supplemental draft environmental impact statement

Prepared by:

Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement Sea Port Oil Terminal Deepwater Port Project

October 2021

Docket No. MARAD-2019-0011

Volume I

-Page Intentionally Left Blank-

SUPPLEMENTAL DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

FOR

SEA PORT OIL TERMINAL DEEPWATER PORT APPLICATION, Volumes 1, 2, and 3

DOCKET NUMBER: MARAD-2019-0011

PREPARED BY: Environmental Resources Management for

USCG Vessel and Facility Operating Standards (CG-OES-2)

U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters

2703 Martin Luther King Jr Ave, SE

Washington DC 20593-7509

CONTACT INFORMATION: Matt Layman, USCG, CG-OES-2, 202-372-1421, or Melissa Perera, USCG, CG-OES-3, 202-372-1446

SPOT Terminal Services LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Enterprise Products Operating LLC, seeks a Federal license under the Deepwater Port Act of 1974 (DWPA), as amended, to own, construct, operate, and eventually decommission a deepwater port for the liquefaction and export of crude oil. The proposed deepwater port would be located in Federal waters within the Outer Continental Shelf, Galveston Area, South Addition Protraction Area (Gulf of Mexico) approximately 27.2 to 30.8 nautical miles off the coast of Brazoria County, Texas, in water depths of approximately 115 feet (35 meters). The onshore components would consist of modifications to the existing Enterprise Crude Houston (ECHO) Terminal, located on the southeast side of Houston, to support delivery of crude oil to the proposed Oyster Creek Terminal; one 50.1-mile pipeline from the existing ECHO Terminal to the proposed Oyster Creek Terminal; one pipeline interconnection; a new Oyster Creek Terminal, including seven aboveground storage tanks; two collocated 12.2-mile crude oil pipelines from the Oyster Creek Terminal to the shore crossing where the onshore pipelines meet the offshore pipelines supplying the SPOT DWP; and ancillary facilities for the onshore pipelines. The offshore components would consist of two collocated 46.9-mile offshore pipelines for crude oil delivery from the Oyster Creek Terminal to the platform; one fixed offshore platform; two SPM buoys to concurrently moor two VLCCs or other crude oil carriers; four pipeline end manifolds (PLEM)—two per SPM buoy—to provide the interconnection with the pipelines; four 0.66-nautical mile pipelines (two per PLEM) to deliver crude oil from the platform to the PLEMs; four 0.66-nautical mile vapor recovery pipelines (two per PLEM) to connect the VLCC or other crude oil carrier to the three vapor combustion units on the platform; three service vessel moorings, located in the southwest corner of Galveston Area lease block 463; and an anchorage area in Galveston Area lease block A-59.

DATE OF PUBLICATION: October 29, 2021

Environmental October 21, 2021 Protection Specialist Date Title/Position

Chief, Vessel & Facility October 21, 2021 Operating Standards Date Title/Position

Acknowledged: Director, Office of Deepwater Port Licensing

October 21, 2021 and Port Conveyance Date Title/Position

DATE COMMENTS MUST BE RECEIVED: December 13, 2021

Preparer/Environmental Project Manager

Reviewer

This document has been prepared in support of the Administrator of the Maritime Administration for purposes of issuing a Record of Decision for this deepwater port license application.

Maritime Administration Official

SUPPLEMENTAL DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT FOR

SPOT TERMINALS LLC DEEPWATER PORT LICENSE APPLICATION

Location: Federal waters within the Outer Continental Shelf, Galveston Area, South Addition Protraction Area (Gulf of Mexico) approximately 27.2 to 30.8 nautical miles off the coast of Brazoria County, Texas. Docket Number: MARAD-2019-0011 Prepared By: The U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) with technical support from its third party environmental contractor, Environmental Resources Management. Cooperating Agencies: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; U.S. Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; U.S. Department of Commerce’s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS); U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Natural Resources Conservation Service; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; and U.S. Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. Contact Information: Matthew Layman, USCG, CG-OES-2, 202-372-1421; or Melissa Perera, USCG, CG-OES-3, 202-372-1446. Abstract: SPOT Terminal Services LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Enterprise Products Operating LLC, seeks a Federal license under the Deepwater Port Act of 1974 (DWPA), as amended, to own, construct, operate, and eventually decommission a deepwater port for the export of crude oil. The proposed deepwater port would be located in Federal waters within the Outer Continental Shelf, Galveston Area, South Addition Protraction Area (Gulf of Mexico) approximately 27.2 to 30.8 nautical miles off the coast of Brazoria County, Texas, in water depths of approximately 115 feet (35 meters). The onshore components would consist of modifications to the existing Enterprise Crude Houston (ECHO) Terminal, located on the southeast side of Houston, to support delivery of crude oil to the proposed Oyster Creek Terminal; one 50.1-mile pipeline from the existing ECHO Terminal to the proposed Oyster Creek Terminal; one pipeline interconnection; a new Oyster Creek Terminal, including seven aboveground storage tanks; two collocated 12.2-mile crude oil pipelines from the Oyster Creek Terminal to the shore crossing where the onshore pipelines meet the offshore pipelines supplying the SPOT DWP; and ancillary facilities for the onshore pipelines. The offshore components would consist of two collocated 46.9-mile offshore pipelines for crude oil delivery from the Oyster Creek Terminal to the platform; one fixed offshore platform; two SPM buoys to concurrently moor two VLCCs or other crude oil carriers; four pipeline end manifolds (PLEM)—two per SPM buoy—to provide the interconnection with the pipelines; four 0.66-nautical mile pipelines (two per PLEM) to deliver crude oil from the platform to the PLEMs; four 0.66-nautical mile vapor recovery pipelines (two per PLEM) to connect the VLCC or other crude oil carrier to the three vapor combustion units on the platform; three service vessel moorings, located in the southwest corner of Galveston Area lease block 463; and an anchorage area in Galveston Area lease block A-59.

Date of Publication: October 29, 2021

Sea Port Oil Terminal Deepwater Port Project Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement Table of Contents

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME I

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

ES1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1

ES2. Description of the Proposed Action .......................................................................................... 3

ES3. Public Involvement .................................................................................................................... 4

ES4. Alternatives Considered ............................................................................................................ 5

ES5. Existing Conditions .................................................................................................................... 8 ES5.1. Water Resources ............................................................................................................... 9

ES5.1.1. Groundwater ................................................................................................................. 9 ES5.1.2. Surface Water ............................................................................................................... 9 ES5.1.3. Wetlands ....................................................................................................................... 9 ES5.1.4. Physical Oceanography ................................................................................................ 9 ES5.1.5. Coastal and Marine Environments ............................................................................. 10

ES5.2. Habitats .......................................................................................................................... 10 ES5.2.1. Vegetation .................................................................................................................. 10 ES5.2.2. Oyster Reefs ............................................................................................................... 10 ES5.2.3. Marine Protected Areas .............................................................................................. 11 ES5.2.4. Gulf Ecological Management Sites ............................................................................ 11

ES5.3. Wildlife and Aquatic Resources ..................................................................................... 11 ES5.3.1. Wildlife ....................................................................................................................... 11 ES5.3.2. Freshwater Fisheries ................................................................................................... 12 ES5.3.3. Benthic Resources ...................................................................................................... 12 ES5.3.4. Plankton ...................................................................................................................... 12 ES5.3.5. Marine Mammals (Non-Endangered)......................................................................... 12

ES5.4. Estuarine and Marine Fisheries ...................................................................................... 12 ES5.5. Threatened and Endangered Species .............................................................................. 13 ES5.6. Geologic and Soil Resources .......................................................................................... 13

ES5.6.1. Regional and Local Geology ...................................................................................... 13 ES5.6.2. Soil and Sediment Character ...................................................................................... 13 ES5.6.3. Geologic Hazards ....................................................................................................... 14 ES5.6.4. Mineral and Paleontological Resources ..................................................................... 14 ES5.6.5. Offshore Geophysical Investigation ........................................................................... 14

ES5.7. Cultural Resources ......................................................................................................... 14 ES5.8. Land Use, Recreation, Visual Resources, and Ocean Use ............................................. 14

ES5.8.1. Land Use .................................................................................................................... 14 ES5.8.2. Recreation ................................................................................................................... 15


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ES5.8.3. Visual Resources ........................................................................................................ 15 ES5.8.4. Ocean Use .................................................................................................................. 15

ES5.9. Transportation ................................................................................................................ 15 ES5.9.1. Road Network and Traffic .......................................................................................... 16 ES5.9.2. Marine Navigation and Vessel Traffic ....................................................................... 16 ES5.9.3. Air Traffic .................................................................................................................. 16

