electron beam longitudinal diagnostics for fermi@elettra fel...

Newport News 04/19/2012 Beam Instrumentation Workshop 2012 M.Veronese 1

Electron Beam Longitudinal Diagnosticsfor FERMI@Elettra FEL

M. Veronese

on behalf of the FERMI diagnostics, timing and commissioning teams

Work partially supported by the Italian Ministry of University and Research under grants FIRB-RBAP045JF2 and FIRB-RBAP06AWK3


Outline

• FERMI@Elettra FEL project– FEL parameters– Science goals

• FERMI overview– Layout– Machine subsections

• Electron beam longitudinal diagnostics– Cherenkov + Hamamatsu FESCA200 Streak camera – Coherent bunch length monitors (CBLM) – Bunch Arrival Monitor (BAM)– Low energy RF deflector (LERFD)– High Energy RF deflector (HERFD)– Electro Optical Sampling stations (EOS)– Seed Bunching monitor

• FEL experimental results at FERMI– Transverse Coherence, bandwidth properties– Energy/pulse, stability, optimization

Newport News 04/19/2012 Beam Instrumentation Workshop 2012 M.Veronese

Sincrotrone Trieste (ST) Facilities

ELETTRA Synchrotron Light Source: up to 2.4 GeV, top-up mode, about 800proposals per year from 39 countries.

FERMI@Elettra FEL:100 – 4 nm HGHG

3


� high peak power 0.3 – 1 GW’s range

� short temporal structure sub-ps to 10 fs time scale

� tunable wavelength APPLE II-type undulators

� variable polarization horizontal/circular/vertical

� seeded harmonic cascade longitud. and transv. coherence

FERMI@Elettra single-pass FEL user-facility.

Two separate FEL amplifiers will cover the spectral range from 100 nm (12 eV) to 4 nm (310 eV).

The two FEL’s will provide users with ~100fs photon pulses with unique characteristics.

FERMI main features

COURTESY A. NELSON

FERMI

4


SCIENCE CASE

� Low Density Matter

� structure of nano-clusters

� high resolution spectroscopy

� magnetism in nano-particles

� catalysis in nano-materials

� Diffraction and Projection Imaging

� Single-shot & Resonant Transverse Coherent Diffraction Imaging

� morphology and internal structure at the nm scale

� chemical and magnetic imaging

� Elastic and Inelastic Scattering

� Transient Grating Spectroscopy (collective dynamics at the nano-scale)

� Pump & Probe Spectroscopy (meta-stable states of matter)

……………………………………… brightness

………………………… narrow bw, λ-tunability

…………………………… circular polarization

…………………………… fs pulse and stability

………………………………...…… brightness, λ-tunability

………………………………… bw Fourier Tansform Limit

…………………………………… brightness

5


FEL1

FEL2I/O mirrors & gas

cells

PADReS

DIPROI

Photon Beam Lines

slits

experimental hall

FERMI Layout

HERFD

L1

X-band

BC1

L2 L3 L4

BC2

linac tunnelINJECTOR

Laser HeaterLERFDCBLM

BAMCherenkov

GUN

CBLM BAM

undulator hall

Transfer Line

FEL1

FEL2

EOS

EOS

BAM

BAM

6


FEL-1 and FEL-2

The two FERMI FELs will cover different spectral regions.

FEL-1: covers the spectral range from ~100 nm down to 20nm.

Single stage high gain harmonic generations scheme initialized by a UV laser.

FEL-2: wavelength range from 20 to ~4 nm.

Starting with seed laser in the UV, will use double cascade high gain harmonic generation. A

magnetic electron delay line is installed in order to improve the FEL performance by using the fresh

bunch technique. Other FEL configurations are also possible in the future (e.g. EEHG).


