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THE ARGO

WESTERN AUSTRALIA and THE COMMONWEALTH.

1

The following interesting article is taken from th e March issue of

"The Round Table"

An arid Lll1Pro luctive area clivid·es the we .. t from the east of Austrafia as completly as the sea divides the latter from New Zealand. Even Kalgoorlie is over a thousan 1 mil es from Port 'Augusta, in Sohlth u tral ia. Fremantle is r,886 miles from Melbourne by sea. vVell ing­ton in New Zealand is only 1,200 miles from Sydney Moreover there are only 370,000 \iVestern Australian as against 5,700,00 in the eastern States . The point needing explanation is not that th e west i re tive, but that . he ever consented to enter into so unequal a yoke. The explan­ation may be found in (i) the gold rush which submerged . at a critical phase of the federal movement, an old colonial com munity suspicious rather than united in feeli ng with the ·eastern coloni sts, a community moulded by nature and isolation into pastoral and agricultural fo rms; and (ii) the re-emergence, amongst "tothersi lers" and "gropers" alike, in the rein forced western population, of t he ineluct­able effects of isolation .

. Found er s of the first free colony, the V-l estern . ust­ralians were cl iviclecl by necessity to ask in 1848 for a supply of convict labour for public works. Thi antagon­i. eel th eir eastern nei:,,;hbour , just emerging from the mi re of t ransportation . Antagonism remain ed even after the end, in 1868, of th e convict ep isode. I solated and some­what hardbitten through poverty, the \ i\Testern Au tralians held aloof until 1890 under Crown government. They were clubbed ''sand g ropers" by the wealth ier East. Then responsibl e o·overnm ent and the discovery of gold wrought a dramatic change. \ iVith a rush came thousands of push­ful re t J.ess " tothersicler ," eager to kim the cream of the gold-f ields' trade, and to use self government as a means of favouring every new development. A the population advanced from 4<;), 782 in 1891 to 184,124 in rgor, the "tothersiders " far outnumbered the "groper ," and t hrea tened to take charo·e of the colony. T he gold-fields around Kalgoorlie clamoured fo r a railway-port at Esper­ance to make them le s dependant on the Swan River colon­ists, and to lessen the distance by sea from their eastern homes . The new community seemed likely to bridge over the gap of arid , uninhabited land that hac\ hitherto separated the two Australias, but it imported rather than dimini shed inter-colonial antagonism.

Th e ·' toth ers ide rs" natura lly evinced a keen interes t 111 the movement to place the map of Austral ia and all that

lay therein under one Government. Long talked of in the

eastern colonies, to th e old \Ale tern Au tralian s th i

fede ral movement had been hitherto a matter of indiffer­ence. T heir delegate to the 1881 and l 883 conferences bad

been instructed to refain from voting on any resolution.

At the Austral a ion Federal Convention of 1890, ir J am s Lee teere had made it plain that \iV estern Australia would

not sac ri fice her existing tariff, the · new Government' mam ource of revenue. This reluctance to surrender the

integral self-governm ent whi ch th ey had just ga ined

continued to mark the 'Western Australian delegates at the

fede ral Conventions of 1897-8, w ho represented not the pop ular choice as in the other co loni es, but the Perth Parliament in which the rapidly growi ng gold-f ields were

then under represented. They soon ensecl danger to their

future in the plan of leaving the surplus cu toms revenue,

after the cost of the transferred services had been met, to

THE A RGO June, 1927.

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(c) l%. 1 · ning-~ on en rolm en t . nil , n C<Jmp l ti on , £5

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<~> B arni ngs on enrol m ' Ill, £3 15s. w eek l y; on

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~===============:=============~

June, 1927. THE ARGO 3

WESTERN AUSTRALIA and THE COMMONWEALTH.

Continued from page / . the disposal of the Commonwealth Parliament. the term of the f irst resolution passed at the session, 1897-

Quoting Adelaide

That the powers privileges and te rritory of the several existing colonies sha ll re1;1a in intact, except in respect to such voluntary surrenders as may be agreed upon to secure uniformity of law and administration in matters of common concern,

~hey argued that the Federal union was a limited one, Intended only fo r certain enumerated objects, such as defence and posts. · There should therefore be full guarantees for the return of the surplus revenue to the individual States once these purposes had been met. Otherwise, with the Federal power of taxation unlimited, after a short transition period the Commonwealth would have the whip hand to alter at will the whole basis and distribution of powers. But it was in vain that Sir John Fon·est and his associates urged consistency between the constitutional and financial provisions of the union. Kalgoorlie and \Vestminster conspired to betray them. The emotional zeal of the strangers within their gates for a national Government, in which their eastern kinsmen would be supreme, brooked neither delay nor argument. When ·the Parliament at Perth refused to submit the Federal Enabling Bill to a popular referendum, the gold-fields sent a mass petition to the Colonial Office, asking for a new colony with Kalgoorlie for capital and Esperance for port. And this "Separate to Federate" movement found favour in high places. In April , 1900, while Fo1-rest was f ighting for . terms, Mr. Joseph Chamberlain pointedly drew his attention to it, 111 urging the colony's entry into the Commonwealth as an original State. Under such pressure the Parliament at Perth l~ad to be content with the terms offered at the Sydney Conven­~lon, viz., the retention for five years of Western Australia's l11ter-colonial tariff, reduced annuall y by a fifth. Aher the five years, inter-State freedom of trade would be complete. After ten years, the Bracldon clause requiring the return to the States of three-fourths of the customs revenue would ter­minate, and the Commonwealth would be potentially supreme. By a popular majority of 44,800 votes to 19,691 the Western Australian electors declared their willingness to accept feder­ation, with such slight allowance fo r the disadvantage of dist­ance as was contained in the tempory and tapering right to tax the high consumption per head that then characterized the west.

For a decade all seemed well enough . The gold industry ~·eached its maximum output of between eight and nine millions Ill 1903-4-5. Its yield was still above six millions in 1910. Such wealth carri ed the young State along upon a high tide of prosperity. Its public finance, it is t rue, did not show the favourable figures of the years of responsible government, 1890-1901 , during which £2,144,100 had been spent out of surplus revenue upon public works, after full provision had been 111acJe for sinking fund payments in reduction of debt. Yet even for the decade 1901-1910 the State still showed a surplus though a diminished one. Then the tide ebbed, the gold yiela Petered away, and the Federal tariff, framed in the interest of

ydney and Melbourne manufacturers, put a heavy brake upon the expansion of other primary industries, on a .scale adequate to the absorption of the displaced miners, and to the continued growth of the State's population.

Gold was found in \i\Testern Australia in rich patches and streaks rather than in masses of low-grade ore. It was thus inevitable that success should reduce the attractions of n1ining as a magnet for population. Rich alluvial and shallow finds grew fewer. The wages-man settled down \V~1ere the prospector had come and gone. In company l11111 ing, moreover, Vlestern Australian fields were doomed, ~)y economic causes of world-wide scope, to decline more rap­Idly than those of Victoria and New South \ iVales had done.

The older fields had won a bio·o-er percentage of the world's I cl

. 00 tota output unng the 'seventies and 'eighties. Therefore as their production dropped and the monetary demand for gold grew, they wer.e helped along by the scarcity value of their gol.d and the consequent fall in prices and costs. Each penny­weight of gold, as it grew in purchasing power, paid for more of the labour and commodities needed to win it. Companies c?uld thus continue to show a profit on ore that gave a smaller ~1el~ to_ the ton. In the west, on the contrary, gold has been tall111g m value per unit won, durino- the period of diminishino-

. . 0 b returns to mmmg, owing to the influence of the increa ing total outputs from the Transvaal and Canada. Thus yields have fallen and eo ts have risen simultaneously. Mine­managers have been forced to limit their treatment to ri cher and richer ores. With the war, too, came paper prices, and eo. ts per ton of tr~atment hot_ up f rom 19s. 9d. in 1915 to 38s. 7d. 111 1921. Mme after mine was squeezed out and Kalo·oorlie

' b ' once th_e equal of Perth in importance, has lost population only less qUJckly ~han she gained it. The goldfields are now over­represented 111 the State Parliament to a greater degree than forme1~l~ they were under-represented. Though still above two m!lhons, the gold yield is falling yea r by year.

This accelerated decline in the mining industry placed the ruler~ ?f the State under the necessity of speeding up the usual tran~1t10n from gold to perennial forms of production. For search for other occupations \ iV estern Australians had little choice. The termination of the inter-colonial tariff in 1904 made impossi.ble for them the policy of protection by which g~ld , t~ough tt attracts, can nowhere hold population. In their V1ctona had nursed secondary industries into existence to employ her ex-miners. "A bar," to quote David Syme, "is put upon the attempt at the very outs.et." Nor was it likely that manufacturers would choose the \i\T est as a base from which_ to SUJ?ply t~1e distant Australian market. Concentrating attentiOn, w1lly mlly, on primary production, the State Gov­ernment set about the rapid extension of wheat-growing, which, when the century opened, was inadequate to home consumption. Light railways were build throughout the western half of the w~1eat bel~, that magnificent tract of patchy land but assured wmter ramfall, between 20 in. and 10 in. isohyetals, which stretches from Geraldton to Esperance, in area larger than ~ngland and Wa~es. Through the Agricultural Bank, e tab­ll shed by Fon·est 111 the 'nineties and now first vigorously used, advances of loan funds were made to farmers up to the fu ll cost of the permanent improvements needed in bri1w farms to the cropping stage. There followed a splendid t1crease in ~heat production , from 2,460,000 bushels off 585,000 acres 111 1908, to 13,331,000 bushels off 1,537,000 acres in 1913, and after a war-time decline a second advance from 11 ,220,000 bushels off 1,041 ,000 acres in 1919 to 30,000,000 bushels off 2,446,000 acres in 1926. Thanks largely to Sir James Mitchell and t~1e I:Ion. \N. C. Angwin, wheat is now the rapidly growing prem1er mdustry of the State, and movina towards the lead among the Australian exporting States. About 1911 the Scad­dan Government, while pushing the wh€at development with energy, sought to add a forward policy for the sparsely-peopled Nortl:-West. It established first State steamers, and then a big freezmg works at Vlyndham in the far north, with the two objects of aiding the catt-le and pastoral industries in those parts, and keeping clown the cost of living in the main centre of population, the South-\ iV est ern division. This latter aim was further followed in the establishment of State brick works, State agricultural implement works, and even State butchers' shops around Perth. No avenue to the increase of the com­munity's primary production was wittingly left unexplored.

Even before drought and war came simultaneously in August, 1914, to weed out the weaklings and to draw away the most vigorous of the State's manhood, the leaders of ail parties had become aware that the working of federation was confusing and weakening the public finance , and trammellino­their efforts to expand primary production. "'

(Continued on P age 5.)

4 TH E A RGO J une, 1927.

~~·- ----------- ----------------------------------~~~----------------------------------------------------------------~---------------------------,~

A MONTHLY JOU RN A L DEVOT ED TO SERVICE 'I'O 'I'I-I E . S TATE .

'1'1-IE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE A R GONAUTS CLUBINCORPOR ATED

Vol. 1. PUBLISHED MONTHLY.

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JUNE 28TH PERTH , WESTERN AUSTRALIA

CONTENTS OF MAY NUMBER. 1927.

A H. TIC L ES.

Wester n Aus tra lia an cl the Com monwealth Woorl Cuts . .. Germa ny's Inte rest i n our T a nn in R esou rces Impressio ns Govern ment House , Canber ra Civi c Develop me nt Aviation Cr a ft a nd Art of Photography Sport ing Section ... Tra ve l Talks Musical News T h e Metropol ita n Water Supply

I 6 7 8 9

10 11 11

13, l 4, Vi 16 17 18

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June, 1927. THE ARGO 5

Developme.nt in the financial relation of States and Com­monwealth during 1908-1910 justifi ed fully the contention of the 'v\ estern Australian delegates, as to the need of o·uarantee for the ref und to the ' tates of the surplus of customsb revenue. In the former year the Commonwealth Parliament hit upon a

·plan of preventing surplus revenue accruing, and was upheld l)y the Federal H1gh Court against a challenge from the State ot .r ew South W ales regarding the legality of that plan. The 'Cheme was to appropnate into trust funds, until actual dis-

bursement, moneys which would otherwise, under the Braddon clau e, have been surplus for di stribution to the tates. In any e;rent, however, that clause, which required the return to the ~tates of three-fourths of the customs revenue ceased to operate in 1910, and the Federal Parliament would' then obtain a f ree hand in fi nance. Every omen fo retold a free use of it. A constitutional amendment which would have bound the Commonwealth indefin itely to return to the States 25s. per ~1 ead of population per annum, and to make an additional taper-111g grant to \N estern Australia, beginning at £250,000 per annum, was decisively rejected early in 1910 throtwh bio· ad­verse votes in V ictoria and New South \1\T ales. I~ its ~tead the F ederal Parliament passed a measure making the proposed grants to the States fo r ten years, and thereafter until that l..>arliament otherwise provided. But th is was an act of o-race without the constituional sanction. lt ma ks but it doe~ not abolish the financial freedom of the Commonwealth Parli ament '~'hat freedom places in j eopar~y the taxing powers of every State, through the entry of their powerful rival into any and every field of revenue. In the eastern conimunity, more close­~ )' united every year by improving transport and industrial­IZation, this is a small matter. In the 'vVest the differenti ation between the two communities makes it a danger.

The protectionist tariff, however, is more than the sub­stitution of a di tant fo r a local government. It i an all perva.ding cramp upon fr ee development in the primary in­clustnes. Everywhere and on evetyone in Western Au tralia tt operates as an unmitigated cause of high prices. For it bnngs no compensatitw benefit , as in the eastern capitals, to protected industries. To fa rmers, pastorali sts, timber com­panies and fruit-growers, selling their products in the open markets of the world, the tariff mean increased cost which cannot be passed on. In every primary industry it limits profit and expansion. No more striking in. tance can be given than its incidence t!pon wire-netting. This is a necessity of life in· the back country. The pastorali st now pushing east 111 the mulga and salt-1 ush country of the Murchison and North Kalgoorli e regions must have it to keep their flocks safe from wild dog , bred from the native dingoes and strays from the miners' camps. Vlfith water at shallow depths and good "top-feed,'' the dogs are the main trouble, and wire­netting the one way to beat them. The farm ers in the ea tern wheat belt must have it to fence their wheat crops f rom the rabbits. In spite of lavish State expenditure on two rabbit­proof fences- one of which runs f rom the north-west coast to the Bight, 1,300 miles-the rabb it army ha made the !ono· tran -continental march, and appeared during the la t decad~ throughout the VI e t. Yet the F ederal Parli ament, in it. zeal to see the tall chiim1eys smoke at new Australian factorie., chose fo r several years to levy heavy dutie on wire-netti tw and bar! eel wire, thereby t'estri cting the extension of two mo t Promising industri es, fo r which the soil and cl imate of wide areas in the \Vest are admirably suited . Latterly the Com-111onwealth has attempted to palliate the wron o· b)' oTantin o· 1 S . b b noney to the tate, to purchase wtre-netting for re-sale on l01w term to farmers and pastoralists, a typical pi ece of political Prestidigitation seeking to blu ff away economic facts.