ES5.10. Air Quality ..................................................................................................................... 16 ES5.10.1. Regional Climate ........................................................................................................ 16 ES5.10.2. Onshore Air Quality ................................................................................................... 17 ES5.10.3. Offshore Air Quality .................................................................................................. 17

ES5.11. Noise .............................................................................................................................. 17 ES5.12. Socioeconomics .............................................................................................................. 17

ES5.12.1. Population and Demographics .................................................................................... 18 ES5.12.2. Housing ...................................................................................................................... 18 ES5.12.3. Employment and Income............................................................................................ 18 ES5.12.4. Public Services ........................................................................................................... 18 ES5.12.5. Recreation and Tourism ............................................................................................. 19 ES5.12.6. Commercial Fisheries ................................................................................................. 19 ES5.12.7. Marine Commerce and Shipping ................................................................................ 19 ES5.12.8. Offshore Mineral Resources ....................................................................................... 19

ES5.13. Environmental Justice .................................................................................................... 20

ES6. Proposed Project Impacts ....................................................................................................... 20 ES6.1. Activities generating impacts ......................................................................................... 20 ES6.2. Summary of Construction and Operation Impacts ......................................................... 20 ES6.3. Summary of Decommissioning Impacts ........................................................................ 27

ES7. Safety ......................................................................................................................................... 27

ES8. Cumulative Impacts ................................................................................................................. 28

1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1. Overview ................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2. Deepwater Port Regulatory Criteria .......................................................................................... 1-8 1.3. Purpose and Need ................................................................................................................... 1-10 1.4. Scope and Organization of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement ................................. 1-11 1.5. Public and Agency Review and Comment.............................................................................. 1-13 For the Supplemental Draft EIS, MARAD and USCG are providing outreach, translation of

Project documents, and interpretation services for certain populations with limited English proficiency. The full analysis and explanation is provided in Appendix AA. ........................ 1-15

1.6. Permits, Approvals, and Regulatory Requirements ................................................................ 1-15 1.6.1. Endangered Species Act .............................................................................................. 1-20 1.6.2. Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act ................................ 1-20 1.6.3. Marine Mammal Protection Act .................................................................................. 1-20 1.6.4. National Historic Preservation Act.............................................................................. 1-22


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1.6.5. Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act ..................................................... 1-22 1.6.6. Coastal Zone Management Act ................................................................................... 1-23 1.6.7. Clean Water Act .......................................................................................................... 1-23 1.6.8. Rivers and Harbors Act ............................................................................................... 1-24 1.6.9. Clean Air Act .............................................................................................................. 1-25 1.6.10. Migratory Bird Treaty Act .......................................................................................... 1-27 1.6.11. Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act........................................................................ 1-28 1.6.12. Oil Pollution Act ......................................................................................................... 1-28 1.6.13. Archeological Resources Protection Act ..................................................................... 1-28 1.6.14. Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.......................................... 1-29 1.6.15. Texas Natural Resources Code, State-Owned Submerged Land ................................ 1-29

2. Description of the Proposed Action and Alternatives .................................................................... 2-1 2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2. Detailed Description of the Proposed Action............................................................................ 2-1

2.2.1. Onshore Storage/Supply Components........................................................................... 2-2 2.2.2. Offshore/Marine Components ....................................................................................... 2-9 2.2.3. Very Large Crude Carriers and Other Crude Oil Carriers .......................................... 2-30 2.2.4. Service Vessels and Helicopters.................................................................................. 2-30 2.2.5. Onshore Construction and Installation ........................................................................ 2-31 2.2.6. Offshore Construction and Installation ....................................................................... 2-43 2.2.7. Startup and Commissioning ........................................................................................ 2-47 2.2.8. Operation ..................................................................................................................... 2-47 2.2.9. Decommissioning ........................................................................................................ 2-59 2.2.10. Best Management Practices ........................................................................................ 2-61

2.3. No Action Alternative ............................................................................................................. 2-61 2.4. System Alternatives ................................................................................................................ 2-62

2.4.1. Expansion of Proposed or Existing Offshore Crude Oil Loading Terminals in the Gulf of Mexico .................................................................................................................... 2-63

2.4.2. Construction of New or Expansion of Existing Onshore Crude Oil Terminals on the Gulf Coast ................................................................................................................... 2-67

2.5. Alternative Onshore Pipeline Routes ...................................................................................... 2-67 2.5.1. Onshore Pipeline Alternative 1 from ECHO Terminal to Sandy Point (Proposed

Action) ......................................................................................................................... 2-70 2.5.2. Onshore Pipeline Alternative 2 from ECHO Terminal to Sandy Point ....................... 2-70 2.5.3. Onshore Pipeline Alternative 3 from Sandy Point to Shore (Proposed Action) ......... 2-70 2.5.4. Onshore Pipeline Alternative 4 from Sandy Point to Shore ........................................ 2-70 2.5.5. Onshore Pipeline Alternative 5 from Sandy Point to Shore ........................................ 2-71

2.6. Alternative Onshore Terminal Sites and Designs ................................................................... 2-71 2.6.1. Onshore Sites Considered ........................................................................................... 2-71 2.6.2. Alternative Onshore Crude Oil Storage Terminal Design .......................................... 2-73

2.7. Alternative Deepwater Port, Anchorage, and Offshore Pipeline Locations ........................... 2-74


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2.7.1. Deepwater Port, Anchorage, and Offshore Pipeline Alternative 1 (Proposed Action) ... 2-75

2.7.2. Deepwater Port, Anchorage, and Offshore Pipeline Alternative 2 ............................. 2-75 2.7.3. Deepwater Port, Anchorage, and Offshore Pipeline Alternative 3 ............................. 2-77

2.8. Alternative Deepwater Port and Component Designs ............................................................ 2-77 2.8.1. Offshore Deepwater Port Design Alternatives ............................................................ 2-77 2.8.2. Alternative Volatile Organic Compound Control Technologies ................................. 2-79

2.9. Alternative Construction Methods .......................................................................................... 2-80 2.9.1. Alternative Shoreline Pipeline Construction Methods ................................................ 2-80 2.9.2. Alternative Offshore Construction Foundation/Pile Driving Methods ....................... 2-82

2.10. Decommissioning Alternatives ............................................................................................... 2-83 2.10.1. Decommissioning Alternative 1 (Proposed Action) ................................................... 2-83 2.10.2. Decommissioning Alternative 2 .................................................................................. 2-84 2.10.3. Decommissioning Alternative 3 .................................................................................. 2-84 2.10.4. Decommissioning Alternative 4 .................................................................................. 2-85

2.11. Identification of the Agencies’ Preferred Alternative ............................................................. 2-85

3. Environmental Analysis of the Proposed Action ............................................................................ 3-1 3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2. Evaluation Criteria for Assessing Environmental Consequences ............................................. 3-1

3.2.1. Descriptions of Impact .................................................................................................. 3-1 3.2.2. Evaluation Criteria ........................................................................................................ 3-2

3.3. Water Resources ....................................................................................................................... 3-5 3.3.1. Definition of the Resource ............................................................................................ 3-5 3.3.2. Existing Threats............................................................................................................. 3-6 3.3.3. Groundwater .................................................................................................................. 3-7 3.3.4. Surface Water .............................................................................................................. 3-15 3.3.5. Wetlands ...................................................................................................................... 3-33 3.3.6. Physical Oceanography ............................................................................................... 3-49 3.3.7. Coastal and Marine Environment and Marine Water Quality ..................................... 3-54

3.4. Habitats ................................................................................................................................... 3-74 3.4.1. Definition of the Resource .......................................................................................... 3-74 3.4.2. Existing Threats........................................................................................................... 3-74 3.4.3. Vegetation ................................................................................................................... 3-74 3.4.4. Oyster Reefs ................................................................................................................ 3-94 3.4.5. Marine Protected Areas ............................................................................................. 3-101 3.4.6. Gulf Ecological Management Sites ........................................................................... 3-104

3.5. Wildlife and Aquatic Resources ........................................................................................... 3-106 3.5.1. Definition of the Resource ........................................................................................ 3-106 3.5.2. Existing Threats......................................................................................................... 3-106 3.5.3. Wildlife ..................................................................................................................... 3-107 3.5.4. Freshwater Fisheries .................................................................................................. 3-128 3.5.5. Benthic Resources ..................................................................................................... 3-131


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3.5.6. Plankton ..................................................................................................................... 3-141 3.5.7. Marine Mammals (Non-Endangered) ....................................................................... 3-151

3.6. Estuarine and Marine Fisheries ............................................................................................. 3-183 3.6.1. Definition of the Resource ........................................................................................ 3-183 3.6.2. Existing Threats......................................................................................................... 3-183 3.6.3. Existing Conditions ................................................................................................... 3-184 3.6.4. Impacts and Mitigation .............................................................................................. 3-187

