APPENDIX 1

Standards Relevant to PVC Materialsand Products

Compiled by N. HERBERT and W. V. TITOW

With the exception of Sections 1, 7 and 8 (and a few individual entriesin other sections) the standards listed in this appendix are thoserelating specifically to PVC (and-in some cases-major constituents,e.g. plasticisers). Many general 'plastics' standards which are used inthe testing of PVC are mentioned in the relevant chapters and (some)in Appendix 3.Copies of ISO standards and national standards of countries foreignto one's own are available from (and in fact must be ordered through)the local national ISO member body which acts as sales agent in thatcountry for ISO and for all other ISO member bodies. These bodiesare normally the individual countries' own national standardisingbodies.As new standards are being reviewed, revised or amended,standardising bodies provide the means to maintain up-to-date records.The four bodies regarded as the most important (cf. Chapter 1, Section1.7) are given below together with some observations on certaingeneral aspects of the standards listed in this appendix.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Headquarters: 1, Rue de Varembe,Case Postale 56,CH-1211 Geneve 20,Switzerland.

The ISO publishes a Catalogue of all its standards annually. The ISOBulletin is published monthly and includes a list of newly published

1127

1128 N. Herbert and W. V. Titow

standards and draft international standards. The ISO technicalcommittees dealing with plastics are TC 61 Plastics and TC 138 Plasticspipes, fittings and valves for the transport of fluids. Plasticisers arefound under TC 47 Chemistry.

United Kingdom

British Standards Institution (BSI),Linford Wood,Milton Keynes MK14 6LE.

The annual British Standards Yearbook gives a list of all Britishstandards with a short summary of each one, and an alphabeticalindex. The BSI News is published monthly and may be used formanual updating of the Yearbook. In addition to lists of all new andrevised standards and amendments to standards published during themonth, draft standards and 'new work started' are also given.

A comprehensive list of standards received from all parts of theworld is contained in BSl's Worldwide List of Published Standardswhich is issued monthly.A large number of standard specifications is contained in BS

2782:1970 Methods of testing plastics, which is currently (1984) underrevision. Many of the specifications in this collection have already beenpublished in the revised form, and some entirely new ones have beenadded. Work is in progress on others. The relevant revised and newspecifications have been included in this appendix, as have thoseoriginally published in the 1970 edition which have not yet beenrevised.

Note: In the body of this appendix the degree of equivalence of aBritish Standard to an ISO standard is indicated wherepossible according to the coding used in the BSI Yearbook,viz.

= identical in every detail;1- technically equivalent though the wording and presentationmay differ quite extensively;

± a related standard; covers subject matter similar to thatcovered by a corresponding international standard.

Al Standards Relevant to PVC Materials and Products 1129

United States of America

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials,1916 Race Street,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania 19103.

Until recently, the Annual Book of ASTM Standards consisted of 48parts, each part containing the standards covering a specific mainsubject or an aspect of that subject. The division has now beenrestructured into 16 sections subdivided into 66 volumes. Section 8contains the volumes directly relevant to plastics:

Volume

~::~:}08.03

08.04

Subjects covered

Plastics-General test methods,nomenclaturePlastics-Materials, films, reinforcedand cellular plastics; high modulusfibres and compositesPlastic pipes

Correspondingparts in former

classification

Part 35

Part 36Part 34

Other volumes of interest in connection with some PVC materials andproducts, and the Index volume, are:

:::::}10.03

00.01

Electrical insulation-Test methods:solids and solidifying fluidsElectrical insulation-Specifications:solids, liquids, and gases;protective equipmentIndex-Subject index; alphanumeric list

Part 39

Part 40Part 48

The parts and the individual standards are obtainable from the ASTM.

Note: Where an ASTM designation is followed by a number inbrackets, this indicates the year of the latest reapproval by thecommittee concerned.

ANSI: The national standardising body in the United States of

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America is the:

N. Herbert and W. V. Titow

American National Standards Institute (ANSI),1430 Broadway,New York,New York 10018.

A great many individual standards issued by the ASTM have beenadopted by the ANSI as national standards. These adopted standardsmay be purchased through a local national ISO member body.

West Germany

DIN Deutsches Institut fUr Normung,Burggrafenstrasse 4-10,1000 Berlin 30.

The DIN-Katalog is published annually, most of the German titlesbeing given in English as well. The catalogue may be kept up to dateby Ergiinzungen (Supplements) which are published monthly and arecumulative. Further information on standards is given in DIN­Mitteilungen (DIN-reports), which is also a monthly publication. Thelatter two are in German only.DIN standards on plastics which have been translated into Englishare available in ring binders in the following collections:

Sales no. 10053 Plastics 1. Test standards for mechanical, thermal andelectrical properties

10056 Plastics. Duroplast resins and duroplast mouldingmaterials

10705 Plastics 2. Test standards on chemical, optical, usabil­ity and processing properties

10789 Plastics. Semi-finished products of thermoplasticplastics

10790 Plastics. Pipes, pipeline components and pipe jointsof thermoplastic plastics

The collections of DIN standards in German are reduced in size andbound into Taschenbiicher (Pocketbooks) in A5 size, and cover thesame classification of the collections translated into English, viz.

TAB 18 Kunststoffe 1. Prtifnormen tiber mechanische, thermischeund elektrische Eigenschaften

Al Standards Relevant to PVC Materials and Products 1131

TAB 21 Kunststoffe 3. Duroplast-Kunstharze und Duroplast­Formmassen

TAB 48 Kunststoffe 2. Prtifnormen tiber chemische, optische Ge­brauchs- und Verarbeitungs-Eigenschaften

TAB 51 Kunststoffe 8. Halbzeuge aus thermoplastischen Kunst­stoffen

TAB 52 Kunststoffe 5. Rohre, Rohrleitungsteile und Rohr­verbindungen aus thermoplastischen Kunststoffen

Japan

Japanese Industrial Standards Committee,c/o Standards Department,Agency of Industrial Science and Technology,Ministry of International Trade and Industry,1-3-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyodaku,Tokyo 100.

In view of Japan's standing as a major producer and consumer ofPVC, the existence of many relevant Japanese Standards should not beoverlooked (e.g. JIS K 6720 (1977), Polyvinyl chloride resins; JIS K6741 (1975), Unplasticised polyvinyl chloride pipes.

It has not been practicable to include them in this appendix.However, from the technological standpoint, they do not cover anyimportant specifications or methods or materials not dealt with bystandards from one or more of the four sources represented here. It isuseful to remember that Japanese Standards are regularly included inthe already mentioned BSI Worldwide List of Published Standards andthat they are available (generally in English translation) from the BSI.

1 PLASTICS TERMINOLOGY, PROPERTIES ANDTESTING: GENERAL

1.1 Terminology

(a) GeneralISO 472-1979Plastics-Vocabulary

BS 1755Glossary of terms used in the plastics industry

1132 N. Herbert and W. V. Titow

Part 1: 1982 (=t= ISO 472)Polymer and plastics technologyPart 2: 1974Manufacturing processes

BS 3558: 1980Glossary of rubber terms

BS 4815: 1972Glossary of generic names for man-made fibres

BS 5168: 1975Glossary of rheological terms

ASTM C 168-80Definitions of terms relating to thermal insulating materials

ASTM C 274-68 (1980)Definitions of terms relating to structural sandwich construction

ASTM D 16-80Definitions of terms relating to paint, varnish, lacquer and relatedproducts

ASTM D 883-80Definitions of terms relating to plastics

ASTM D 907-82Definitions of terms relating to adhesives

ASTM D 1418-81Recommended practice for rubber and rubber latices-Nomencla­ture

ASTM D 1566-82Definitions of terms relating to rubber

ASTM E 6-81Definitions of terms relating to methods of mechanical testing

ASTM E 12-70 (1981)Definitions of terms relating to density and specific gravity ofsolids, liquids and gases

ASTM E 41-79Definitions of terms relating to conditioning

ASTM E 206-72 (1979)Definitions of terms relating to fatigue testing and the statisticalanalysis of fatigue data

ASTM E 284-81Definitions of terms relating to appearance of materials

ASTM F 17-76Definitions of terms relating to flexible barrier materials

Al Standards Relevant to PVC Materials and Products 1133

ASTM F 141-79Definitions of terms relating to resilient floor coverings

ASTM F 412-81Definitions of terms relating to plastic piping systems

DIN 7732Part 1 (1963)Standardized terms and definitions relating to plastics; summary

(b) Common Names and AbbreviationsISO 1043-1978Plastics-Symbols

BS 3502Schedule of common names and abbreviations for plastics andrubbersPart 1: 1978Principal commercial plasticsPart 3: 1978Rubber and rubber lattices

BS 4589: 1970Abbreviations for rubber and plastics compounding materials

ASTM D 1600-83Abbreviations of terms relating to plastics

DIN 7723 (1971)Abbreviations for plasticizers

DIN 7728Part 1 (1978)Symbols for terms relating to homopolymers, copolymers andpolymer compoundsPart 2 (1980)Symbols for reinforced plastics

(c) Equivalent Terms in Various LanguagesISO 194-1981Plastics-List of equivalent terms

DIN 7730Part 1 (1965)Plastics, equivalent terms in German, English, French andRussian following ISO/R 194-1961

1134 N. Herbert and W. V. Titow

1.2 General Test Conditions and Methods

(a) Conditioning and Testing ConditionsISO 291-1977Plastics-Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing

ISO/R 483-1966Plastics-Methods for maintaining constant relative humidity insmall enclosures by means of aqueous solutions

ISO 554-1976Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing-Specifica­tions

ISO 558-1980Conditioning and testing-Standard atmospheres-Definitions

ASTM D 618-61 (1981)Conditioning plastics and electrical insulating materials for testing

DIN 50013 (1979)Climates and their technical application; preferred temperatures

DIN 50014 (1975)Atmospheres and their technical application; standard atmos­pheres

DIN 50015 (1975)Atmospheres and their technical application; constant test atmos­pheres

DIN 50016 (1962)Testing of materials, structural components and equipment;method of test in damp alternating atmosphere

DIN 50017 (1982)Climates and their technical application; stress in condensed watercontaining climates

DIN 50018 (1978)Testing of corrosion; methods of test in condensation wateralternating atmosphere containing sulphur dioxide

DIN 50019Part 1 (1979)Climates and their technical application; climates with regard totechnology, sign and cartographical graph of the open-air climatesPart 2 (1963)Testing of materials, structural components and equipment; openair climates; data on climates

Al Standards Relevant to PVC Materials and Products 1135

Part 3 (1979)Climates and their technical application; climates with regard totechnology; climatic patterns based on statisticsSupplement to Part 3 (1979)Climates and their technical application; climates with regard totechnology, geographical survey for open-air climate patternsbased on statistics

(b) Some General Test MethodsISO 62-1980Plastics-Determination of water absorption

ISO 171-1980Plastics-Determination of bulk factor of moulding materials

ISO 3451/1-1981Plastics-Determination of ash-General methods

2 VINYL POLYMERS AND COPOLYMERS (Chapter 2)

2.1 General (Designation, Coding, Characterisation Tests)

ISO 1060/1-1982Plastics-Homopolymer and copolymer resins of vinyl chloride.Part 1: Designation

ISO 1060/2-1978Plastics-Homopolymer and copolymer resins of vinyl chloride.Part II: Determination of properties

ISO 1163/1-1980Plastics-Unplasticized compounds of homo- and copolymers ofvinyl chloride. Part 1: Designation

ISO 6186-1980Plastics-Determination of pourability

ASTM D 1755-81Specification for poly(vinyl chloride) resins

Note: This specification gives test methods referred to in some of theASTM standards listed in the sections that follow, e.g.Sections 2.2 to 2.9, etc.

