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J Neurosurg SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL ©AANS 2018, except where prohibited by US copyright law ONLINE ONLY Supplemental material Effectiveness of perioperative antiepileptic drug prophylaxis for early and late seizures following oncologic neurosurgery: a meta-analysis E. F. Joiner et al. https://thejns.org/doi/abs/10.3171/2017.10.JNS172236 DISCLAIMER The Journal of Neurosurgery acknowledges that the following section is published verbatim as submitted by the authors and did not go through either the Journal’s peer-review or editing process.

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J Neurosurg

SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL

©AANS 2018, except where prohibited by US copyright law

ONLINE ONLYSupplemental materialEffectiveness of perioperative antiepileptic drug prophylaxis for early and late seizures following oncologic neurosurgery: a meta-analysis E. F. Joiner et al.https://thejns.org/doi/abs/10.3171/2017.10.JNS172236

DISCLAIMER The Journal of Neurosurgery acknowledges that the following section is published verbatim as submitted by the authors and did not go through either the Journal’s peer-review or editing process.

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15. Bevacizumab and Irinotecan to Treat Brain Tumors. (2006). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00393094 (Identification No. NCT00393094)

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18. Celecoxib in Patients with Newly Diagnosed GBM Who Are Receiving Anticonvulsant Drugs and Undergoing RT. (2003). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00068770 (Identification No. NCT00068770)

19. Cerebral Blood Perfusion Changes After General Anesthesia for Craniotomy. (2012). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01642147 (Identification No. NCT01642147)

20. Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy After Surgery in Treating Children with Newly Diagnosed Astrocytoma, Glioblastoma Multiforme, Gliosarcoma, or Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma. (2002). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00028795 (Identification No. NCT00028795)

21. Clinical and Molecular-Metabolic Phase II Trial of Perifosine for Recurrent/Progressive Malignant Gliomas. (2007). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00590954 (Identification No. NCT00590954)

22. Clinical Development of MR Spectroscopy and Imaging in Brain Cancers. (2016). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02731521 (Identification No. NCT02731521)

23. Combination of Hydroxyurea and Verapamil for Refractory Meningiomas. (2008). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00706810 (Identification No. NCT00706810)

24. Comparison of Surgical Approach to Endoscopic Pituitary Adenoma Resection. (2012). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01689064 (Identification No. NCT01689064)

25. Cyproheptadine in Preventing Weight Loss in Children Receiving Chemotherapy for Cancer. (2010). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01132547 (Identification No. NCT01132547)

26. Dalteparin Low Molecular Weight Heparin for Primary Prophylaxis of Venous Thromboembolism in Brain Tumour Patients. (2005). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00135876 (Identification No. NCT00135876)

27. Dasatinib or Placebo, Radiation Therapy, and Temozolomide in Treating Patients with Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme. (2009). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00869401 (Identification No. NCT00869401)

28. Dexmedetomidine and Intelligence Development in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Craniotomy. (2016). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02810899 (Identification No. NCT02810899)

29. Dexmedetomidine on Intraoperative Somatosensory and Motor Evoked Potential Monitoring During Neurosurgery in Pediatric Patients. (2011). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01512147 (Identification No. NCT01512147)

30. Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DCE-MRI) With Bevacizumab and Irinotecan for Malignant Glioma. (2006). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00352521 (Identification No. NCT00352521)

31. Effect of 5 Years of GH Replacement on Atherosclerosis. (2007). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00462475 (Identification No. NCT00462475)

32. Effect of Acupuncture on Inflammation and Immune Function After Craniotomy. (2016). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02761096 (Identification No. NCT02761096)

33. Effect of TTFields (150 kHz) in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients With 1-10 Brain Metastases Following Radiosurgery (METIS). (2016). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02831959 (Identification No. NCT02831959)

34. Efficacy of Prophylactic Itraconazole in High-Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. (2006). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00336531 (Identification No. NCT00336531)

35. Emend and Ondansetron Compared to Ondansetron Alone to Prevent CINV in Glioma Patients Receiving Temozolomide. (2011). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01450826 (Identification No. NCT01450826)