3.7. Threatened and Endangered Species ..................................................................................... 3-202 3.7.1. Federally Listed Threatened and Endangered Species .............................................. 3-202 3.7.2. State-Listed Threatened and Endangered Species ..................................................... 3-224 3.7.3. Impacts and Mitigation .............................................................................................. 3-227

3.8. Geologic and Soil Resources ................................................................................................ 3-229 3.8.1. Definition of the Resource ........................................................................................ 3-230 3.8.2. Existing Threats......................................................................................................... 3-230 3.8.3. Regional and Local Geology ..................................................................................... 3-230 3.8.4. Soil and Sediment Characteristics ............................................................................. 3-235 3.8.5. Geologic Hazards ...................................................................................................... 3-246 3.8.6. Mineral and Paleontological Resources .................................................................... 3-254 3.8.7. Offshore Geophysical Investigation .......................................................................... 3-258

3.9. Cultural Resources ................................................................................................................ 3-259 3.9.1. Definition of the Resource ........................................................................................ 3-259 3.9.2. Existing Threats......................................................................................................... 3-262 3.9.3. Existing Conditions ................................................................................................... 3-262 3.9.4. Impacts and Mitigation .............................................................................................. 3-276

3.10. Land Use, Recreation, Visual Resources, and Ocean Use .................................................... 3-279 3.10.1. Definition of the Resource ........................................................................................ 3-279 3.10.2. Existing Threats......................................................................................................... 3-280 3.10.3. Land Use ................................................................................................................... 3-280 3.10.4. Recreation Resources ................................................................................................ 3-291 3.10.5. Visual Resources ....................................................................................................... 3-297 3.10.6. Ocean Use ................................................................................................................. 3-301

3.11. Transportation ....................................................................................................................... 3-310 3.11.1. Definition of the Resource ........................................................................................ 3-310 3.11.2. Existing Threats......................................................................................................... 3-311 3.11.3. Road Network and Traffic ......................................................................................... 3-311 3.11.4. Marine Navigation and Vessel Traffic ...................................................................... 3-322 3.11.5. Air Traffic ................................................................................................................. 3-333

3.12. Air Quality ............................................................................................................................ 3-334 3.12.1. Definition of the Resource ........................................................................................ 3-335 3.12.2. Existing Threats......................................................................................................... 3-335 3.12.3. Regional Climate ....................................................................................................... 3-338 3.12.4. Onshore Air Quality .................................................................................................. 3-339 3.12.5. Offshore Air Quality ................................................................................................. 3-345


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3.12.6. Greenhouse Gas Impact Assessment ......................................................................... 3-355 3.12.7. General Conformity................................................................................................... 3-358

3.13. Noise ..................................................................................................................................... 3-360 3.13.1. Definition of the Resource ........................................................................................ 3-360 3.13.2. Existing Threats......................................................................................................... 3-361 3.13.3. Onshore Noise ........................................................................................................... 3-366 3.13.4. Offshore Noise .......................................................................................................... 3-375

3.14. Socioeconomics .................................................................................................................... 3-380 3.14.1. Definition of the Resource ........................................................................................ 3-380 3.14.2. Existing Threats......................................................................................................... 3-381 3.14.3. Population and Demographics .................................................................................. 3-381 3.14.4. Housing ..................................................................................................................... 3-384 3.14.5. Employment and Income .......................................................................................... 3-390 3.14.6. Public Services .......................................................................................................... 3-398 3.14.7. Recreation and Tourism ............................................................................................ 3-403 3.14.8. Commercial Fisheries ................................................................................................ 3-409 3.14.9. Marine Commerce and Shipping ............................................................................... 3-412 3.14.10. Offshore Mineral Resources, Including Oil and Gas ............................................ 3-415

3.15. Environmental Justice ........................................................................................................... 3-416 3.15.1. Definition of the Resource ........................................................................................ 3-416 3.15.2. Existing Threats......................................................................................................... 3-418 3.15.3. Existing Conditions ................................................................................................... 3-418 3.15.4. Impacts and Mitigation .............................................................................................. 3-423

3.16. Decommissioning ................................................................................................................. 3-432 3.16.1. Onshore Decommissioning Impacts .......................................................................... 3-432 3.16.2. Offshore Decommissioning Impacts ......................................................................... 3-433

3.17. Evaluation of Alternatives .................................................................................................... 3-434 3.17.1. Alternative Onshore Pipeline Routes ........................................................................ 3-434 3.17.2. Alternative Onshore Terminal Sites .......................................................................... 3-441 3.17.3. Alternative Onshore Crude Oil Storage Terminal Design ........................................ 3-445 3.17.4. Alternative Deepwater Port and Offshore Pipeline Locations .................................. 3-446 3.17.5. Alternative Deepwater Port and Component Designs ............................................... 3-449 3.17.6. Alternative Construction Methods ............................................................................ 3-451 3.17.7. Decommissioning Alternatives ................................................................................. 3-453

4. Safety .................................................................................................................................................. 4-1 4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.2. Laws and Regulations ............................................................................................................... 4-1 4.3. Crude Oil Hazards ..................................................................................................................... 4-2

4.3.1. Hazards .......................................................................................................................... 4-2 4.3.2. Physical Properties ........................................................................................................ 4-3 4.3.3. Chemical Properties ...................................................................................................... 4-8

4.4. Threats from a Crude Oil Spill ................................................................................................ 4-11


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4.4.1. Pipeline and Component Integrity Threats .................................................................. 4-11 4.4.2. First-Party Oil Spill Risk Analysis .............................................................................. 4-16 4.4.3. First-Party Oil Spill Modeling ..................................................................................... 4-19

4.5. Evaluation of Public Safety..................................................................................................... 4-24 4.5.1. Safety Review Criteria ................................................................................................ 4-24 4.5.2. Site-Specific Input Data .............................................................................................. 4-25 4.5.3. Direct Impact on Public Safety and Property .............................................................. 4-25 4.5.4. Bounding Case (Worst Credible Impact) .................................................................... 4-26 4.5.5. Deepwater Crude Oil Ports ......................................................................................... 4-26 4.5.6. Very Large and Other Crude Oil Carriers ................................................................... 4-26 4.5.7. Port Security ................................................................................................................ 4-27

4.6. Third-Party Crude Oil Spill Analysis ...................................................................................... 4-29 4.6.1. Purpose and Objectives ............................................................................................... 4-30 4.6.2. Technical Approach .................................................................................................... 4-30 4.6.3. Potential Impacts from Oil Spills Onshore and Offshore ............................................ 4-30 4.6.4. Summary of the Oil Spill Findings ............................................................................. 4-53 4.6.5. Third-Party Spill Risk Analysis .................................................................................. 4-54

4.7. Marine Safety .......................................................................................................................... 4-55 4.7.1. Marine Safety Standards ............................................................................................. 4-55 4.7.2. Navigational Safety Measures ..................................................................................... 4-59 4.7.3. Very Large Crude Oil Carrier Support ........................................................................ 4-64

4.8. Offshore Pipeline Safety ......................................................................................................... 4-68 4.8.1. Offshore Pipeline Safety Standards ............................................................................. 4-68 4.8.2. Offshore Pipeline Incident Data .................................................................................. 4-69 4.8.3. Offshore Hazards from Outside Forces ....................................................................... 4-69

4.9. Reliability and Safety of Onshore Facilities and Pipelines ..................................................... 4-70 4.9.1. Safety Standards .......................................................................................................... 4-70 4.9.2. Pipeline Accident Data ................................................................................................ 4-82 4.9.3. Applicant Accident Data ............................................................................................. 4-84 4.9.4. Impact on Public Safety .............................................................................................. 4-84

5. Cumulative Impacts .......................................................................................................................... 5-1 5.1. Cumulative Impact Assessment Methodology.......................................................................... 5-1 5.2. Past, Present, and Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions ...................................................... 5-3

5.2.1. Deepwater Ports .......................................................................................................... 5-18 5.2.2. Onshore Terminals ...................................................................................................... 5-19 5.2.3. Oil and Gas Activity .................................................................................................... 5-19 5.2.4. Pipeline System Projects ............................................................................................. 5-20 5.2.5. Utilities ........................................................................................................................ 5-20 5.2.6. Other Industrial Facilities ............................................................................................ 5-20 5.2.7. Commercial and Residential Developments ............................................................... 5-21 5.2.8. Federal, State, and/or Municipal Government Activities ............................................ 5-21

5.3. Potential Cumulative Impacts by Resource Area .................................................................... 5-22