ASTM D 2474-81Specification for vinyl chloride copolymer resins

1136 N. Herbert and W. V. Titow

ASTM D 2873-70 (1982)Test for interior porosity of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) resins bymercury intrusion porosimetry

ASTM D 3591-77Recommended practice for determining logarithmic viscositynumber of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in formulated compounds

DIN 7746Part 1 (1979)Vinyl chloride (VC) polymers; homopolymers; classification anddesignationPart 2 (1979)Vinyl chloride (VC) polymers; homo- and copolymers, determina­tion of properties

DIN 7747 (1979)Vinyl chloride (VC) polymers; copolymers, classification anddesignation

2.2 Viscosity

ISO 174-1974Plastics-Determination of viscosity number of PVC resins indilute solution

ISO/R 1628-1970Plastics-Directives for the standardisation of methods for thedetermination of the dilute solution viscosity of polymers

ISO 3219-1977Plastics-Polymers in the liquid, emulsified or dispersed state­Determination of viscosity with a rotational viscometer working atdefined shear rate

BS 2782Part 7Rheological propertiesMethod 730A: 1979 (± ISO/R 1628)Determination of reduced viscosity (viscosity number) andintrinsic viscosity of plastics in dilute solutionMethod 730B: 1978 (= ISO 3219)Determination of the viscosity of polymers in the liquid,emulsified or dispersed state using a rotational viscometer workingat a defined shear rate

ASTM D 1243-79Test for dilute solution viscosity of vinyl chloride polymers

Al Standards Relevant to PVC Materials and Products 1137

DIN 53726 (1983)Testing of plastics; determination of viscosity number and K-valueof vinyl chloride (VC) polymers

2.3 Chlorine Content

ISO 1158-1978Plastics-Vinyl chloride homopolymers and copolymers-Deter­mination of chlorine

ASTM D 1303-55 (1979)Test for total chlorine in vinyl chloride polymers and copolymers

DIN 53474 (1976)Testing of plastics, rubber and elastomers; determination of thechlorine content

2.4 Vinyl Acetate Content in VCIVA Copolymers

ISO 1159-1978Plastics-Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers-Determinationof vinyl acetate

2.5 Ash and/or Sulphated Ash Content

ISO 1270-1975Plastics-PVC resins-Determination of ash and sulphated ash

BS 2782: Part 4Method 454A: 1978Determination of ashMethod 454B :1978 (= ISO 1270)Determination of sulphated ash

2.6 Volatile Matter (Including Water)

ISO 1269-1980Plastics-Homopolymer and copolymer resins of vinyl chloride­Determination of volatile matter (including water)

BS 2782: Part 4Method 454D: 1978 (= ISO 1269)Determination of volatile matter (including water) of PVC resins

ASTM D 3030-79Test for volatile matter (including water) of vinyl chloride resins

1138 N. Herbert and W. V. Titow

2.7 Impurities and Foreign Matter

ISO 1265-1979Plastics-PVC resins-Determination of number of impurities andforeign particles

ASTM D 2222-66 (1978)Test for methanol extract of vinyl chloride resins

2.8 Bulk Density

ISO 60-1977Plastics-Determination of apparent density of material that canbe poured from a specified funnel

ISO 61-1976Plastics-Determination of apparent density of moulding materialthat cannot be poured from a specified funnel

ISO 1068-1975Plastics-PVC resins-Determination of compacted apparent bulkdensity

BS 2782: Part 6Method 621A: 1978 (= ISO 60)Determination of apparent density of moulding material that canbe poured from a funnelMethod 621B :1978 (= ISO 61)Determination of apparent density of moulding material whichcannot be poured from a funnelMethod 621D :1978 (= ISO 1068)Determination of compacted apparent bulk density of PVC resins

ASTM D 1895-69 (1979)Tests for apparent density, bulk factor, and pourability of plasticmaterials

NB Method A equivalent to ISO 60Method C equivalent to ISO 61

2.9 Particle Size

ISO 1624-1978Plastics-Vinyl chloride homopolymer and copolymer resins­Sieve analysis in water

Al Standards Relevant to PVC Materials and Products 1139

ISO 4576-1978Plastics-Aqueous dispersions of homopolymers and copolym­ers-Determination of gross particle content by sieve analysis

ISO 4610-1977Plastics-Vinyl chloride homopolymer and copolymer resins­Sieve analysis using air-jet sieve apparatus

BS 2782: Part 4Method 454F: 1978 (= ISO 4610)Sieve analysis of vinyl chloride homopolymer and copolymerresins using air-jet sieve apparatus

ASTM D 1705-61 (1980)Particle size analysis of powdered polymers and copolymers ofvinyl chloride

2.10 Bromine Number

ISO 3499-1976Plastics-Aqueous dispersions of homopolymers and copolymersof vinyl acetate-Determination of bromine number

2.11 pH of Aqueous Extract

ISO 1264-1980Plastics-Homopolymer and copolymer resins of vinyl chloride­Determination of pH of aqueous extract

BS 2782: Part 4Method 454C: 1978 (= ISO 1264)Determination of pH of aqueous extract of PVC resins

2.U Miscellaneous Properties Relevant to Processing

ASTM D 2396-79Recommended practice for powder-mix test of poly(vinyl chlor­ide) (PVC) resins using a torque rheometer

ASTM D 2538-79Recommended practice for fusion test of poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC) resins using a torque rheometer

ASTM D 2873-70 (1982)Test for interior porosity of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) resins bymercury intrusion porosimetry

1140 N. Herbert and W. V. Titow

ASTM D 3367-75 (1980)Test for plasticizer sorption of poly(vinyl chloride) resins underapplied centrifugal force

ASTM D 3596-77Recommended practice for determination of gels (fish eyes) ingeneral purpose poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) resins

2.13 Methanol Extract

ASTM D 2222-66 (1978)Test for methanol extract of vinyl chloride resins

2.14 VCM Content

DIN E 53743 (1979) DraftTesting of plastics; gas chromatographical determination of vinylchloride (VC) in polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

3 VINYL COMPOUNDS (Chapter 3)

3.1 General (Designation, Coding, Characterisation Tests)

(a) Rigid CompoundsISO 1163/1-1980

Plastics-Unplasticized compounds of homopolymers and copo­lymers of vinyl chloride. Part 1: Designation

ASTM D 1784-81Specification for rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) compounds andchlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC) compounds

ASTM D 2124-70 (1979)Analysis of components in poly(vinyl chloride) compounds usingan infrared spectrophotometric technique

ASTM D 3010-71 (1981)Recommended practice for preparing compression-moulded testsample plaques of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) compounds

DIN 7748Part 1 (1979)Plastic moulding materials; unplasticized PVC moulding materials;classification and designationPart 2 (1979)Plastic moulding materials; unplasticized PVC moulding materials;determination of properties

Ai Standards Relevant to PVC Materials and Products 1141

(b) Flexible CompoundsISO 289811-1980Plastics-Plasticized compounds of homopolymers and copolymersof vinyl chloride. Part 1: Designation

ISO 2898/2-1980Plastics-Plasticized compounds of homopolymers and copolymersof vinyl chloride. Part 2: Determination of properties

BS 2571 : 1963Flexible PVC compounds

ASTM D 2124-70 (1979)Analysis of components in poly(vinyl chloride) compounds usingan infrared spectrophotometric technique

ASTM D 2287-81Specification for non-rigid vinyl chloride polymer and copolymermolding and extrusion compounds

DIN 7749Part 1 (1979)Plastic moulding materials; plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC)moulding materials; classification and designationPart 2 (1979)Plastic moulding materials; plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC)moulding materials; preparation of specimens and determinationof their properties

(c) PastesISO 4612-1979Plastics-PVC paste resins-Preparation of a paste

DIN 54800 (1979)Testing of plastics; preparation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pastefor testing purposes

DIN 54801 (1979)Testing of plastics; determination of apparent viscosity at highrates of shear of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) paste by Severscapillary viscometer

(d) MiscellaneousASTM D 729-81Specification fOr vinylidene chloride molding compounds

ASTM D 3364-74 (1979)Test method for flow rates for poly(vinyl chloride) and rheologi­cally unstable thermoplastics

1142 N. Herbert and W. V. Titow

3.2 Properties and Tests

(a) Bulk Density and Pourability

ISO 60-1977 IISO 61-1976BS 2782: Part 6: Method 621A: 1978 For titles see SectionBS 2782: Part 6: Method 621B: 1978 2.8 aboveASTM D 1895-69 (1979)

DIN 53466 (1960)Testing plastics. Determination of bulk factor of mouldingmaterials

DIN 53467 (1960)Testing plastics. Determination of apparent density of mouldingmaterial that cannot be poured from a specified funnel

DIN 53468 (1974)Testing plastics. Determination of apparent density of mouldingmaterial that can be poured from a specified funnel

(b) Water AbsorptionBS 2782: Part 5Method 502e: 1970Water absorption and water soluble matter of polyvinyl chlorideextrusion compound

See also DIN 7748: Part 2 (1979) in Section 3.1(a) of this Appendix.

(c) Temperature Effects

(i) PHYSICALBS 2782: Part 1Method 122A: 1976Determination of deformation under heat of flexible polyvinylchloride compoundMethod 150B: 1976Determination of cold flex temperature of flexible polyvinylcompoundMethod 150C: 1983Determination of low temperature extensibility of flexible poly­vinyl chloride sheet

ASTM D 746-79Test for brittleness temperature of plastics and elastomers byimpact

Al Standards Relevant to PVC Materials and Products 1143

ASTM D 1043-72 (1981)Stiffness properties of plastics as a function of temperature bymeans of a torsion test

ASTM D 1593-81Specification for non-rigid vinyl chloride plastic sheeting

(ii) CHEMICALISO/R 182-1970Plastics-Determination of the thermal stability of polyvinylchloride and related copolymers and their compounds by splittingoff of hydrogen chloride

ISO 305-1976Plastics-Determination of thermal stability of polyvinyl chloride,related chlorine-containing polymers and copolymers, and theircompounds-Discoloration method

BS 2782: Part 1Method BOA: 1976 (=f:. ISO/R 182)Determination of the thermal stability of polyvinyl chloride by theCongo red methodMethod BOB: 1976 (=1= ISO/R 182)Determination of the thermal stability of polyvinyl chloride by thepH method

ASTM D 793-49 (1976)Test for short-time stability at elevated temperatures of plasticscontaining chlorine

ASTM D 2115-67 (1980)Recommended practice for oven heat stability of poly(vinylchloride) compositions

DIN 53381Testing of plastics; determination of the thermal stability ofpolyvinyl chloride and related copolymers and their compounds;Part 1 (1971)Congo red methodPart 2 (1975)Discoloration methodPart 3 (1971)pH method

(d) Mechanical PropertiesBS 2782: Part 3: Method 365A: 1976Determination of softness number of flexible plastics

1144 N. Herbert and W. V. Titow

(e) Miscellaneous Properties and AnalysisASTM D 2124-70 (1979)Analysis of components in poly(vinyl chloride) compounds usingan infrared spectrophotometric technique

ASTM D 2151-68 (1977)Test for staining of poly(vinyl chloride) compositions by rubbercompounding ingredients

ASTM D 2538-79Recommended practice for fusion test of poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC) resins using a torque rheometer

ASTM D 3421-75Extraction and analysis of plasticiser mixtures from vinyl chlorideplastics

ASTM D 3596-77Recommended practice for determination of gels (fish eyes) ingeneral purpose poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) resins

4 PLASTICISERS (Chapters 5-7)

4.1 Bulk Properties

Specifications for individual plasticisers (as chemical materials) may befound in the various catalogues of standards under the appropriatecompound names. Some of these are given here, as are some generaltests on plasticisers and some specifications covering groups ofcompounds used as plasticisers.