Broadly and definitely, the tariff , to the extent of its full bur~l en in customs coll ected and pri ce increased, has weighed agamst and nulli fied the efforts of the State to encourao·e and equip the primary indu t ries. Even such stalwart protectionists a the F ederal Tari ff Board reported in June, 1924, on the

unju t incidence of protection upon \t\Testern Australia:­Whateve r additiona l cost the policy of protect ion may add to

the price of goods and material imported by the Austra lian consumer, tile citize ns oi the Easte rn :::itate ga m as a compensati ng advantage the presence of a large production and manufacture. uch is not the case in \1\i estcrn Au · t ralia, wh ich is so placed that at present it has to b~ar whatever burden may ar i· e unde r th e protection i t tariff \\'itho ut reaping any o[ the accompanyi ng advantages.

This lop-sided effect ha been appreciated by the primary . producers in the West since 1912, and by the whole people since the drought of 1914-15. Its burden ha been made more gri evou by the stagnation in the development of the wheat mdustry consequent, between 1915 and 1919, upon the with­drawal to the Australian Imperial Forces of an honourably high proportion of the 'tate's manhood. T hat stagnant time was the principal cause of the accumulated deficit in the State's finances . Fourteen million had been borrowed in the seven year before the war, and spent mainly on agricultural railways or on loan to farmer for the work of clearing land. The in­terest bill thus incurred was to have been met from the profits . of cultivation and from the railway revenue won in serving the new farm in o· area . 'vVar-time stao·nation left the State saddled wit!1 the interest but shorn of the revenue f rom its new assets. T he T reasurers of til e clay had perforce to fall back on income and other taxes, which as a result were raised to height unusual in A ustralia . Even so, there emerged huge deficits which were a lded to the tate. debt. Rates of taxation markedly higher than those ruLing in the other States, more­over, could not fa il to cause inve tment outside the State by its wealthier citizens. The Deputy Federal Commissioner of Taxation ubmittecl to the recent Commission* comparative tables showing the wide difference in the taxes on all incomes between \ t\T estern Au tralia and Victoria, and on income over £5,000 between \1\ e tern Australi a and any other State. On an income of £6,500 from per onal exertion the tax in VI! es­tern Australia wa in 1925 £1 ,141 greater than the Victorian tax, £902 greater than the South Australian. On a similar in­come from property, the \N estern Australian tax was £929 more than the V ictorian, £749 more than the South Australian. " Many o( the tax-payers in this State, who have to pay, ay, f rom 2s. in the pound upward ,'' another important witness told the Commission, "do not re-invest their surplu moneys in \A/ estern A ustralia, but remit them for investment to other State , particularly Victoria, where the maximum State tax is only 6~d . in the pound ."

U niversal re entment against the effects on \~Testern Aus­tralia's publi- finance and primary industri e of the Federal taxing power, and e pecially of th tariff, was obvious in evidence tendered to the. Commi ssion. No such unanimity, however, was to be found 111 the suggestion of remedies. Many favoured secessiOn from the Commonwealth, even though un­able to say by what means this could be brought about. Mr. E ntwhi tl e, one of the three members of the Federal Commi -sion. reported in favour of cutting the knot by ecession. "In my opinion,'' he ·wrote, " \Nestern \u tralia should never have entered the Federation, but having clone so, there is, I feel convinced, only one compl ete and sati fying remedy for her present di sabiliti e , viz ., secession ." Even avowed ·ecession­ists, however, · contemplate a continued a sociation with eastern J\u tralia fo r purpo es of defence. T heir main aim, freedom fr.om. a cu toms tari ff desig:ned to stimulate econdary inclus­tn es 111 whtch, f.or O'eographical reasons, the \Nest cannot hope to share, .. eem tndeed to call fo r li ttle beyond the o-rant to the State of tariff autonomy, which a majority of the Commis ion recommended, fo r 25 yea rs, '· aud thereafter 1111til the Pa.rli,a,­~nent other? ise provides." u tralia, the majority argued, en­JOYS uch fiscal autonomy within the Empire. Why not West­ern Austral ia '~ ithin the .Comm~nweal~h? The Acting Premi er, the Hon. V/. C. f\ngwm, settmg astde the que tion whether tariff autonomy would solve \Vestern Au tralia's problem . Continued on page 23

6 TH E A RGO June, 1927.

WOOD CUTS. by G. PITT MORISON.

It is only in recent years that the wood cut ha become popular. The vogue ha not reached the We t to any great extent, but in Sydney and Melbourne the efforts of such men as Lionel Lind ay and other talented artist , also the charming little cuts by the members of the Ex L ibris Society have quite hit the taste of the art lovers in these progre sive capitals.

Originally the wood cut was used by artists as a means of reproduction, and we can t race back the proce s to the six­tecmth century, when A lbrecht Durer, the most talented of draughtsmen, executed some book plates for the li brary of a religious order. Coming down to a later date, the second half of the 18th century, T homas Bewick added his name to the tradition. He invented or developed what is known as the "white line." To understand thi phrase, Mr. J. . McDonald, a very talented art critic, gives the .following explanation : "The artist approache the engraving of a wood block as one would approach the drawing on a blackboard with chalk, as against drawing on a white surface with black chalk. And as he real­ised that the part he failed tCJ cut away would be the part that printed, it is not difficult to see his logic. If printing were done in white on black paper, the rever e would be the better plan. Not, of course, in the case of facs imiles of pen and ink drawings. There a black and white master drew on the block and a journeyman cut away what wasn't wanted ."

Since Bewick's days, until about forty or fifty years ago, line wood engraving was the principal method employed fo r illu trative purpo es. The artist drew his composit ion on the block, which was passed on to the li ne engraver for further treatment. Generally, as in the case of weekly periodicals, urgency was the moving facto r, and many a good drawing was " botched." To a g reat extent, the artist was at the mercy of the li ne engraver, and natu rally didn't li ke it. H is day came, however, with the advent of process engraving, in which photo­graphers played the most important pa rt and the commercial line engraver pas eel out.

This decl ine in wood engravi ngs left no regrets. In fact, it was the harbinger of better thi ngs-the artist conceived hi• own work, which he engraved himself.

Not only can the artist create hi s de ign with knife and gouge, the tools used for wood cuts, but he can engrave on wood the true importance of white on black, for which the g rain of wood lends itself so admirably. T her i a vast dif­ference in the method employed. In E no-land and on the Con­tinent, pear wood is generall y u eel and the timber is cut t he plank way of the grain. Thi wood, however, will not serve i r wood engravi ng, its sof ter texture would be torn and jagged by the g raver. The a rti st, therefo re, must use a harder wood, the box t ree fo r choice, and cut acros the g rain.

Pear wood is generall y used fo r colour prints, and charm­ing tonal results have been achieved by several blocks, each de­noting a certain colour, superim po eel on the 1 aper . T he artist is not restricted to pear wood . I n Au t ralia, kauri pine wood an wers the purpo e equally well , and ome v ry fi ne effects have been achieved with a smooth grained linoleum .

To-clay many fine things are done in colour prints. Our Perth arti t, A. B. \ i\f ebb, ranks in equali ty and inceri ty wi th any of the good Bri t ish or Continental men. H is work is noted fo r . implicity of des ign and rende ring, and fo r quiet colour ·chemes.

I n the Eastern States the vogue i · the box block, cut across the grain, and the cult has many devotees . L ionel Lindsay set the ball roll ing, and i generall y acknowledged as the fin est liv­ing wood cut artist. Not fa r behind him comes Napier vVallea. These men are not only masters of the craft, but they have the very much coveted quality of rig inali ty . W ithin recent time a society wa for med in Syd ney called the Ex Libris Society. The object of this society is to engender a love fo r

the book plate and e tabli h a camaraderie in which the mem­bers could interchange their book plates. There are no restric­tiom; as fa r as the mediums are concerned, for from examples publi shed in thei r booklet, etchings and pen and ink mix f reely with the wood cut, but the wood cut predominates. T he book is only a econdary consideration, a mere vehicle for carrying a delightful work of ar t, but the use of the book certainly gives a strong impetus to the ut ili ty of the book plate. Among the large roll of membership mention might be made of three of the wood block workers who contribute to the uccess of the societv-Adrien Feint's work i most convincing, his work is well silhouetted against a light ground, and there are sparkling touches of light against a dark ground, which gives the effect of atmosphere-a quality generally termed " ambience." T he Secretary, P. Neville Barnett, sustains the same quali ty, as does also Edgar Satchel!. T he la t-named i a recent arrival in our State, and wi th his artistic abil ity should prove a great acquisi­tion in art ci rcles.

T he charm of the wood-cut is its simplicity. T hose be­gi nning the cul t must put aside all previous t rainino- in tonal values. T he contra t o£ black upon white i the one and only essential. It is a fascinating hobby, inexpensive as far as material is concerned, and after the fi rst initial difficulti es have been overcome, and the spoiling of a few bits of wood, the beginner will have ju t eau e to be proud of his efforts. But when this is attained, there is one quality for which he must strive-01•iginality.

June, 1921. THE Al?GO

GERMANY'S INTEREST IN OUR TANNIN RESOURCES.

HOW OUR FORESTS WERE DENUDED. A Dark Page in Our Forest History.

(By PENFEATHER.)

The time is early in 1905 ; the pl ace is a well-lighted, airy meeting-room, in the commercial area of Frankfort, Germany; and the cast is a small assemblage of commercial men­industrialists they call themselves, too·ether with a few chemists and a financi er or two. From a rostrum a speaker intonino· in gutterctl T eutonic, is add ressing the gathering which li ten~ to hi s remarks in rapt attention. \ iVhen the speaker refer to hi s notes and quotes chemical analyse · and form ulae, the profess ional section of the meeting applaud. \ i\f hen matters of commercial concern arc comn1entecl upon, the industri ali sts . it up and evince a deeper interest in the lecture, for such it is .

T he speaker on thi s occas ion was Dr. J ohanne Pass! er , and this gathering on April 25-a elate to be remembered by many an Australian later-was composed by members of the

entral A ·sociation o{ General Leather Industry of Germany. That scientific lecture practi cally decided the sudden boom

in trade of W estern Au. tra li an mall et bark. Dr. I assler wa a skill ed leather chem i ·t, attached to the investio·ations branch of the T echnological Museum in Berlin , and his lecture was upon the value of the tannin to be obtained from the local mall et bark, or, as he call ed it, "maletto." Dr. Passler does not appear to have himself v isited this tate, but it is apparent that~ Dr. Di els, ome s!1ort time previously, spent the best part of etghteen months vt sttlllg the various States in Au ·tralia, ollecting poss ible tannin ex hibit:, te titw and experimentincr

I. D ::. ::.•

anc tt was on the repor t of r. Diels, together with hi s own experiments on the bark, that Dr. Passler's lecture was based. Dr .. Pas ·let: told th~t august gatherin o· how the su picion of the mdustnal chemt ts had been aroused by the first samples of bark rece ived from \1\festern \ustralia. The long rail and sea journeys from the Great Southern districts of \1\festern Australia to Frankfort, had had the effect of fillitw the bottoms of the bags in which the bark was packed, with

0

a dust. To the peopl e of thi. tate, it is well known that mallet bark exudes under certain conditions, a gum heavil)' charo·ecl with tannin

I . b '

anc that tht o·um sticks to the dry surfaces of the bark and hardens, until constant abrasion causes it to be oTound to a fine powder. This powder in the bottom of the \ao·s was a matter which o·ave rise to suspicions in the · mind~ of the German tanning chemi ·ts. \1\ as thi s dust an entirely f01·eio·n s t•. b:t~nce introduced by the \1\:c ·tern Australi an exporter, f~r the :t nt tcr purpo ·e of concealtng the t rue nature of the bark, by mi xi ng it wtth the tannin-charged kino of some other tree? It was onl y after exhaustive experiments that the German chemi sts convinced themselves that the \ i\1 estern A ustralian exporters were not throwing dust in the eyes of the German chemist , ·;n order to conceal some secret. That incident provides the real beginning o t' the commercial exportation of tannin bark from 'Ne ·tern Australi a. It is not however lite tr_ue beginning of the mall et-bark trade from ' the pure]; htstoncal tandpomt. L et us return to Dr. Passler and hi s party of industri ali ts and chem ists later.

O n January 26, 1833, the Pnth Cazelte an.d W.A. Journal made reference to the fact that " \Vi lliam Watts tanned some kangaroo ski ns and had boots made from the product.' ' \?\That material he used to tan the ski ns is not known, but the proba­bility is that some local bark was used for the process.

During December of 1835, an American ves el, named Ti111 , call ed in at Fremantle, after havino· touched at some of the port in th e Eastern States, and no doubt wa the source of

inspiration for the following paracr raph appeared in the is. ue of December 12 "The gum. of the colony, which arc :o variou. and abundant, are likely to afford an article of extensive and valuabl e export to America. Tn order to obtain as vari cl a sample of our gums as the limited detention of the Tim will

a llow, we solicit our f ri ends to forward to our office such sample · as they may be abl e to coll ect in their neighbourhood, wtth any remark. that may sugo·est thcmsel ve , touching the probabl e quantity which may be procured . Captain \IVilliams has alrea ly made a coll ection of gums at Sydney."

everal years passed, without there being any direct ~-eference to tannin-charged barks. On October 20, 1838, there tS r~ported the fact that during the preceding year the "e tunated export ·" f rom K ing George 's Sound ( latterly known as Albany) totalled £2,530. Of thi · total, gum is set clown as providing £278, and bark £12. ·unfo rtunately, how­ever, fo r po ·terity, no names of expor ters or other detail s are o·iven. Similarly, in ~ eptember, of 1845, reference was made to the export of " bark · " and " o·ums " to London but ao·ain

. b ' b . no particulars a re g iven. In 1853 an E mpire-wide exhibition was held in London, known as the "G reat Exhibit ion." It, appa r ntly, was the olden counterpart o f our recent \IVembley. \IV e tern A u tralia sent a number of x hibits to this show and the judges' reports on the tanning material sent, were: "Barks of the various eucalyptus as tann ing material received honour­able mention. " S ix months after the publication of those com­ments, a tanner of Perth, by name R. R. R anford, advertised that he wanted "a few tons of wattle bark, for which £4 a ton will be paid fo r bark delivered at tannery."