36. Enrollment on the Childhood Cancer Research Network (CCRN) of the Children s Oncology Group. (2010). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01117168 (Identification No. NCT01117168)

37. Enzastaurin to Treat Recurrent Brain Tumor. (2005). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00108056 (Identification No. NCT00108056)

38. Erlotinib and Radiation Therapy in Treating Young Patients with Newly Diagnosed Glioma. (2005). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00124657 (Identification No. NCT00124657)

39. Erlotinib and Sirolimus in Treating Patients with Recurrent Malignant Glioma. (2007). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00509431 (Identification No. NCT00509431)

40. Erlotinib in Treating Patients with Progressive Glioblastoma Multiforme. (2005). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00227032 (Identification No. NCT00227032)

41. Erlotinib in Treating Patients with Recurrent Malignant Glioma or Recurrent or Progressive Meningioma. (2002). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00045110 (Identification No. NCT00045110)

42. Evaluation of Lucanthone to Whole Brain Radiation Therapy in Patients with Brain Metastases from Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. (2013). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02014545 (Identification No. NCT02014545)

43. Gene-expression Profiles in CNS-metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. (2009). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00862173 (Identification No. NCT00862173)

44. Glyburide vs Placebo as Prophylaxis Against Cerebral Edema in Patients Receiving Radiosurgery for Brain Metastases (RAD 1502/UAB 1593). (2015). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02460874 (Identification No. NCT02460874)

45. Hair-sparing Whole Brain Radiotherapy. (2011). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01421316 (Identification No. NCT01421316)

46. Hippocampal Sparing Whole Brain Radiotherapy vs Conventional Whole Brain Radiotherapy in Patients with Brain Metastases. (2014). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02147028 (Identification No. NCT02147028)

47. Hippocampal-Sparing Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation in Pathologically Nodal Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. (2015). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02448992 (Identification No. NCT02448992)

48. Illness Management and Parental Adjustment to Cancer Treatment. (2015). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02505165 (Identification No. NCT02505165)

49. Imatinib Mesylate and Hydroxyurea in Treating Patients with Recurrent or Progressive Meningioma. (2006). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00354913 (Identification No. NCT00354913)

50. Innohep for Prophylaxis of Venous Thromboembolism in Brain Tumor Patients. (2008). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00629447 (Identification No. NCT00629447)

51. International Cooperative Phase III Trial of the HIT-HGG Study Group (HIT-HGG-2013). (2017). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT03243461 (Identification No. NCT03243461)

52. Intravenous Anesthesia Versus Anesthesia with Volatile Agents in Elective Craniotomy for Tumors. (2007). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00555984 (Identification No. NCT00555984)

53. Investigating the Efficacy of Hair Sparing Radiotherapy Treatment to the Whole Brain. (2014). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02213536 (Identification No. NCT02213536)

54. Lacosamide for Seizure Prophylaxis in High-Grade Gliomas. (2011). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01432171 (Identification No. NCT01432171)

55. Lapatinib in Treating Patients with Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme. (2004). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00099060 (Identification No. NCT00099060)

56. Levetiracetam in Treating Patients with Seizures Caused by Brain Metastases. (2006). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00415376 (Identification No. NCT00415376)

57. Levetiracetam or Pregabalin in Treating Seizures in Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy and/or Radiation Therapy for Primary Brain Tumors. (2008). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00629889 (Identification No. NCT00629889)

58. Memantine for Prevention of Cognitive Late Effects in Pediatric Patients Receiving Cranial Radiation Therapy for Low Grade Glioma. (2017). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT03194906 (Identification No. NCT03194906)

59. Memantine in Preventing Side Effects in Patients Undergoing Whole-Brain Radiation Therapy for Brain Metastases from Solid Tumors. (2007). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00566852 (Identification No. NCT00566852)

60. MRI and Diffusion Imaging of Eloquent Brain Areas to Optimize Brain Tumor Resection Planning. (2012). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01534104 (Identification No. NCT01534104)