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5.3.1. Water Resources .......................................................................................................... 5-22 5.3.2. Biological Resources ................................................................................................... 5-24 5.3.3. Geologic and Soil Resources ....................................................................................... 5-39 5.3.4. Cultural Resources ...................................................................................................... 5-41 5.3.5. Land Use, Recreation, Visual Resources, and Ocean Use .......................................... 5-42 5.3.6. Transportation ............................................................................................................. 5-45 5.3.7. Air Quality .................................................................................................................. 5-47 5.3.8. Noise ........................................................................................................................... 5-49 5.3.9. Socioeconomics ........................................................................................................... 5-51 5.3.10. Safety and Security...................................................................................................... 5-52

6. Coastal Zone Consistency ................................................................................................................. 6-1

7. Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources ............................................................ 7-1

8. Relationship Between Short-Term Uses and Long-Term Productivity........................................ 8-1

9. References .......................................................................................................................................... 9-1

10. List of Preparers .............................................................................................................................. 10-1 10.1. Agency Preparers .................................................................................................................... 10-1 10.2. Contractor Preparers ............................................................................................................... 10-1

LIST OF TABLES

Table ES-1: Summary of Impacts from Proposed SPOT Project Activities ............................................... 22

Table 1.6-1: Major Permits, Approvals, and Consultations for Deepwater Ports .................................... 1-16

Table 2.2-1: Collocation of the ECHO to Oyster Creek Pipeline with Other Rights-of-Way ................... 2-3

Table 2.2-2: Collocation of the Oyster Creek to Shore Pipelines with Other Rights-of-Way ................... 2-9

Table 2.2-3: Lease Block Information for the SPOT Project ................................................................... 2-10

Table 2.2-4: Equipment List and Location for the SPOT Project ............................................................ 2-15

Table 2.2-5: Summary of Materials to be Stored on the SPOT Deepwater Port Platform ...................... 2-26

Table 2.2-6: Characteristics of Typical Crude Oil Carriers Which May Call on the SPOT Deepwater Port ................................................................................................................................. 2-30

Table 2.2-7: Land Requirements for the Onshore Components of the SPOT Project ............................. 2-32

Table 2.2-8: HDD Crossings for the ECHO to Oyster Creek Pipeline and the Oyster Creek to Shore Pipelines of the SPOT Project........................................................................................ 2-38

Table 2.2-9: Bore Crossings for the ECHO to Oyster Creek Pipeline and the Oyster Creek to Shore Pipelines of the SPOT Project........................................................................................ 2-39

Table 2.2-10: Seafloor Requirements for the Offshore Components of the SPOT Project ..................... 2-44

Table 2.2-11: Piles Summary for the SPOT Deepwater Port ................................................................... 2-46

Table 2.2-12: SPOT DWP Personnel ....................................................................................................... 2-49


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Table 2.2-13: Summary of Seawater Withdrawal Requirements for the SPOT DWP............................. 2-52

Table 2.2-14: Summary of Discharges from the SPOT DWP Platform .................................................. 2-53

Table 2.2-15: Weather Criteria for Mooring of Vessels at the SPOT DWP ............................................ 2-55

Table 3.2-1: Evaluation Criteria for Determining Environmental Consequences by Resource Area ........ 3-3

Table 3.3.3-1: Water Wells within 150 feet of the SPOT Project Workspace ........................................... 3-8

Table 3.3.3-2: Potential Sources of Contaminated Groundwater within 0.25 Mile of the SPOT Project Workspace ..................................................................................................................... 3-10

Table 3.3.3-3: SPOT Project Isolatable Sections for Project Components .............................................. 3-14

Table 3.3.4-1: Waterbody Crossings by the Onshore Pipeline and Terminal .......................................... 3-16

Table 3.3.4-2: Watersheds Crossed by the Onshore Pipelines and Terminals for the SPOT Project ...... 3-17

Table 3.3.4-3: Major Impaired Surface Waters and Segments Crossed by SPOT Project Onshore Pipelines ......................................................................................................................... 3-18

Table 3.3.4-4: Flood Hazard Zones Crossed by the SPOT Project .......................................................... 3-19

Table 3.3.4-5: Waterbodies Crossed and Crossing Methods for the SPOT DWP Onshore Pipelines ..... 3-20

Table 3.3.4-6: Water Requirements for Hydrostatic Testing of Onshore Pipelines and Terminals ......... 3-26

Table 3.3.5-1: Onshore Wetlands Crossed by the SPOT DWP Project ................................................... 3-34

Table 3.3.5-2: Wetlands Affected by the Construction and Operation of the SPOT Project ................... 3-43

Table 3.3.5-3: Summary of the Minimum Suites Required and the Mitigation Ratios Applied for Each Mitigation Bank ............................................................................................................. 3-48

Table 3.3.7-1: Summary of Water Quality Baseline Sampling Results ................................................... 3-58

Table 3.3.7-2: Seawater Usage at the SPOT Deepwater Port .................................................................. 3-64

Table 3.3.7-3: Operational Discharges at the SPOT Deepwater Port ...................................................... 3-65

Table 3.3.7-4: Summary of Fuels, Chemicals, and Lubricants to be Stored at the SPOT DWP ............. 3-69

Table 3.3.7-5: Percent of Shoreline Habitats Oiled by > 1 g/m2 .............................................................. 3-70

Table 3.3.7-6: Minimum Time for Oil to Reach the Shore and Maximum Surface Area of Floating Oil for the Most Likely Scenario Oil Spill ................................................................................ 3-70

Table 3.3.7-7: Modeled Results of PAH in the Water Column for the Most Likely Scenario Oil Spill .. 3-71

Table 3.3.7-8: SPOT Project Isolatable Sections ..................................................................................... 3-73

Table 3.4.3-1: TPWD-Defined Vegetation Communities Crossed by the Onshore Pipelines ................. 3-77

Table 3.4.3-2: GLO Priority Protection Habitat Crossed by the Oyster Creek to Shore Pipelines .......... 3-79

Table 3.4.3-3: Noxious and Invasive Weeds Observed Within the Survey Corridor for the Onshore Pipeline .......................................................................................................................... 3-81

Table 3.4.3-4: Onshore Pipeline Right-of-Way Widths........................................................................... 3-84

Table 3.4.3-5: Impacts on Vegetation Communities from the SPOT Project .......................................... 3-85

Table 3.4.4-1: Modeled Results of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in the Water Column ................ 3-98

Table 3.4.4-2: Spill Model Results for the Release of 687,272 Barrels of Oil ........................................ 3-99


x

Table 3.4.4-3: Area Affected by Dissolved Aromatic Hydrocarbons .................................................... 3-100

Table 3.5.3-1: Representative Species within Onshore Vegetation Communities for the SPOT Deepwater Port Project .................................................................................................................. 3-109

Table 3.5.3-2: Birds of Conservation Concern in Regions 37 and M20 that Could Be Affected by the SPOT Deepwater Port Project ..................................................................................... 3-113

Table 3.5.3-3: Estimated Number of Lights for the SPOT Deepwater Port Platform ........................... 3-123

Table 3.5.4-1: Waterbodies Crossed by Onshore Pipelines and Access Roads ..................................... 3-128

Table 3.5.5-1: Level-Bottom Seafloor Assemblage Size Groupings ..................................................... 3-134

Table 3.5.5-2: Comparison of Macroinfaunal Assemblages on the Continental Shelf of the Northern Gulf of Mexico ..................................................................................................................... 3-134

Table 3.5.6-1: Plankton Size Groupings ................................................................................................ 3-141

Table 3.5.6-2: Seasonality and Peak Seasonal Occurrence of Select Larval Fishes (<10 millimeter standard length) in the Northern Gulf of Mexico ........................................................ 3-142

Table 3.5.6-3: Larval Taxa Identified for 82 SEAMAP Stations near the Proposed SPOT Deepwater Port Site ............................................................................................................................... 3-145

Table 3.5.6-4: Projected Annual Estimates of Entrainment ................................................................... 3-148

Table 3.5.6-5: Projected Annual Larval Entrainment Values ................................................................ 3-148

Table 3.5.6-6: Projected Annual Egg Entrainment Values .................................................................... 3-149

Table 3.5.7-1: Gulf of Mexico Marine Mammal Summary with Likelihood of Occurrence ................. 3-152

Table 3.5.7-2: Hearing Groups of Marine Mammals in the Gulf of Mexico ......................................... 3-152

Table 3.5.7-3: BSE Abundance Stock Estimates ................................................................................... 3-155

Table 3.5.7-4: Acoustic Injury and Disturbance Thresholds for Marine Mammals .............................. 3-171

Table 3.5.7-5: Behavioral Disturbance Threshold Distances Associated with Various Construction Activities ...................................................................................................................... 3-172

Table 3.5.7-6: Threshold Distances for Injury to and Behavioral Response of Marine Mammals for 30-inch and 72-inch Mitigated and Unmitigated Impact Driven Steel Piles ..................... 3-173

Table 3.5.7-7: Threshold Distances for Behavioral Response of Marine Mammals Due to VLCC Traffic Associated with Operation of the SPOT Project .......................................................... 3-174