ISO 1385/1-1977Phthalate esters for industrial use-Methods of test-Part 1:General

ISO 1385/2-1977Phthalate esters for industrial use-Methods of test-Part II:Measurement of colour after heat treatment (Diallyl phthalateexcluded)

ISO 1385/3-1977Phthalate esters for industrial use-Methods of test-Part III:Determination of ash

Al Standards Relevant to PVC Materials and Products 1145

ISO 1385/4-1977Phthalate esters for industrial use-Methods of test-Part IV:Determination of acidity to phenolphthalein-Titrimetric method

ISO 1385/5-1977Phthalate esters for industrial use-Methods of test-Part V:Determination of ester content-Titrimetric method after sapon­ification

ISO 2520-1974Tritolyl phosphate for industrial use-List of methods of test

ISO 2521-1974Tritolyl phosphate for industrial use-Determination of acidity tophenol red-Volumetric method

ISO 2522-1974Tritolyl phosphate for industrial use-Determination of apparentfree phenols content-Volumetric method

ISO 2523-1974Adipate esters for industrial use-List of methods of test

ISO 2524-1974Adipate esters for industrial use-Measurement of colour afterheat treatment

ISO 2525-1974Adipate esters for industrial use-Determination of acidity tophenolphthalein-Volumetric method

ISO 2526-1974Adipate esters for industrial use-Determination of ash-Gravi­metric method

ISO 2527-1974Adipate esters for industrial use-Determination of ester con­tent-Volumetric method

BS 573, 574, 1995, 1996, 2535, 2536, 3647: 1973Plasticizer estersComprises: BS 573 Dibutyl phthalate

BS 574 Diethyl phthalateBS 1995 Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalateBS 1996 Dimethyl phthalateBS 2535 Dibutyl sebacateBS 2536 Di-(2-ethylphenyl) sebacateBS 3647 Dimethoxyethyl phthalate

BS 1998: 1970Triphenyl phosphate

1146 N. Herbert and W. V. Titow

BS 1999: 1964 (± ISO 2520/2)Tritolyl phosphate

BS 4835: 1973 (± ISO 1385, ISO 252417)Methods of test for plasticizer esters

BS 4968-70: 1973Di-isobutyl phthalate, di-isooctyl phthalate and di-isooctyl seba­cate

ASTM D 1045-80Sampling and testing plasticizers used in plastics

ASTM D 1249-81Specification for octyl ortho-phthalate ester plasticizers

ASTM D 2288-69 (1980)Test for weight loss of plasticizers on heating

DIN 53400 (1970)Testing of plasticizers; determination of density, refractive index,flash point and viscosity

DIN 53401 (1975)Determination of saponification value

DIN 53402 (1973)Determination of acid value

DIN 53404 (1952)Testing of plasticizers; determination of saponification rate

DIN 53409 (1967)Testing of plasticizers and solvents; determination of Hazen colour(platinum cobalt colour, APHA method)

4.2 Properties in Association with PVC (Compatibility, Volatility,Migration)

ISO 176-1976Plastics-Determination of loss of plasticizers-Activated carbonmethod

ISO 177-1976Plastics-Determination of migration of plasticizers

BS 2782: Part 4Method 465A and 465B: 1979 (= ISO 176)Determination of loss of plasticizers (activated carbon method)

BS 2782: Part 5Method 51lA: 1970Effect of polyvinyl chloride compound on the loss tangent ofpolythene

Al Standards Relevant to PVC Materials and Products 1147

ASTM D 1203-67 (1981)Tests for loss of plasticizer from plastics (activated carbonmethods)

ASTM D 2134-66 (1980)Test for softening of organic coatings by plastic compositions

ASTM D 2383-69 (1981)Recommended practice for testing plasticizer compatibility inpoly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) compounds under humid conditions

ASTM D 3291-74 (1980)Test for compatibility of plasticizers in poly(vinyl chloride) plasticsunder compression

ASTM D 3421-75Extraction and analysis of plasticizer mixtures from vinyl chlorideplastics

DIN 53405 (1981)Testing plasticizers; determination of migration of plasticizers

DIN 53407 (1971)Testing plastics; determination of loss in weight of plasticizedplastics by the activated carbon method

DIN 53408 (1967)Testing plastics; determination of solubility temperature ofpolyvinyl chloride in plasticizers

4.3 Effects on PVC

ISO 4574-1978Plastics-PVC resins for general use-Determination of hotplasticizer absorption

ISO 4608-1977Plastics-PVC resins for general use-Determination of plasticizerabsorption at room temperature

BS 2782: Part 4Method 454E: 1978 (= ISO 4608)Determination of plasticizer absorption at room temperature ofPVC resins for general use

ASTM D 2396-79Recommended practice for powder-mix test of poly(vinyl chlor­ide) (PVC) resins using a torque rheometer

ASTM D 3367-75 (1980)Test for plasticizer sorption of poly(vinyl chloride) resins underapplied centrifugal force

1148 N. Herbert and W. V. Titow

DIN 53408 (1967)Testing of plastics; determination of solubility temperature ofpolyvinyl chloride in plasticizers

5 PVC SHEETING AND FILMS (Chapter 20)

5.1 Rigid

BS 3757: 1978Rigid PVC sheet

BS 4203: 1980Extruded rigid PVC corrugated sheeting

ASTM D 1927-81Specification for rigid poly(vinyl chloride) plastic sheet

ASTM D 2123-81Specification for rigid poly(vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate) plasticsheet

DIN 16927Part 1 (1977)Sheets of rigid polyvinyl chloride (rigid PVC), normal impactstrength; technical delivery specificationsPart 2 (1977)Sheets of rigid polyvinyl chloride (rigid PVC), raised impactstrength; technical delivery specifications

DIN 16929 (1965)Tubes and sheets of rigid PVC (rigid polyvinyl chloride);resistance to chemicals; recommended practice

5.2 Flexible

BS 1763: 1975Thin PVC sheeting (calendered, flexible, unsupported)

BS 2739: 1975Thick PVC sheeting (calendered, flexible, unsupported)

BS 2782: Part 6Method 643A: 1976Shrinkage on heating of film intended for shrink wrappingapplications

BS 3878: 1982Flexible PVC sheeting for hospital use

Al Standards Relevant to PVC Materials and Products 1149

ASTM D 1239-55 (1971)Test for resistance of plastic films to extraction by chemicals.Discontinued in 1980

ASTM D 1593-81Specification for non-rigid vinyl chloride plastic sheeting

ASTM D 1893-67 (1978)Test for blocking of plastic film

ASTM D 3083-76Flexible poly(vinyl chloride) plastic sheeting for pond, canal andreservoir lining

ASTM D 3354-74 (1979)Test for blocking load of plastic film by the parallel plate method

DIN 16937 (1971)Sheets of bitumen-resistant nonrigid PVC (nonrigid polyvinylchloride) for waterproofing of buildings; requirements, testing

DIN 16938 (1971)Sheets of non-bitumen-resistant non-rigid PVC (non-rigid poly­vinyl chloride) for damp-proofing

DIN 53372 (1970)Testing of plastics films; determination of break at low tempera­ture of films of nonrigid polyvinyl chloride

The following list gives further DIN specifications on the testing ofplastics sheet and film (short titles):

DIN 53353 (1971): Tear testDIN 53365 (1974): Mass per unit areaDIN 53366 (1975) Draft: BlockingDIN 53369 (1976): Shrinking stressDIN 53370 (1976): ThicknessDIN 53374 (1959): FlexureDIN 53375 (1972): Coefficients of frictionDIN 53377 (1969): Dimensional stabilityDIN 53378 (1965): Colour fastness to hydrogen sulphideDIN 53380 (1969): Gas transmission rateDIN 53488 (1963): Hole test

5.3 Sheet and Film Fabrication and Products

BS 1776: 1951Fabrication of lightweight articles (other than rainwear) frompolyvinyl chloride sheeting

1150 N. Herbert and W. V. Titow

BS 3501: 1962Dinghy buoyancy equipment

ASTM D 1789-65 (1977)Test for welding performance of poly(vinyl chloride) structures

DIN 1910Part 3 (1977)Welding; welding of plastics, processes

DIN 16930 (1964)Welding of rigid PVC (rigid polyvinyl chloride); recommendedpractice

DIN 16931 (1959)Welding of nonrigid PVC (nonrigid polyvinyl chloride); recom­mended practice

DIN 16995 (1976)Packaging materials; plastics films, main properties, specialproperties, test methods

Note: Some properties of PVC films and sheeting are covered bygeneral plastics film and sheeting standards. Such standardsare mentioned in the appropriate chapters and in Appendix 3.Some examples are water vapour permeability, gas permeabil­ity, electrical properties and flammability. BS 1133 PackagingCode; Section 21: 1976 Regenerated cellulose film, aluminiumfoil and flexible laminates is also relevant to plastics films forpackaging (cf. DIN 16995 above).

6 PVC PIPES, TUBING AND PIPE FITTINGS

6.1 Rigid Pipes and Fittings, Including Pressure Pipes

ISO DATA 7-1979Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride pipes and fittings-Chemicalresistance with respect to fluids

ISO 580-1973Moulded fittings in unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for useunder pressure-Oven test

ISO 727-1979Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fittings with plain socketsfor pipes under pressure-Dimensions of sockets-Metric series

Al Standards Relevant to PVC Materials and Products 1151

ISO 2035-1974Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) moulded fittings for elasticsealing ring type joints for use under pressure-Pressure resistancetest

ISO 2043-1974Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) moulded fittings for elasticsealing ring type joints for use under pressure-Oven test

ISO 2044-1974Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) injection-moulded solvent­welded socket fittings for use with pressure pipe-Hydraulicinternal pressure test

ISO 2045-1973Single sockets for unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pressurepipes with elastic sealing ring type joints-Minimum depths ofengagement

ISO 2048-1973Double socket fittings for unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC)pressure pipes with elastic sealing ring type joints-Minimumdepths of engagement

ISO 2505-1981Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes-Longitudinal rever­sion-Test methods and specification

ISO 2507-1982Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes and fittings-Vicatsoftening temperature-Test method and specification

ISO 2508-1981Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes-Water absorp­tion-Determination and specification

ISO 2536-1974Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pressure pipes and fittings,metric series-Dimensions of flanges

ISO 2703-1973Buried unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes for the supplyof gaseous fuels-Metric series-Specification

ISO 3114-1977Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes for potable watersupply-Extractability of lead and tin-Test method

ISO 3460-1975Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pressure pipes-Metricseries-Dimensions of adapter for backing flange

1152 N. Herbert and W. V. Titow

ISO 3472-1975Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes-Specification anddetermination to resistance to acetone

ISO 3473-1977Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes-Effect of sulphuricacid-Requirement and test method

ISO 3474-1976Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes-Specification andmeasurement of opacity

ISO 3603-1977Fittings for unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pressure pipeswith elastic sealing ring type joints-Pressure test for leakproof­ness

ISO 3604-1976Fittings for unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pressure pipeswith elastic sealing ring type joints-Pressure test for leak­proofness under conditions of external hydraulic pressure

ISO 3606-1976Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes-Tolerances onoutside diameters and wall thicknesses

ISO 4434-1977Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) adapter fittings forpipes under pressure-Laying length and size of threads-Metricseries

ISO 4439-1979Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes and fittings­Determination and specification of density

BS 3505: 1968 (1982) (oF ISO 2505, ISO 3114, ISO 3472-3, ± ISO3474)Unplasticized PVC pipe for cold water services

BS 3506: 1969Unplasticized PVC pipe for industrial purposes

BS 3943: 1979Plastics waste traps

BS 4346 (± ISO 2035, ISO 2043-5, ISO 2048)Joints and fittings for use with unplasticized PVC pressure pipesPart 1: 1969Injection moulded PVC fittings for solvent welding for use withpressure pipes, including potable water supplyPart 2: 1970Mechanical joints and fittings principally of unplasticized PVC

Al Standards Relevant to PVC Materials and Products 1153

Part 3: 1982Solvent cement

BS 4514: 1983Unplasticized PVC soil and ventilating pipe, fittings and acces­sories

BS 4576Unplasticized PVC rainwater goodsPart 1: 1982Half-round gutters and circular pipe

BS4607Non-metallic conduits and fittings for electrical installationsPart 1: 1970Rigid PVC conduits and conduit fittings. Metric unitsPart 2: 1970Rigid PVC conduits and conduit fittings. Imperial unitsPart 3: 1971Pliable corrugated, plain and reinforced conduits of self­extinguishing plastics materialPart 5: 1982Rigid conduits, fittings and components of insulating materials

BS 4660: 1973Unplasticized PVC underground drain pipe and fittings

BS 5481 :1977Specification for unplasticized PVC pipe and fittings for gravitysewers

BS CP 312Plastics pipework (thermoplastics materials)Part 2: 1973Unplasticized PVC pipework for the conveyance of liquids underpressure

ASTM D 876-71Testing non rigid vinyl chloride polymer tubing used for electricalinsulation

ASTM D 1785-76Specification for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastic pipe, schedules40, 80 and 120

ASTM D 2152-80Degree of fusion of extruded poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) pipe andmolded fittings by acetone immersion

ASTM D 2241-80Specification for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastic pipe (SDR-PR)