61. PCI in Advanced Triple Negative Breast Cancer Patients Who Response to 1st Line Chemotherapy. (2015). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02448576 (Identification No. NCT02448576)

62. Perampanel in Seizure Patients with Primary Glial Brain Tumors. (2015). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02363933 (Identification No. NCT02363933)

63. Perifosine and Torisel (Temsirolimus) for Recurrent/Progressive Malignant Gliomas. (2014). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02238496 (Identification No. NCT02238496)

64. Perioperative Magnesium Sulphate as a Cerebral Protector in Neurosurgical Patients. (2012). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01601314 (Identification No. NCT01601314)

65. PH I Addition of Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitor to Temozolomide for Pts with Grade 3 & 4 Malignant Gliomas. (2008). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00612651 (Identification No. NCT00612651)

66. Ph I Dasatinib + Erlotinib in Recurrent MG. (2008). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00609999 (Identification No. NCT00609999)

67. Ph I Dose Escalation Trial of Vandetanib in Combo with Etoposide for Malignant Gliomas. (2008). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00613223 (Identification No. NCT00613223)

68. Ph I Gleevec in Combo w RAD001 + Hydroxyurea for Pts with Recurrent MG. (2008). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00613132 (Identification No. NCT00613132)

69. Ph I Oral Topotecan and Temozolomide for Patients with Malignant Gliomas. (2008). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00610571 (Identification No. NCT00610571)

70. Ph I Zactima + Imatinib Mesylate & Hydroxyurea for Pts with Recurrent Malignant Glioma. (2008). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00613054 (Identification No. NCT00613054)

71. Ph II Erlotinib + Sirolimus for Pts with Recurrent Malignant Glioma Multiforme. (2008). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00672243 (Identification No. NCT00672243)

72. Phase (Ph) II Bevacizumab + Erlotinib for Patients (Pts) With Recurrent Malignant Glioma (MG). (2008). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00671970 (Identification No. NCT00671970)

73. Phase I / II Vorinostat, Erlotinib and Temozolomide for Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM). (2010). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01110876 (Identification No. NCT01110876)

74. Phase I Study of Temozolomide, Valproic Acid and Radiation Therapy in Patients with Brain Metastases. (2007). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00437957 (Identification No. NCT00437957)

75. Phase II Avastin + Bortezomib for Patients with Recurrent Malignant Glioma. (2008). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00611325 (Identification No. NCT00611325)

76. Phase II Imatinib + Hydroxyurea in Treatment of Patients with Recurrent/Progressive Grade II Low-Grade Glioma (LGG). (2008). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00615927 (Identification No. NCT00615927)

77. Phase IIb Clinical Trial With TGF-β2 Antisense Compound AP 12009 for Recurrent or Refractory High-grade Glioma. (2007). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00431561 (Identification No. NCT00431561)

78. Pioglitazone Hydrochloride in Preventing Radiation-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction in Treating Patients with Brain Tumors. (2010). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01151670 (Identification No. NCT01151670)

79. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation (PCI) Versus no PCI in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer After a Response to Chemotherapy. (2008). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00745797 (Identification No. NCT00745797)

80. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation in Patients with Lung Adenocarcinoma with High Risk of Brain Metastasis. (2012). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01603849 (Identification No. NCT01603849)

81. Prophylactic Oral Antibiotics on Sinonasal Outcomes Following Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery for Pituitary Lesions. (2017). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT03014687 (Identification No. NCT03014687)

82. Pyrazoloacridine Plus Carboplatin in Treating Patients with Recurrent Glioma. (2000). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00005976 (Identification No. NCT00005976)

83. Qualitative, Qualitative, and Functional Studies Over the First Year in Measuring Immune System Response During the First Year of Therapy in Patients with Brain Tumors. (2016). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02747407 (Identification No. NCT02747407)

84. Quality Improvement and Practice Based Research in Neurology Using the EMR. (2016). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02670161 (Identification No. NCT02670161)

85. Remifentanil Infusion Alone During the Closure Period for Early Emergence Following Craniotomy. (2015). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02593942 (Identification No. NCT02593942)

