Kingdoms and Domains

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

The three-domain system

The six-kingdom system

The traditional five-kingdom system

Based on typeof coelom

(Evolutionary Systematics)

(Phylogenetic Systematics [cladistics])

Grouping into sister groups - “nested”

Evolutionary SystematicsEvolutionary Systematics Phylogenetic Systematics(cladistics)Phylogenetic Systematics(cladistics)

-Homologous vs analogous structures

-Ancestral vs derived structures

-Weight character sets differently, idea of varying evolutionary significance

-Displayed as dendrogram/phylogenetictree

-Ancestral vs derived structures(symplesiomorphies vs synaptomorphiesin outgroups)

-Weight character sets equally, focuson number of synaptomorphies

-Homologous vs analogous structures

-Only valid taxon is a clade, and groupingis in sister groups

-Displayed as a cladogram

-Use 7 basic taxa, expanded with prefixes

-Grouping based on evolutionary originand “adaptive zone” conceptallows for paraphyletic grouping

-Grouping based on common descentonly allows for monophyletic grouping

Hominidae PS

ES

BIOLOGICAL SPECIES - a species is a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupies a specific niche in nature.

EVOLUTIONARY SPECIES - a single lineage of ancestor-descendent populations that maintains its identity from other such lineages and thathas its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate.

PHYLOGENETIC SPECIES - an irreducible (basal) grouping of organismsdiagnosably distinct from other such groupings and within which there is aparental pattern of ancestry and descent.

SPECIES CONCEPTSSPECIES CONCEPTS