Then comes another hiatu.', for the next record of intere t in tannin material does not appear until April , 1860, when a barque called Dolphin took aboard at Fre.mant:l e, fifteen tons ?f gum for the ape, and 1,500lb. of leather. The export trade 111 mallet bark really elates from 1903 , in which year bark to the value o f £859 was :cnt away, although record · do not di sclose the destination of the consignments. In 1904 the trade in mallet bark had jumped to the surprising total o f £32,876, and tn the following year---.:that in which Dr. Pa ·sler addressed hi s Franldort meeting- bark, to the value of £154,087 was exported . 1905 stands as the "peak. , year in the mallet bark industry, for although there have been spasmodic attempts to tncrea e the exports, the general trend has been towards a g radual diminution . From 1903 to 1913, inclusive, the total value o f mall et exported was £864,880. T o obtain such a value meant that the area where mallet bark was oTowino· had

1 . b b

to Je expl01ted to the utmo L R egulati on · were made restrict-ing the cutting of trees below a certain li ameter, b~tt by the t ime the regP.lat ions were pas eel and adequately policed, tth c . damage had been clone and the position wa: virtually irre­parabl e. In thi s respect, some comments by the German chemist a re prophetic. H ere is what Dr. I assler said: "In ome branches it ( mallet bark ) ha air ady c tabli heel it elf

for regular u ·c, which proves that the tr i ·~ l ·tages in the <-·

branche ' have been passed and have produced sati facto ry results . ~ow. the que. t ion ari ses whether th dema nd , which i.-; bound to. increa ·e, can be met permanently and in satisfactor·.' quali tie , even if the restrictions imposed by the \1\ estern . ustrali an Government are observed strictly, after the fir t reckl ess exploitation of thi s bark, and even if provi sion is macl2 fo r affore ·tation of denuded districts." T hese remarks a·:c equally true of wattl e, perhaps the best source of tann in There is irony in the (act that, although the wattle i Australi a 's national emblem and i even interwoven into the design on postage tamps, there is very littl e to be found in the viro·in bu h. Because the wattl e contains a high pcrcentag of tam~ n . everywhere in A ustralia it has been ruthlessly sacrificed for

the ake of its bark. Indeed, in tead of exporting it, Australi::t

Continued on Page 20

8 THE ARGO June, 1927.

1 now importing it, and the aclcl t part of all is that South i \ f r ica imported wattle eed from A ustralia, started growing and kept on growing wattle, while Australi a was destroying it. N w, Australia has practicall y no wattle, while South Africa' export of wattle bark and xtract runs into hundreds of thou­sands per annum and is yearly increas ing.

It may be permiss ible to digress f rom the tate history of tannin barks, to have a look at tile position in South A ustralia; perhaps the most prolific-yielding State of all, in re pect of wattle bark. During 1926 wattle bark, valued at .£70,953, wa · exported from 'outh Australi a. !lost of it went to the other Au tralian States. De ·pitc the (act that the South ustrali an export trade in wattle bark has grown from .£180 in 1842, to £70,953 la t year, th quantity o( South Australian wattle bark u eel by tanners in that late, is growing steadily le . It is omewhat of an anomaly that Australi a, nominall y the home

of the wattle, shoi.tlcl have to import wattle bark. During the season 1924-25, no less than .£84,942 worth of wattle bark came in to the Commonwealth, mainly from outh A frica and Argentine. Another instance of how the wattle bark indu try has grown in South Africa is shown by the fact that during the five years 1921-25, outh Africa's export of wattle bark to the

nit cl States of merica averaged 1 ,OOO,OOO!b. in quantity and £54,000 in value.

Western Au t rali a, to the end o( June, 1926, has exported wattle and mallet bark to the valu of £1 ,094,290, the value of the xp rt last year being £15,056. Tannin of high quality is obtained from a number of vari eties of tree in this State, promin ent among them b ing marri , karri , tuart, wandoo,

mallee, giml et, red flowerino- o·um salmon o·U111 morrel and , ..... b ~ ' 0 '

mallet. I he la t-namecl has long been favoured becau e of its h1g11 tannin content of bark wh1ch varies from about 49 to 57 per cent. It is interesting to note that the ave rao·e price over the period 1903-1923 was less than .£8 per ton,

0

whereas ill to .flL per ton was the average price of wattle bark on the 1elbourne market. Had tannin-extract works been established

in the State, po sibly a g reater return would have been obtained for V\ e ·t rn ustrali a and the value of the commodity better appreciated. s it i , efforts are being made to induce far mers to grow wattle tree on available land, while the department itsel f is devoting what money it can afford, to rea £forestation. Wattle t re s make good shade trees, though ·mall , and a the t ree grow eas il y in the southern di tricts of the. St~te, they houlcl appeal to farmers, not only for their utd1tanan, but also for their financial and idealistic value. During the financial year ending J une 30, 1926, further so wings of mallet by the Forestry Department were carried out over 176 acres, and many patches of natural regeneration protected ( rom fire. . Experimental so wings of golden wattle were also earn ed .out 1.11 the mallet habitat, west of Cuball ing.

It 1 ev1clent, therefore, that if the tannin-bark industry is to be re tared to its former high position among the valuable exports of the tate, much regenerative work will have to be undertaken in the cl i trict most uitabl e to the cultivation of these tannin-yiel ling trees. It is of deep intere t to know that the Council of Science and Inclu try has the matter of investigating the tannin cont nt of our various varietie of trees, in hand, under the able guidance of a local committee, from whom much is expected.

IMPRESSIONS. From a Week's Visit to Eight Groups in the Group Settle­ment Area of Bridgetown, Hester, Greenbushes, Margaret

River, and Bramley. (B·y an. Engl·ish Vis·itor.)

1.-The scheme i a wond rful one with o-reat possibilities conceived to bring out fam ili es of which the worker would probably be on the lole at h me, and at the same time to o·ive a healthy li fe in Western Australia where population is ~tch needed, and the development of dairy farms is said to be very important for the State a a whole.

. . great advantage from the E ngli h ettl er ' point of v1 w, 1 that the homesteads ar mu ·h nearer t gether than in the wheat district , and therdor ', there is not th lonely and desolate keling that some mi o-rants feel, spe ·ially the women and children.

2.- It seems to me, viewed as an E ngli hman that from the point of Vve tern J\u tral ia, looked at with a lo;1o· vi~w and in the bigge t sen e, fou r g reat assets arc obtaine I: (~) Healthy fami li e ar att racted lo the country and will gradually lead to th expansion f the population. I have found, on the whole rather larg families. (b) V ry heavy c untry i being clear' cl at a cheaper rat than would the case i ( ordinary contract labour were employed in order to open up c untry which, from its oil and rainfall, is said to be goo I for pa. lure, in order to cl velop a main dairy-farmi ng inclu ·try, with its ancil lary occupations of butter­making, pig-breeding, poultry-farming, etc. (c) The fam ilies, which arc getting acc l.im.at~sed and arc st icking to their group , are, on the whole, opt11msl1c and happy. (cl) The exi t nee of the Group has caused the growth of townships such as Mar­garct River, with tares, butchers, po ·tal business, rail traffic, etc., which cli tribut.es the money spent in the group centres, through oth r mhab1lant o( \ i\Test rn i\ustrali a in the district, and, of course, make: ult1111ately for revenue; for in tance, Mar­garct River maintains fo ur tore , lwo butchers, a draper, a bak r, two tea hou. es, a h . lel, and a lation busy enough to

boast a station-master, all developments during the last five years si nce the g roups in that di trict were lirst established.

3.-Th difficulty from the settler ' point o f view, is the financial position of the farm when it is developed.

4.-The condition · under which the ettler works , are : (a) From the tim he arrives for three months he i paid sub­sistence allowance at £3 per week; dn ring which time he has lo work a · instructed by his foreman, at clearing in gangs. (b) P iec \11. ork- T he settl er is th en trans (err cl to piece work in gangs, on whatever part of the group he i ordered to go by the fo r man , but after thre mont~1s they are mnsicl er ecl able to <.loa fair clay 's work and so they only earn their money provid cl thy do their set ta k. (c) They are very soon after this, put on to contract work, mostly on their own blocks, and thi s continues until the fa rm is so far developed that no assis­tance is req uired, and it i considered a paying propo ition. No grouJ that I have seen has yet reached thi: tage. . s soon a the men arc on contra t, every o·ood foreman t ries to give each man hi s contract on hi own bl ck. \Nhere neighbours are on good t rms, they very often work too·ether on each other ' contract , as in this heavy clearing ot big trees and bush, two pairs of hands will do much more work conjointly than each single 1 air working on its own . The Government ha limited the amount that any group settler can earn in a month, to £20 10s., and the contracts are set out on the basis that eac~1 man can earn thi s if he doe a good day's work every day dunno· the month. This is very sound , as it helps to limit the capital outlay.

5.- Latterly, the oToup settlers, on ariving, find their humpy a corrugated iron heel cliv iclecl into th ree rooms, with a cooking- tove ready r ctecl . The blocks are balloted fo r at

(Continued en page 19.)

June, 1927. THE / IRGO 9

GOVERNMENT HOUSE, CANBERRA. (Bjl R UTH LANE-POOLE.)

Rome was 1~ot built in a day and, spite of all the feverish ~ct i vi ty, Canberra will take man~' long years to become a city 1n the real sense of the word. T he plan of the town, carri ed out by Mr. Burl ey Griffin, is the one thing that is of a definit e and permanent character; the bu il dings, on the other hand, are, owing to the impossibili ty of forecasting the development of Canberra, of a provisional nature. So it i. that the Governor­General's house has not yet been begun on that wonderf ul hill dominating the city, but fo r the t ime being-for ome five or more years-His Excell ency will occupy old Yarraluml a Homestead. It is the old home of the Murray family who owned broad acres of sheep land in the terri tory, long before a capital of all Australi a was ever thought of.

It was impossible, in the time allotted, to buil d, and so they purchased th e old homestead, and by judicious al t~rat i on s, c?nverted it in to a res idence which, whil e not, perhaps, of the s1ze or grandeur of the ed1f1ce one wo uld expect the Governor­General of the second Dominion of the Empire to occupy, is, at the same time, commodious and has a charm of the old fashion which no brick or concrete palace could possibly attain. But to the decorator, however, the deight of the old rambling, renovated squateer 's house was, to a great extent, sun k in the difficulties that sprang up in the actual work of fu rnishing and rendering the house habitable. Had it been onl y a matter of furnishing a house of thi s !:ize fo r a landowner or a country gentleman, the problem would have been comparatively simple; even so, there would have been the ame difficu lti es in reo-arc! to di stance f rom market. but in the case of "Yarraluml a,"t> one had the additional difficu lty that the house was to be the resi dence of the K ing's representative in Australi a. It is a house that will be occupied by the Governor-General for some years to come. It is there that the distinguished visitors to Australi a will be invited . T here, will be held the levees and functions that are necessarv in connection with the Govern­mental side of country and -social Australi an li fe.

I must confess that, at first sio-ht, the problem appeared to me to offer more difficu lties than any I had as yet under­taken. The alterations of the house, thouo-h carri ed out with g-reat cleverness by the architectural department of the Canberra Commiss ion, could not help but result in the creation of cu rious structural anomali es; for in ta nce, instead of a f ront and back doo r, it was necessary to create an off icial entrance where the business connected with the admini trat.ion of Au. trali a could be carri ed out, and a private entrance through which the invited guests of the King's representative would gain access to the house. The opening of hall s, the manufacture of reception rooms, the provi sion of communicating Go rridors all had to be engineered, and the resul t was remarkably satisfactory. But this temporary residence has a serious objection from the decorato r's point of view, that f·he house is without definite architectural features, and its rambli ngs present problems in the matter of curtains, ca rpets and furniture which give one pause. F rom the very start, as one enters the hou. e, there is a difficult passage-way, for to grace it with the name of ball would be to di o-nify it absurdly. I can always remember how my heart sank when I entered Yarralumla and saw this long, narrow passage illuminated f rom above with a skylight, from which had to be evolved an entrance which would possess the dig·ni ty necessary to the reception of amba sadors, ministers and states­men. It must be admi tted that this was the worst feature in the house; fo r the rest, the diff iculty lay more in treating thi s comparatively small house in such a manner as to make it suitabl e for the Governor-General. In the end I clecicl'ed that

Prime Minister's Residence, Canberra.

the only way was to furn ish it in a manner which would be in keeping, b_oth with the very countri fied type of hou e, and at the same time would not be lacki ng in the digni ty and formali ty of the Governor's re. idence; in other word , I decided to treat Yarralumla in the same way as I would have treated · a large house of a country gentleman in England, adding, at the same time, the neces. ary touch of formality in ce rtain rooms to bring them into keeping with the use fo r which they are in­tended.

The house is three stori ed, and the best bedrooms are all on the first fl oo r. These divide themselves naturall y in to the two types-first the old bedrooms of the squatter 's home and then the renovated, re-designed rooms added by the architect. The old rooms possess that quaint charm one associates with buildings of the period; and, in treating these, I have been careful to perpetuate this, and , if anything, to add a further touch of rusticity in the choice of my fab ri cs and furniture.

As to the treatment of the official entrance hall, the solu­tion I reached was to utilise a tapestry to cover the wall s. I was fortunate in finding a reproduction of a piece of the famous Bayeux tapestry. This I hung, tight- f ramed against the walls wi th a thick lining. Iext, a fireplace was opened in the further corner, and a Georgian mantelpiece set above it. Thus, a dignty has been lent to the entrance and on a cold night the bright' fir e adds a welcome to the vis i tor~

Passing into the dining-room, I decided at once to panel it and I chose fo r the purpose, that very satisfactory timber, mountain ·a h, or Ta manian oak, a it is sometimes called. T his particular parcel came from \~Tarburton in Victoria, so would be called mountain a h. lightly tinted, it gives the same mellow, brown effect a. Bri tish oak. It has a similar texture but lacks, of course, the wide, sil ver grain of quarter-cut real oak. This panelling was not highly poli shed, but was wax­fini shed ready for the years and years of " elbow grease," that alone will give it the real surface it needs. T he panelling reaches from floor to ceiling and the panels are g raduated in the approved manner, gradually dimini shing in height as they go up.