86. Riluzole and Whole-Brain Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients with Brain Metastases. (2009). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01018836 (Identification No. NCT01018836)

87. S9811 Hydroxyurea in Treating Patients with Unresectable Benign Meningioma. (1999). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00003590 (Identification No. NCT00003590)

88. Single Dose Tramadol Effect on Extubation Response and Quality of Emergence Post-supratentorial Intracranial Surgery. (2016). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02964416 (Identification No. NCT02964416)

89. Sodium Thiosulfate in Preventing Hearing Loss in Young Patients Receiving Cisplatin for Newly Diagnosed Germ Cell Tumor, Hepatoblastoma, Medulloblastoma, Neuroblastoma, Osteosarcoma, or Other Malignancy. (2008). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00716976 (Identification No. NCT00716976)

90. Sorafenib in Treating Patients with Recurrent or Progressive Malignant Glioma. (2004). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00093613 (Identification No. NCT00093613)

91. Sorafenib Tosylate, Valproic Acid, and Sildenafil Citrate in Treating Patients with Recurrent High-Grade Glioma. (2013). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01817751 (Identification No. NCT01817751)

92. Stereotactic Radiosurgery with Nivolumab and Valproate in Patients with Recurrent Glioblastoma. (2015). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02648633 (Identification No. NCT02648633)

93. Study of Fixed vs. Flexible Filgrastim to Accelerate Bone Marrow Recovery After Chemotherapy in Children with Cancer. (2013). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01987596 (Identification No. NCT01987596)

94. Study of Lacosamide as an Adjunctive Drug Treatment for Epilepsy in Patients with Brain Tumors. (2014). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02276053 (Identification No. NCT02276053)

95. Study of Neurologic Progression with Motexafin Gadolinium and Radiation Therapy (SMART). (2003). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00054795 (Identification No. NCT00054795)

96. Study of Whole-brain Irradiation with Chloroquine for Brain Metastases. (2013). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01894633 (Identification No. NCT01894633)

97. SU5416 in Treating Children with Recurrent or Progressive Brain Tumors. (2000). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00006247 (Identification No. NCT00006247)

98. Subclavian Vein catheterization_Seldinger Vs Modified Seldinger. (2014). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02090010 (Identification No. NCT02090010)

99. Sunitinib Tumor Levels in Patients Not on Enzyme-Inducing Anti-Epileptic Drugs Undergoing Debulking Surgery for Recurrent Glioblastoma. (2009). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00864864 (Identification No. NCT00864864)

100. Surgery Versus Radiosurgery for the Treatment of Single Brain Metastases. (2011). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01295970 (Identification No. NCT01295970)

101. T-DM1 Alone Versus T-DM1 and Metronomic Temozolomide in Secondary Prevention of HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Brain Metastases Following Stereotactic Radiosurgery. (2017). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT03190967 (Identification No. NCT03190967)

102. Tamoxifen and Bortezomib to Treat Recurrent Brain Tumors. (2005). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00108069 (Identification No. NCT00108069)

103. Temozolomide as a Prophylaxis Against Brain Recurrence in Participants with Metastatic Breast Cancer (P05225 AM2). (2008). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00638963 (Identification No. NCT00638963)

104. Temozolomide in Preventing Brain Metastases in Small Cell Lung Cancer. (2015). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02605811 (Identification No. NCT02605811)

105. Temsirolimus and Valproic Acid in Treating Young Patients with Relapsed Neuroblastoma, Bone Sarcoma, or Soft Tissue Sarcoma. (2010). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01204450 (Identification No. NCT01204450)

106. Tetra-O-Methyl Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid in Treating Patients with Recurrent High-Grade Glioma. (2006). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00404248 (Identification No. NCT00404248)

107. The EC90 of Remifentanil Blunting Hemodynamic Changes to Head Fixation. (2011). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01489137 (Identification No. NCT01489137)

108. Trans Sodium Crocetinate (TSC) Study of Intra-tumoral Oxygen Concentration, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics in Patients with High Grade Glioma. (2009). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00826930 (Identification No. NCT00826930)

