This exercise should reflect 1) the growing influence of western ideas and technology on Japan, and 2) Japan’s ultimate rejection of westernization by establishing isolation. The shogun should then determine the most persuasive arguments. Assume one of the following samurai arguments: 1. Even farmers have been able to join armies and to be warriors. If common folk are allowed to be warriors, our position of the elite of the nation is in jeopardy. 2. Our islands are difficult to invade, our warriors are formidable fighters and our traditional weapons are enough to maintain our safety. 3. Foreign ideas and foreign ideas have injured the purity of our traditional practices. Christianity and foreign business practice are changing our traditional patterns of society. 4. The sword is a much better philosophical symbol for our nation. Swords are artistic and often serve as metaphors for human characteristics. We should not give up this element of our society. 5. Grace and elegance combine with the practice of swordsmanship. This benefits the training and development of the samurai. Guns demand ungraceful body positions and are undignified.