(Continued on Page 24)

10 THE ARCO J unc, 1927.

CIVIC DEVELOPMENT. TOWN PLANNING.

A City Planning Primer. (By W. OAW, President, To·wn Plauning .·lssociat ion of

W estern A ustralia.)

Tn the 1\Iay i. sue of the :\Reo, I stat ed that ~rr. H crbert Hoover who was at one time in \\ 'cs tcrn 1\ustralia, is now sec retary of the Unit eel State. Department o f Comm rce, Washington. ~I r . H oover recently appointed an adv isory committee on city planning and zon111g, which drafted a City Ffcnlll'ing Pri111cr, wht ch can be applied to the t wn of We otern t\ustral ia, eq uall y well with those in :\merica . Th f rmcr article dealt with the subjects, //'hat i: City Flanning ! Is Your City Seffing its B irt!tri,r;!tt ? Planning Rests 0 11 Legal Basis and Tlt C' ,)'t r C'C'f Plan. The foll owing is a further in:tal-ment.

General Requirements for the Street System. Wid e thorough fares arc basic to good planning. They

shotdd lead from the central part of the city to outlying territory, and there should be belt or diagonal 't reets affording direct travel between on section and another, without pa. oing through the cent raJ busi ncss cl istri cl. Nothing preventabl sh uld be allowed to interfere with the choice of th b st routes for the main arteri es of travel. Without a city plan and the machinery to enforce it, a whoTc ction of a city may be crippled, and inconveniences may b heaped on thou and o f people for year to come, by a new residential development in which the blocks run the wrong way, or the treets arc too narrow, or by the arbitrary location o f a factory or a cemetery.

l f some ·it ics were perm itted hy the Federal Government to develop thei r ha rbours on the same principl e 0 as they use in developino· their land, extension of piers ancl other obstruc­tions would soon make their channel · impassabl e. An auto­mobil e map o f a mod rn city will di sclos to anyone not already convinc cl by disturbtno· cxp •ri cnces the expens ive delays now put upon both the pass r-through and the town resident llimscl f. by a lack of city planning in the past.

' J'he determination o f principal routes for present and prospectiv' traf fic. permits a consistent scheme for city develop­ment to be laid out to accommodate inclustrv, business. and resi­dence. \\ 'ith main traffic routes designated: a network o[ paved stree ts that will meet the needs of traf fie can be developed in a f cw years, through better application of each yea r's app ro1 ria­tions fc r paving. \\'ithou t planning . heavy traffi 0 is often livcrt­ecl to less direct routes. because ,,f isolated sect ions of good or bad pavement. and such ·a diversion may break down the light pavements on st ree ls that wou le! normally be hut I i ttl used.

The Approaches to the City. U nclcr modern conditions. a commun ity may be approached

by highway, by ra ilroad, by wat rcou rsc, by airway, or by a combination of these four routes. Jli; hway approachc are of enormous importance in these days of the autom bile, and thought shonlcl he given as to whether roads shall lead on ly through the heart of the town, or shall short-circuit con<Ycstecl d ist ricts by appropriate by-passes. Hailroacls are u ually th bas ic mean s of contact between the citv and the outside world. Their frei ght terminals, spurs and si(lings should be located and arranged for economical handling and trucking of the city's outgoing products, and of incoming food . merchandi se, building material and raw products for industry. Pas. cngcr stations, or a singl e union station, if considered practicabl e, sh uld be convenient and well se rved IJy local transit f acil iti cs. Properly bordering the tracks should be well maintained and give a creditable impression of the community to passenger entering and leaving. \Vater approa ·hcs m;:ty be made ffective in serving commerce, and where that is not practicable, may be made in valuable in serving the health and pride of the

community. The air approach involves lamL ng ftcld s, which, if p;·opcrly provided and I catccl, may he of great advantage.

The Central Business and Shoppi:.-.g District. Free movement to the central busi ness and shopping distri :-t

concerns the entire community. the houscw. fc and tne ban:: p;·esident alike. 'crtain husme:se.; naturally seck lo·:ations in central distril'ts, which arc acce siblc to and comm i.lllh· vistted by l;et--ons from the entire city and surrounding territory. Such are c ntral bank , large department stores. certain hotels and principal theatres, tne oft ices uf th · local govern­ment, and to a lesser extent, automobi le salerooms and speciality ·hops.

On account of the great number of people travelling tu and within thi · area each del\·, its . idcwalks ·houlcl be broad . Retail store · want traffic 1{1ovcment fac ilitated, and trafli c congest ion diminished. to protect the sa fety and conveni ence of their cu. tomers and employees, and the facilitate the trucking of the goods they receive and deliver.

ncl itions in the central business di strict cannot be improved over-night. By-passing of through t:raf fie around the business di t ri ct has proved effective for relieving traffic con­gestion , but it may be neccs ·ar_v to ex tend "dead nd' ' streets. or to · paratc er ss traffic at main intersections, bv means of viaducts or ·ubways. rade crossing o f railroad 'track. tmt\' need to be elmi inat cl , or new cro si ngs constn•.ctecl. or n e 1~' bricl~·es may be desirable. The ne::essity for expcn ·ivc uncler­tak~ngs may be avoided or dimini heel by a well-considered c'ty plan. . dequate provision for rapid transit should be mad e in the plans of communities which are approaching or which hav arri vcd at the conclit i011 j ust i tying such {aciliti'es.

With forethought, a city may save much of the co · t of "·icl ening streets. by requirin O' that new structures be set back a giv n di stance from the street line. By the time block · are rebui lt. the city is able to obtain the land needed for widening. without unnecessaril y paying fo r ex pen oive building· .

ome light manufacturing or other user of property mav derive l'ltle or no special advantag from being in the central hPsi ness di strict. and at the ·am · tiu1e mav mak for its unp rofi table congestion . They ma_v be encouraged to m ve by being shown th advantages of more uitabl locations el. cwhcrc and by a proper zoning ordinance operat ing ov r a p riod of years. Moving of terminal s or shifting of the wholesale di trict is sometimes a practical wav to lessen traffic difficu lti es .

Wholesale and Warehouse Districts. \ i\Tholesal e and warehou e di stricts, under ideal cond itions,

. houlcl he located directlv between the water or railroad ter­minaL and the manufacti.1ring .or commercial area which they . erve. Too frequently, however. trucking to and {rom the terminal may have to pass thrOLwh th most conge ted part of the central retail bu. ines. di trict. Thi s is neither econonw nor common. ense. . \ good city pl an is a means of in tmng aga inst a repetit ion of mi stakes.

Industrial Districts. Heavy industrial plant usually req uire sites with railwav

sidings, and, perhaps, a water-front, yet convenient fo-r employ es to reach. Jn a well-planned city, residential development leave. such districts f ree and unbroken fo r use I v indu trv. Li o·ht indl'. tr ies are more cone rncd with truck­it;g fac ili ti. s, and with sites acces ihle to a large number of workers. !\ city gets along much better when home and indust ry are k pt separate, but at the ame time, accessible to each other.

June, 1927. THE ARCO 11

AVIATION 1927.

FLYING FOR ALL.

PROGRESS OF THE LIGHT AEROPLANE CLUBS.

few years from now, the young man who has a certain amount of leisure and a few pounds to spare and who cannot f ly a lig ht aeroplane will be regarded as a phenomenon, just as to-clay he ea rn the . ame reputation if he cannot drive a light car, whether hi s own or someone el ·e's.

At present, however, anyone who learns to Ay fo r plea ure is still regarded by most peopl e as omething between a hero and a lunati c:, bu t wi th a far stronger clash o f the lunati c in hi s composition than of the hero. Most people fail to realise that although the adj ective " intrepid " was frequently, and quite justifi ably, applied to earl y pioneer. of aviat1on and to airmen during the war, civilian fly ing in modern machines is qui t~ another matter , and the rare vir tue of " interpiclity" is not needed.

I merely mention thi because I have observed that wher. I have told f ri ends cheerfull y that I am learning to Ay there has come into their eyes a curious look, just as if I had announced my intention o f rolling over N iagara in a barrel.

Ordinary Man's View. A nyone who learns to Ay di covers thi s attitude, sooner

or later, among f ri ends and relat ions, but in a few years it will di sappear, when familia rity wi th rlying among the general public has bred contempt.

So many men of skill and experi ence have wri tten on fl ying that ome explanation is needed fo r anything more from an ignoramus like myself , who is still learning slowly and painstakingly. T he explanation is simple. Men with skill and experi ence who have wri tten on f-lying can be divided into two classes . The fir . t class include tho. e who write of great deeds and hazardou: adventure, and pl ace the whole subj ect on a semi -heroic plane which fri o·ht en · the O rdinary Man like myself into beli eving that he can never even set foot on the ladder to such unattainable heights. T he second class of exper t knows ·o much about hi s subj ect that he writes of it as if Hying were as easy a· f~lling off a log, which to him, o f com'se, it is. But in thi s case the O rdinary Man is, quite ri ghtly, incredulous. T here are so many experts in every subj ect under the un who a re ready to tell the general public . how easy it all is-when yo u know how to do it.

But the O rdinary Man wants the ordinary man 's point of view , and wants to know just what he is " in fo r. " That is what I, as an O rdin.ary Man, am trying to fin d out fo r myself. and will try and tell him .

I s tar ted with an average knowledge of the principles of the internal combust:on engi ne and an abysmal ignorance of the first principles of fiy.no· . I hac! been fo r two or three long journe,·s a a passenger in g-iant machines. I felt no special ·'cal l or the ai r .. or any thing of that so rt. I had no ambi t ions towa rds bei ng a· fa mous airman. I just thought that fl ying wo<.dd be an amu ing thing to learn , just as hundreds of under­graduates, young business men, lawyers. and even politicians have thought. That is all.

The first important point is : ·what does it cost to learn to fl y? To leari1 through a commercial school is quick but cxpe;1 sive, and may cost anything between f 1 SO and £200. T he average charges a re, I believe, fS an hour dual instruction and £8 an hom fo r olo Hying . That i. out of the question fo r mo t people. But the institution of L ight Aeroplane Clubs, backed by the Government, has brought fl ying- wi thin the reach of everyone fin anciall y. There is a subscription of £3 3\ and

Continued en page 2/.

THE CRAFT AND ART OF PH01~0GRAPHY

SUIT ABLE DEVELOPMENT. ( ONTlNUED.)

T he ·Safe Light. Before proceedino· with the hand development of a fi lm, .

or plate, it 1 neccs ·ary to provide out"elves with a "safe " Egh t, that is, a lio·ht to wh ich the film or plate i not sensit iYe, and here, I am afraid, we often have a source of much trouble. Many of the lamps which are sold fo r th is purpose a rc POt as safe as they should be, and fil ms or plates exposed to their li ght become fogged during the proce s of development.

T he W ratten & \iVai nw right, No. 2, Safe light is abso­lutely safe fo r all plates and fi lms, except those known as panchromatic, and can be obtained quite cheaply . It will save its . cost many times in a few month . Any amateur mechanic will fi nd little diff iculty in fitting it to a box to contai n the electri c or other ill uminant.

All so-call ed " a[e ,. lights should be tested before a fi lm !s exposed to thei r inf-luence. T his may be done in the follow­mg manner.

Having prepa·red the lamp and developer, etc., cut off the fi r. t two or three inches of fi lm it is proposed to develop. R oll the rest of the fi lm up again and put it away out of the light. P lace the small piece of fi lm face up on the table in about the position which the dish of develO'per will occupy. P lace a penny or other small opaque object on the fi lm so as to pro­tect a por tion of the fi lm from the light of the lamp. Allow the fi lm to remai n exposed to the lamp fo r at least fi ve minutes, and then develop .it. If the lamp is not safe, the part protected by the penny will be seen to be much lighter in colour than the remain !er . T hat is, the lamp will have " fogged ., the fil m wherever the latter was exposed to the light. T r.e remedy is to get another lamp which is afe.

All developers work more slowly when cold than they do when warm, and all developers give approximately the same resul ts if used in a proper manner.

T hey va ry principall y in the speed with which they work , and in the colour f t!te r esul tant image or cl posit of silver 111 the negative.

It reall y does not matter much what developer we decide to use, provided we know when to stop the process. A developer in dry (tabloid ) fo rm shoul d keep better than one in li quid f rm, and a developer wh ich works at a moderate speed i · more controll abl e than a very rapid developer.

T he process of development has been described as "some­thing like a rai lway journey past roadside stations.' ' You can top the process at any "station," or stage, of development, hut if you go fa r enough the resul t will be the same, no matter what cl ·veloper ~-ou use . T he end of the journey will be complete development.

Complete development of a plate or film will take place in a known period of t ime which depends on the kind of developer in use, and the temperatm e, but complete develop­ment i · very seldom required. T he point to he decided is, what length of time of development will produce a satisfactory nega­tive?

\n excellent developer for general use is the Metol Q uinol of Burroughs an cl \V ell come. For hand development of fi lms it is be. t used at half strength (that i:, fo ur ounces of water to a pair of the compound ) , and in acco rdance wi th the time and temperature table publi shed in the Burroughs anJ \ Vellcome " Diary.' '

1..? T!f[ ARCO June, 1927 .

The instructions for tank d velopment wi ll be fo und el e­where in the same publ ication.

The tank metho l of develo1 ment is fe s t roublesome than is the hand developm ent of a fi I m, but the principal i precisely the same, and I shall , therefore, describe the latter process.

It must first be clea rly underst ocl that the character of the negative will vary a corcling to the length of t ime in which the cl veloper is al lowed to act. Negatives which are intended for ga -light printing should be develop cl fo r a horter time than those intend cl fo r printing on 1. .O.P ., or fast bromide papers. Or, in other words, the character of the negative wi ll determine what is the most uitabl e paper to pnnt on.

Fir t, ascertain the temperature of the water with which the clev loper i · ma le, and, from the tabl es, the corre t time fo r normal development at that temperature. Suppose we are working with Burroughs and W ellcome 1etol Q uina l tabloid developer of half ·trength, at a temperature of 60 degrees. The time recommended for the development of Kodak fi lm will be 8t minute .

First, soften the film by soaking it for a few minute in water, o a. to make it more pliabl e, and then p_rocee_d to develop it for a suitabl e time. The "suitable" time 1

the time which will provide u with a negative of a character to suit the printing proce s we favo ur.