109. Trial of Levetiracetam in Patients with Primary Brain Tumors and Symptomatic Seizures Who Undergo Surgery. (2007). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00571155 (Identification No. NCT00571155)

110. Tumor Related Epilepsy. (2015). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02639325 (Identification No. NCT02639325)

111. Valproate and Etoposide for Patients with Neuronal Tumors and Brain Metastases. (2007). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00513162 (Identification No. NCT00513162)

112. Valproic Acid and Radiation Followed by Maintenance Valproic Acid and Bevacizumab in Children with High Grade Gliomas or Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma. (2009). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00879437 (Identification No. NCT00879437)

113. Valproic Acid in Childhood Progressive Brain Tumors. (2013). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01861990 (Identification No. NCT01861990)

114. Valproic Acid in Treating Young Patients with Recurrent or Refractory Solid Tumors or CNS Tumors. (2005). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00107458 (Identification No. NCT00107458)

115. Valproic Acid with Temozolomide and Radiation Therapy to Treat Brain Tumors. (2006). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00302159 (Identification No. NCT00302159)

116. Zactima With Temodar During Radiation Treatment for Newly Diagnosed Stage IV Brain Tumors. (2007). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00441142 (Identification No. NCT00441142)

117. ZD6474 to Treat Advanced Brain Cancer in Patients. (2006). Retrieved from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00272350 (Identification No. NCT00272350)

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APPENDIX B: 243 full-text articles excluded according to inclusion/exclusion criteria Excluded because not RCT (n = 224) Prospective head-to-head study without control group (n = 8) Beenen L, Lindeboom J, Kasteleijn-Nolst TD, Heimans J, Snoek F, Touw D, et al: Comparative double blind clinical trial of phenytoin and sodium valproate as anticonvulsant prophylaxis after craniotomy: efficacy, tolerability, and cognitive effects, in Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 1999, Vol 67, pp 474-480 Bellido I, Dominguez M, Blanco E, Bellido MV, Luque AG: Efficacy and safety of levetiracetam vs. Phenytoin after supratentorial tumour neurosurgery. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 66:S80, 2010 D'Souza W, Fuller K, Murphy M, Cook M: Side effects and tolerability of IV levetiracetam vs. IV phenytoin and follow-on oral regimens in a neurosurgical patient population: A prospective randomised study, in Epilepsy Currents, 2011, Vol 11 Fuller K, Wang Y, Cook M, Murphy M, D'Souza W: Tolerability, safety, and side-effects of levetiracetam versus phenytoin in intravenous and total prophylactic regimen amongst craniotomy patients: a prospective randomised study [abstract], in Epilepsia, 2012, Vol 53, pp 196-197, Abstract no: p675

Fuller K, Wang Y, Cook M, Murphy M, D'Souza W: Tolerability, safety, and side effects of levetiracetam versus phenytoin in intravenous and total prophylactic regimen among craniotomy patients: a prospective randomized study, in Epilepsia, 2013, Vol 54, pp 45-57 Iuchi T, Kuwabara K, Matsumoto M, Kawasaki K, Hasegawa Y, Sakaida T: Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis during and early after craniotomy for brain tumours: a phase II prospective, randomised study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 86:1158-1162, 2015

Nakamura N, Ishijima B, Mayanagi Y, Manaka S: A randomized controlled trial of zonisamide in postoperative epilepsy: A report of the Cooperative Group Study. Japanese Journal of Neurosurgery 8:647-656, 1999 Shaw MD, Foy P, Chadwick D: The effectiveness of prophylactic anticonvulsants following neurosurgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 69:253-258, 1983 Other prospective cohort study (n = 18) Bartolini E, Lenzi B, Vannozzi R, Parenti G, Murri L, Iudice A: An observational longitudinal study on late seizures in neurosurgical patients. Epilepsia 52:38-39, 2011

Bartolini E, Lenzi B, Vannozzi R, Parenti GF, Iudice A: Incidence and management of late postsurgical seizures in clinical practice. Turk Neurosurg 22:651-655, 2012