1154 N. Herbert and W. V. Titow

ASTM D 2464-76Specification for threaded poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastic pipefittings, schedule 80

ASTM D 2466-78Specification for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastic pipe fittings,schedule 40

ASTM D 2467-76aSpecification for socket-type poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plasticpipe fittings, schedule 80

ASTM D 2665-81Specification for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastic drain, wasteand vent pipe and fittings

ASTM D 2672-80Specification for bell-end poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) pipe

ASTM D 2729-80Specification for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) sewer pipe and fittings

ASTM D 2740-80Specification for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastic tubing

ASTM D 2846-81Specification for chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC) plastichot- and cold-water distribution systems

ASTM D 2949-78Specification for 3·25-in outside diameter poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC) plastic drain, waste, and vent pipe and fittings

ASTM D 3033-81Specification for type PSP poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) sewer pipeand fittings

ASTM D 3034-81Specification for type PSM poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) sewer pipesand fittings

DIN 1187 (1982)Drain pipes of unplasticized polyvinyl chloride; dimensions,general requirements, test methods

DIN 3441Valves of unplasticized polyvinyl chloridePart 1 (1982): requirements and testsPart 2 (1977): ball valves, dimensionsPart 3 (1977): diaphragm valves, dimensionsPart 4 (1978): oblique pattern valves, dimensions

Al Standards Relevant to PVC Materials and Products 1155

DIN 3543Part 3 (1978)Tapping valves for plastics pipes, dimensions

DIN 4279Part 7 (1975)Internal pressure test of pressure pipelines for water, pressurepipes of unplasticized PVC

DIN 6660 (1980)Pneumatic tube systems; conveyor tubes of rigid PVC

DIN 6661 (1979)Pneumatic tube systems; sleeves of rigid PVC

DIN 6664 (1980)Pneumatic tube systems, conveyor tube bends 900 of rigid PVC

DIN 8061Part 1 (1974)Pipes of rigid PVC; general quality requirements, test methodsPart 2 (1971)Pipes of high impact PVC; general quality requirements, testmethods

DIN 8062 (1974)Pipes of rigid PVC; dimensions

DIN 8063 Parts 1-11Pipe joints and their elements for pipes of unplasticized PVCunder pressure

DIN 8079 (1974) (Preliminary Standard)Pipes of PVC-C (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride) dimensions

DIN 8080 (1974) (Preliminary Standard)Pipes of PVC-C; general quality requirements and test methods

DIN 16450 (1975)Socket-fittings for pressure main lines of rigid polyvinyl chloride;symbols

DIN 16451 Parts 1-7Socket-fittings of cast iron with lamellar graphite for pressure mainlines of rigid polyvinyl chloride

DIN 16929 (1965)Tubes and sheets of rigid PVC; resistance to chemicals, recom­mended practice

DIN 19531 (1980)Pipes and fittings of unplasticized PVC, with rubber ring sockets,

1156 N. Herbert and W. V. Titow

for waste and soil installation inside buildings; dimensions,technical specifications for delivery

DIN 19532 (1979)Pipe-lines of unplasticized PVC for drinking water supply; pipes,pipe connections, fittings for pipe lines

DIN 19534Part 1 (1979)Pipes and fittings of unplasticized PVC (polyvinyl chloride) withsockets for elastic sealing ring joints for sewage; dimensionsPart 2 (1979)Pipes and fittings of unplasticized PVC (polyvinyl chloride) withsockets for elastic sealing ring joints for sewage; technical deliveryspecifications

DIN 19538 (1980) DraftPipes and fittings of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (PVC-C) withrubber ring sealed sockets for hot water resistant waste and soilinstallations inside buildings; dimensions, technical specificationsfor delivery

DIN 86012 (1978)Pipe lines of unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (unplasticized PVC)on ships, cemented type joints; summary of components

DIN 86013 (1978)Pipes of unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (unplasticized PVC) onships with pipe fittings for solvent cement joints

DIN 86015 (1976) (Preliminary standard)Pipe lines of unplasticized polyvinyl chloride on ships, cementedtype joints; application, processing, laying

6.2 Flexible Tubing

BS 1882: 1976Specification for flexible polymeric tubing and drainage sheeting(radio-opaque) for medical use

BS 3746: 1964 (1983)PVC garden hose

BS 4607Non-metallic conduits and fittings for electrical installationsPart 3: 1971Pliable corrugated, plain and reinforced conduits of self­extinguishing plastics material

Al Standards Relevant to PVC Materials and Products 1157

ASTM D 876-80Testing nonrigid vinyl chloride polymer tubing used for electricalinsulation

ASTM D 922-80Specification for nonrigid vinyl chloride polymer tubing

ASTM D 3150-81Specification for crosslinked and noncrosslinked poly(vinyl chlor­ide) heat shrinkable tubing for electrical insulation

DIN 16940 (1964)Extruded hoses of nonrigid PVC (nonrigid polyvinyl chloride);permissable deviations for dimensions for which tolerances are notindicated

DIN 16942 (1966)Water-hoses of nonrigid PVC (nonrigid polyvinyl chloride);dimensions

6.3 Miscellaneous Standards Relevant to Pipes

ISO 3514-1976Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) pipes and fittings­Specification and determination of density

ISO 3608-1976Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) pipes-Tolerances onoutside diameters and wall thicknesses

ISO 4065-1978Thermoplastic pipes-Universal wall thickness table

BS 4962: 1982Pipes for use as light sub-soil drains

BS 5556: 1978 (± ISO 161/1)Specification for general requirements for dimensions and pressureratings for pipe of thermoplastics materials (metric series)

BS CP 312Plastics pipework (thermoplastics materials)Part 1: 1973General principles and choice of material

ASTM D 2152-80Test for degree of fusion of extruded poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)pipe and molded fittings by acetone immersion

ASTM D 2564-80Specification for solvent cements for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)plastic pipe and fittings

1158 N. Herbert and W. V. Titow

ASTM D 2855-81Recommended practice for making solvent-cemented joints withpoly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) pipe and fittings

ASTM D 3036-73Specification for socket-type poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plasticline couplings

ASTM F 409-81Specification for thermoplastic accessible and replaceable plastictube and tubular fittings

ASTM F 412-81Definitions of terms relating to plastic piping systems

DIN 16929 (1965)Tubes and sheets of rigid PVC (rigid polyvinyl chloride);resistance to chemicals, recommended practice

7 PVC-COATED MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS

Several standards covering plastics-coated fabrics generally are re­levant to PVC-coated fabrics, and have been included in this list.

7.1 Coated Fabrics, Including Conveyor and Transmission Belting

ISO 1419-1977Fabrics coated with rubber or plastics-Accelerated ageing andsimulated service tests

ISO 1420-1978Rubber and plastics coated fabric-Determination of resistance topenetration by water

ISO 1421-1977Fabrics coated with rubber or plastics-Determination of breakingstrength and elongation at break

BS 351: 1976 (=1= ISO 22)Specification for rubber, balata or plastics flat transmission beltingof textile construction for general use

BS 490Conveyor and elevator belting

BSO 490Part 1: 1972 (=f:. ISO 282, ISO 283, ISO 703, ISO 1121)Rubber and plastics conveyor belting of textile construction for

Al Standards Relevant to PVC Materials and Products 1159

general use (of either multi-ply, single-ply or solid wovenconstruction)Part 2: 1975 (± ISO 251, ISO 252, ISO 282, ISO 283, ISO 432, ISO433)Rubber and plastics belting of textile construction for use onbucket elevators

BS 3424Parts 0-7: 1982Testing coated fabrics

BS 3546Parts 1 and 2: 1981Coated fabrics for water resistant clothing

BS 5790Coated fabrics for upholsteryPart 1: 1979Specification for PVC coated knitted fabricsPart 2: 1979Specification for PVC coated woven fabrics

ASTM D 751-79Testing coated fabrics

ASTM D 2136-66 (1978)Testing coated fabrics-Low-temperature bend test

ASTM D 2137-75Test for rubber property-Brittleness point of flexible polymersand coated fabrics

DIN 16922 (1981)Flexible sheet materials, manufactured using plastics; technologi­cal classification.

DIN specifications relating to coated fabrics generally-not speci­fically PVC-coated-(short titles):

DIN 53352 (1982): Mass per unit areaDIN 53353 (1971): ThicknessDIN 53354 (1981): Tensile testDIN 53356 (1982): Tear growth test ('trouser-leg' specimen)DIN 53357 (1982): AdhesionDIN 53358(1971): Mass per unit area of coatingDIN 53359 (1957): Cracking on repeated flexingDIN 53360 (1982): ElongationDIN 53361 (1982): Cold creasingDIN 53362 (1980): Determination of stiffness in bending

1160 N. Herbert and W. V. Titow

7.2 Other Coated Materials and Products (including chain-linkfencing, powder-coated wire and other products)

BS 1651: 1966Industrial gloves

BS 4102: 1971Steel wire for fences

DIN 3036Part 1 (1978)Plastic coated steel wiresPart 2 (1978)Plastic coated steel wires

8 CELLULAR VINYLS (Chapter 25)

Standards relating specifically to cellular vinyls are still comparativelyfew, and those covering cellular plastics generally are frequently used.For this reason most of the latter standards have been listed here.Specifications relating to fabrics coated with cellular vinyls are givenin Section 7 of this Appendix.

8.1 Rigid CeDular Materials

ISO 844-1978Cellular plastics-Compression test of rigid materials

ISO 845-1977Cellular rubbers and plastics-Determination of apparent density

ISO 1209-1976Rigid cellular plastics-Bending test

ISO 1922-1981Cellular plastics-Determination of shear strength of rigid mate­rial

ISO 1923-1981Cellular plastics and rubbers-Determination of linear dimensions

ISO 1926-1979Cellular plastics-Determination of tensile properties of rigidmaterials

ISO 2581-1975Plastics-Rigid cellular materials-Determination of 'apparent'thermal conductivity by means of a heat-flow meter

Al Standards Relevant to PVC Materials and Products 1161

ISO 2796-1980Cellular plastics-Test for dimensional stability of rigid materials

ISOrrR 2799-1978Cellular plastics-Determination of the temperature at which fixedpermanent deformation of rigid materials occurs under compress­ive load

ISO 2896-1974Rigid cellular plastics-Determination of water absorption

BS 3869: 1965Rigid expanded polyvinyl chloride for thermal insulation purposesand building applications

BS 4370Methods of test for rigid cellular materialsPart 1: 1968 (=1= ISO 844, 845, 1923)Methods 1-5Part 2: 1973 (=1= ISO 1922; ± ISO 1926)Methods 6-10Part 3: 1974Methods 11-13

ASTM D 1621-73 (1979)Test for compressive properties of rigid cellular plastics

ASTM D 1622-63 (1975)Test for apparent density of rigid cellular plastics

ASTM D 1623-78Test for tensile properties of rigid cellular plastics

ASTM D 2126-75Test for response of rigid cellular plastics to thermal and humidaging

ASTM D 2842-69 (1975)Test for water absorption of rigid cellular plastics

DIN 53421 (1971)Testing of rigid cellular plastics; compression test

DIN 53423 (1975)Testing of rigid cellular plastics; bending test

DIN 53424 (1978)Testing of rigid cellular plastics; determination of dimensionalstability under heat in the case of flexural load and compressionload

DIN 53425 (1965)Testing of rigid foams; creep-depending-on-time compression testunder heat

1162 N. Herbert and W. V. Titaw

DIN 53427 (1976)Testing of rigid cellular plastics; determination of shear strength ofrigid cellular plastics in the form of a sandwich between metalplates

DIN 53430 (1975)Testing of rigid cellular plastics; tensile test

DIN 53432 (1977)Selfskinning rigid foams; test methods

DIN 53433 (1979)Testing of rigid cellular plastics; determination of water absorptionby dipping in water

8.2 Flexible Cellular Materials

BS 4023: 1975Flexible cellular PVC sheeting

BS 4443 (~ ISO 485, 1794, 1798, 1856,3386)Methods of test for flexible cellular materialsPart 1: 1979Methods 1 to 6Part 2: 1972 (= ISO 2439)Method 7-Indentation hardness testPart 3: 1975Method 8--Determination of creepMethod 9-Determination of dynamic cushioning performancePart 4: 1976 (;zf ISO 2440)Methods 10-12Part 5: 1980Test for dynamic fatigue by constant load poundingPart 6: 1980Methods 14-16