Try th following experiment: Place a new spool of film in the camcr·t, select a view (any wi ll lo) find the correct exposure, and expose the whole pool on the same view in quick uccess ion. Now develop the film after the fo llowing mann er : Suppo e the time recommended was a tated above, i. e., 8-1- minute· for normal development; develop the fi lm in the usual way, but when four minutes have elapsed, with a pair of scissors cut off the fir t exposure, wash it and put it in the hypo. to fix. After each succeedino· two minute cut off another exposure and treat it in the . am manner . \IVe shall now have ·ix negatives, each o f which has had the same exposure, but one will have had fou r minute ' deve lopment, one six, one eig ht, one ten, one twelve, and one fou rteen.

Upon inspection the fir t will appear quite "th in," or t ransparent all over, with but little contra t in den ity between the "thinne t,• · or most transparent parts, and the densest, or most opaque parts. The other ix negat ive will show in­creasing contrast in th se parts, accord ing to th ir correspond­ing t imes of development.

Contra t in a negative cl cpencl s, therefore, upon th e t ime of development.

Now make a pr int on any pap r, or by any proces5 which you prefer, from each of these negative., and you will find one negative more . uitable than a ny of the others for each particul ar printing proces · or paper.

The negative which had six minutes' development will be found to give the hest gas light print, and the "t n minutes" negative will print well n P.O.P., or bromic] p~p r, i f a contract pri nt is de irecl. For enlaro· ing on brom ide pap r, the" six minutes " negative would pr bably I> chosen.

Having dec ided upon the correct t im e of development fo r the production of a suitabl e negative, make a time and temperature table based on the Burrough -vVell come tables, and stick to it. +•-••-•N-~1-IIW-W~-IIN-MI-IIII-111-UI-IIU-11-11~-ILM-IIM-QI-11-111-11-WI-n-1 t

I THE ALL-DISTANCE !

ENSIGN CAMERA I For FILMS 3% x 2%.

PRICE 30/ -

Tilly' s Photographic Stores,

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. Nothing is to be gained by varying the developer. J\11 that it i necessary to know about any developer is

what time of development, at a given temperature, is neces­sary to produce the quality of negative req uired.

The· foll owing would be a usef ul table for B urrouo·hs-VVell come Metol Q ui no! used at ha If strength:- t>

Tcmpcraturc- 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 deg. Gas light paper

or enla rg in g . . . . . . 10 81 7l 6 5 4.1 3! 111in. For Negative suitable for

P.O.P . or Bromide paper 17 141 12 10 8~ 7t 6 m in. The Factorial Method of Development.

Those who use plate· cannot do better than develop them by ·what is known as the facto ri al method, which is as follows:-

'elect any developer you r fancy may dictate, pour it on to the plat · , rocking the di sh all the t ime. Count the second: which intervene from the time of first pouring on the developer unt il the first sign of the inuge can be seen. Multiply the num­ber thus gained by a " factor" to be determined, and develop the negative for thi period . Pour off the developer, wash and fix the plate.

T he factor used will dec ide the total time of development and the character of the resultant negative.

Suppose we are u ·ing the ame developer as suggested above, but at full trength ( that is, two ounces of water fo r each pair of compoun Is) and we find the time elapsed between the first pouring on of the developer and the appearance of the image to be 18 econcl . and ti1 e facto r to be u eel was 10: 18 multipli ed by 10 is 180 seconds, or th ree minute , which is the total time the plate would remain in the developer. If the re ultant negative was lacking in contrast, a higher facto r would have to be elected, say, 12; or, if the contrast were too oTeat, a lower facto r, uch as 8, would be cho. en .

To tho ·e who desire more compl ete in formatio n on the subj ect of development, I would recommend "The \ iVatkins {anual," 1 rice 2/ -, obtainable at a ll photograph ic tores.

t._ .. _.,_.,_,_,_,_.,_,_,,_,,_.,_,_ .. _,._,_,._,_.,_,._,_,_,r I I

J Getting into Hot Water · j is easy with a CHIP BATH i HEATER and it only costs i 32/ 6 - cheaper than .ever. It's

a fine Heater and it is made in our own Factory-that's why the price is so low.

It lasts kngest because the water jacket extends below as well as around the body

Note the Price again,

32/6 at

Harris Scarfe & Sandovers. HAY STREET, PERTH.

Complete Catalogues mailed gladly if you cannot call

June, 1927. THE ARGO 13

SPORTING SECTION. Incorporating " The Amateur Sportsman."

Offidal Q,gan af{

THE EDITOR'S NOTEBOOK.

W.A. Lawn Tennis Association. W.A . Golf Association. W . A. Cricket Association.

" How's That, Umpire? " Herbert utcliffe, Englancl"s great opening bat. man, ha ·

been doing some damage this season. Not only have hi scores been good, but he has been having a high time among the ~1111p1res . Parry, the well-known umpire, who lost a leg dur­mg the war, slipped while avoiding a hot from utcliffe and had the misfo rtune to break hi s other leg. Longest Dri"\'e by Woman Golfer.

Claimed to be a record drive for a woman, Miss Molly Ram ·den drove her ball 8,360 inches (about 232 yards ) in a recent long-driving competition, held at Stoke. poges. C m­pared with Compston's winning average of 263 yard at St. An ne , M is Ramsden's feat wa a marvellous one. Mi s H.am den is but a young player, and was recently defeated in the fi nal of a girl's championship. A Bankrupt Trundler.

C. F . Root, the \ i\Torcester hire player, who eau eel the Aus­tralians some troubl e during their last tour, has been giving creditors ome worry. Recently he pas ·ed through the Bank­ruptcy ..... ourt, and paid 1.-. 10d. in the £. J-l e stated that he made J ) thing on the tour of the \11/ e t Indie ·, where a bottl e of water eo t l s. Hi s assets incluled a war bond the ai ft of VVorcester. hire cricketers and a 1 resentation gold ~atch."' Obit-Ned Officer.

Let us think of him as Nee! Officer, one of the finest fu ll­back · that Victorian football e\rer aw and a sport to the finger tip.. B e played football as he played every game, with plenty of ginger, boundless enthusia m and a shrewd judg­ment. Not only have his sporting interests been per onal. but he followed almost every branch of port with the . ame inter­e:t- the bettering of the game, whatever it wa . Maro·aret 0 ffi cer is one of the State' be. t tenni s players, and Ti~11 i well up in the ranks. His other son is doing well at a M 1-bourne coll ege. The parting f raterni ty mourn the pas ing of a gentl eman and a sport. International Visits.

One ha to hronicle the vi it of th ree international team, since we la t went to P re ·s. F irst, the Czecho-Slovaki ans came and conquered all and undry in the Soccer world , but our Ios. es wa not so great in face of the Czech· form in the Eastern State.. The E ngli h hockey plavers were the next visitor. , and they showed how hockey : ho~tl d be played. T he Chine e team were not so success fu l, a: the local player , profitino· by the experi nee of the previous big contests, suc­ceeded in taking th odd trick in three. Generally speaking, a very sati s factory r cord to local sporting ent·husiasts. Profe;;siona l Advice.

Surely the:e are the clays of the "pro" in sport. At a recent convention in London it was reported that the laro·e em­! oriums were employing va rious success fu l exponents of cer­tain games to sell their goods. At one store. the professional s included :- Cricket: Frank \Voollev Rov ](i lner and B er­~)~rt ? utcli ffc. Golf: H. Vardon, T~d Ra)r and J. H . Taylor. I ennts: Charles Lockyer, Cordon leath r and F. E. Doni s-

thorpe. These sporting ·tar demon. trated their wares on a full- ize mattitw pitch and full -s ize tennis court and a putting green.

Watch G ermany!

No, this is not a trade warning or a pr gnostication re­garding the next war, but merely T tl clen's warn ing about Ger­many and the Davi s Cup. Interviewed during hi . tour of Ger­many, the great Bill said that Germany had at least six players of international calibre, and with the tremenclou. interest being taken in the aame he expected the German players to bulk large in international competitive tennis. Tilden regard Jean \ i\Tasher, the Belgian left-hander, as one of Europe' best play­ers. Not knowing that Patterson would not be at \Nimbledon, Tilden said that I atterson 's most dano·erous opponent would be l3orotra.

Western Australia's Rowing Superiority.

It i with pride that the above caption ts written. Last month one quer!ed the ability of the local niversity eight to repeat the sterling performance of the King's Cup winners. They did it and silenced all the cri tics. Tho. e water ide baraee . . "' who watted to scoff were fo rced to cheer when the good news came through. T he fi ght fo r recogni tion made by the 'niver­sity crew ha. been publicly stressed and the poin t that one mu: t take is the abi lity of Western Au tralian rower to beat the pick of the Commonwealth. Vlithout bei ng too much puffed up with pride of tate and the men of the State, it wa. :.; gal­lant victory , and ha. done more for rowing in thi s tatf' than mo t peopl e wot of.

]ones' and W.A.'s Misfortune.

For the fir t time in an epoch a W e. t Australian, "Bru her" Jones, wa invi ted to go abroad with an ustralian : wimming team. It is indeed unfortunate that Jone , becau e of a combination of private business and a rebellious Ieo·, will be unable to accept the invitation. As the holder of the 440, 880 and mi le championships, hi performances again t the .J a pane ·e cracks would have been a valuable o·uide for Olym­pic Games competitions. Hi s companions in the trip were to have been E . Henry, R. Grier, and l. Stedman. It i: under­stood that V. lVJ oore, who ·wam second to Grier in the 220 yards championshi p, will be asked to fi ll "Bru ·her's" place. Sculler fo r Olympic Games.

It was the duty of lVIr. Cecil McVilly to u ·e the recent sculling championship at Hobart as a o·uide fo r the selection o( a : cull er to be sent to the Olymptc Game. as the Aus­tralian representat ive. !VIr. Mc Villy was apvoin tecl I y th Au tralian :\mat cur l(ow:ng Assoc;ation to ·elect a : culler following the deci ·ion of that body that the project of : ending an eight-oar crew was impracticablc a ft er the last experience.

Ft rther. to guide 1rr. McVill y, a race fo r scullers wi.ll be held on the Y ::trra on October 24 . The di tance will be the same as the race in the cl a ic games, and if Mr. Me Villy can select an oar man whom he think will do Australia justice. that f ortunatc individual will be :ent abroad. tl r. McVill y's choice should be a popular one. H e has had prac­tical experi ence- he wa the champion of Au: trali a in 1910, 1911 and 1924, and in 1913 won the Diamond culls at Hen­ley-on-T hames-and he has had wide experience a a coach. As uch . he was success ful w;th the Tasmanian crew that NOn

the King's Cup in 1924 and 1926.

14 THE ARGO J une, 1927.

FOOTBALL. TEAMS EVENLY MATCHED. A CARNIVAL SELECTION.

Football thi s sea on is full of surprises. T here was a time not far distant when, if Spearwood met Osborne· Park , it was a pastorali ·t's p roperty to a peanu t that pear wood would win . W ith the League teams as they are now const ituted, it seems an open matter which of the ·even competitors wi ll make the fi nal fo ur.

At the present time, Claremont-Cottesloe and \1'.,1 est Perth are the lagga rds, and it was a coincidence that both regi tered surpri c win on the same clay. ubiaco, the enigmas o f last season, are just as unreliable thi s, whi le Perth seem an im­proved combination out of luck. T he issue appears to be be­tween outh and East F remantle and East Perth , and it is a ea. e of choose where you like.

T he seasonal form of ind ividuals is of more than usual interest because of the approaching Carni val games . O ne does not envy the job o f the selection committee in deciding who will make the tri p, but the eighteen et out herew1th must be cOI1sidered a good one :-

Outr iclge Dobson Ca mpbc ll , ].

Sherlock . Wa t ts (capt.)

Cra ig Coffey \il/oods

] a rvis

Sheedy Leonard B. Ca mpb cll

Mudic Guhl

Sun de rl and

F ir st R uck : Wes tern, Owe ns a nd Duffy . Seco nd R uck : Ca mpbcll , Sund erland and Sheccl y.

The above team i selected f rom the players now showino· fo rm . hould Gosnell strike his best game, he must be put in and there are several other " likeli es" whose names have not been included because they are not in nick.

Wm.Si\1\derson & Son.l!~ D1stillers -- LEITH

Estd.l863.

GOLF "PAR" STILL UNDECIDED.

The "par" question has not been settled yet . Cottesloe was t he fi rst cl ub to fa ll in with the recommendations of the special committee, and since we were last before the publ ic F remantle ha· deci ded on making its bogey 77. Perth remain undecided and have approached t ile comm ittee to have the mat­ter recommi tted, as f resh ev idence can be brought on the mat­ter. If major ity r ul es, Perth will probably be asked to fa ll in wi th the general scheme, unl ess , of cou rse, the new evidence is suff icientl y weighty to cha1we the opinions of the committee.

T he "par " que ·tion has not been settled yet. Cottesloe was the fi rst cl ub to fa ll in with the recommendation of the special committee and si nce we were last before the public, F remantl e have cieciclecl on making their bogey 77. Perth remain undecided and have approached the comm ittee to have the matter recommitted , as fresh ev id ence can be brought on the matter. If majori ty rules, Perth will probably be asked to fa ll in wi th the general scheme un less, of course, the new evidence is sufficiently weighty to change the opinion of the committee.

State Cha m pionships. On J uly 27, 28, and 29, women ·s State championships

will be contested on the Perth links . Entries clo e on July 6 and there is every rea ·on to hope that the variou events will be clo ely contested, especiall y when the improved fo rm of players, who have been on the border line of championship class, is considered.

O n July 4, a meeting of the Golf Association wi ll decide the programme fo r the State championshi p. that will be held on i\ugust 29 and fo llowing clays.

SHIELD COMPETITIONS. Cottesloe' s Great W ins.

You on ly have to . uggest sh ield competitions at Cotte loe to see the Stetsons lly in the air . T he Cottesloe "A·· team ask you to "trot out you r best ... and have reason to be proud of their lead ing pos ition.

T he competitions commenced on May 2c . when the "A,. nnd "B ., teams of Cottcs loe and Perth t ri ed conclusions. Cot­le loe won by 1 8~ ac s to 1 3~ aces fo r the senior team and 32~ aces to 1 3~ ac res for the " 13 ··· gracle;·s . he big even t, as fa r as Cotte. loe wa. concerned, was their win against -Fremantle " 1\ ·· ·s. /\t thi s meeting F remantle vvas borne bleeding from the field with the sum total of I ~ aces. wh ile ottes loe emerged with 28~ aces to add to thei r score. The F remantle " B " ·s took a b'it of the . ting out of the Cottesloe "B "'s by fin i hing 33~ ace · to 11~ aces.