PHOTOINJECTOR LASER

Rep rate: 50 Hz (initially 10 Hz)Pulse duration FWHM: 4-6 ps and 10 ps range Pulse shape: flat-top, ripple <5% RMSRise-time: 0.5-1 ps (10-90%) Spatial beam profile: flat-top, ~ 1mm (up to 2 mm)

radius (on the cathode) UV wavelength (third harmonic): 260-263 nmFundamental Wavelength (for Ti:Sapphire): 780-790 nmPulse energy in UV (for Cu cathode): >0.4mJTiming jitter with respect to the phase reference: < 0.1 ps RMSEnergy stability : < 4% RMSStability of the beam position on the photocathode : < 10% pk-pk

8


LINAC

The old S-band Linac structures have been integrated with:

1. RF photo-cathode Gun (SLAC/BNL/UCLA……….…εεεεn = 0.8 µµµµm (500pC, 7.5 ps,100 MeV)2. 7 more CERN/LIL structures…………………………1.35 GeV reached3. SLED optimization and phase-modulation…………..27 MV/m promising 1.5 GeV (FEL-2)4. X-band TW structure for phase space linearization

CERN structures

“SLED” structures

M. Danailov (Lasers), M. Trovo’ (Gun), A. Fabris (S-band),P. Craievich, G. Penco

PC Gun + Injector

9


MAGNETIC COMPRESSORs

Two movable magnetic chicanes for one- or two-stage bunch length compression havebeen developed in house on improved LCLS desig compression factor 5-6 used forFEL

D. Zangrando, R. Fabris, D. Castronovo, G. Pangon, S. Di Mitri

10


TRANSFER LINE

Compact (~30 m) FEL-1/FEL-2 Spreader line; e-beam diagnostics and collimators included. Followed by the undulators (~30 m) and the Main Beam Dumpline (~40 m).

E. Karantzoulis S. Ferry, I. Cudin, M. Tudor, S. Di Mitri

“Spreader”

Main Beam Dump

11


STATUS:Fixed wavelength configurationWavelength : 260-262 nm (manually tunable)UV peak power ≥ 400 MW Pulse duration (FWHM): 150-220 fs range Energy/pulse >80 µJ Beam dimension (1/e2 intensity):0.8 or 1 mm 1/e2 diameter at virtual undulatorTiming jitter with respect to the phase reference: < 100 fs RMS

Tunable wavelength configurationWavelength : 235-260 nm UV peak power ≥ 100 MW (>80 MW at 235 nm) Pulse duration (FWHM): 180-200 fs range Energy per pulse >20 µJ (>15 µJ at 235 nm)Beam dimension (1/e2 intensity): 1 mm 1/e2 diameter at virtual undulatorTiming jitter with respect to the phase reference: <100 fs RMS

FERMI SEED LASER

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

INT

EN

SIT

Y (

a.u.

)

TIME(ps)

255 256 257 2580

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

INT

EN

SIT

Y (

a.u.

)

WAVELENGTH(nm)

12


UNDULATORS

Variable gap, planar and APPLE-II type undulators. In house design, manufacturing by KYMA

(ST spin-off)…………………………variable polarization & λλλλ-tuning provided to users

Ref.: B. Diviacco ,D. La Civita, M. Musardo, G. Tomasin, E. Allaria

Variable Polarization Und.7mm Gap

13


Longitudinal Phase Spaceat low energy � Cherenkov

14

• At low energy (5 MeV) Cherenkov radiation is ~5000 more intense than OTR• Time resolution is related to the index of refraction (the lower the better)• Only aerogels can reach refraction index value of n=1.008

Budker Institute of NuclearPhysics, Novosibirsk,

� cos(θC)= 1/β.n

particle

100 pC, L= 5 mm. Optimized at 400-440 nm for maximum streak camera sensitivity. Limited bandwidth minimize chromatic effects

100 pC, L= 5 mm.

