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Domains and Kingdoms TAXONOMY

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I will classify organisms based on the distinguishing characteristics of the domains and kingdoms of living organisms. I will describe how and why organisms are hierarchically classified and based on evolutionary relationships. SC.912.L.15.6 Discuss distinguishing characteristics of the domains and kingdoms of living organisms. (AA) 15.4Describe how and why organisms are hierarchically classified and based on evolutionary relationships. What are we learning today? BenchmarksLearning Objectives

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WHY DO WE ORGANIZE THINGS? Classify, or organize, the following terms into groups Classify, or organize, the following terms into groups. South America Monroe El Portal Asia D ade Montana Canada Haiti North America Miami Aventura Palm Beach Mexico United States Africa France Alabama Florida Europe Illinois Alaska Hawaii Broward Martin Hialeah Little Haiti

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WHAT IS THE ESSENTIAL QUESTION? Try to imagine the problems faced by the biologists of several hundred years ago as they tried to find patterns in the vast diversity of life. What are some similarities that you might use to try to put the following organisms into related groups?

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Why do biologists classify? Biologists have identified and named about 2 million species so far. Scientists estimate that there are about 8 million additional species yet to be discovered. Taxonomy is the discipline where scientists classify and assign each organism a universally accepted name.

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How Has Classification Changed Since the 1700s? 1700180019002000 1753 Linnaeus introduced his two-kingdom system which included Plantae and Animalia 1938 American Biologist Herbert Copeland argued that all prokaryotes deserved their own kingdom, Monera 1977 Research by Carl Woese led scientists to split Monera into two kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaeabacteria 1866 German biologist Ernst Haeckel proposes moving all single-celled organisms to the Kingdom Protista 1959 American ecologist Robert Whittaker proposed that fungi should be placed in their own kingdom because of how they feed

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We Classify Organisms into Kingdoms Based on 4 Criteria 1. Is its body made up of 1 cell or many cells? 2. Does its cell(s) have a nucleus or not? 3. Does the organism make its own food or is it a consumer? 4. Does it have any other special characteristics that set it apart from other organisms?

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The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing. Organisms can be classified as unicellular (its whole body is a single cell; includes bacteria, protista, some fungi) Or multicellular (many cells make up its body; includes some fungi, all plants and all animals) WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS?

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WHAT ARE PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES?

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Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes have a cell membrane genetic material (DNA) ribosomes cytoplasm HOW ARE PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES SIMILAR?

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Nucleus is present Many membrane-bound organelles Many 2-1000 um in size Evolved 1.5 billion years ago MORE RECENT All other kingdoms (animal, plant, fungi, and protist) Nucleus is absent No membrane-bound organelles Most 1-10 um in size Evolved 3.5 billion years ago FIRST LIVING THINGS Only bacteria and archaeabacteria HOW DO PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES DIFFER? Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

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WHAT IS THE THREE-DOMAIN SYSTEM? The domain is the largest category of classification. The three domains are: Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea.

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SUMMARY OF CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SIX KINGDOMS WHICH VERY IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTIC IS MISSING??

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Corresponds to the domain Archae. Unicellular and prokaryotic organisms live in some of the most extreme environments on our planet. Many of these bacteria can survive only in the absence of oxygen. WHAT MAKES UP THE KINGDOM ARCHAEABACTERIA?

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WHAT IS THE KINGDOM EUBACTERIA? Corresponds to the domain bacteria. Members are unicellular and prokaryotic. Cells have a thick, rigid cell wall containing peptidoglycan. Ecologically diverse, ranging from free-living soil organisms to deadly parasites. Some need O 2, other are killed by it.

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WHAT MAKES UP THE DOMAIN EUKARYA? Consists of all organisms that have a nucleus. Composed of protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

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Algae are plant-like because they do photosynthesis. Simpler than plants Live in lakes, streams, rivers, ponds, oceans. Algae is autotrophic. Food source for many aquatic organisms form the base of the food web Some protozoans have properties of both plants and animals. Live in water, soil, and in the bodies of animals. Most are harmless, but a few cause disease. Have different methods of moving: Flagellum Cilia Pseudopods Animals-Like Protists Plant-Like Protists

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WHAT IS IN THE KINGDOM FUNGI?