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Santis A, Villani R, Sinisi M, Stocchetti N, Perucca E: Add-on phenytoin fails to prevent early seizures after surgery for supratentorial brain tumors: a randomized controlled study, in Epilepsia, 2002, Vol 43, pp 175-182

Tsolaki M, Yannacou-Peftoulidou M, Grammaticos P, Sofianos E, Foroglou G: Phenytoin plasma levels after intraoperative administration, for the prevention of post-craniotomy seizures. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 84:36-38, 1987

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Nasr ZG, Paravattil B, Wilby KJ: Levetiracetam for seizure prevention in brain tumor patients: a systematic review. J Neurooncol 129:1-13, 2016 Pulman J, Greenhalgh J, Marson AG: Antiepileptic drugs as prophylaxis for post-craniotomy seizures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:Cd007286, 2013 Ratilal B, Sampaio C: Prophylactic antibiotics and anticonvulsants in neurosurgery. Advances and technical standards in neurosurgery 36:139-185, 2011 Soffietti R, Baumert BG, Bello L, von Deimling A, Duffau H, Frenay M, et al: Guidelines on management of low-grade gliomas: report of an EFNS-EANO Task Force. Eur J Neurol 17:1124-1133, 2010 Soffietti R, Cornu P, Delattre JY, Grant R, Graus F, Grisold W, et al: EFNS Guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of brain metastases: Report of an EFNS Task Force. European Journal of Neurology 13:674-681, 2006 Vojvodic N, Ristic A, Sokic D: Antiepileptic drugs as prophylaxis for postcraniotomy seizures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2008 (protocol, study not completed) Wassenaar T, Feldstein D: Do prophylactic anticonvulsants in patients with brain tumors decrease the incidence of seizures? Wmj 104:9-10, 2005 Wen PY, Schiff D, Kesari S, Drappatz J, Gigas DC, Doherty L: Medical management of patients with brain tumors. Journal of Neuro-Oncology 80:313-332, 2006 Weston J, Greenhalgh J, Marson AG: Antiepileptic drugs as prophylaxis for post-craniotomy seizures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:Cd007286, 2015 Winkelbauer S: Phenytoin for the prophylaxis of posttraumatic and postcraniotomy seizures. Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 53:17-23, 2000 Xue H, Sveinsson O, Tomson T, Mathiesen T: Intracranial meningiomas and seizures: a review of the literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 157:1541-1548, 2015 Meta-analysis (n = 17) Englot DJ, Magill ST, Han SJ, Chang EF, Berger MS, McDermott MW: Seizures in supratentorial meningioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg 124:1552-1561, 2016

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Yuan Y, Yunhe M, Xiang W, Yanhui L, Yanwu Y, Shuang L, et al: P450 enzyme-inducing and non-enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs for seizure prophylaxis after glioma resection surgery: a meta-analysis. Seizure 23:616-621, 2014 Zafar SN, Khan AA, Ghauri AA, Shamim MS: Phenytoin versus Leviteracetam for seizure prophylaxis after brain injury - a meta-analysis. BMC Neurol 12:30, 2012 Commentary/opinion (n = 23) Alted López E, Sánchez-Izquierdo Riera JA: Postoperative care of tumor surgery. Medicina Intensiva 20:93-102, 1996 Bergen DC: Prophylactic antiepileptic drugs in patients with brain tumors. Epilepsy Curr 5:182-183, 2005 Burneo JG, Sirven JI, Kiesel LW, Vecht CJ, Jehi L, Chung SS, et al: Managing common complex symptomatic epilepsies: Tumors and trauma. Epilepsy Currents 13:232-235, 2013 Cascino GD: "Antiepileptic" not "antiepileptogenic" drug therapy: Ineffective prophylaxis of seizures. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 79:1487-1488, 2004 Clarke PP: Prevention of postoperative epilepsy. Lancet 1:650, 1980 Deutschman CS, Haines SJ: Anticonvulsant prophylaxis in neurological surgery. Neurosurgery 17:510-517, 1985 Fountain NB: Should levetiracetam replace phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis after neurosurgery? Epilepsy Curr 9:71-72, 2009 Grote EH, Marino Jr R: Postoperative Seizures: Epidemiology, Pathology, and Prophylaxis: Commentary. Neurologia Medico-Chirurgica 43:600, 2003 Ikeda D, Chiocca EA: Editorial: Tumor and antiepileptic drugs: clinical article. Journal of neurosurgery 118:1181-1182; discussion 1182, 2013 Jiang B, Quinones-Hinojosa A: Treatment of epileptic seizures in brain tumors: A critical review - Commentary. Neurosurgical Review 37:388, 2014 Koubeissi M: Do we need seizure prophylaxis for brain tumor surgery? Epilepsy Curr 14:24-25, 2014 Mason WP: Anticonvulsant prophylaxis for patients with brain tumours: Insights from clinical trials. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 30:89-90, 2003