Straight Section

Dispersive Section

4 MeV (worst) 3.6*107 3.6*106

6 MeV (best) 7.5*107 4.6*106

L.Badano


L.Badano, F.Cianciosi, C.Svetina, C.Spezzani

GUN

STREAK CAMERA

Transport line and Streak Camera

Hamamatsu Fesca200:time resolution less than 200fs FWHM at single shot operation

• ~ 20 m transport line• 3 parabolic mirrors• 12 flat mirrors (2 in vacuum)• 13 remote axis

15


Longitudinal Profile Measurement

16

single shot acquisition.4.6 MeV, 240 pC electron beam

L.Badano, M.Trovo’

Bunch length vs charge at gun exit.

Flat top laser profile, 4 ps FWHMGood agreement: simulation vs exp. data


GOALs: monitor bunch length downstream of Bunch Compressors

- ONLINE / NON DESTRUCTIVE- USABLE BY FEEDBACKS �� for FEL output intensity stabilization

Coherent radiation: wavelength λ of radiation ~ bunch length

Power measurement: power increases as the bunch gets shorter.

Spectral range: from mm-waves to THz

Coherent Radiation Sources for FERMI BLM:� Coherent Synchrotron/Edge Radiation � Coherent Diffraction Radiation from a ceramic GAP

elet

tra

elet

tra

elet

tra

elettr

aelettraelettraelettra Coherent Bunch Length Monitor

17

Bunch Length (FWHM-ps)

Coherent onsetfreq (THz)

5 0.11

0.17 3.25


IRON

COIL

COIL

CBLM Source point: 50% Mag field drop

BC1/BC2FOURTH DIPOLE

IRON

CBLM layout

PYRODETECTOR

Holey mirror

Off axis parabolic mirrors

e-beam

SCHOTTKY DIODES30GHz

100GHz300GHz

CERAMIC GAP

18


Installed CBLM

Coherent edge radiation

Pyro

3” off axis Parabolicmirror

Coherent GAP radiation

100GHz

Horn100GHz

30GHz

Horn30GHz

19


Velocity vs accelaration

100GHz

Velocity termdominates

Acceleration termdominates

Radiation beam radius alongthe optical transport line.

Transmission at pyrodetector

330GHz

3THz

Rectangular bunchFW 1.6ps � coher. onset = 330GHzFW 5ps � coher. onset = 100GHz

Liénard-Wiechert

Incoherent radiation source simulationsSynchroSim (O.Grimm -DESY)

Laguerre Polynomialexpansion and matrixoptics Matlab code(H.Loos -LCLS)

20

1 THz

10 THz

100 THz

1000THz

FERMI BC1 4th dipole250MeV, 30x30mm


Test of double compression BC1+BC2

Overcompression Phase @ 122degin agreement with simulation90deg on crest condition

21

Operational experience

Compression feedback• Pyrodetector used as sensor• L1 linac phase as actuator

L.Froehlich


� Maxwell equations

� Bolotowskii and Palumbo approach

� No closed solution of the integrals �

� Proposed high frequency approx.

Radiation from a GAPel

ettr

ael

ettr

ael

ettr

aele

ttra

elettraelettraelettra

22

R. Appio, M.Veronese,P. Craievich, G. Penco

STEP IN term

Negligible for β�1

STEP OUT term

Dominates for β�1

0 5 10 150.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1100 GHz diode signal-theory fitting

CF

Gap

rad

iatio

n (a

.u.)

measured dataRect bunch radiation

Not compressed bunch:4.94 ps

Ene

rgy

from

Gap

at 3

0 G

Hz

Bunch Length (ps)


Pulsed optical timing

Pulsed optical timing system:Design and prototyping: collaboration with prof. F. X. Kaertner group (MIT)Engineering and contstructi0n: MenloSystems, Gmbh.