The present po itions of the clu)) -a rc as fo ll ow :-

Cotteslde . . . Perth . . . F remantle ...

"A" C1'ade.

"B " Grade. Cotte. loe .. .. . .. . .. . . Fremantle Perth ...

Perth Club.

P layed. 2

·,1, 1 ·

2 l l

\ ce · 47 1 3~ l i

4-J. 33J 1 3~

A fo ur-ball sweepstakes compet it ion indu lged in by a few uf the Perth lub members resulted in r~ . G. Cohen partnerecl bv C. Clement, co ll e::t.no· the pi le. Clement was not the least b; t perlu rbed by atrocious condition and d id the cl istance in a remarkably few number o f strokes. I le and hi . partner fi ni shed up and a number of the other star ters were too modest to hand in their ca rds. R . Saw and \ V. Kent were 5 up.

Thirty or so turned out for a sweep take the following week. \Vith 76 off the stick, H. ·Reid won , comincr home in 37. R o s MacDonald and D . tewart were the next be t with 2 up: R eid was 6 up.

The same clay, Maunder , going around with a club mem­ber, went out in 33 and came home in 40, a net 73 which it must be admi tted is not so bad .

] une, 1927. THE A RGO 15

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Three more members came to light fo r the third sweep­·takes . The rain wa.- gently soaking, the wind was unkind, and con cl it ions were far from perfect; but one . J. \V. Durack, set hi: teeth and came home with hi · card showing -t up. E. ~ mi th · and D. P. R u fus might have quarrell ed with him if they hac! been better than 2 up. It is un de r ·toocl that Du rack has clc: idccl not to remain in the backg round any longer . A man has to as ·ert h;msel [ sometillles and when he has added another-a third- to his scalp he mav be content to sit back and let othe rs have a chance.

C. Ciements and J. Raikes and R. C. Crowther and H. · F i ~; her, both with 7 up, have to argue o:1t tl1c four-ball com­r etiti n played on June 11. A number of good ca re!. were

returned .

"Cuth .. beat all opposition and the frightful conditions in

the t roke medal compet ition . He returned an 85 or f the

std<, and with a handicap of 10 was bet ·r than T. L. .A. nder­

son, 89, 11-78. J.W.D. fin ished th ird .

Cottesloe Club.

My, but they were cros. ! \ tV hen the act ended there was

not a in::;le fe::tther of a c mm:tteeman to be seen to do the

honours, wi th the re ult that words flew and the chatter­chatter that was bandi ed about did not const itute a paen of praise of the departed heads. " Craigie," the old, poor devil

who wa there, coll ected the lot and was asked politely to hand

the cold facts to hi s fe llow-c mmitteemen.

However , the com1:etition referred t was a mixed four­some and ~Iiss ).[. ~LMil l an and T. D. Stevenson carried off

the honour · with a net 78 and an 86 o ff f <e stick. Some very

good cards were returned, among t the best b ing Mrs. A llnutt

<:! nd P.G. i\nclerson, 92-13-79 an l Mi s \rundel and B.

::Yleecham 94-15-79 , Mi Forbes and "RD.'' 94- 14-80 and

others nearly as good . If those often ac::ursed committeemen

had not spoi lt a good clay- 1 The O ld Colonel beat the lot at

Cottesloe in the bogey medal. R. ·ummerhaye · and J. C. II ill , who fini heel 3 down, were the on ly ones that troubled

him. There was a li ttle crew-K. Barker, F. C. Ste,ren on,

R. D. Forbes and G. Hood- who were 4 down and most of the

rest were too unselfi ·h to hand in thei r cards.

Fremantle Club. Ringi ng out l'vi ay and ringing in June, the Fremantle Club

held a boo·ey medal and was rewarded by 56 pla.x-ers who de ired

same to be hana ing f rom their watch chain. 1 . G. Bennett ( 11 ) w: uld be wearing it now if A.J.H. W il son (7) had not

put in ,. stJ'ong claim, resulting in both players finishing 3 up.

Among those present when the card . were b ing handed in were E. Ca sidy, the Fordham duo and Ski] per N icholas, who were hoping that 2 up would be the winning care!.

A half -a-gale of wind and a deluge of rain did not matter

to Leo . mith, who coll ected the fir t stroke medal oE the

ea. on. He went around in 8 1, o·iving him a 79. P erhaps a

better performance was that of .J.H. \ 1\T il son who had an 86

off the stick and fi ni shed with a net 79 .

16 THE ARGO June, 1927.

TRAVEL TALKS (By E. H. SHEFFIELD.)

THE BE T PI-IYSJCK-Aithoug/, our ordinary air be good by nature or

art, )'et it is not mn;ss, as l have said, still to alter it; 110 better Pliysicl? fo r n melancholy man, than clianye of air, and variety of places, to travel abroad and sec fashions. Leo 1fer speaks of mnn:)' of his countl")'­me·n so cured, without all oilier Pliysic/? . . . . For peregrination chnnns our seuses with such unspea!wblc and S'i..CJeet z•ariety, that some count iri·m. unhappy that t1 ever travelled, a /,'ind of j!l'isoner, and p·it)' his case, that .from his cradle to his old age beholds the smne still; still , still th e same, th e same.

- R OBERT J3 'HTON.

H.M.S. ASCENSION.

T ilbury Docks, on a foggy morning in 1\ovember, 19 18, and the s.s . Galway Castle commencing her last voyage, but one, before being ·ent to Davy J ones ' Locker, by a Hun ·ubmarine. S teaming down the Engli sh Cha nnel in a fog is at any t ime unpl ea:ant, bu t with m in s and ·ubmarine · about, one fo und the experi ence, at least, not lacking in excitement. \ i\f recks were strewn along the coast f rom Dover to P lymouth , and it was with a fee ling of reli ef that we joined, at the latter port, a convoy o f fo rty ves ·cl proceeding to America, e corted by eight dest royers, to say nothing of aeropl anes and airships.

O ur satisfaction proved short-li ved, for on the e:ond day

A rrival of the "Wideawakes."

out, we left the co nvoy, to plough a lonely furrow to the south, and shor tly after par ting we were pu ·hing our way through Aoatina wreckage an I empty boat· from a vessel which had, no doubt, been sunk not long prev ious! y . No peri scope appeared, however, but the fi ring of a pract ice shot oy our six-inch gun caused not a few passengers who had a 'Caped mal-de-mer, to take on the greeni sh hue, usuall y associated with that malady.

Bright sunshine and warmer climes :oon re tored confi­dence, and ten days ' zig-zag coursing brought u in : ight of the f rowning cli ffs and peaks of the littl e lonesome Island of Ascension, swept by the surg ing waters of the turbulent Atlantic; f rom the depths of which it had been thrown up in t:mes long past.

Ascension Island , du ri ng the war , was rated as a battl eship, and known as J:-J. M.S. Ascension. l t was discovered bv a Portugese nav igato r , Juan da Nova, on Ascension Day, 1S01, and taken possession o f by the Briti sh Government, after the arrival of Napoleon at St. H elena, 111 18 15. It i · seven and a ha! f m iles long, six mile wi·de, and forms one of the peak of a submarine ndge, which :eparates the northern and southern basins of the Atlant ic. Its whole character is volcanic and its surface broken up into mountains and rav ines, with plains and table-lands, varying from 1,200 to 2,000 feet above sea level. Green Moun tain (2,870 feet ) is the highest peak. O n the south, bold and lofty precipices predominate, with small coves on shore, fenced with ma ses of lava.. The island boa ·ts one of the most powerful wirele s stations in the world, and its two g reat masts can be seen fo r many mi le· on approaching the shore.

Between the months of December and May, turtles and their eggs are found in abundance, and at a certain ea on of the year, millions of bird call ed Wideawakes Ay over, to lay and hatch out thei r eggs on a wide plain in the centre of the island. most remarkabl e ight is the bi rd , sitt ing in erri ed ranks, all facing the ame direction. It is not known from whence they come or whither they go.

Georgetown, on the Nor-\ i\Test coat, i supplied :vith water from pring in the Green Mouhtain; the e pnngs were reached by boring in 1830. In olden clays . trader sailing be­tween the coast of A fri ca and Braz il , u eel . to leave letters in a crev ice of a rock, for other ves e\s to pick up. T he climate is bracing and healthy, and for one desiring to give civili ation a miss for a few month , no better spot could be found than th is fascinati ng, but rugged and lonely, haun t, of turtl es and wild bird .

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June, 1927. THE A RGO 17

MUSICAL NEWS. LOCAL AND PERSONAL.

On Tuesday, June 14, the Repertory Cl ub staged three one-act play · with great success and satisfaction to a large audience. T he fir t play, "The Lost Silk Hat," by Dorcl Dun­saney, was produced by Mr. J. H . Ottaway and the cast con-i tee! of Mr. L. Cleland, Mr. J . F. Ottaway, Mr. J . Bishop,

Mr. H. Banger and Mr. K. Dougall.

The second piece, " I o Servants," by Gertrude J etm ings, was produced by Miss B . Dale-Smi th, the cast consisting of Miss Cammell eri , Miss J. Compton, Miss M. Hodgson, Miss K. Heaney, Miss 0. Dean and Mr. E. Browne-Cooper.

The last play of the evening was produced by Mr. A. Todd,. and the piece chosen was " The Bishop's Candl esticks." The cast incl uded Mi Nan Smith , Miss Jean Cari ss, Mr. A. Todd, Mr. F. Burke, Mr. K. Dougall.

A departure from the usual orchestral selections was made and Mr. l~ . E llacott played, on the Gulbransen registering piano, some acceptable class ics which were heart ily enjoyed and appreciated by the larg audience. T he piano was kindly lent by Messrs. N icholson's Ltd.

T he Repertory Club's next effort will be "The Devil's Disciple," by Bernard Shaw, to be given in the Assembly Hall , P ier Street on Friday, 24th June, atm·day, 25th, 1onday, 27th, Tuesday 28th. T he plan wi ll open at N icholson's on June 16th, and a special treat is promised to patrons. Mr. T. S. Louch is the producer.

Perth music lover wi ll be glad to know that the great pianist Moi eiwit eh wi ll pay a vi it to Australia in about six months' t ime, and that Perth will be included in his tour .

Only a love of Music is

Paclerew ki will not visit Perth, so A r. Claude K ingston, of the firm of J. and N. Tait, has definitely informed the writer, but ha been sent to N e{v Zealand instead.

The \A, .A. Society of Concert Artists are bu y rehearsing fo r their next how, viz., "The Gi rl in the Taxi."

One of our members, Mr. A. M. P. Montgomery, has been conductitw the church ervices at St. Anclrew's P resbyterian Church, h er ' treet, ju t recently. The organ is a fine instru­ment and is well worth hearing. There is also a good choir of 40 voices which goes a long way to making the services in thi s church very delightful and impressive.

Mr. David Lyle, the well -known Perth tenor, gave a very f111e rendering of Iviendelsohn's ''If With All Your Hearts" (Elij ah ), in 't. Andrew's, at one.eof the morning services. Mr. Lyle has a musical tenor voice with great power of expression. He i gathering together a large number of inging pupils who follow his excellent metho Is of teaching voice production.

Mr. Maurice Besly, who came over to Perth fo r the recent Vv.A. Eisteddfod, wa born in Yorkshire, etc., etc. ( ay The q ustrahm1 Musical N e·ws. ee page 28, Austrahan Musical

Ne·ws .)

The E istedd foci , held at the Town Hal l rec:ently, was an in teresting and in tructive funct ion; it also brought to light much budding local talent. One feels that our city of Perth i" distinctly going ahead in musical culture. Our greatest need i fo r a municipal tringed orchest ra. No doubt the cost at present is prohibit ive, but, nevertheless, what other citi es have done will no doubt be done here in the not too di. tant future .

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18 THE ARGO June, 1927.

THE METRO PO LIT AN WATER SUPPLY. (By SNOWEY.)

THE HILLS WATER SCHEME.

The headwate r. of the Canni ng R iver have long been recognised as a valuabl e asset for water upply purpose , and gauging· o f the stream Aow ~~e re commenced in 1897: In 1903 it po sibilities were cons1dered by th e then E ngmeer­in-Chie f and by a Sydney engineer, who was a ked to report on t rth' req uirements. A board appointed in 1907 studied many propo al , and recommended a reservoir on the Upper Can ning. The co. t at that date was deemed prohibitive, and , late r, during the war period, the financial pos ition precluded any large developmental . eh me.

Tt wa · not, th erefore, unti l 1920 that the late Mr. F. 'vV. Lawson . E ngin er-in -Charge of t h ~ Metropoli tan \1\Tater Supply, was able to formu late and subm1t to the Government a pro­perl y cor-orcl inated ·eh me o f construction on a sound financial ha is to utili se these now much needed resource.. His pro­posals were rev iewed and in part amended by l\Ir. E . G. Ritchi e, Engineer of J\{elbourne \ \ ate r Supply .

Sir James 1Iitchell , in March 1923, announced the Govern­ment's decision to adopt the propo. als and embark on the work.

Preliminary urveys and the necessary plans were put in hand at once, and construction work on Churchman 's B rook J am and the pipe line was started at the end of 1923.

Th e head works contemplated in the 'cheme will be capable of a ti sfyino· the demand of the metropoli for many year :md they comprise chi fly:-C hurchm13.n's B r ook Da m-

Capac ity 595,000.000 ga llon. ; e. timat:ed cost, £477,000. Wungong Brook D a m-

Capacity 6,800.000,000 ga llons; est imated cost, £552,000. Canning River D.a m-

apac ity 16.890.000.000 ga llon ; estimated cost, £1.600.000.

Included in the above e timates is the cost of the necessary pipelines to Perth. T he ul timate scheme will also provide fo r several other dams on subsidiary catchment areas extending as far south as Serpentine ; area. which have already been reserved for that purpose.

It will be noticed that the fir st ection to be undertaken --Churchman 's Brook Dam- is the mall est and cheapest; when completed, it wi ll be capable of meeting the ituation whilst the larger and more expensive portions are in progres , thus increasing the capital outlay gradually with the growth of the population.

Canning and \ 1\' ungong Dams will be high masonry walls of grav ity section, each of which will take from five to seven 1·cars to build . Churchman· Brook Dam . however, i of the :, ea rth .. type- a straight wall acro. s a valley; and cons isting of a vertical clay pug core wall of f rom 5 to 20 feet thickness, Sl'.pported on each side by a large bank of earth fill ing.