Table 3.5.7-8: Number of Construction Vessels Required for Installation of SPOT Project Components . 3-176

Table 3.5.7-9: Time Period for Offshore Construction Activities ......................................................... 3-176

Table 3.5.7-10: General Characteristics of Crude Oil Carriers that Could Call on the SPOT Deepwater Port ............................................................................................................................... 3-177

Table 3.5.7-11: Modeled Results of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in the Water Column ............ 3-181

Table 3.6.3-1: Key Finfish Species of High Commercial and/or Recreational Importance in the GoM Listed by Habitat .......................................................................................................... 3-184

Table 3.6.3-2: Commercial Fisheries Landings and Values for the GoM and Texas (2008–2018) ...... 3-185

Table 3.6.3-3: Texas Recreational Harvest of Key Species (Thousands of Fish) .................................. 3-186


xi

Table 3.6.4-1: SPOT Deepwater Port Operational Seawater Usage ...................................................... 3-190

Table 3.6.4-2: Water Discharge Rates during Operation at the Proposed SPOT Deepwater Port ......... 3-190

Table 3.6.4-3: Summary of Annual Impacts on Fish Species of Concern from Water Withdrawals .... 3-191

Table 3.6.4-4: Typical Underwater Sound Pressure Levels Produced by Pile Types and Installation Method ......................................................................................................................... 3-193

Table 3.6.4-5: Underwater Noise Criteria for Fish ................................................................................ 3-193

Table 3.6.4-6: Threshold Distances for Injury to and Behavioral Response of Fish for the 30-inch and 72-inch Impact Driven Steel Piles ..................................................................................... 3-194

Table 3.6.4-7: Threshold Distances for Injury to and Behavioral Response of Fish Due to Vessel Traffic Associated with the SPOT Project ............................................................................... 3-195

Table 3.7.1-1: Threatened, Endangered, or Candidate Species Potentially Occurring Within the SPOT Project Area ................................................................................................................. 3-204

Table 3.7.1-2: Sea Turtle Nests in the Vicinity of the SPOT Project .................................................... 3-216

Table 3.7.1-3: Threshold Distances for Injury to and Behavioral Response of Sea Turtles .................. 3-220

Table 3.7.2-1: State-Listed Threatened and Endangered Species that Could Occur Within the SPOT Project Area ................................................................................................................. 3-224

Table 3.8-1: Soil Types and Characteristics within the SPOT Project Area.......................................... 3-236

Table 3.8-2: Soils Crossed and Major Characteristics that May Affect the SPOT Project .................... 3-238

Table 3.8-3: Summary of Sediment Characteristics in Geotechnical Piston Core Samples .................. 3-239

Table 3.8-4: Summary of Detected Chemical Results in Sediment Collected from the Proposed Project Area .............................................................................................................................. 3-240

Table 3.8-5: Growth and Normal Faults within 1 Mile of the Onshore Pipeline Centerlines................ 3-249

Table 3.8-6: Growth Faults within 10 Nautical Miles of the Offshore Project Area ............................. 3-250

Table 3.8-7: Number of Mineral Resources within 0.25 mile of the Onshore Pipelines by County ..... 3-254

Table 3.9-1: Federal Cultural Resource Laws and Executive Orders .................................................... 3-260

Table 3.9-2: Native American Tribes Contacted by the Applicant and MARAD/USCG ..................... 3-264

Table 3.9-3: Onshore Cultural Context .................................................................................................. 3-268

Table 3.9-4: Cultural Resources Revisited or Identified During Onshore Archaeological Investigations .. 3-270

Table 3.9-5: Standing Structures Assessed During the Onshore Historic Standing Structure Surveys . 3-271

Table 3.9-6: Offshore Cultural Context ................................................................................................. 3-273

Table 3.9-7: Results of Offshore Cultural Resource Surveys ................................................................ 3-274

Table 3.10.3-1: Miles of NLCD Land Cover Classes Crossed by the Onshore Pipeline Segments ...... 3-281

Table 3.10.3-2: NLCD Land Cover Classes within the Proposed Oyster Creek Terminal Site ............ 3-285

Table 3.10.3-3: Construction and Operation Impacts on NLCD Land Cover Classes (Acres) ............. 3-289

Table 3.10.6-1: GLO Tracts Crossed by the Proposed Offshore Pipelines............................................ 3-305

Table 3.10.6-2: Pipelines and Subsea Cables Crossed by the Proposed Offshore Pipelines ................. 3-306


xii

Table 3.11-1: Intersection Level of Service Definitions ........................................................................ 3-314

Table 3.11-2: Existing Intersection Level of Service ............................................................................. 3-315

Table 3.11-3: Intersection Level of Service during Onshore Pipeline Construction ............................. 3-318

Table 3.11-4: ECHO to Oyster Creek Pipeline Road Crossings ............................................................ 3-319

Table 3.11-5: Oyster Creek to Shore Pipelines Road Crossings ............................................................ 3-320

Table 3.11-6: Railroads Crossed by the Onshore Pipelines ................................................................... 3-320

Table 3.11-7: Vessel Transits through Galveston Area Lease Block 463 ............................................. 3-328

Table 3.11-8: Vessel Types Transiting Through Galveston Area Lease Block 463, January 2016–December 2017 ............................................................................................................ 3-328

Table 3.12-1: Proposed Onshore Construction Emissions for the SPOT Project .................................. 3-341

Table 3.12-2: Proposed Operation Emissions Summary at ECHO Terminal and Mainline Valve Sites ..... 3-342

Table 3.12-3: Proposed Operation Emissions Summary at Oyster Creek Terminal .............................. 3-343

Table 3.12-4: De Minimis Thresholds and Site-Wide Emissions for the Oyster Creek Terminal Impact Evaluation .................................................................................................................... 3-343

Table 3.12-5: SCREEN3 Modeling Results .......................................................................................... 3-344

Table 3.12-6: Proposed Onshore Operation GHG Emissions ................................................................ 3-344

Table 3.12-7: Background Ambient Air Quality and Ambient Air Quality Standards .......................... 3-346

Table 3.12-8: Proposed Offshore Construction Emissions .................................................................... 3-348

Table 3.12-9: Proposed Offshore Operation Emissions ......................................................................... 3-349

Table 3.12-10: Proposed Offshore Operation GHG Emissions ............................................................. 3-350

Table 3.12-11: NAAQS Analysis Results .............................................................................................. 3-353

Table 3.12-12: PSD Increment Analysis Results ................................................................................... 3-354

Table 3.12-13: TCEQ MERA and State Property Line Analysis Results .............................................. 3-355

Table 3.12-14: Estimated Social Cost of Construction GHG Emissions ............................................... 3-356

Table 3.12-15: Estimated Social Cost of Annual Operational GHG Emissions .................................... 3-357

Table 3.12-16: Total Construction Emissions within the HGB Ozone Nonattainment Area (Tons per Year) ............................................................................................................................ 3-359

Table 3.13-1: Comparison of Typical A-Weighted Sound Levels in Air .............................................. 3-360

Table 3.13-2: Marine Mammal Functional Hearing Groups from NMFS Guidance ............................. 3-363

Table 3.13-3: Underwater Noise Injury and Behavioral Response Criteria for Marine Mammals ....... 3-364

Table 3.13-4: Underwater Noise Criteria for Sea Turtles ...................................................................... 3-366

Table 3.13-5: Underwater Noise Criteria for Fish ................................................................................. 3-366

Table 3.13-6: ECHO Terminal Noise Sensitive Area Locations ........................................................... 3-367

Table 3.13-7: Oyster Creek Terminal Noise Sensitive Area Locations ................................................. 3-367

Table 3.13-8: Measured 24-Hour Ambient Average Sound Levels for HDD Sites............................... 3-368


xiii

Table 3.13-9: Typical Pipeline and Aboveground Facility Construction Equipment Noise Levels ...... 3-369

Table 3.13-10: Noise Modeling Results for Horizontal Directional Drills for the Onshore Pipelines .. 3-370

Table 3.13-11: Noise Modeling Results for Operation of the Oyster Creek Terminal .......................... 3-374

Table 3.13-12: Typical Noise Sources during Offshore Construction ................................................... 3-377

Table 3.13-13: Typical Underwater Sound Pressure Levels for Various Construction and Operation Activities ...................................................................................................................... 3-378

Table 3.13-14: Typical Noise Sources during Offshore Platform Operation ........................................ 3-379

Table 3.14-1: Population Change (2010–2017) ..................................................................................... 3-382

Table 3.14-2: Total Housing and Vacant Units (2017) .......................................................................... 3-387

Table 3.14-3: Hotel/Motel Rooms in the Socioeconomic Analysis Area .............................................. 3-388