Ngwenya LB, Chiocca EA: Do meningioma patients benefit from antiepileptic drug treatment? World Neurosurg 79:433-434, 2013 North JB: Anticonvulsant prophylaxis in neurosurgery. Br J Neurosurg 3:425-427, 1989 Penovich PE: Randomized Controlled Trial of Prophylactic Phenytoin After Neurosurgery for Brain Tumor. Epilepsy Curr 2:109-110, 2002 Pruitt AA: Treatment of medical complications in patients with brain tumors. Current Treatment Options in Neurology 7:323-326, 2005 Pruitt AA: Medical management of patients with brain tumors. Current Treatment Options in Neurology 13:413-426, 2011 Raizer JJ, Dixit KS: Managing Disease and Therapy-Related Complications in Patients with Central Nervous System Tumors. Current Treatment Options in Oncology 16, 2015 Rathore C, Radhakrishnan K: Prophylactic antiepileptic drugs in brain tumors: What evidence is enough evidence? Neurology India 61:105-106, 2013 Salman MS: Is the prophylactic use of antiepileptic drugs in Sturge-Weber syndrome justified? Medical Hypotheses 51:293-296, 1998 Sethi NK, Milligan TA, Hurwitz S, Bromfield EB: Efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam versus phenytoin after supratentorial neurosurgery. Neurology 73:159; author reply 159, 2009 Stieber VW: Low-grade gliomas. Current treatment options in oncology 2:495-506, 2001 Wen PY, Marks PW: Medical management of patients with brain tumors. Current Opinion in Oncology 14:299-307, 2002 Provider Survey (n = 4): Dewan MC, Thompson RC, Kalkanis SN, Barker FG, 2nd, Hadjipanayis CG: Prophylactic antiepileptic drug administration following brain tumor resection: results of a recent AANS/CNS Section on Tumors survey. J Neurosurg 126:1772-1778, 2017 Jenkinson M, Chavredakis E, Zakaria R, Brodbelt A: Seizure prophylaxis in meningioma surgery-are we practicing evidence-based medicine?, in British journal of neurosurgery. Conference: 2017 spring meeting of the society of british neurological surgeons. United Kingdom, 2017, Vol 31, p 148 Siomin V, Angelov L, Li L, Vogelbaum MA: Results of a survey of neurosurgical practice patterns regarding the prophylactic use of anti-epilepsy drugs in patients with brain tumors. J Neurooncol 74:211-215, 2005