Optical Master Oscillator (OMO)& 6 Stabilized Links

Phase noise of the locked OMO�

Link drift < 5fsec rms over 10days

M. Ferianis, F. Rossi, M. Predonzani


FERMI@Elettra BAM

H. Schlarb, DESY;F. Loehl, PhD Thesis, Uni. Hamburg 2009

BAM pick-up pulse on FERMI OMO amplitude modulated pulse

24

M. Ferianis, L. Pavlovic, F. Rossi


BAM alignment & calibration

Coarse alignment SPAGHETTI BOX!!!Remotely controlled, broadband (12GHz) coaxial delay unit; 7.2ns in 600ps steps to cope with the OMO period (fOMO=157MHz)

Fine alignment : optical delay line housed in theBAM front-end ±300ps

Scan of the OMO pulse vs pick–up signal

1200 counts/ps

25

M. Ferianis, L. Pavlovic, F. Rossi


Time jitter measurement

average = 5,93fs2fs

10 minutes

BAM acquisition noise <10fsRMS

26

Typical time jitter CF=1 <100fsRMS

# of shotsA

rriv

al t

ime

[fs]

Arrival Time Jitter: average74 fs avg

RF and photoinjector laser stabilityare well in specs!


Machine monitoring and studies

100fs

10 minutes

Beam jitter increases due to Klystron3 phase instability

Klystron 3 phase

27

Time jitter compressionExperimental data vs simulation

G.Penco


Low Energy RF Deflector (LERFD)

� collaboration with INFN LNF/Univ. La Sapienza

� scaling to our working frequency

of the Alesini’s 5-cells RFD

Frequency 2998.010 MHz

Filling time 2.4 µs

Max available RF power 5 MW

Integrated transverse voltage @5MW 4.9 MV

Total length 0.5 m

Beam energy 320 MeV

Natural beam size 200 µm

Temporal resolution 70 fs

28

~ 1

6 m

m

Bunch Length from Injector(6 ps fwhm)

Bunch length compression ( 1ps fwhm)

~ 2

.5 m

m

P.Craievich, M.Petronio, G.Penco


High Energy RF Deflector (HERFD)

Vertical deflector

Frequency 2998.010 MHz

Filling time 0.5 µs

Max available RF power 15 MW

Integrated transverse voltage @15MW >20 MV

Total length 2.5 m

Beam energy 1.2 GeV

Natural beam size 70 µm

Temporal resolution <20 fs

� deflection on both planes to manage transverse wakes

29

P. Craievich, M. Petronio, G. Penco

� vertical deflector in commissioning

� horizontal deflector to be installed

during 2012


CF 5

Slice en. Spread

Good region

~220keV (rms)

HERFD Slice en. Spread @350pC

Uncompressed

Slice en. Spread

~100keV (rms)

DBD quads in OFF

30

P.Craievich, G.Penco

Seed laser

1ps

modulation


Electro Optical Sampling FEL1

FiberLaser Pol

λ/2

Cyl.lens

ICCD

Delayline

λ/2

λ/4

polFRMlink

FIRST EOS measurementsSpatial encoding schemeFiber Laser : 780nm –FW 100fsZnTe, GaP, OTR, YAG

Design started from suggestions of D.Fritz (SLAC) and in collaboration with S.Jamison (Alice-STFC). First tests at SPARC (LNF-INFN).

31


Time scale calibration

Correlating fiber laser spot size on ZnTe crystal vs ICCD image size.Taking in account geometrical factor for angle of incidence (30 deg)

Calibration Coefficient: 16 fs/pixel

ZnTe crystalFiber laser

32


M.Veronese, E.Allaria 27/09/11

ZnTe 1mm, Horizontal Polarization

… Increasing compression …

1.6ps

FWHM=0.95ps

Sequence of 50 shots

33

FWHM=1.8ps


1.6ps

FWHM=790fs


1.6ps


Jitter measurements

time

Sho

t#

ResolutionZnTe 1 mm and GaP 0.4 mm chosen for first operation are optimized for signal amplitude

High resolution crystal: GaP 0.1mm To be be installed in 2012

34

Time jitter/ drift measured ~ 80 fs


YAG - SFEL01.02

SEEDe-BEAM

YAG – FEL01.01

SEED

e-BEAM

OTR

SEED

Spatial overlap cross the modulator is carried out with two YAG screens .