Table 3.14-4: Labor Force, Unemployment, and Income (2017) .......................................................... 3-391

Table 3.14-5: Unemployed Workers in Brazoria County by Industry Sector (October 2016) .............. 3-391

Table 3.14-6: Jobs in Texas, Brazoria County, and Harris County, by Industry 2016 .......................... 3-393

Table 3.14-7: Construction and Installation Workforce ........................................................................ 3-395

Table 3.14-8: Operation Workforce ....................................................................................................... 3-397

Table 3.14-9: General Hospitals in Brazoria County ............................................................................. 3-399

Table 3.14-10: Police Department Personnel ........................................................................................ 3-400

Table 3.14-11: Public School Systems .................................................................................................. 3-401

Table 3.14-12: Driving Time to Hospitals ............................................................................................. 3-402

Table 3.14-13: Ocean Economy—Tourism and Recreation: Establishments and Self-Employment for Texas Coastal Counties (2016) .................................................................................... 3-405

Table 3.14-14: Ocean Economy—Living Resources: Establishments and Self-Employment for Texas Coastal Counties (2016) ............................................................................................... 3-411

Table 3.15-1: Minority and Low-Income Population Data .................................................................... 3-419

Table 3.17-1: Summary of Onshore Pipeline Alternatives 1 and 2 ....................................................... 3-438

Table 3.17-2: Summary of Onshore Pipeline Alternatives 3 Through 5 ............................................... 3-439

Table 3.17-3: Summary of Onshore Storage Terminal Alternatives 1 Through 4 ................................. 3-444

Table 3.17-4: Environmental Evaluation of the Deepwater Port Location Alternatives ....................... 3-448

Table 4.3-1: Worldwide Crude Oil Physical and Chemical Properties...................................................... 4-5

Table 4.3-2: SPOT DWP Three Crude Oil Physical Properties ................................................................. 4-8

Table 4.3-3: Compositions of Crude Oils Exported by SPOT DWP ......................................................... 4-8

Table 4.3-4: West Texas Intermediate Crude Oil Chemical Properties ..................................................... 4-9

Table 4.3-5: Western Canadian Select Crude Oil Chemical Properties ..................................................... 4-9

Table 4.3-6: Condensate Crude Oil Chemical Properties ........................................................................ 4-10

Table 4.5-1: Visiting SPOT DWP Crude Oil Carrier General Characteristics ........................................ 4-27

Table 4.6-1: Distances to Thermal Radiation Levels—Onshore Pipeline Rupture ................................. 4-36


xiv

Table 4.6-2: Distances to Thermal Radiation Levels—Accidental Ship Collision .................................. 4-38

Table 4.6-3: Distances to Thermal Radiation Levels—Platform Riser Rupture ...................................... 4-39

Table 4.6-4: Distances to Thermal Radiation Levels—Intentional Threats ............................................. 4-39

Table 4.6-5: Maximum Distances for the Major Onshore and Offshore Hazards ................................... 4-53

Table 4.6-6: Flammable and Dispersion Distances for Oil Spill Scenarios ............................................. 4-55

Table 4.7-1: Gulf of Mexico Vessel Collisions with Fixed Leg Platforms (2013–2017) ........................ 4-64

Table 4.7-2: Proposed Weather Criteria and Operational Limits for SPOT DWP .................................. 4-67

Table 4.8-1: Crude Oil Offshore Pipeline Incident Summary ................................................................. 4-69

Table 4.9-1: Mileage of High Population Areas Along Proposed Onshore Pipeline ............................... 4-76

Table 4.9-2: Mileage of Other Populated Areas Along Proposed Onshore Pipeline ............................... 4-76

Table 4.9-3: Mileage of Commercially Navigable Waterways Along Proposed Onshore Pipeline ........ 4-77

Table 4.9-4: Mileage of Protected Areas Along Proposed Onshore Pipeline .......................................... 4-80

Table 4.9-5: Mileage of Priority Habitat Protection Areas Along Proposed Onshore Pipeline ............... 4-80

Table 4.9-6: Mileage of Unusually Sensitive Areas Along Proposed Onshore Pipeline ......................... 4-80

Table 4.9-7: Count of Public Water System Wells in Proposed Onshore Pipeline Buffer Zone ............. 4-81

Table 4.9-8: Count of Groundwater Wells in Proposed Onshore Pipeline Buffer Zone ......................... 4-82

Table 4.9-9: Count of SDRDB Wells located in Proposed Onshore Pipeline Buffer Zone ..................... 4-82

Table 4.9-10: Crude Oil Pipeline Significant Incidents by Cause (2009–2018) ...................................... 4-83

Table 4.9-11: Excavation, Natural Forces, and Outside Force Incidents by Cause (2009–2018) ........... 4-83

Table 4.9-12: Fatalities and Injuries of Crude Oil Transmission Pipelines (2010–2018) ........................ 4-85

Table 5.1-1: Regions of Influence by Onshore Resource Type ................................................................. 5-4

Table 5.1-2: Regions of Influence by Offshore Resource Type ................................................................ 5-6

Table 5.2-1: Offshore and Onshore Cumulative Projects Identified for Consideration in the Cumulative Impacts Analysis .............................................................................................................. 5-9

Table 5.3.1-1: Summary of Cumulative Impacts of Alternatives on Water Resources ........................... 5-24

Table 5.3.2-1: Average Annual Entrainment using Base-Mortality for the SPOT and GulfLink Projects .. 5-26

Table 5.3.2-2: Pile Driving Parameters for the SPOT and GulfLink Projects ......................................... 5-33

Table 5.3.2-3: Abundance of Sea Turtles Greater than or Equal to 30-Centimeters Diameter (11.8 Inches) in the Gulf of Mexico to the EEZ .................................................................................. 5-36

Table 5.3.2-4: Estimated Annual Injuries or Mortality of Sea Turtles Greater than or Equal to 30-Centimeters Diameter (11.8 Inches) from Vessels in the Gulf of Mexico ..................... 5-36

Table 5.3.2-5: Summary of Cumulative Impacts of Alternatives on Biological Resources .................... 5-39

Table 5.3.3-1: Summary of Cumulative Impacts of Alternatives on Geological and Soil Resources ..... 5-41

Table 5.3.4-1: Summary of Cumulative Impacts of Alternatives on Cultural Resources ........................ 5-42


xv

Table 5.3.5-1: Summary of Cumulative Impacts of Alternatives on Land Use, Recreation, Visual Resources, and/or Ocean Use ........................................................................................ 5-44

Table 5.3.6-1: Cumulative Ship-to-Ship Transfer Trips Avoided ........................................................... 5-46

Table 5.3.6-2: Summary of Cumulative Impacts of Alternatives on Transportation ............................... 5-47

Table 5.3.7-1: Summary of Cumulative Impacts of Alternatives on Air Quality .................................... 5-48

Table 5.3.8-1: Summary of Cumulative Impacts of Alternatives on Noise ............................................. 5-51

Table 5.3.10-1: Summary of Cumulative Impacts of Alternatives on Safety and Security ..................... 5-53

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1-1: Project Location Map ........................................................................................................... 1-4

Figure 1.1-2: Project Components ............................................................................................................. 1-5

Figure 1.1-3: Enterprise Products Operating LLC Asset Map ................................................................... 1-7

Figure 1.1-4: Relative Ship Sizes and Channel Depths ............................................................................. 1-8

Figure 2.2-1: Aerial View of the Existing ECHO Terminal and Proposed Modifications ........................ 2-4

Figure 2.2-2: Oyster Creek Terminal Plot Plan ......................................................................................... 2-8

Figure 2.2-3: Lease Blocks Crossed by the SPOT DWP Offshore Pipelines .......................................... 2-12

Figure 2.2-4: Proposed Deepwater Port Schematic ................................................................................. 2-13

Figure 2.2-5: SPOT DWP Platform Block Flow Diagram ...................................................................... 2-14

Figure 2.2-6: Confined Bubble Curtain System for 72-inch Platform Piles ............................................ 2-25

Figure 2.2-7: SPM Buoy Mooring Schematic ......................................................................................... 2-28

Figure 2.2-8: Typical Pipeline Construction Sequence ............................................................................ 2-35

Figure 2.2-9: Safety Zones and Limited Access Areas for the SPOT Deepwater Port ............................ 2-57

Figure 2.2-10: Anchorage Area ............................................................................................................... 2-58

Figure 2.4-1: System Alternatives Considered in this EIS ...................................................................... 2-65

Figure 2.5-1: Alternative Onshore Pipeline Routes ................................................................................. 2-69

Figure 2.6-1: Alternative Onshore Storage Terminal Sites ...................................................................... 2-72

Figure 2.7-1: Alternative Deepwater Port Sites and Offshore Pipeline Routes ....................................... 2-76