Sizoo EM, Koekkoek JA, Postma TJ, Heimans JJ, Pasman HR, Deliens L, et al: Seizures in patients with high-grade glioma: a serious challenge in the end-of-life phase. BMJ Support Palliat Care 4:77-80, 2014 Excluded because preliminary data for subsequently published study (n = 7) Chadwick D, Rajagopalan N, Foy P, Shaw M: Prophylactic anti-convulsant drugs in the prevention of epilepsy following craniotomy for high risk benign conditions, in Journal of neurology neurosurgery and psychiatry, 1988, Vol 51, pp 1360-1361 Forsyth, P A, Weaver, Fulton, Brasher, Hagen, et al: A prospective randomised study of prophylactic anticonvulsants (AC) in patients with primary brain tumours (PBT) or metastatic tumours (MBT) and without prior seizures (Sz): a preliminary analysis of 67 patients, in Canadian journal of neurological sciences, 1995, Vol 22, p S62 Franceschetti S, Binelli S, Casazza M, Croci D, Lodrini S, Panzica F, et al: Postoperative seizures in patients operated on supra-tentorial neoplasms: A prospective study. Bollettino - Lega Italiana contro l'Epilessia:413-415, 1988 Lang JF, Wu A, Trinh V, Suki D, Hess K, Weinberg J, et al: A prospective randomized trial of seizure prophylaxis in patients undergoing surgery for supratentorial intraparenchymal tumors, in Journal of neurosurgery, 2012, Vol 117, p A386 North J, Penhall R, Hanieh A, Hann C, Challen R, Frewin D: Postoperative epilepsy: a double-blind trial of phenytoin after craniotomy. Lancet 315; 8165: 384-386, 1980

Shaw MD: Post-operative epilepsy and the efficacy of anticonvulsant therapy. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 50:55-57, 1990 Shaw MDM, Foy PM: Epilepsy after craniotomy and the place of prophylactic anticonvulsant drugs: Discussion paper. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 84:221-223, 1991 Excluded because data from patients with brain tumors were not extractable (n = 1) Foy P, Chadwick D, Rajgopalan N, Johnson A, Shaw M: Do prophylactic anticonvulsant drugs alter the pattern of seizures after craniotomy? Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 1992, Vol 55, pp 753-757 Excluded because data from seizure naïve patients were not extractable (n = 1) Qiu B, Ou Y, Qi S, Feng W, Fang L: Postoperative clinical application of sodium valproate on brain tumors. Chinese journal of new drugs and clinical remedies., 2002, Vol 21, pp 205-207 Excluded because data from patients who underwent craniotomy were not extractable (n = 2)

Forsyth P, Weaver S, Fulton D, Brasher P, Sutherland G, Stewart D, et al: Prophylactic anticonvulsants in patients with brain tumour, in Canadian journal of neurological sciences [Journal canadien des sciences neurologiques], 2003, Vol 30, pp 106-112 Glantz M, Cole B, Friedberg M, Lathi E, Choy H, Furie K, et al: A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial of divalproex sodium prophylaxis in adults with newly diagnosed brain tumors, in Neurology, 1996, Vol 46, pp 985-991 Excluded because full-text article was not available [attempt was made to contact corresponding author] (n = 8) Avanzini G, Borroni V, Franceschetti S: Pharmacological prophylaxis of epileptic seizures occurring after surgery for intracranial tumors. Bollettino - Lega Italiana contro l'Epilessia No. 39:53-55, 1982 Bravaccio F, Tata MR, Guizzaro A: Evaluation of pharmacological prophylaxis of post-operative epilepsy. Bollettino - Lega Italiana contro l'Epilessia No. 54-55:123-125, 1986 Ershikova GM: [Hazards of craniotomy and prophylaxis of complications from this operation]. Feldsher Akush 36:35-38, 1971

Franceschetti S, Bricchi M, Borroni V, Avanzini G: Antiepileptic drug prophylaxis in patients operated on for supratentorial brain tumors. Bollettino - Lega Italiana contro l'Epilessia No. 39:80, 1982

Ganglberger JA: [Experiences with the psychotrop anticonvulsive agent Tegretol in neurosurgery]. Wien Med Wochenschr 118:956-962, 1968

Maschio M, Jandolo B: Antiepileptic prophylaxis in brain tumor patients? A case for discussion. Bollettino - Lega Italiana contro l'Epilessia:259-260, 2004 Oberpichler-Schwenk H: Neurosurgical patients: Which anticonvulsive therapy? Psychopharmakotherapie 15:232-233, 2008 Oberpichler-Schwenk H: When and which anticonvulsive therapy for neurosurgical patients? Arzneimitteltherapie 26:187-188, 2008