ASTM D 1565-81Specification for flexible cellular materials-vinyl chloride polym­ers and copolymers (open-cell foam)

ASTM D 1667-76 (1981)Specification for flexible cellular materials-vinyl chloride polym­ers and copolymers (closed-cell vinyl)

DIN 53570 (1981)Testing cellular materials; determination of linear dimensions

DIN 53571 (1978)Testing of flexible cellular materials; test of the tensile strength

Ai Standards Relevant to PVC Materials and Products 1163

DIN 53572 (1979)Testing of flexible cellular materials; determination of compress­ion set after constant deformation

DIN 53574 (1977)Flexible cellular materials; test for dynamic fatigue by constantload pounding

DIN 53576 (1976)Testing of flexible cellular materials; hardness testing by indenta­tion techniques

DIN 53577 (1976)Testing of flexible cellular materials; determination of compress­ion stress value and compression stress-strain characteristics

DIN 53578 (1974)Testing of flexible cellular materials; testing of ageing

DIN 53579Part 1 (1980)Testing of flexible cellular materials; hardness test on finishedparts, compression test on shaped partsPart 2 (Draft) (1977)Testing of flexible cellular materials; hardness test on finishedparts, compression test on profiles

8.3 MisceUaneous Standards (including those relevant generally tocellular plastics materials and products)

(a) Definition and ClassificationDIN 7726Part 1 (1966)Cellular materials; definitions of terms, classification

(b) Physical Properties-GeneralDIN 53420 (1978)Testing of cellular materials; determination of apparent density

(c) Thermal Properties-GeneralASTM C 177-76Test for steady-state thermal transmission properties by means ofthe guarded hot plate

ASTM D 696-79Test for coefficient of linear thermal expansion of plastics

1164 N. Herbert and W. V. Titow

(d) Flammability and BurningASTM E 84-81Test for surface burning characteristics of building materials

ASTM E 162-81Test for surface flammability of materials using a radiant heatenergy source

(e) Chemical Resistance and PermeabilityASTM E 96-80Tests for water vapor transmission of materials

DIN 53428 (1967)Testing of foams; determination of the resistance to liquids,vapours, gases and solid materials

(f) Insulation Materials

(i) THERMALASTM C 351-61 (1973)Test for mean specific heat of thermal insulation

ASTM C 421-77Test for tumbling friability of preformed block-type thermalinsulation

DIN 18164Part 1 (1979)Foamed plastics as insulating building materials; insulatingmaterials for thermal insulationPart 2 (1979)Foamed plastics as insulating building materials; insulatingmaterials for impact sound insulation

(ii) ELECfRICALASTM D 149-81Tests for dielectric breakdown voltage and dielectric strength ofelectrical insulating materials at commercial power frequencies

ASTM D 257-78Tests for D-C resistance or conductance of insulating materials

ASTM D 1673-79Tests for relative permittivity and dissipation factor of expandedcellular plastics used for electrical insulation

Al Standards Relevant to PVC Materials and Products 1165

(iii) ACOUSTICALASTM C 384-77 (1981)Test for impedance and absorption of acoustical materials by theimpedance tube method

ASTM C 423-81Test for sound absorption and sound absorption coefficient by thereverberation room method

(g) Cushioning MaterialsASTM D 1596-78Test for shock absorbing characteristics of package cushioningmaterials

ASTM D 2221-68 (1979)Test for creep properties of package cushioning materials

(h) Sandwich StructuresASTM C 273-61 (1980)Shear test in flatwise plane of flat sandwich constructions orsandwich cores

ASTM C 393-62 (1980)Flexure test of flat sandwich constructions

9 PVC WIRE AND CABLE INSULATION, CABLESHEATHING AND JACKETING

BS 6004: 1975PVC-insulated cables (non-armoured) for electric power andlighting

BS 6231: 1981Specification for PVC-insulated cables for switchgear and control­gear wiring

BS 6346: 1969 (1977)PVC-insulated cables for electricity supply

BS 6485: 1971 (1977)PVC-covered conductors for overhead power lines

BS 6746: 1976PVC insulation and sheath of electrical cables

1166 N. Herbert and W. V. Titow

BS 6746C: 1969 (1979)Colour chart for PVC insulation and sheath of electric cables

ASTM D 876-80Testing nonrigid vinyl chloride polymer tubing used for electricalinsulation

ASTM D 922-80Specification for nonrigid vinyl chloride polymer tubing

ASTM D 1047-79Specification for poly(vinyl chloride) jacket for wire and cable

ASTM D 1755-81Specification for poly(vinyl chloride) resinsSection 13:Electrical conductivity of water extract

(This test distinguishes between electrical and non-electrical grades ofunprocessed PVC resin)ASTM D 2219-81Specification for poly(vinyl chloride) insulation for wire and cable,60°C operation

ASTM D 2220-80Specification for poly(vinyl chloride) insulation for wire and cable,75°C operation

ASTM D 2405-81Specification for general-purpose acrylonitrile-butadiene/poly­(vinyl chloride) (NBRlPVC) jacket for wire and cable

ASTM D 2432-81Specification for heavy-duty acrylonitrile-butadiene/poly(vinylchloride) (NBRlPVC) jacket for wire and cable

ASTM D 2633-82Testing thermoplastic insulated and jacketed wire and cable

ASTM D 2708-81Specification for extra-heavy-duty acrylonitrile-butadiene/poly­(vinyl chloride) (NBRlPVC) jacket for wire and cable

General: Test methods for electrical properties of plastics insulationmaterials are given in the following collections of standards:

BS 2782: Part 2. Electrical propertiesASTM Book of Standards: Volumes 08·02, 10·01-10·03DIN Handbook Plastics 1. Mechanical, thermal and electricalproperties

Al Standards Relevant to PVC Materials and Products 1167

10 PVC FLOORING

BS 3260: 1969PVC (vinyl) asbestos floor tiles

BS 3261Unbacked flexible PVC flooringPart 1: 1973Homogeneous flooring

BS 4902: 1976Specification for sheet and tile flooring colours for buildingpurposes

BS 5085Backed flexible PVC flooringPart 2: 1976Cellular PVC backing

DIN 16950 (1977)Flooring materials; vinyl-asbestos-tiles, requirements, testmethods

DIN 16951 (1977)Floor coverings; polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flooring withoutbacking, requirements, test methods

11 VARIOUS PRODUCT STANDARDS AND TESTS

11.1 Colour Bleeding and Staining

ISO 183-1976Plastics-Qualitative evaluation of the bleeding of colorants

BS 2782: Part 5Method 542A: 1979 (= ISO 183)Qualitative evaluation of bleeding of colourants

ASTM D 2151-68 (1977)Test for staining of poly(vinyl chloride) compositions by rubbercompounding ingredients

11.2 Miscellaneous

ISO 580-1973Moulded fittings in unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for useunder pressure-Oven test

1168 N. Herbert and W. V. Titow

BS 3887: 1965Regenerated cellulose and unplasticized PVC pressure-sensitiveclosing and sealing tapes

ASTM D 2301-73 (1979)Specification for vinyl chloride plastic pressure-sensitive electricalinsulating tape

ASTM D 3005-73 (1979)Specification for low-temperature resistant vinyl chloride plasticpressure-sensitive electrical insulating tape

DIN 16941 (1964)Extruded profiles of nonrigid PVC (nonrigid polyvinyl chloride);permissable deviations for dimensions for which tolerances are notindicated

DIN 53419 (1977)Extruded profiles of unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (unplasticizedPVC); test method of the behaviour against methylene chloride

APPENDIX 2

Quantities and Units: The SI System:Unit Conversion Tables

Compiled by W. V. TITOW

The measurement and expression of the properties of the great varietyof PVC materials and products in existence today, as well as thedescription of their performance in their numerous applications,involve the use of various units from a number of scientific disciplinesand technical fields. The conversion tables and other informationprovided in this appendix are offered as relevant and-it is hoped­potentially useful in these connections.Sources of further information include the following standards andpublications:

ISO 31*Covering the general principles concerning quantities, units andsymbols (ISO 31/0-1974), the quantities and units of space and time(ISO 31/1-1978), periodic and related phenomena (ISO 31/2-1978),mechanics (ISO 31/3-1978), heat (ISO 31/4-1978), electricity andmagnetism (ISO 31/5-1979), light and related electromagneticradiations (ISO 31/6-1973), acoustics (ISO 31/7-1978), physicalchemistry and molecular physics (ISO 31/8-1973), atomic andnuclear physics (ISO 31/9-1973), nuclear reactions and ionisingradiations (ISO 31/10-1973), and solid state physics (ISO 31/13), aswell as mathematical signs and symbols for use in the physicalsciences and technology (ISO 31/11-1978), and dimensionlessparameters (ISO 31/12-1975).

* ISO Standard Handbook 2: 'Units of Measurement', contains the texts of allrelevant ISO standards.

1169

1170 W. V. Titow

ISO 1000-1973. * 'SI Units and recommendations for the use of theirmultiples and of certain other units'.

BS 350. 'Conversion factors and Tables'(Part 1 :1974, Part 2:1962 with Supplement No.1: 1967).

BS 1991. 'Letter symbols, signs and abbreviations'Covering general aspects (Part 1:1976), chemical engineering,nuclear science and applied chemistry (Part 2:1961), fluid mechanics(Part 3: 1961), structures, materials and soil mechanics (Part4: 1961), applied thermodynamics (Part 5: 1961), electrical scienceand engineering (Part 6:1975) with a list of subscripts for electricaltechnology (Supplement No.1: 1973 to Part 6).

BS 3763:1976. 'The International System of Units (SI)'

ASTM Metric Practice Guide (1976). US National Bureau ofStandards.

Changing to the Metric System. (1969). Anderton, P. and Bigg, P. H.,HMSO.

The International System of Units (1973). HMSO.

The Use of SI Units (1969). British Standards Institution.

Quantities, Units and Symbols (1975). The Royal Society.

A Dictionary of Scientific Units. (1964). lerrard, H. G. and McNeill,D. B., Chapman and Hall.

Standardisation of units, with emphasis on the use of those of the SIsystem, has-for some time now-been strongly promoted in thescience and technology of plastics. The SI units are, therefore, givenprominence in this section.The SI system is based on seven so-called base units. It also containstwo supplementary units, and a number of derived units with specialnames. Multiples and sub-multiples of all SI units are, of course, alsowithin the system.

* ISO Standard Handbook 2: 'Units of Measurement', contains the texts of allrelevant ISO standards.

A2 Quantities and Units: The Sf System: Unit Conversion Tables 1171

Named Units of the SI System

Quantity Unit Common Equivalent in(usual symbol(s) in equivalent base (and

brackets) Name Symbol in Sl supplementary)units Sl units

Base units Length (L, I) metre mMass (M, m) kilogram kgTime (T, t) second sElectric current (I) ampere AThermodynamic temperature

(e, T) kelvin KLuminous intensity (J, I) candela cdAmount of substance

(N, n) mole mol

Supplementary Plane angle (cr, {3, y, 0, !p, etc.) radian Tadunits Solid angle (Q, w) steradian sr

Derived units Absorbed dose (ionisingwith special radiation) gray Gy J kg-I m2 s-2

names Electric capacitance (C) farad F Cy-l s' A2 m-2 kg-IElectric conductance (G) siemens S Ay-l S3 A2 m-2 kg-1

Electric potential,tension (V, U) volt Y WA-1 m2 kgs-3 A-1

Electric resistance (R) ohm Q YA-1 m2 kgs-3 A-2

Energy (E), Work (W, w),Quantity of heat (Q, q) joule J Nm m2 kg S-2Force (F) newton N m kgs-2

Frequency (v, f) hertz Hz S-I

illuminance (E) lux Ix cd srm-2

Inductance (L, M) henry H WbA- 1 m2 kgs-2 A-2

Luminous flux (4)) lumen 1m cd srMagnetic flux (4)) weber Wb Ys m2 kgs-2 A-1

Magnetic flux density (B) tesla T Wbm-2 kgs-2 A- 1

Power (P), Energy flux (E",) watt W J S-l m2 kgs-3

Pressure (P), Stress (a, r) pascal Pa Nm-2 kg m-I S-2Quantity of electricity,Electric charge (Q, q) coulomb C As

Decimal multiples and sub-multiples of units in the SI and othersystems are denoted by adding directly (i.e. without a space or hyphen)the appropriate prefix to the name of the unit, or the appropriatesymbol to the unit symbol. The use of multiples and sub-multipleswhich are not powers of 1000 (indicated by parentheses in the listbelow) is discouraged in the SI system.