Figure 3.3.6-1: Bathymetry Map of Area Proximal to SPOT Deepwater Port ........................................ 3-50

Figure 3.3.6-2: Gulf of Mexico Currents ................................................................................................. 3-52

Figure 3.3.7-1: Gulf of Mexico 2019 Hypoxic Zone Measured July 23–29, 2019 .................................. 3-55

Figure 3.3.7-2: Water Quality Sampling Locations ................................................................................. 3-57

Figure 3.3.7-3: Overseas Ballast Water Discharge to the Gulf of Mexico Coast by Ballast Water Management Type (2005-2021) .................................................................................... 3-69

Figure 3.4.3-1: Level III and Level IV Ecoregions Crossed by the SPOT Project .................................. 3-76


xvi

Figure 3.4.3-2: Seagrass Distribution Nearest to SPOT Deepwater Port ................................................ 3-93

Figure 3.4.4-1: Oyster Reefs Identified Along the Oyster Creek to Shore Pipeline Route...................... 3-95

Figure 3.4.4-2: Selected Spill Locations—Nearshore and at the Deepwater Port ................................... 3-99

Figure 3.4.5-1: SPOT Project in Relation to Flower Garden Bank National Marine Sanctuary and Marine Protected Areas ............................................................................................................ 3-103

Figure 3.4.6-1: Gulf Ecological Management Sites in Proximity to the SPOT Deepwater Port ........... 3-105

Figure 3.5.3-1: Distance from Oyster Creek to Shore Pipelines to Brazoria National Wildlife Refuge 3-112

Figure 3.5.5-1: Bottom Sediment Types in the Gulf of Mexico ............................................................ 3-133

Figure 3.5.5-2: Regional Studies of the Continental Shelf of the Gulf of Mexico ................................ 3-135

Figure 3.5.6-1: SEAMAP Sampling Stations near the SPOT Deepwater Port ...................................... 3-144

Figure 3.5.7-1: Estuaries with Bottlenose Dolphin Populations in Relation to the SPOT Deepwater Port . 3-155

Figure 3.6.4-1: Safety Zones and Limited Access Areas for the SPOT Deepwater Port ....................... 3-197

Figure 3.7.1-1: Sea Turtle Nesting Beaches in the Vicinity of the SPOT Project ................................. 3-218

Figure 3.8-1: Geologic Resources in the Onshore Project Area ............................................................ 3-232

Figure 3.8-2: Seafloor Features in the Project Area ............................................................................... 3-233

Figure 3.8-3: Seismic Hazard Map, Peak Ground Acceleration (10% Probability of Exceedance in 50 Years) ........................................................................................................................... 3-247

Figure 3.8-4: Seismic Hazard Map, Peak Ground Acceleration (2% Probability of Exceedance in 50 Years) .................................................................................................................. 3-248

Figure 3.8-5: Cenozoic Hydrocarbon Pools ........................................................................................... 3-256

Figure 3.10.3-1: NLCD Land Cover Classes, Onshore Pipeline Route ................................................. 3-282

Figure 3.10.3-2: NLCD Land Cover Classes, Oyster Creek Terminal Site ........................................... 3-286

Figure 3.10.4-1: Regional Recreation Resources Offshore Freeport, Texas ......................................... 3-293

Figure 3.10.6-1: Active Oil and Gas Activities in the Freeport, Texas Region ..................................... 3-303

Figure 3.10.6-2: GLO Tracts Crossed by the Proposed Offshore Pipeline ............................................ 3-304

Figure 3.10.6-3: Military Warning Areas Offshore Texas ..................................................................... 3-307

Figure 3.11-1: Transportation Study Area ............................................................................................. 3-313

Figure 3.11-2: Navigation Fairways, Anchorages, and Lease Blocks ................................................... 3-323

Figure 3.11-3: Restricted Navigation Areas .......................................................................................... 3-324

Figure 3.11-4: AIS Traffic Volumes, 2016–2017 .................................................................................. 3-327

Figure 3.14-1: Estimated SPOT Project Construction Workforce by Month ........................................ 3-383

Figure 3.14-2: Estimated Commuting Area for Project Construction Workers ..................................... 3-386

Figure 3.15-1 U.S. Census Block Groups and Environmental Justice Populations ........................... 3-422

Figure 3.17-1: Alternative Onshore Pipeline Routes Evaluated ............................................................ 3-436

Figure 3.17-2: Alternative Onshore Pipeline Routes 3a and 3b ............................................................. 3-437


xvii

Figure 3.17-3: Alternative Onshore Storage Terminal Sites Evaluated ................................................. 3-443

Figure 3.17-4: Alternative Deepwater Port Sites and Offshore Pipeline Routes Evaluated .................. 3-447

Figure 4.6-1: Proposed Onshore Pipeline Route for the SPOT Project ................................................... 4-34

Figure 4.6-2: Longest Line Section for the SPOT Project Onshore Pipelines ......................................... 4-35

Figure 4.6-3: Proposed SPOT Offshore Crude Pipeline Route................................................................ 4-37

Figure 4.6-4: 5-kW/m2 Thermal Hazard Zone from Accidental Cargo Tank Breach—Ship Collision with 2-m2 Spill Area for WCS, WTI, and Condensate .......................................................... 4-41

Figure 4.6-5: 5-kW/m2 Thermal Hazard Zone from 36-inch Dual Riser Rupture—Ship Collision with the Platform for WCS, WTI, and Condensate ..................................................................... 4-42

Figure 4.6-6: 5-kW/m2 Thermal Hazard Zone from Intentional Threats—Cargo Tank Breach with 16-m2 Spill Area for WCS, WTI, and Condensate ................................................................... 4-43

Figure 4.6-7: COSIM Oil Fate and Trajectory Modeling Overview........................................................ 4-45

Figure 4.6-8: Selected Spill Locations: Nearshore and at the Deepwater Port ........................................ 4-45

Figure 4.6-9: SPOT DWP and Close to Shoreline Oil Spill Scenarios near Texas Gulf Coast ............... 4-47

Figure 4.6-10: Close to Shore Scenario (Scenario 2) of Potential Oil Spill Effect on Shoreline............. 4-48

Figure 4.6-11: SPOT DWP Scenario (Scenario 1) of Potential Oil Spill Effect on Shoreline ................ 4-49

Figure 4.6-12: VLCC Scenario (Scenario 3) of Potential Oil Spill Effect on Shoreline ......................... 4-50

Figure 4.6-13: Close to Shoreline Scenario (Scenario 2) of Gulf of Mexico Potential Oil Spill Impact . 4-51

Figure 4.6-14: SPOT DWP Scenario (Scenario 1) of Gulf of Mexico Potential Oil Spill Impact........... 4-52

Figure 4.6-15: VLCC Scenario (Scenario 3) of Gulf of Mexico Potential Oil Spill Impact ................... 4-53

Figure 4.7-1: Depiction of Potential Safety Zones and Areas to be Avoided .......................................... 4-61

Figure 4.7-2: Approximate Safety Zones with Designated Anchorage Area .......................................... 4-63

Figure 4.7-3: Anticipated Trade Carrier Routes to SPM Buoy ................................................................ 4-66

Figure 4.9-1: High Consequence Areas Along Proposed Onshore Pipeline ............................................ 4-75

Figure 4.9-2: Protected High Consequence Areas Along Proposed Onshore Pipeline ............................ 4-78

Figure 4.9-3: Public Water System High Consequence Areas Along Proposed Onshore Pipeline ......... 4-79

Figure 4.9-4: Number of EPO and Subsidiary Oil Spills by Size ............................................................ 4-84

Figure 5.2-1: Cumulative Projects—Overview........................................................................................ 5-15

Figure 5.2-2: Cumulative Projects—Northern Brazoria County ............................................................. 5-16

Figure 5.2-3: Cumulative Projects—Southern Brazoria County ............................................................. 5-17

Figure 5.3-1: Large Vessel Traffic (Tankers) in the Gulf of Mexico in 2017 ......................................... 5-29

Figure 5.3-2: Average Annual Kilometers of Vessel Traffic from all Vessels in the Gulf of Mexico Based on 2014-2018 AIS Data ................................................................................................. 5-31


xviii

VOLUME II

LIST OF APPENDICES

A Public Notices

B Initial Notification Letters

C Comments on the Draft EIS


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VOLUME III LIST OF APPENDICES

D Agency Correspondence

E1 Biological Assessment and Essential Fish Habitat Assessment

E2 Addendum to the Biological Assessment

F Applicant’s Onshore Construction Spill Response Plan

G Consistency with the Texas Coastal Management Program

H Spill Risk Analysis

I Summary of Hypothetical Oil Spill Response Actions

J USGS Topographic Map Route Series

K Facility Layout 3-D Illustrations

L HDD Contingency Plan

M Onshore Pipeline Construction Best Management Practices, Revised November 2020

N List of Applicant’s Best Management Practices and Agency Recommended Mitigation Measures