The core wall, wh ich makes the clam watertight . has to be carried cl own to a rock urface-in thi s case to a depth of over 80 feet below the stream bed. The removal of ome 22,000

Continued on page 22

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June, 1927. THE ARGO 19

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IMPRESSIONS ( Continued ( rom Page 8)

once, and each famil y goes straight on to it block . The Govern­ment ha th hou. e , i. r., fo ur-roomed hou ·e. , built gradually on the blocks as oon as enough clearing on the site selected fo r the hou e has been done, and ultimately, build al. o a cow­shed and a mall dairy.

6.-All expenses ar debited to the block; i. e., labour, buildino-, cost of chool, when justified, and sometimes drainage within teh g roup. There arc al o debited as overhead charge , the salary of the for man, the houses, and the cost of th hou. ehold cow , horse, cart and impl ements which are required. These overhead charges are, naturally, divided among the block .

7.- The settlers are encouraged to do pare-time work ; t.f. , extra clearing round their house, and to make kitchen garden. and grow mall crops from which they can earn independently of their contract money. \ 'egetabl e are expen-ive to buy and, therefore, this is a great economy for the

weekly budget. Some good settlers have quite good kitchen even managed to clear an acre or so in spare time and grow gardew; and tho e who have been longer on settlement , have and ell a crop of potatoes.

.-All land cleared under cont ract has to be own, accordino· to th instructions of the fo reman, on lines laid down by the grou1 ffic in Perth. F ir t, 25 acre. per block ar own for pasture, va ri u grasses and subterranean clover being

the essential. \ . soon a a littl e mo1:e is ready, mo. t groups are encouraged to g row a few acre of oats and maize to form summer feed for cattle when the g ras · dri es up. If a ettler wishe to get more than two cows, which i the hou ehold allowance, provid cl he tick t the breed ordered for that area, no obj ction i rai eel, but as it is in tended and is very neces ary to tn to limi t the number of cattle carried, a . ettler is chargee! .tl 10s. p r month for v ry extra cow in milk, that he g razes. Thi , is found by th . ettl er to be a very severe charge. and almost impo. sible to be ea rn ed from the

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20 THE A RG O June, 1927.

9.-If a ettler has a son over school age and keeps him to wcrk on his block with him, and to help with contracts, he is paid by til e Government- of cou rse, to the debit of: tl: e.block--:­a max imum of £3 per month. l n v1 ew of the cost of ll vmg, th1s forms a ba is of complaint by many o( th e sett lers and their wives, becau ·e, though there is great scope for quicker develop­ment by spare-t1 me work i f: fat 11 er and son work together, tne tendency is fo r the boys to go off, certainly, wh n they are six teen and arn more on their own. I am incl ined to think the llmit is sound . I n connection with thi , I de not think that it is realised uffi ciently by the settlers that everything that is paid, whether it is ustenance, contract money, payment to sons, or eo. t of house, cattle, w1 re for fencmg, 1mplements, etc., IS

reall y out of thei r own pockets and is bemg debited to them as part cost of their own block so that when th e t1me comes that the group is con idered to have enough pasture to carry some eighteen cows and ~}I .Governr~;e.nt pay .1s stopped~ the ~T?UP IJeing what IS called d1ssolved, 1n add1t10n to e~rmng a llvmg, the settlers will have to earn enough to pay mterest on the capital which has been expended, and to start repaying capital.

10.-During contract work, sett lers are debited half­yea rly interest and sinking fund on the cost of cattle, estimated on a ten year ba: is, but on nothing else.

l l.- A I roblem wh ich is very much vexing all the more serious-m inded and ·ensible :ettl ers, i · what debt wi ll be allo­cated to each group ultimat ly. F rom notes in the newspapers, an 1 vm'ious things that have been told to the settler , it is understood that a great deal of the debt will be written off . But many fear that wh en the blocks are i11dividually taken over by the Agricu ltural Bank, at . it is rumoured, a fair valuation r or the farm , taking into con ideration clearing, tillage, fencing, etc., the o·ood settl er wi ll be handicapped by hi spare-time work a a~·ains t the man who merely does hi s minimum work; for in. tan~e, say two neighbouring blocks are inspected. Block A, which ha. a particul arly good ettler, is consid ered worth

+ I - IM- MII - III- III - WN - II- II-III- II- UI- 11- 11- II- 11- hi- MII- 11- QW - MM - 111- 11- IIJ t

! I

I 1-I A. vE Y ou SEEN - I ~ The NE W j ! i i Austin Twelve " Windsor " Saloon ! ! : ! j And having seen it have you tr ied it, ridden in it , j "! or driven it? i

j j All we ask is that you T RY the AUSTI N before 1

J decid ing on your New Car. I

j If you have not tried the A US T IN, then you do i j not k now all that Motoring has to offer you , Austin i SerVIice , freedom from trouble and reli abi li ty are fast j becumi ng- bywords to Motorists t hat know . I

' I I i

NOTE THE PR ICE­

£490 Perth.

I Come and try this Luxurious Car without any 1

j obligation to Yourself. i

.I Dl "TRIB UTORS- :.]I . SOLE 'vV.A. .,

I Wlt~TERBOTTOM MOTOR COMPANY LTD. l I ST. GEOaGE'S TERRACE PERTH. i i l +tl-ll-ll-l - 11-ti - IM-IM- 11 - III - II- tll - 111- ll-11- 111- lll- 11- ll- ll- lll- 111- t +

£1 ,000, whereas the next block (B) is only considered worth £500, though the capital expended through the Government is rne same on I oth, the man wno has put in £500 worth of spare­time work on his own and has not earned Government money on it, wi ll be handicapped to the extent that he will have more interest debited, and more capital to repay, than the man who . has slacked. VIany hope that it will be announced that the writing down will be proportionate to the capital expended, in such way that the good man will benefit as compared with the bad man, and only nave the same amount of interest and capital to find, and not mterest on what JS practiCally his own capital expenditure. I t.hmk that if this were made clearer, tl1ere would be a great Impetus among the best men to improve their holdings .

12.-Foremen vary a great deal. Some are very helpful and sympathet1 c, wh1le others are merely the intermediary of the Government instructions, and do not lay themselves out to do more than their actual duty of sett ing the tasks and paying for them.

13.-A particularly good feature is the cheerfulness of the men and women who are facing and putting up with the' ha rd struggle in the early stages.

14.-Prospects: I do not. think that the grot!p settler will have earned an equ1ty and feel him ·elf mclependent and become fa ir ly prosperous 111 a measurable time, a compared with a man who has taken up a block in the wheat belt and developed it, but the group settler has had very much greater help and financial assistance m the initial stage , and, with his large fam ily could not, probably, without such assistance, have been able to immigrate and get the opportttnity in a wonderful cl imate to make a home and a probable position for his descen­dant ·, but would have been compelled to remain in the crowded conditions of Great Britain . A lso, on a dairy farm' they get paid fortnightly or mon thly for their farm produce, whereas in wheat they only get their return once a year.

15.-There are many littl e detail s which worry the settler; for instance- ( a) Insecurity of Tenure: As long as a family is on a group block supervised by a foremain and paid out of the Government loan, their tenure is at seven days ' notice, and if a fo reman takes a di slike to a sett ler or there is anything at all against him, he can be so harri ed that he will "pull out" and disappear; or , he can be given notice and turned out, but in the later case, only by the Advisory ·Boord on reports from Foremen and Field upervisors who make a vei·y exhaustive p rsonal examination before recommending such drastic action. (b) Every settl er, before he reache his block, has now to give a bill of sale over all hi property so that if he either" pulls out " or is turned out, everything, whether Government­provided or purchased by himself, can be ·seiz ed in part satis­faction of his capital debt. (c) A declaration of policy when it is fi xed as to how the capital debt is going to be allocated and dealt with and how much of the actual money expended is going to be charged, would be a great help. (cl) A more equitable charge for extra cattl e, or, better sti ll , no charge for extra cattle, but an ab olute li mit in the discretion of the field surveyor as to the number of cattl e any settler is allowed to carry, having reference to the actual conditions of hi s pa ·ture, and the efforts he has n1ade to grow suf fi cient food to provide fodder during the summer to uppl ement the dried grass; also depending a little bit on his water supply.

It is of the greatest interest to the State and an asset in the group settlement probl em, for each settler to be encouraged to earn as much as he can legitimately, apart from his contracts; and ·if he is able to graduall y develop thi s, he will be able .to supplement the £3 per month a son can earn, and keep hm1 on his block so that when it is decid ed to make him independent, he wi ll be a sounder asset to the Agricultural Bank.

June, 1927. THE ARGO 21

+ -II--II-III-II-~I-•I-MI-1~-ui-Mtf AM i :

' REMEMBER I . I Lead lights and

! when Selecting a Wedding I I or Birthday Gift i i i i j i I i

I

A PICTURE is a Joy for Ever and a Constant Reminder• of its giver•. lt is not

just an Ornament, but a necessity to a Home.

W e have a Large a · ci

Mirrors SINCE the incep·

tion of the industry in l h i s State we hav e maintained leader­ship in design and quality. i ! Varied Assortment of

1 Etchings and Pi ct ures -----------............ .

I to choose from .

Webb & Webb, 616 Hay Street,

:Near Corner Barrack Street.

PERTH.

See our modern Electric Lamp Shades in Leaded Glass.

Designs and Estimates sub· mitted without cost.

'

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CLARI(SON LTD. (la£e Seclgrvick Ltd.)

416 l+fUURAY STREET, PERTlt 26/5

+·- ··- ··- ··- ··- -·- ··- ··- ··- ··-+

t-··-··-··-··- .. ··- ··- ··- ··- ··- ··- ··- ··- ·- ··- .. -··-··-··-··-··-··-·+ I j651-i i i i i i r l i I I i f

i i I i

ANOTHER STEW ART DAWSON SPECIAL

WRISTLET WATCH OFFER

STEW ART DAWSON'S sp~cw l Solid Gold, 15 J ewel !.eve r . Fittect with e xpu ndi ng ba Pgle , 65/ ..

This Special 15 Jewelled Lever, Carries our Full Guarantee.

Very attractively finished in 9ct. gold case and expanding bangle.

STEW ART DA WSON'S

651-1: I

11

I I

t

I Corner Hay and Barrack Streets, PERTH. f

65/. 651_1 ... ·-··-··-··-··-··-··- ··-··-··-··- ··-··-··-··- ··-··-··-·- ··-··-·--·+

AVIATION Continued from page I/.

the .charges arc 30s. an hour fo r fly ing, whether solo or with an tnstructor . A minimum of eio·ht hours "dual ,. is com­pulsory, and after that it depend · on the pupil. But most peopl hould be able to lea rn to fly decently fo r between £21 and £30, if they do it throtwh a Light \ eroplane Club.

How long does it take? Thi depends on o many thing that it i impo ibl to g ive a definite answer. It depend , in the fi r t place, on the number o f machmes and inst ructor availabl to the member of the club and the number of member who are waiting their turn. It depend on the am unt of tim which the pupil has to spare and whether h can fit in hi s fly ing at hours when there is les of a ru h on the machines and on the in. t ructor . Fi nally, it depends entirely on thew ather, a factor which alone precl udes any estimate.

It took me, fo r example, ten days to fit in fou r fli ghts of half an hour each. The fi rst th r e of the e lo t in value, I was told, becau e there was a thick heat haze, which made it impossible to ee the horizon. A most o f the early in truc­tion is concerned with teeritw by and " keepitw her nose on " the horizon, the absence of one make th ing m~re difficu lt.

nd then often the weather i too bad for days at a time to go up at a ll fo r instructi n, at any rate at the time of day at which the pup il is f ree.

But g ranted plenty of pare time and enthusia m, a man would be very unlucky if he ould not learn to Ay within a couple of month or ten w eks.

The Final Step.

P ilots of the old school who were tauo-ht to Ay in an incredibl y shor t ·pace of t ime during the \fl/ a r on the " kill or cure " principl e, by which, a ft r an hour or o dual control, they w re lau nched into space "solo" to find out all about it for th mselves, look rather haughtil y at the e modern luxur­ie · of tel phones, and the L ight eroplane Club min imum " dua l " period o E ight hours.

I n spite o f their beli ef, however, that th 'pa rtan method o f the old clays were better , there i no gettino- away f rom the fact that the new ··ystem is Ear more e onomical in machines and in live . O ne of my instructor told me that even the litt le dual in truction that he had in the early day con isted mainly of a violent tweak on the "stick ., if he was doing anyth ing wrong, with no possibili ty of explaining the whys and wherefores . But with mod rn "telephone ,'' which are really only speakin o· tubes. it is different. T he instructo r can keep up a runnin o- fire o f chatty and perfectly audibl e in tructior., explaining th r a on for each move and each fractio n of a move. an I the pttpil can ask que tions just a a ily. The plane can be put into a "spin ," and the pupil shown ju t how to get ut of it. In other words. befor ever he goes " olo " he ought to know enough to reduce the ri k of hi s mashing up him elf and the machine to an almost negl igible minimum. T hi , incidentall y. materi ally reduc s the cost of Ayino-, a well a the ri k.

Chance for Benefactors.

A few year h nee, of course, things will have made ome progress. Machines will have b come cheaper owing to the increasing demand , and perhap M r. Ford's promi eel light aeroplane ' Hivver " wil l have materiali sed. But till that time ar rives civi lian Ayino- in thi s country must remain comparatively stagnant, and a chance of keeping al rea t with other nation , as a nation of airmen, will have pas eel .

In other word. , "thi fl ying busine . . . , mu t become more of an acce1 ted part in the li fe of the nation- a c mmonplace fo r the many rather than omething excepti,)n::tl 1rJr tbt! few .

22 THE ARG O June, 1927.

I ~' UNDERWOOD ~11 8 ;USINESS COLLEGE

where the personal touch makes all the difference to the

Scholar.

BUSINESS TRAINING AND

EXAMINATION PREPARATION.

carried out in most

successful mann~r

as re suits sllow.

CALL OR WRITE

FOR PROSPECTUS

AN D FEES.

WEST AUSTRALIAN CHAMBERS TOP FLOOR

106 ST. GEORGE'S TERRACE TAKE LIFT

I ~:dAD M~:!:~~ EDW ~ .. R! "~~~~~~; u~ :~;~ ·~;:,,F, CJ., I

I ~ ==-===========~~;z;~ af3 11 Elfi

~ ATLAS ~ ~ ~ ASSURANCE CO. LTD.

with which is Incorporated

~ ~ THE MANCHESTER ASSURANCE CO.