Fast photodiode signals

SEEDING ALIGNMENT

M. Veronese, C. Spezzani, M. Danailov, P. Cinquegrana, P. Sigalotti, E. Allaria

Time Overlap:An Al foil that reflects the laser out ofEOS chamber and makes electronsproducing OTR. The two signals aredetected with a CCD. A fastphotodiode on a XY stage allows timealignment within 50ps on 6GHzoscilloscope

SEED

Alfoil + CCD

OTRoverlapping

Fast photodiode

35


Seed bunching measurement

Coherent UV signal on IRD Al coated photodiode downstream 2nd foil

M.Veronese, E.Allaria, M.Trovòph

otod

iode

sig

nal

Seed laser Time Delay

phot

odio

de s

igna

l

Dispersive chicane Current

36

phot

odio

de s

igna

l

Seed Power

MicroBunching induced by the seed laser at 260nm.

1st foil: Al 1µµµµm• Stops Seed laser• Emits Forward CTR

2nd foil: Al 1µµµµm• Reflects TR from 1st

• Emits Forward CTR

2nd1st

CCD

PD

BEAM DUMP


FEL bandwidth (eV)

37

In the frequency (energy) domain the FEL spectrum is larger than the one of the seed laser.

Ideal case for the Nth harmonic the relative bandwidth:

For the 8th harmonics exp. data fitting this model:

This suggests that longitudinal coherence is preserved.

SEEDFEL BWNBW =

We expect the FEL pulse to be shorter than the seed laser. �

meVBW FELrms 49= meVBW seed

rms 3.16=

courtesy E.Allaria


Double slit experiments done at 32.5 nm show very good transverse coherence.

Transverse coherence

23/07/2011

Fringe visibility is very high along the entire FEL pulse indicating a very high degree of transverse coherence.

Quantitative analysis is ongoing.

FEL at 32.5 nm, 6 radiators, 450pC, compression ~3.Slit separation = 0.8 mm, width = 20 µm

38

E.Allaria, B.Mahieu, C.Spezzani,G. De Ninno, et al.


Exponential gain

39

With the FEL1 optimized for on axis operation we measured the exponential gain �.The FEL1 gain has been measured both for circular and planar polarization showing the expected behavior (lg~ 2 and 2.5 m).

Measured FEL behavior is in good agreement with FEL simulations using the expected electron beam parameters.

E.Allaria, W.Fawley


FEL optimization and stability

40

Optimizing the undulator tuning (both in K and electron beam position) is done by examining the far-field FEL spot size. A small undulator mismatch (of the order of ∆K~0.1%) can produce a “doughnut” transverse mode with resonance moved to the outer portions of e-beam

Resonance set for 1.240MeV

Resonance set for 1.245MeV

FEL@43nm with 6 radiators

FEL1 Energy/pulse: Tens of mJ in the range 60�20nm

FEL1 Stability: 10-15% rms

Time

FE

L1 in

tens

ity (

a.u.

)

40 min. acquisition @ 32.5nm


THANK YOU41

I would like to acknowledge:

A.Abrami, R.Appio, M.Bossi, F.Cianciosi, M.Danailov, R. De Monte, G.Gaio, S.Grulja, M.Ferianis, L.Froehlich, M. De Marco, L. Pavlovic, M. Predonzani, F. Rossi, R. Sauro, C. Scafuri, G.Scalamera, C.Svetina, R.Tamaro, M.Tudor.

E.Allaria, P. Craievich, S. Di Mitri, G. Penco, M. Petronio, C. Spezzani, M. Trovo`.

J. Frish, D. Fritz, O.Grimm, P. Krejcik, S. Jamison, H. Loos,

D. Filippetto, M. Bellaveglia, A.Cianchi, A. Mostacci, G. Gatti; M. Del Franco, L.Giannessi.

M.Ferrario, S.Biedron, S.Milton, M.Svandrlik

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