O Unanticipated Discovery of Contamination Plan

P Compensatory Wetland Mitigation Plan

Q Revegetation Plan

R SPOT Project Onshore Noise Impact Reports

S Ichthyoplankton Impact Assessment

T Soil Maps

U Unanticipated Discoveries Plan for Cultural Resources and Human Remains

V Draft General Conformity Determination

W SPOT Water Quality Environmental Baseline Survey: Acoustic Monitoring Offshore Texas

X Oil Spill Modeling Technical Report

Y Analysis of Cumulative Lightering Activity

Z Mail Line Valve Alignment Sheet

AA Providing Meaningful Participation for Populations with Limited English Proficiency

Sea Port Oil Terminal Deepwater Port Project Final Environmental Impact Statement Acronyms and Abbreviations

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Acronym Definition °C degrees Celsius °F degrees Fahrenheit μPa microPascal ACT Antiquities Code of Texas Agreement Paris Climate Agreement AHT anchor handling tug AIS Automated Identification System APE area of potential effect

API American Petroleum Institute

Applicant SPOT Terminal Services LLC AQS Air Quality System

ARPA Archeological Resources Protection Act

ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ATBA areas to be avoided ATWS additional temporary workspace BA Biological Assessment BACT best available control technology bbl barrels BCC birds of conservation concern B.C.E before common era BCR bird conservation region BGEPA Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act

BMOP Blue Marlin Offshore Port

BMP best management practice BOEM Bureau of Ocean Energy Management bpd barrels per day bph barrels per hour BSE bays, estuaries, and sounds

BSEE Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement

CAA Clean Air Act

CBCMB Columbia Bottomlands Conservation Mitigation Bank

CEQ Council on Environmental Quality CFR Code of Federal Regulations

CGMTA U.S. Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Act of 2012

Acronym Definition CH4 methane CNW commercially navigable waterway CO carbon monoxide CO2 carbon dioxide CO2e carbon dioxide equivalent

COLREGS International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972

COSIM Chemical/Oil Spill Impact Module Cr chromium CR County Road CWA Clean Water Act CZMA Coastal Zone Management Act dB decibel dBA A-weighted decibel

DO dissolved oxygen

DOE U.S. Department of Energy DOT U.S. Department of Transportation DWH Deepwater Horizon DWP deepwater port DWPA Deepwater Port Act

DWPSP Deepwater Port Security Plan

ECHO Enterprise Crude Houston ECHO to Oyster Creek Pipeline

36-inch-diameter pipeline from the existing ECHO Terminal to the proposed Oyster Creek Terminal

EEM estuarine emergent

EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone

EFH Essential Fish Habitat

EI Environmental Inspector EIA Energy Information Administration EIS environmental impact statement EMS emergency medical services

EOP MP ECHO to Oyster Creek Pipeline milepost

EPO Enterprise Products Operating LLC

ERM Environmental Resources Management

ESA Endangered Species Act ESS estuarine scrub shrub


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Acronym Definition FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAD fish aggregating device FCU functional capacity unit Fed. Reg. Federal Register

FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

FGBNMS Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary

FHWG Fisheries Hydroacoustic Working Group

FM Farm to Market Road FMP fishery management plan ft3 cubic feet FY fiscal year g gravity g/m2 grams per square meter

GCEDD Gulf Coast Economic Development District

GCPMB Gulf Coastal Plains Mitigation Bank GDP gross domestic product GEMS Gulf Ecological Management Sites GHG greenhouse gas GIS geographic information system GIWW Gulf Intracoastal Waterway GLO Texas General Land Office

GMGMC Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council

GoM Gulf of Mexico gpd gallons per day gpm gallons per minute GWP global warming potential H2S hydrogen sulfide HAP hazardous air pollutant HAZID hazard identification HCA high consequence area HDD horizontal directional drill HGB Houston-Galveston-Brazoria

HIPPS high integrity pipeline protection system

HMS highly migratory species hp horsepower HPA high population area Hz hertz

Acronym Definition IBA Important Bird Area IMO International Maritime Organization

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

ISD Independent School District

ISPS International Ship and Port Facility Security

kHz kilohertz km kilometer kW/m2 kilowatts per square meter LACT lease automatic custody transfer LBRMB Lower Brazos River Mitigation Bank Ldn day-night sound level Leq equivalent sound level LFL lower flammability limit LiDAR light detection and ranging Lmax maximum sound level LNG liquefied natural gas LOC loss of containment LOOP Louisiana Offshore Oil Port LOS Level of Service LPG liquefied petroleum gas

MACT Maximum Achievable Control Technology

MAG magnetometer MARAD U.S. Maritime Administration

MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships

MBTA Migratory Bird Treaty Act MERA Modeling and Effects Review

MERP Modeled Emission Rate for Precursor

mg/L milligrams per liter MLLW mean lower low water MLV mainline valve mm millimeter mmbbl/d million barrels per day MMPA Marine Mammal Protection Act MMS Minerals Management Service MP milepost MPA Marine Protection Area

MPRSA Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries Act


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Acronym Definition

MSA Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act

N2O nitrous oxide NAA no anchor area

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards

NAGPRA Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NFPA National Fire Protection Association NHPA National Historic Preservation Act Ni nickel NLCD National Land Cover Database NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service NO2 nitrogen dioxide NOA Notice of Application NOI Notice of Intent NOx nitrogen oxides

NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service

NRHP National Register of Historic Places NRI Nationwide Rivers Inventory NSA noise sensitive area NSR New Source Review NTL Notices to Lessees and Operators NWR National Wildlife Refuge OCP Operator Cleanup Program OCS Outer Continental Shelf OPA90 Oil Pollution Act of 1990 OPAREA operating areas OPSMAN Port Operations Manual

OSP MP Oyster Creek to Shore Pipeline milepost

Oyster Creek to Shore Pipelines

two 36-inch-diameter crude oil pipelines from the Oyster Creek Terminal to the shore crossing

Pa Pascal PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon Pb lead PBF physical and biological features PCB polychlorinated biphenyl PEM palustrine emergent

Acronym Definition PFO palustrine forested pga peak ground acceleration

PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Administration

PLEM pipeline end manifold

PM10 particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 micrometers

PM2.5 particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers

ppb parts per billion ppb-hours parts per billion per hours PRA permit review area PRM permittee-responsible mitigation

Project Sea Port Oil Terminal Deepwater Port Project

Proposed Action the proposed SPOT Project

PSD Prevention of Significant Deterioration

PSS palustrine scrub-shrub PSV pressure safety valve PTS permanent threshold shift RHA Rivers and Harbors Act RMC resource management code RMS root mean square

ROD Record of Decision

ROI Region of Influence RP return period

RRC Railroad Commission of Texas

RTHL Register of Texas Historic Landmarks RV recreational vehicle SAL State Antiquities Landmark

SCC stress corrosion cracking

SDRDB Submitted Driller's Report Database

SEAMAP Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program

Secretary Secretary of Transportation SEL sound exposure level SELcum cumulative sound exposure level SH State Highway SHPO State Historic Preservation Office


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Acronym Definition SIL Significant Impact Level

SIP State Implementation Plan SLA Submerged Lands Act SO2 sulfur dioxide SPL sound pressure level SPM single point mooring SPOT Sea Port Oil Terminal SPOT DWP SPOT deepwater port SQuiRTs Screening Quick Reference Tables SSURGO Soil Survey Geographic database SVOC semi-volatile organic compound SWPPP Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan TAN total acid number

TCEQ Texas Commission on Environmental Quality

TCMP Texas Coastal Management Program TCP traditional cultural property TDS total dissolved solids TDWT total deadweight tonnage

TEMPSC totally enclosed motor-propelled survival craft

Texas GulfLink Texas GulfLink Project

Texas Gulf Terminals Texas Gulf Terminals, Inc.

THC Texas Historical Commission THPO Tribal Historic Preservation Office TIA traffic impact analysis TMDL total maximum daily load TOC total organic carbon TPWD Texas Parks and Wildlife Department TRV toxicity reference values TSS total suspended solids TTS temporary threshold shift TxDOT Texas Department of Transportation UDP Unanticipated Discoveries Plan U.S. United States USA unusually sensitive area USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers U.S.C. United States Code

USCG United States Coast Guard

Acronym Definition

USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture

USDOI U.S. Department of the Interior

USEPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service USGS U.S. Geological Survey VHF very high frequency VLCC very large crude carrier VOC volatile organic compound WCD worst-case discharge WCI worst credible impact WCS Western Canadian Select WTI West Texas Intermediate

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supplemental draft environmental impact statement

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