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WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE KINGDOM FUNGI? Eukaryotic Heterotrophs Cell wall with chitin Most feed on dead or decaying organic matter. Fungi secrete digestive enzymes into their food source, before absorbing the smaller food molecules into their bodies. Most multicellular, some are unicellular

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WHAT IS THE KINGDOM FUNGI? Fungi release special chemicals on dead plant and animal matter. These chemicals break down, or decompose, the dead matter. This decomposed matter is later absorbed by the fungus or the soil.

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WHAT ORGANISMS ARE IN THE KINGDOM PLANTAE?

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What organisms are in the Kingdom Plantae? Trees, grasses, ferns, and mosses. Nonmotile, meaning they can not move from place to place. They are photosynthetic autotrophs. Multicellular Cell walls contain cellulose

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WHAT MAKES UP THE KINGDOM ANIMALIA?

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WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE KINGDOM ANIMALIA? Eukaryote Multicellular Heterotroph No cell wall or chloroplasts

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What is the three-domain system? All organisms evolved from cells that formed over 3 b.y.a. Domain Archaea corresponds to the Kingdom Archaebacteria Domain Bacteria corresponds to the Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Eukaria includes the Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

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TAXONOMY AND CLADISTICS Topic 9: Day 2 SC.912.L.15.5 Explain the reasons for changes in how organisms are classified.

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Explain the difference between evolutionary classification and Linnaean classification. Analyze a cladogram to recognize the concepts of common ancestry and degrees of evolutionary relationship. Describe how DNA and RNA can help scientists determine evolutionary relationships SC.912.L.15.4 Describe how and why organisms are hierarchically classified and based on evolutionary relationships. SC.912.L.15.5 Explain the reasons for changes in how organisms are classified. What are we learning today? BenchmarksLearning Objectives

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How will you classify the following organisms?

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How are Linnaean and evolutionary classification different? Linnaeus grouped species into larger taxa, mainly according to visible similarities and differences. This approach can cause problems. The goal of evolutionary biology is to group species into larger categories that reflect lines of evolutionary descent, rather than overall similarities and differences. Inspired by Darwins ideas about descent with modification

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What is cladistic analysis? Modern evolutionary classification uses a method called cladistic analysis. Cladistic analysis identifies and considers only those characteristics of organisms that are evolutionary innovations. Traits that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members are called derived characters. Derived characters can be used to construct a cladogram, a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.

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How can I read a cladogram? A speciation event, in which an ancestral lineage branches into two new lineages, is the basis for each branch point, or node. Each node represents the last point at which the new lineages shared a common ancestor. The bottom, or root, of the tree represents the common ancestor shared by all organisms on the cladogram.

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How can I read a cladogram? A cladograms branching patterns indicate degrees of relatedness among organisms. Because lineages 3 and 4 share a common ancestor more recently with each other than they do with lineage 2, you know that lineages 3 and 4 are more closely related to each other than they are with lineage 2. Likewise, lineages 2, 3, and 4 are more closely related, in terms on ancestry, with each other than any of them is to lineage 1.

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Collaborative Activity: Construct a Cladogram Purpose: In this activity, you will ll in a cladogram for methods of transportation. Problem Statement: How can methods of transportation be organized using a cladogram?

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Collaborative Activity: Construct a Cladogram Purpose: In this activity, you will construct a cladogram to classify a group of animals. (Pag. 520) Backbone Legs Hair

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Collaborative Activity: Interpreting a Cladogram This cladogram shows the evolutionary history of cats. 1. What are the derived characters in this cladogram? 2. Is hair a derived character of mammals? 3. Is amniotic egg a derived character of mammals? 4. For which clade is retractable claws a derived character? 5. Why is four limbs a derived character for clade tetrapoda, but a primitive character for all the other clades?

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How are DNA sequences used in classification? Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships. The more similar the DNA sequences of two species, the more recently they share a common ancestor, and the more closely they are related in evolutionary terms. The more two species have diverged from one another, or changed in comparison to one another during evolution, the less similar their DNA will be.

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How are DNA sequences used in classification? 1. According to the figure, which species is most closely related to red pandas? 2. Biologists had previously classified giant pandas together with raccoons and red pandas. What did DNA analysis reveal about giant pandas and bears? DNA evidence suggests that that the giant panda shares a common ancestor with bears than with either red pandas or raccoons.

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The Linnaean classification system is based solely on physical characteristics. How has the classification of organisms changed since Linnaeus developed his taxonomy system? In your answer: explain how cladistics differs from Linnaean taxonomy. (5 pts.) explain how new technologies in molecular biology and DNA research have affected the Linnaean classification system. (5 pts.) What is the essential question?