1172 W. V. Titow

Multiple x 1018 x 1015 X 1012 X 109 X 106 x 1cP x lOZ xlOPrefix exa pela lera giga mega kilo (hecla) (deca)Symbol E P T G M k h da

Sub-multiple x 10-1 x 10-2 X 10-3 X 10-6 X 10-9 X 10-12 X 10-15 X 10-18

Prefix (deci) (cenli) milli micro nano pica femlo attoSymbol d c m /.l n P f a

Unit Conversions: Time

SI unit Other common units

s year d· h· min·(solar day)b (hour) (minute)

1 3·169 x 10-8 1·157 X 10-5 2·778 X 10-4 1·667 X 10-2

3·155 6926 x 10' 1 365·24 8·766 x 103 5·259 x lOS8·640 x 1Q4 2·738 x 10-3 1 24 14403600 1·141 x 10-4 4·167 X 10-2 1 6060 1·901 X 10-6 6·944 X 10-4 1·667 X 10-2 1

a Units recognised for use with the International System.b 1 sidereal day =86164·090 6 seconds; 1 year =366·25 sidereal days.

Unit Conversions: Electric CurrentOnly the SI unit (ampere) or its multiples or sub-multiples in use.

Unit Conversions: Luminous IntensityOnly the SI unit (candela) or its multiples or sub-multiples in commonuse.

Unit Conversions: Amount of SubstanceOnly the SI unit (mole) now in common use (mainly in calculations inchemistry and physics).The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains asmany elementary entities as there are atoms in exactly 0-012 kg of 12c.The entities (which must be specified in each particular case) may beatoms, ions, molecules, electrons, or groups of such units.

Un

itC

onve

rsio

ns:

Len

gth

- Sf

unit

sO

ther

com

mo

nun

its

mcm

mm

jim

QA

ydft

in(a

ngst

rom

)(y

ard)

(foo

t)(i

nch)

1100

1000

1X106

1X1010

1·093610

3·28084

39·3701

0·01

110

1X104

1X108

0·010936

0·032808

0·393701

1X10-3

0·1

11X103

1X107

1·0936X10-3

3·2808X10-3

0·039370

1X10-6

1X10-4

1X10-3

11X104

1X10-10

1X10-8

1X10-7

1X10-4

10·9144

91·44

914·4

13

360·3048

30·48

304·8

0·333333

112

0·0254

2·54

25·4

2·54X104

0·027778

0·083333

1

QThename'micron'forthisunit(micrometre)isdiscouraged.

?3 K:l § ~: ~ ~ ~. ;;l '" ~ ~ too> ~ ~ ~ ~. ~ ;:l -<: '"t::l 5' ;:l ;:;'J c::r- if .... .... -.I '"

......

......~

Uni

tC

onve

rsio

ns:

Are

a

SIun

itsO

ther

com

mon

units

m2

cm2

mm

2yd

2it>

in2

~ :0::::

11

X10

"1

X1()6

1·196

10·764

1·550

XlO3

~1

XlO-4

1100

1·196xlO-4

1·076

X10-3

0·1550

01

XlO-6

0·01

11·196

X10-6

1·076

X10-5

1·550

XlO-3

~

0·8361

8·361

X10'

8·36127

XlO

S1

91·296

X10'

0·09290

929

9·2903

X10'

0·1111

1144

6·452

XlO-4

6·4516

645-16

7·716

X10-4

6·944

XlO-3

1

Un

itC

onve

rsio

ns:

Vol

um

e

Sf

unit

sO

ther

com

mon

unit

s

m3

cm3

mm

3U

Kga

lU

Sga

lI

fr3in

3

(UK

gall

on)

(US

gall

on)

(litr

e)a

11

x106

1X109

220·0

264-2

1x103

35-32

6-1024

x104

1X10-6

11X103

2-2X10-4

2-642X10-4

1X10-3

3-532X10-5

0·061024

1x10-9

1X10-3

12·2X10-7

2·642X10-7

1X10-6

3·532X10-86·1024

x10-5

4·546X10-34-546X1034-546X106

11·201

4-546

0-1605

277·4

3-785

x10-33-785X1033-785X106

0·8327

13·785

0·1337

231·0

1x10-3

1X103

1X106

0-2200

0·2642

10-03532

61·024

0-02832

2·832

x1042-832X107

6-229

7-4805

28·32

11·728

x103

1-6387

x10-5

16-39

1·6387

x1043·605X10-3

4·329X10-3

0·016395·787

x10-4

1

aUnitrecognisedforusewiththeInternationalSystem.

~ to S S. :::to ~ ~ ~ ~. ~ '" ~ ~ "" ~ ~ ;,.. ~ ~ ~ o· ;:s ~ <::>- 1r .... .... -.lV1

- ---.I a-

Uni

tC

onve

rsio

ns:

Pla

neA

ngl

e

S1un

itO

ther

unit

s

rad

°"

gL

(rad

ian)

(deg

ree)

ab(m

inut

eY(s

eco

nd

t(g

rade

)(r

ight

angl

e)~

157·2958

3·43775x1cP

2·06265x105

63·6620

0·636620

:-=:::

0·0174533

160

3·6X103

1·11111

0·011111

~2·90888x10-4

0·0166667

160

0·0185185

1·85185x10-4

~

4·84814X10-6

2·77778x10-4

0·0166667

13·08642x10-4

3·08642x10-6

0·0157080

0·9

543·240x103

10·01

1·57080

905·4X103

3·240X105

100

1

aUnitsrecognisedforusewiththeInternationalSystem.

bThedegreeandthesecondmaybesubdivideddecimally,e.g.57.2958°

=57°17'44.8".

Un

itC

onve

rsio

ns:

Solid

Ang

le

SI

unit

sr(s

tera

dian

)

112·5664

3·04617x10-4

2·46740x10-4

sp(s

pat)

a

0·0795775

1

Oth

erun

its

00

(squ

are

degr

ee)

3·28281x1<>3

1 0·81

OK(s

quar

egr

ade)

4·05285x103

1·23457x10-4

1

~ N 10 § s: ~ l:l S. ~ ~ ;:J '" ~ ~ ~ ~ ::::

aThesolidangleofasphere

(=4

n).

~ ;: " '"C::l 0" ;: ~ 0- ff - --J -J

..... ..... -..l 00

Uni

tC

onve

rsio

ns:

Mas

s

Sf

un

its

Oth

erco

mm

on

unit

s

kgg

f'U

Kto

nb

US

tone

cwt

lbo

z(g

ram

)(t

onne

)(h

undr

ed-

(pou

nd)

(oun

ce)

wei

ght)

11xlQ3

1x10-3

9·8421x10-41·1023x10-3

0·019684

2·20462

35·2740

~1x10-3

11

X10

62·20462x10-3

0·035274

~

1x103

1X10

61

0·984207

1·102310

19·6841

2·20462x1033·52739x104

:::11·01605x103

1·01605

11·12

202·24x103

3·584X104

0907·185

0·907185

0·892857

117·8571

2x103

3·2X104

~

50·8023

5·08023x104

0·05080

0·05

0·056

1112

1·792x103

0·453592

453·592

4·5359x10-44·4643x10-4

5·00

X10-4

8·9286x10-3

116

0·028350

28·3495

0·0625

1

aAlsoknownas'metricton'or'metrictonne'.UnitrecognisedforusewiththeInternationalSystem.1t

=1Mg(whichisanSIunit).

bThe'long'ton.

eThe'short'ton.

A2 Quantities and Units: The Sf System: Unit Conversion Tables 1179

Unit Conversions: Density

51 units Other common units

kgm-3 gcm-3 kgl- 1 Ibin- 3 Ibft- 3 lb UKgal- 1

1 1 X 10-3 I X 10-3 3·6127 X 10-5 0·062428 0·0100221 X 1<P 1 I 0·036127 62-4280 10·02241 X J(}l 1 I 0·036127 62-4280 10·0224

2·76799 X lO' 27-6799 27·6799 I 1·728XI<P 277-41916·0185 0·0160185 0·0160185 5·7870 X 10-' I 0·16054499·776 0·099776 0·099776 3-604 6 X 10-3 6·22884 I

Unit Conversions: Mass Flux

SI unit

12·777 6 x 10-40,16666

1·3561 x 10-3

36001600·004·88243

Other common units

61·6666 x 10-3

18·1370 x 10-3

737·340·20481122·891

Unit Conversions: Force

51 unit Other common units

N kg! dyn UK tonf lbf pdl(kilogram-force)" (dyne) (UK ton-force) (pound-force) (poundal)

I 0·1020 I X lOS 1·004 X 10-' 0·2248 7·2339·807 I 9·842 x 10-' 2·2046 70·93I x 10-5 1-02 X 10-6 2·248 X 10-6 7·233 X 10-5

9·964 x I<P 1·016 x 1<P 1 2·240 x I<P 7·207 x 10'4·448 0·4536 4·464 x 10-' I 32·1740·1383 0·0141 1·390 x 10-5 0·0311 I

• Called 'kilopond' (kp) in Germany.

Uni

tC

onve

rsio

ns:

Pre

ssur

e,St

ress

- - ~

SI

unit

PaO 1

1·013X105

1X105

9·807

X10

4

6·895

X10

3

249·1

133·30·100

Oth

erco

mm

onun

its

atm

bar

kgfc

m-z

clb

fin

-zin

HZO

dm

mH

gCdy

ncm

-z

(sta

ndar

d(i

nche

so

f(m

illi

met

res

atm

osph

ere)

bw

ater

)o

fmer

cury

)

9·869x10-6

1X10-5

1·020X10-5

1·450X10-4

4·015X10-3

7·501X10-3

101

1·013

1·03

3b14·70

406·8

760

1·013x106

~0·9869

11·020

14·50

401·5

750·1

1x106

:0:::

0·96708

0·9807

114·22

393·7

735·6

9·807x105

~0·06805

0·06895

0·07031

127·68

51·71

6·895x104

2·458X10-3

2-491X10-3

2·540X10-3

0·03613

11·868

2-491x103

~

1·316X10-3

1·333X10-3

1·360X10-3

0·01934

0·5352

11·333X103

9·869X10-7

1X10-6

1·020X10-6

1·450X10-5

4·015X10-4

7·501X10-4

1

°1Pa

=1N

m-z

;1MPa=1MN

m-z=1N

mm

-z.

b1atm

=1·033228technicalatmosphere(at);1at

=1kgfc

m-z

.COftendenoted

by'psi'.

dOftenreferredtoas'incheswatergauge'(inw.g.).

C1mmHg

=1torr(towithinonepartinsevenmillion);1torr

=fooatm.

Uni

tC

onve

rsio

ns:

Ene

rgy,

Wor

k,H

eat

::t>. ""

Oth

erco

mm

on

unit

sS

Iun

it

J 13·600X106

9·8066

4·1868

1·05506x108

1·05506x103

1·3558

kW

h(k

ilow

att

hour

)

2·778

X10-7

12·724X10-6

1·163X10-6

29·307

2·931x10-4

3·766

X10-7

kgfm

0·1020

3·671x105

10·4270

1·0759

x107

107·590·1383

cal

(cal

orie

Y

0·2388

8·5985x105

2·3420

12·5200x107

252·000·3238

ther

m

9·478X10-9

0·03412

9·294x10-8

3·968X10-8

11X10-5

1·285X10-8

Btu

(Bri

tish

ther

mal

un

ity

9·478

X10-4

3·4121

X103

9·294X10-3

3·968X10-3

1X105

11·285X10-3

ftlb

f

0·7376

2·6552x106

7·2330

3·0880

7·7817x107

778·17 1

lC § ;:0 s: ~ § ~ §' ~. ~ '" ~ ~ '" ~

aInthistabletheseunitshavetheir

Inte

rnat

iona

lT

ablevalues,nowingeneraluse(1cal

==4·1868J;1Btu

==1055·06J.§'

Thesevaluesarealwaysimpliedwhentheunitiswrittenwithoutaspecifyingsubscript(i.e.simply'cal'or'Btu')butthe

~notation'cain'and'BtuIT'isstillsometimesemployed.Othervaluesoccasionallyusedare:

§ "The4°C

calo

rie,cal4

==4·2045J.

