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3 Domains & 4 Kingdoms

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Domain - Archea• Prokaryotes - “before nucleus”• No organelles in their cell• Live in extreme environments similar to those

of the ancient Earth• Hot springs• Salt lakes• Hydrothermic vents• Glacier ice

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Domain - Eukarya• Eukaryotes - “good nucleus”• Unicellular & multicellular• Divided in 4 Kingdoms

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Domain – Bacteria• Next Lesson

Non-Living Virus• Next Lesson

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Kingdom - Animalia• Grouped by skeletal

system• All multicellular• Heterotrophic

• Vertebrates• Have a backbone• Ex. snake, elephant& bony fish

• Invertebrates• Do not have a

backbone• Ex. jelly fish, butterfly

& wormVideo animals

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Kingdom - Plantae• Grouped by tubes system

for transporting water• All multicellular• Autotrophic

• Vascular• Have a well-developed

tube system• Able to grow tall• Ex. fern, cactus & elm tree

• Non-vascular• Lack well-developed

tube system• Grow low to the ground• Ex. mosses & liverworts

Video wilting

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Kingdom - Plantae• Vascular is broken into:

• Seedless

• Gymnosperms

• Angiosperms

• Reproduce by spores

• Reproduce by seeds –no flowers or fruit

• Reproduce by flowers and seeds in fruit

Video plant

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Kingdom - FungiTo understand Fungi better!Hyphae

Multicellular forms for time threadlike tubes

MyceliumEntire mass of hyphae

FeedingEzymes released and break

down surrounding particles, small particles are absorbed by hyphae

Eat dead and/or live materialDecomposers and/ or

parasites

Video fungi

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Kingdom - Fungi• Grouped by appearance of their reproductive

structure• Most are multicellular• Heterotrophic (plants that do not make their

own food- no chlorophyll, no photosynthesis)• Reproduce mainly by spores , called budding

(asexual) • but can also reproduce sexually when hyphae meet

• 3 main categories based on reproductive structure

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Kingdom - Fungi• 1) Sac

• Ex. Yeast, truffles

• 2) Club• Ex. Mushrooms, toad stools,

puffballs, bracket fungi

• 3) Zygote• Ex. Molds (like our bread mold),

ringworm, athlete’s foot, some are antibiotics (penicillium), cheese making!

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Fungi and Bacteria- Symbiosis• Lichens

• Both bacteria and fungi living mutually together

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Kingdom - Protista• Grouped by charactertistics they share with

other kingdoms (often called the odds and ends kingdom)

• Most are unicellular (but some multicellular)• Mainly heterotrophic (but some autotrophic)• Reproduction is mainly binary fission

• Nuclues duplicates and cell pinches off into 2 daughter cells

• 3 Main categories

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Kingdom - ProtistaAnimal-like (protozoan)heterotrophic4 categories

3 based on movement- ciliates, flagellates and sarcodines

Examples: paramecium, giardia, and Amoeba

1 parasite (different methods of movements)

Examples: plasmodium

Video

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Kingdom - ProtistaPlant-like (algae)mainly autotrophicunicellular and multicellular4 categories

Algae example: red, green, brownEuglenoids (can be both

autotrophic and heterotrophic) example: euglena

diatoms (glass like cell walls)dinoflagellates (hard shell with 1

flagellate)

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Kingdom - ProtistaFungus-like• Heterotrophic• Unicellular sometimes becoming

multicellular• reproduce by spores (asexual)• 2 categories

• Slime molds (move, jelly like)• Water molds and Downy molds (wet moist

environments, tiny threads)

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Domain - BacteriaMost abundant organism on earth

• Prokaryotes- no nucleus genetic material not contained in a nucleus

• Few organelles in their cell• Cytoplasm, cell wall, • cell membrane, ribosomes, • and flagellum

• Shapes• Round- cocci• Spiral – spirilla• Rods- bacilli

Video- shape

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Domain - Bacteria• Reproduction – very quick under ideal conditions

• Asexually- single cell splitting: binary fission• Sexual – 2 cells share genetic material: Conjugation

treadlike bridge transfers some genetic material from one cell to another (then binary fission with different genetic material)

• Endospore formation – protective shell, dormant bacterium goes into a “hibernation”

• Movement – crawling, gliding, and using flagella• Growth - as a colony, not an individual cell

Video- reproduction

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Domain - Bacteria• 4 main categories:• Decomposers• Aerobic• Anaerobic• Pathogens

• Autotrophic- sunlight and chemicals• Photosynthesis (different chlorophyll than plants)• Chemosynthesis (oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur)

• Heterotrophic -respiration- breaking down food to get energy• Aerobic – with oxygen• Anaerobic- without oxygen

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Domain - Bacteria• Can be helpful or Harmful

• Most helpful (cheese, yogurt, yeast, decomposing, clean up environment , digestive system)

• Some harmful: called pathogens (sickness, pneumonia, TB, strep throat)

Video white blood cells

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Virus – Non living• Virus- latin meaning “ Poison”

• No cell structure (cellular organization)• No response to surroundings • Don’t have growth or development• Reproduction (only within a host cell)• Chemicals of life • Energy use (no respiration)Conclusion: Not living do not follow the 6

character tics of life and not classified the same way as living things (no binomial nomenclature!)

Video

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Virus – Non living• Very very small, much smaller than bacteria• Affects all living things and can be transmitted• Can be dormant for years and then activate• Do not respond to antibotics• Very few vaccines (viruses mutate quickly)• Can attack specific cell types

• Cold: respiratory cells, polio- nerve cells• Capsid- outer coat/shell made of protein (about

95% of the virus)• Inner core contains genetic material• Shapes: tube, robot, sphere, bullet, • Ex. Smallpox, colds, influenza, yellow fever

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Virus – Non livingReproduction• Active Virus

1) Attaches to the surface2) Inject genetic material3) Genetic material takes over the cell’s interior4) Proteins assemble to new viruses5) Cell bursts and releases more viruses

• Hidden Virus1) Attaches to the surface2) Inject genetic material

* genetic material becomes part of cell’s genetic material3) After some time, genetic material takes over the cell’s interior4) Proteins assemble to new viruses5) Cell bursts and releases more viruses

Video virus reproduction

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Bacteria versus Virussmaller than cells much smaller than bacterialiving not living

reproduces by itself must have host to reproduce (binary fission) (hi-jacking cell) organelles simple inner/outer active motion (flagella etc.) passive (contact) respiration (aerobic, anaerobic) no respiration responds to antibotics no cureNaming binomial nomenclature no naming system