~ Estabd. 1808. ~ ~ ~ Fire, Marine & Accident ~ ~ lnsurances Transacted.

~ ~ Resources of the Company Exceed .£1 0, 000,000

~ W.A. Branch : 81 ST. GEORGE'S TERRACE, PERTH,

~ G. E. C. STRODE, Ma nager.

Fremant le Representative: A. J. LEA HO LT, ~ 33 Henry Street.

!L ,_, e:=:::s I===: :id

THE METRO PO LIT AN WATER SUPPLY.

( Cont inued f rom page 18

cubic yards of earth from thi s trench has been slow and diffi­cult work, but, to-day, the clay pug is in position up to 25 feet above the natural Lll·face, the earth fi ll ing being deposited on either side to the same level ; and the dam is now well on its way to completion.

Clay fo r the core wall is excavated half a mile clown­stream, put through a pug mill , and placed in po ition in layers a foot thick, being thoroughly rammed and kept wet to form a homogeneous mass.

Among the fir t works carried out at hurchman 's Brook were the con truction of a timber-dam to stop the stream-flow, and a semi-circular tunnel through the hi ll side in which the draw-off and scour pipe were laid . T hus, with the comple­tion of the pipeline to Perth, water from the stream was up­plied in November, 1925. To make similar use of other streams, portion o f the ultimate pipelines were laid to Wungong and Canning River, where, by the erection of small concrete walls through which the open end o f the main projected, the stream Row coull be drawn of f. \ Vater from the Canning River wa · delivered in December, 1925, and from \ i\Tungong- River in February, 1926. \ t\T hil st, during the h t summer the flow of the e st reams i small , for the rest of: the year the whole requ irements are met from the various hill. resource , thus saving the cost o f pumping bore water.

T he ompleted sections of: the hi ll · main comprise:-1'1 miles of 16in . d iam ter from Churchm a n "s Brook to Cann ing

R iver.

53 mil es of 30in . d iamete r from Ca nning River to Kelmscott. 8~ miles of 30in . diameter from \ iVungong Brook to Kelmscott. 17 mile of 36in. diameter from Kelmscott to ~· ount E liza.

The whole of the pipes u eel a re of the lockino·-bar steel type, manufactured by Mes rs. Mephan Fergu on; the 16in . in Adelaide, and the balance at Mayland:, from steel bars and plates imported from E ngland.

River cros ing on the pipeline necessita ted 13 sma ll brido·es of concrete pier or jarrah piles. A large concrete culv ert carries the main under the Bunbury railway. T he Swan River cross ing i three-quarters of a mile long, partly earth embank­ment, and partly timber piles, with a steel tru s over the navi­gation channel. t Mount E li za the main pa ses through a tunnel and ri es up a 110 feet vertical · shaft, being set in concrete. P rovision i · made throughout the pipeline for a futu re 40in. diameter main , wh ich will be necessary when the larg r clams are in use.

The active con truction policy of the Government, coupled with the increa cl number of service reservoir and the large distributing mains recently built, wi ll , for the future, guarantee the peopl e of the metropoli s a water supply, sati factory as r egard quality, quantity, and distribution.

If this Journal Interests you please

pass it on to a friend. Annual Subscrip­

tion 6s.

Jun , 1927. THE A RGO 23

+·--~·-·~-~·-··-··-··-·-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-··-·--··-··-··-·" i i : I

j If you can't get I I Swan Bitter I I where you go !

1 GO where you CAN get it. 1

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i i i i

'\t\1 ALLPAPERS f i

- NEW ~HIPMENT - j

Some wonclerful de igus in Paper and Panelled

Effec t and Frieze.

BARNET'r BROS. L'rD., 674 HAY STREET, PERTH.

+ •- ••- ••- ••- ••- ••- ••- ••- ••- ••- ••- ••- ••- ••- ••- ••- ••- n•- ••- ••- ••- 11•- •+

r-.. -.. ---;~·:::~~~~-r j When you Insure Your Life and Income I I WlTil

i I 1 The Southern Cross Assurance Co. 1 I LIMITED, •

t 11 HOWARD STREET, PERTH . ~-~

Life and Endowment Policies contain Weekly Accident

I and Sickness compensation, Hospital Benefits and !

1 .. _ , _ ___:~~:--=:~~--·-.. --_J r - ---~-=~·:~=·-·-· .. -··-· ·-·--··-··-··-··:~~~~~:~~:··-··-·+ i A 7184-5. B 345 & 986 .

i

i FRANK MANFORD LTD., Customs and Shipping Agents.

Bond and Free Store Props. i i i i Carriers and Motor Haulage Contractors. i i i i i i

4 HENRY ST, FREMANTLE~

BAZAAR TERRACE, PERTH

j i ....____··-··-··-··-··-··-··-·~-··-··-··-··-··- .. -··-··-··-·~

WESTERN AUSTRALIA and THE COMMONWEA LTH.

Continued from page 5.

expr.essed on behalf of the tate Government, :cepticism as to itsyracticability. It would require not merely a favo urable vote 1n the \1\f est-that would be a foreg ne concl u ·ion-but al. o also a majo rity in at lepst three of the Eastern States.

The e. tates would be a ·ked to vote for the SUIT nder of part of the1r manufacturers' and other producer.' : h ltered mar­ket: . If a .c~ns titutional amendment proved unattainabl e by ~uch mean , 1t 1 hardly likely that th B ri tish Parliament would , 1 n response t a \1\f e tern :\ u tral ian petition. amend the Com­monwealt·h of ustrali a Constitution Act of 190 1, ·ection 51 ( i i) o f which permit onlv uch taxation as does not di -niminate between States o;· parts of 'tates.

There remain , however, the expedient of varying the ref ll.nd of Commonwealth reven ue in accordance with the need o f the S tates. T his may be done, and ha been clone ever

si nce 19 10 for \t\ e tern u. tra lia' benefit, consistentl v wi th the . Con titution .. It wa the open way to a prompt r~li ef of \lo,~e ·tern \ustral!a ·. di sabiliti es, and the majority of the Com­mi SS IOn therefore recommended th ·upe rsess ion of the rem­

nant ~f the tapering gra 1~t o f 1_910 by la rge r ·'special payment

o f £4JO,oqo per a~111um ,. 111 ~dd1t10n to. the 25 . per capita pay­ment, untd the . tate 1 owen the n g ht to impose its wn customs and exc1se tariff. ·• ommi ion er lVJill s whil e aoTee­

iJw with the expediency of a spec ial payment, ' recomme~ cled one of .£300,020 pe r annum for ten years. Action ha been

~a ken b~· the l~ e .leral G?vernment on the latter ·uggestion, but 1ts contmuanc IS prom1 ·eel for five years on ly . The amount o f the g rant fo ~· 1926-27 ha been suffi cient. in conjunction \·~ llh the splemhcl expansion of the wheat y ield , to lift the State finance for the fi rst Lime s ince 19 11 out of the rut o[ cl ficits.

*Ro,va l Co mmiss ion o n th e Finances of \V ester n Australia as affected by l•ederat ion. appo int ed b,v the Commonwea lth Govern­ment. ;ovemb<'r 5. 1924. Heport ord 'red to b printed. eptember 23. 1925. No. 49. F. 25 17.

. There re.main in the backg round , however, two problems wh 1ch must gw e anx1ety to \ 1Vestern A ustrali an Treasnrer:, the transport .en TJce of the orth-West Terri tory (as the part o[

! he tat~ north. of the 26th parallel of latitude is call ed), and the unwi eldy s1ze of the tate debt. The tran fer of the

~orth - \~f est to the Commonwealth is the ubj ect of negotia­tion tdl proceechng between the State and Federal Govern­

ments. 1 f the tate will agr e to lhe t ransfer, the Federal Government pr po. e t·o make it a furth er g rant of .£150,000

a year. As to the tate debt, which began to outrun in scale those of the other tates about 190 , and i now over .£150 per h ad, a mor · rapid increa e o f population i. needed . through a clo er settl ement of the wheat lands. and the wet ·outh­wes t. Group settl ement in that a rea has been costl y, and the ea rli er policy o f ()' roup improvement of individual holdings was unsatisfactorv, but the scheme has created a manv as

2.328 new fa rms: with a fa rmin rr popula tion of , ten thou~and pc pi e. At pre ent \Veslern A u t rali a ha over ten mil e of government ra ilway per thousand of population a. compared

with 4! miles per thousand in the Commonwealth as a whol e. Her rai lway ; even o, pay the interest on their cost of con­struction . . bowing better fi g ure· a a rul e than tho e of any

other State. Given ( i) a better yield from her wheat-lands as a result of better methods all round, ( ii) closer occupation of both light lands and heavy which such methods would encourage, and ( iii ) continued advanc in dairy production , \1\f e tern . ustralia coul I carry with her present equipment of transport, harbours and water works, a population t whom the

pres nt debt would no l01\;er eem unwieldy. The rec nt ra1 i l expansion o f her output of wheat, dairy produce and other primary product is ev ident sign of the scope awaiting new settlers .

24 THE ARGO June, 1927.

GOVERNMENT HOUSE, CANBERRA.

Continued from page 9.

T hi s i the ideal room for oil portrai ts. And feeling sure o [ the response to th Commi ssion's appeal to arti sts for a loan call ction, l fo resaw that thi s room would be of outstanding beauty .

T he d ining-table is a care fu l copy o f a Georgian one and I am indebted to the celebrated an:bitcct, M r. H. Desbrowe Annear , fo r the detai ls to enab le the cabinet-maker to build it. It i made in six sections, the two ends being semi-circular. \ i\T hen all sect ions arc in use, it perm its the seating of 22 people, yet, it may be r duccd to th e minimum, viz ., a round table seating six . T he wood of th is piece is Q ueensland mapl e and the boards were 24 feet long, so that it wa poss ible to match the sections without anv break of fi o·ure. The chair are of the same period and arc ~ovcred in brown Australian hi de with the crown lightly embo. s cl on the left' upper corner of the back.

The reception or d rawing-room i an L-shaped room; or, rather, two room th r wn into one. They open on to the verandah which leads to th e lawns and the rose gard ns. I would have liked to have t reated these room in an entirely in formal manner, but th is was not possible, fo r the reception room has to serve both for off icial fu nction and fo r the Governor-G n ral o f Aust ra li~1, and also the daily intimate use o f the family. I ompromi . eel. T he sty l adopted fo r the easy chairs was one which, whil e v ry comfortabl e, gives no tempta­tion to loll. J-l pplewhitc, of t11 e period wh en the F rench in­Auence wa at its height- late 1 th cntury. T hey are down fill ed fo r com fo rt , but the backs are cane strung fo r dignity. T he unde r rail s and leg a re t reated with refinement. It is reall y the R egancy Hargara without the g ilding . ix chairs and two couches are in thi · l! nre, yet each i · a li ttl e different f rom the next. 11 through the hou. e J have avoided, wherever it was possibl , th s in of matching pieces o f furnitur . For the fo rmal sit-up chai rs I chose the ·hield back type with the wheat ar carved through the delicate balusters.

Between the cl in i ng room and th reception rooms is the

private entrance hall , and thi s T furni shed wi th goo I reproduc­

tion of oll P 01·tuo·e e seat: and settees ca rri ed out in Q ueens­

land walnut and cover cl in brocade with heraldic de ign.

There is also a finely ca rved moun ta in a h rug ches t of

romwcllian period . and card tables .

Beyond th · reception room , and opening off it . is the

morn1ng room. This i. pap red in ~ ro rri s pa1 er o f the wil ­

low leaf de ign . The furniture is in the dams style, cov­

ered with a Gai n borough green fabr ic. The writing table i

of particular interest, fo r it is ma le of reel satinay, a Queens­

land wood of g reat merit.

H er Ex ·ell ency's bedroom, the room rlnt was used

by H .R.H. the Duchess of York, is on the first Aoor and over­

looks the rose garden out to the pin -clad Mt. Stromlo, and far

beyond, in the winter , arc th snow-capped high mountains,

Tidnembila an 1 Bimberi . Primrose papered wall s, curtains o f

jade hot with g rey and li ned yellow o that the colour of the

wall s i suggested again in the hang-ing.. A warm grey

clogs paw carpet covers the Aoor right up to the walls. T he

furn iture is of Queensland mapl e, the large bed, with its

cane ends, surmoun ted by a crown in heavy relief at the

head. The wardrobe is simple, it sole decoration being an

acanthus leaf edge. T he dominating note in this room

the moonlight blue satin bed spread, which was designed by

Mrs. J ack Yeats, and embroidered by Miss Li ly Yeats, at the

well-known Iri. h industry, Cuala, near Dublin. There is a

big circle in spring Aowers, all yellow ·, blues and mauves,

and these pick up again the colours of the walls and the

hangings .

T hat there are young chi ldren to provide for at Govern­

ment H ou ·e was a great delight to me, for it gave me the opportunity of planning a school-room fo r them. They gave me to understand that it must on no account be called " the

N ursery." A room was chosen on the top fl oor, with a big bow window looking across to the blue mountains-a big,

well- ·haped room. Nowhere is the design on fabric so im­

pO!·tant as in a schoolroom. The choice of the pattern

in the room where the li ttle folk sit at their lessons or play

their games must be very carefully made. I venture to say

that there is no design so satisfying, so fine in detail , and so

modern , in spite of its great age, as \Nilliam Morris ' "Bird and

A nemone. " T his, with a deep blue background for the win­

dow curtains and chair cover , is most attractive. This room

and the children's bed-room, are the only ones in which I have

used painted furniture. The colour chosen was dark china blue. A olid dining-table with an under rail , \ i\Tindsor chairs

of the well-known old pattern, all blue, except for the wheel

in the back, which is picked out in cream. T here is a dresser,

too , and on it stand the gay peasant pottery jugs, and cups,

and plates, giving the sole note of brilliancy to this room.

Far away f rom the present Government House, across Wcstridge, past the I•orestry School, and half -way into the city,

is an eminence than which there is no finer site in all the T er­ritory. T here it is that the permanent Gove!rnment House of

u tralia will be bui lt. T here is no doubt that the building will

combine all the architectural refinements and ae thetic charm

necessary to the residence of the Governor-General. At the

same time I am wondering whether; however wonderfully

executed it is, it will ever exhale the homely atmosphere that

the old yet metamorphisecl , squatter 's home-Yarralumla­possesses.

Dining Room Govt. House, Canberra.