~The

I5°C

calo

rie,calIS

==4·1855J.

~.

The

mea

n(0

°-10

0°C

)ca

lori

e,cal(mean)

==4·1897

J.:-:

l

The

ther

moc

hem

ical

calo

rie,cal(thermochem)

==4·1840J.

~The

mea

n(3

2°-2

I2°P

)B

tu,Btu(mean)

==1055·79J.

~ - - ~

1182 W. V. Titow

Unit Conversions: Power

Sf unit Other common units

W metric kgfms- I cal S-I hpb Btuh- 1

horsepower' (horsepower)

1 1·360 x 10-3 0·10197 0·2388 1·341 x 10-3 3·4128735·5 1 75·00 175·7 0·98632 2·510 x 1039·807 0·013 33 1 2·343 0·01315 33-474·187 5·692 x 10-3 0·4268 1 5·613 x 10-3 14·29745·7 1·0139 76·04 178·1 1 2·545 x 1Q30·29307 3·984 x 10-4 0·02988 0·06999 3·929 x 10-4 1

a No symbol for this unit in English-speaking countries (in France ch or CV; in GermanyPS). Unit now regarded as obsolescent.b Unit traditionally used in the UK and USA. Now regarded as obsolescent.

Unit Conversions: Frequency-Units in Common Use

Quantity

Periodic frequencyRotational frequency(i.e. number of rotationsin unit time)Angular frequency

Sf unit

hertz (Hz)reciprocal second (s-I)

reciprocal second (s-I)

Other units

cycle per second (c s-I)arevolutions per second;minute, etc. (i.e. r S-I,rOlin-I; etc.)b

a Equivalent to Hz but discouraged (both equivalent to S-I).bThe notation 'rev' for 'revolution' (as in rev/min) is now discouraged.

Unit Conversions: TemperatureAs a unit of temperature (temperature interval) I Ka = IOC = l·goR= l·goP

is Ka o~ OR of

equivalent (kelvin) (degrees (degrees (degreesA to Celsius) Rankine) Fahrenheit)temperaturereading of

yKa y y - 273·15 l'8y 1·8y-459·67xOC x + 273·15 x l'8(x + 273·15) 1·8x + 32uOR ul1·8 (ul1'8) - 273·15 u u - 459·67zOF (z + 459·67)/1·8 (z - 32)/1'8 z + 459·67 z

a The SI unit of temperature.bUnit recognised for use with the International System.

aWheretheyformpartoftheunitsinthistable,thecalorieand

Btuhavetheirinternationaltablevalues(seetheEnergy

UnitConversionTable).

Un

itC

onve

rsio

ns:

The

rmal

Con

duct

ivit

y

51un

it

Wm

-1K

-1W

cm

-1K

-1ac

alS

-lcm

-1K

-1

11X10-2

2·388X10-3

100

10·2388

418·7

4·187

11·163

0·01163

2·778x10-3

1·731

0·01731

4·134x10-3

0·1442

1·442x10-3

3·445X10-4

Oth

erco

mm

on

unit

s

kcal

h-1

m-1

K-

1

0·8598

85·98

360·0 11·488

0·1240

aBtu

h-1

[t-1

°F-1

0·5778

57·78

241·90·6720

10·08333

Btu

inh

-1[t

-2°F

-1

6·933

693·3

2·903x103

8·064

12·001

~ tv lC § ::>. ::>. ~ I:> .. s::... ~ ~. ~ '" :::z ~ to> ~ [ ~ .. ~ ~ §' ;;l ~ ~ ......

......00 .....

1184 W. V. Titow

Unit Conversions: Thermal ResistivityThis is the reciprocal of thermal conductivity, and the unit conversionscan be found by using the reciprocals of the appropriate units andvalues in the thermal conductivity table, e.g. for the thermalconductivity of 1Wm-1K- 1 the corresponding thermal resistivity is

1 K mW-1 == 1I6·933°Fft2h in- 1Btu-1

=0·14423 of ft2 h in-1Btu-1

Unit Conversions: Thermal Conductance (Heat Transfer Coefficient)

Sf unit Other common units

11-16301

4·1868 x 104

5·67827

0·859841

3·6001 x 1044·88240

2·38846 x 10-52·7777 x 10-5

11·3562 x 10-4

0·176110·204 81

7·372 9 x 1031

aWhere they form part of the units in this table, the calorie and Btu have theirinternational table values (see the Energy Unit Conversion Table).

Unit Conversions: Thermal ResistanceThis is the reciprocal of thermal conductance, and the unit conversionscan be found by using the reciprocals of the appropriate units andvalues in the thermal conductance table; e.g. for the thermalconductance of 1Wm-2 K-1 the corresponding thermal resistance is

1 K m2W-1 == 110·17611 OF ft2 h Btu-1

= 5·678 2rF ft2 h Btu-1

Unit Conversions: Viscosity

Sf unit

Dynamic viscosity

Other common units Sf unit

Kinematic viscosity

Other common units

10·1

1 x 10-3

pa(poise)

1010·01

cP(centipoise)

1 X 103

1001

m2 s- 1 sf> cSt(stokes) (centistokes)

1 1 X 104 1 X 1061 X 10-4 1 1001 X 10-6 0·01 1

APPENDIX 3

Some Material Properties ofpvc Productsand Compounds

Compiled by W. V. TITOW

Pro

pert

yar

idus

ual

sym

bol

Bri

efde

fini

tion

Com

mon

units

Som

est

anda

rds

rele

vant

tode

term

inat

ion

inpl

asti

csT

ypic

alva

lues

orva

lue

rang

esfo

rp

VC

'

Density p

Massofaunitvolume.For

practicalpurposesnumer­

icallyequaltorelativeden­

sity(alsosometimescalled

specificgravity),whichis

theratioofthedensityofa

materialtothatofwaterat

thesametemperature.

kgm-3

gcm-3

Ibin-3

lbft

-3

ISO

/R11

83-1

970;

BS2782:Part6:

Methods620A-D:1980;

BS4618:Section5.1:1970;

ASTMD792-66(1979)

(Displacementmethod);

ASTMD1505-68(1979)

(Densitygradienttube);

DIN53479-1976

Rig

idP

VC

M;S:1·30­

1·45gcm-3

M(G):approx

1·5gcm-3

F:approx1·4

gcm-3

PVChomo­

polymer:1·4

gcm-3

Fle

xibl

eP

VC

M:1·10-1·35g

cm-3

Tensile

strength ar

b

Maximumstresswhichthe

materialwillwithstandbe­

forefailure(yieldorbreak)

NBCommentsoncommon

typesoffailurein

strengthtestsaregiven

inBS4618:Section

1.3:1975

Nm-2(=Pa);

lbfin-2(psi);

kgf cm-2;

For

fibre

s:gper

denier,

orgper

tex

ISO

/R527-1966;

M:31-60MPa

ISO

/R1184-1970(forfilms);

(BS2782

orBS2782:Part3:

ASTMD638)"

Methods320AtoF:1976

M(G):approx

Methods326AtoC:1977(for110MPa

films);

(ASTMD

ASTMD638-82;

638)

ASTMD759-66(1976)(atlow

S:38-45MPa

andelevatedtemperatures);F:2·7-3·0gper

ASTMD882-81(forthinsheet

denier

andfilms);

( =330-370

ASTMD1708-79(microtensile

MPaapprox)

specimens);

DIN53455-1981

M(andothercom­

pounds):10-25

MPa

(BS2782)

S:15-21MPa

(ASTMD882)

Elongationat

Theincreasein

~helengthofNormally%of

Asfortensilestrength(mea-

M:2-40%

M:150-400%

break(or

atestspecimencausedby

theoriginal

sured

inthesametests)

M(G):1-2%

S:120-250%

yield)

thetensilestressatthe

length;occa-

S:5-35%

eTd

momentofrupture(or

sionallyunitsof

F:10-20%

yield)

length

Flexural

MaximumstressintheouterAsfortensile

ISO178-1975;

M:62-100

Verylowvalues

strength

fibreofaspecimenatthe

strength

BS2782:Part3:

MPa

fornormally

OFb

momentofbreakinbending

Method335A:1978;

(ASTMD

plasticisedPVC

(inspecifiedconditions).

ASTMD790-81;

790)

materials

NBFlexuralstrength

at

DIN53452-1977

M(G):approx

yiel

distheanalogous

138MPa

stressatyield(calcu-

(ASTMD

latedfromaformula

790)

appropriatetothetest

method).

Tearresist-

Forceorload(stateddirect-N;kgf;lbf;

ISO6383-1983;

S:20-100Nmm-1

ance(tear

lyorperunitspecimen

orBS1763:1975(thinsheeting:

strength)of

thickness)requiredtoiniti-g;oz;lb;

Elmendorftest);

sheetingand

atetearingorlandpropagate

orBS2739:1975(thicksheeting);

film

atearinspecifiedtest

Nmm-\kgf

BS2782: Part3:Method36OB:

conditions.

mm-1

1980(trouser-teartest);

aM=mouldings;M(G)=mouldingswith25%glassfibre;S=sheetingand/orfilm;F=fibre.

b.dSymbolnotinwidegeneraluse.

cSpecificationnumbersinbracketsafternumericalpropertyvaluesindicatethesourceofstandardtest(s)bywhichthevalueswere

obtained,

notthatthevaluesarenumericalrequirementslaiddownintheparticularspecification(s).

(con

tinu

ed)

- -00P

rope

rty

and

Bri

efde

fini

tion

Com

mon

Som

est

anda

rds

rele

vant

toT

ypic

alva

lues

orva

lue

rang

es00

usua

lsy

mb

ol

units

dete

rmin

atio

nin

plas

tics

for

PV

C'

Rig

idP

VC

Fle

xibl

eP

VC

Tearresistance

ASTMD1004-66(1981);

(con

td)

ASTMD1922-67(1978)

(Elmendorftest);

ASTMD1938-67(1978);

ASTMD2582-67(1978)(snag

resistance);

DIN53363-1979

Impact

Energyrequiredtobreaka

Nm(=J);

ISO179-1982(Charpytest);

M:0·5-25lbf

Withsmall

~

resistance

standardtestpiecebyim-

kgfcm;

ISO180-1982(Izodtest);

ftin-I

amountsofplas-

:0:::

(Impact

pactinastandardtest.

lbfft;

BS2782:1970:Method306A

(ASTMD

ticiserimpact

:::'l

strength)

NBAusefuloutlineof

perunitlengthof

(Izodtest);

256)

strengthcanbe

0impactbehaviourof

notch(fornotch-

BS2782: Part3:Method351A:M(G):approx

verylow«0·5

~

plasticsisgiveninBS

edspecimens)

or1977(Charpytest);

llbfftin-Ilbfftin-I)the

4618:Section1.2:1972

perunitareaof

BS2782:1970:Methods306B

(ASTMD

embrittlement

(withspecialreference

thecross-section

andC(fallingweighttest);

256)

beingcausedby

todesigndata)

oftheunnotched

ASTMD256-81

theso-called

part,

or(forun-

MethodsAandC(Izod

'anti-

notchedspeci-

test);!

plasticisation'

mens)perunit

MethodB(Charpytest);

effect.Veryhigh

specimenwidth

ASTMD1822-79(tensile

atnormalplasti-

orcross-

impact);

cisercontents

sectionalarea.

ASTMD3029-78(falling

weighttest);

DIN53443-1975(fallingweight

test);

fASTMtestessentiallysimilartoISO180,butdiffers(inrootradiusofnotch)fromthatofBS2782.

gApplicablemainlytopPVc.

hRelevanttoglass-reinforcedplastics.

- - ~(c

onti

nued

)

~ .g ~ ::to~ .s;

,"t

l ~ t I::l ~ g ~ c § t;-

M(andother

)..compounds):...,

BSsoftnessNo.

v,

15-90

~Durometer

~(ShoreA

I::l

scale):50-95

~Rockwell(R

E:.:scale)5-80

M(andother

com­

pounds):

Durometer

(ShoreD

scale):

65-85

Rockwell

(Rscale):

110-120

BallInden­

tation

(DIN53

456):75­

155

DIN53448-1977(tensileim­

pact)

DIN53453-1975(Charpytest)

ISO868-1978(Durometer

hardness);

ISO2039-1973(Ballindenta­

tion);

ISO2039/2-1981(Rockwell

hardness);

BS2782

Method365A:1976(BSsoft­

nessnumberS);

Method365D:1978(ballin­

dentationhardness);

Method1001:1977(Barcol

hardness

h)

;

BS2719:1975(pocket-type

meters:ShoreDurometer);

ASTMD785-65(1981)(Rock­

wellhardness);

ASTMD2240-81(Durometer

hardness);

ASTMD2583-81(Barcolhard­

ness

h);

DIN53456-1973(Ballinden­

tationhardness);

DIN53505-1973(Durometer

hardness)

Completelyarbit­

rary,relatedto

arbitraryhard­

nessscalesused

inparticulartest

methods(e.g.

Shore,Rock­

well,Barcolspe­

cifiedscale

units).

Abilityofmaterialtoresist

indentationunderrigidly

specifiedconditions(includ­

ingparticular,specified

combinationsofindentor

andstress).

NBDeterminationofhard­

nessby

scra

tch

resi

st­

anceisnotrelevantto

PVC.

Hardness

Pro

pert

yan

dB

rief

defi

niti

onC

omm

onSo

me

stan

dard

sre

leva

ntto

Typ

ical

valu

eso

rva

lue

rang

es>

-'>

-'

usua

lsy

mbo

lun

itsde

term

inat

ion

inpl

asti

csfo

rp

VC

':g

Rig

idP

VC

Fle

xibl

eP

VC

Elastic

moduli:

(a)intension;

Ratiooftensilestressto

Asfortensile

ISO/R527-1966;

M(andother

Verylowatnor-

Etensilestraininreversible

strength

BS2782:Part3:Methods320A

com-

malplasticiser

conditions.

toF:1976;

pounds):

contents

NB

Seca

ntm

odul

us:The

ASTMD638-82;

2·5-3·5GPa

ratioofstresstocorres-

ASTMD882-81(forthinsheet

(ISO,BS,

pondingstrainatany

andfilms);

ASTMor

givenpointonthe

DIN53457-1968

DIN

stress-straincurve

methods)

~

(b)inshear

'Modulusofrigidity'.Ratio

Asfortensile(orISO537-1980(Torsionpen-

M(andother

Verylowatnor-

~

Gofshearstresstoshear

shear)strength

dulummethod);

com-

malplasticiser

:::lstraininreversiblecondi-

ASTMD1043-72(1981);

pounds):

contents

S ~tions.

ASTMD2236-81(Torsion

1·0-1·8GPa

NBInpracticeusuallyde-

pendulummethod);

terminedbytorsional

DIN53447-1981(Torsion

methods

pulleymethod)

(c)inflexure

Ratioofstresstocorres-

Asfortensile(orISO178-1975;

M:2·0-3·5

Verylowatnor-

EB

pondingstraininbending,

flexural)strength

ISOITR4137-1978(Alternating

GPa

malplasticiser

inreversibleconditions

flexuremethod);

(ASTMD

contents

BS2782:Part3:

790)

Method332A:1976(stiffness

M(G):approx

offilm);

8·5GPa

Method335A:1978;

(ASTMD

ASTMD790-81;

790)

DIN53457-1968

S:2·0-3·0GPa

iAlsoknownasYoung'smodulus,elasticmodulus,ormodulusofelasticity.

­(c

onti

nued

)~:t. "'"

Lowat

normal

plasticiser

contents

~ ~M(andother

~compounds):

~

General-purpose

Itplasticisedcom-~

poundtypically~

about40°,but

i:!-.therangeiswide~

(ASTMD1525

.Q.,

doesnotrecom-~

mendthetestfor~

pPVCforthat

~

reason)

~ <"> 1;;

M(andother

l:>

compounds):

it0·14-0·17

~

Wm

-1K

-1;:

(ASTMC177)] ;:s f}

(BS2782:

Method

335A)

M:2·2-3·5

GPa

(ASTMD

695)

M(andother

com­

pounds):

65-100°C

(ISO306:5

kgload)

M(andother

com­

pounds):

0·14-0·28

Wm

-1K

-1

(ASTMC177)

ISO306-1974;

BS2782:Part1:Methods120A

toE:1976;

ASTMD1525-76;

DIN53460-1976

ISO604-1973;

ASTMD695-80;

DIN53457-1968

BS874:1973(1980);

BS4618:Section3.3:1973;

ASTMC177-76;

DIN52612-1979

Asfortensile(or

compressive)

strength

°Co

rOF

Seerelevantcon­

versiontablein

Appendix2

'Bulkmodulus'.Ratioof

changeinexternalpressure

tofractionalchangein

volume,inreversiblecondi­

tions

Thetemperatureatwhicha

flat-endedneedleofspe­

cifieddimensionspenetrates

aspecimentoaprescribed

depthunderaprescribed

load(usually1kgor5kg),

instandardtestconditions

Thequantityofheatwhich

passesinunittimethrough

unitareaofaslabof

uniformmaterialofinfinite

extentandunitthickness,

whenunitdifferenceof

temperatureisestablished

betweenitsparallelfaces

(d)incom­

pression K

Vicatsoften­

ingpoint

Thermalcon­

ductivity

k;)

"

Pro

pert

yan

dB

rief

defi

niti

onC

omm

onSo

me

stan

dard

sre

leva

ntto

Typ

ical

valu

esor

valu

era

nges

usua

lsy

mbo

lun

itsde

term

inat

ion

inpl

asti

csfo

rp

vc'

Rig

idP

VC

Fle

xibl

eP

VC

......

......

'0

Changeinlengthperunit

K-1;0C-1;°F-t

BS4618:Section3.1:1970;

M(andother

M(andother

to.>

Coefficientof

linearthermal

original(reference)length

ASTMD696-79

com-

compounds):

expansion

perdegreetemperature

pounds):

10x10-5_

achange;i.e.

5x10-5_

25x

a=

6.L

I(L

o. 6

.T)

15x10-5

10-5K-1

K-1

(ASTMD696)

(ASTMD

696)

M(G):2·7x

10-5

(ASTMD

696)

Deflection

Thetemperatureatwhich,

°C; of

ISO75-1974;

M(andother

Verylowatnor-

~

temperature

inspecifiedtestconditions,

BS2782:Methods121Aand

com-

malplasticiser

:<::;

underload

atestspecimen(barof

B:1976;

pounds):

contents(pPVC

:::'l

prescribeddimensions)

ASTMD648-72(1978);

6O-8

0°C

inotnormally

S 'l:undergoesaspecifieddeflec-

DIN53461-1969

(ISO,BS,

testedforthis

tionunderaflexuralload

ASTMor

property)

causingamaximumfibre

DIN)

stressinthespecimenof

M(G):70-

either1·82MPa(2541bf

85°C

iin-Z)or0·455MPa(66lbf

(ISO,BS,

in-Z)

ASTMor

DIN)

Deformation

Percentagedeformationofa

%BS2782:Part1:Method

-M(andother

underheatofsheetspecimenofpre-

122A:1976

·compounds):

flexiblePVC

scribeddimensionsbya

15-65%

compounds

kspecifiedloadat70°C,

(BS2782)

understatedtestconditions

jAt254Ibfin-2.

kThetemperatureofheatdistortion(extensionorshrinkage),undertensileload,of0·0025-1·5mmthick,relativelystiffplastics

sheeting(room-temperatureelasticmodulus>69MPa)maybedeterminedbythemethodofASTMD1637-61(reapproved1976).

INumericallyidentical.

mStrictly,relativepermittivity(see,e.g.BS4618orASTMD150).

nTermfavouredintheUK.

oTermfavouredintheUSAandEurope.

(con

tinu

ed)

Specificheat

c

Permittivity'"

(dielectric

constant)

k';

£'

Losstangentn

(dissipation

factorO)tan

0

Amountofheatrequiredto

Jg-IK-1;

BS4618:Section3.2:1973;

M(andotherM(andother

raisethetemperatureofa

Icalg-l0C-\

ASTMC351-61(1973)

com-

compounds):

unitmassofmaterialbyoneIBtuIb-1°F-1

pounds):

1.0--2.0Jg-l

degree(withinaspecified

0·S-O·9J

K-1

temperaturerange)

g-lK-1

Ratioofthecapacitance

None

BS2782:1970:Method207A;

M(andotherM(andother

(Cx

)ofagivenconfiguration

(aratio)

BS4618:Section2.1:1970;

com-

compounds):

ofelectrodeswiththepar-

ASTMD150-81;

pounds):

4·5-8·5at50

ticularmaterialasthe

DIN53483-1969,1970;

3·3-3·6at

Hz

dielectric,tothecapacitance

(NBISO1325-1973Plastics-

50Hz

3·5-4·5at

(Cv

)ofthesameelectrode

Determinationofelectric-

2·9-3·1at

1MHz

configurationwithvacuum

alpropertiesofthinsheet

1MHz

(ASTMor

(orair)asdielectric;Le.

andfilm)

(ASTMor

DIN)

k'

=C

)Cv

DIN)

Theratiooftruepower

None

BS2782:1970:Method207A;

M(andother

M(andother

dissipatedtotheapparent

(aratio)

BS4618:Section2.2:1970;

com-

compounds):

powerabsorbedduringthe

ASTMD150-81;

pounds):

0·OS-O·15at

passageofanalternating

DIN53483-1969,1970

0·007-0·017

60Hz

currentthroughadielectric

at60Hz

0·04-0·14at

0·006-0·019

1M

Hz

at1MHz

(ASTMD150)

(ASTMD

150)

~ ~ 3 '" ~ <;; .., §: ~ ~ '"::t ~. -s;, ." ~ ~ ~ § .,." ~ ~ o ., ~ ..... ..... \D W

- -\0 .j:o.

Pro

pert

yan

dB

rief

defi

niti

onC

omm

onSo

me

stan

dard

sre

leva

ntto

Typ

ical

valu

eso

rva

lue

rang

esus

ual

sym

bol

units

dete

rmin

atio

nin

plas

tics

for

PV

C"

Rig

idP

VC

Fle

xibl

eP

VC

Resistivity

Vol

ume

resi

stiv

ity:Theelec-

Qm

BS4618:Section2.3:1975;

M(andotherM(andother

p;s

tricalresistancebetween

Qcm

BS2782:1970:Methods202A

com-

compounds):

oppositefacesofaunit-side

andB;

pounds):

1012 _1015Q

cubeofthematerial.

ASTMD257-78;

About

cmat60%

NBMayalsobedefinedin

DIN53482-1967

1016Qcm

RH;room

termsofpotentialgra-

orhigher

temperature

dientandcurrentdensi-

at60%

(ASTM;DIN)

~ty(see,e.g.ASTMD

RH

',257orBS4618Section

room

:-:::2.3)

tempera-

:::;j

ture

is ~

(ASTM;

DIN)

Surf

ace

resi

stiv

ity:There-

QBS4618:Section2.4:1975;

M(andotherM(andother

sistancebetweensurface-

BS2782:1970:Method203A;

com-

compounds):

mountedelectrodesofunit

ASTMD257-78;

pounds):

1011_1012Q

width,atunitspacing.

DIN53482-1967

1013 _1014Q

at60%RH;

NBMayalsobedefinedin

at60%

room

termsofpotentialgra-

RH;

temperature

dientandcurrentper

room

(DIN)

unitwidthofsurface

tempera-

(see,e.g.ASTMD257

ture

orBS4618Section2.4)

(DIN)

PMethodscloselysimilartechnically(coldwaterabsorption).

qMethodscloselysimilar(absorptiononimmersioninboilingwater).

,Highestabsorptionisexhibitedbysomefilledcompounds.

(con

tinu

ed)

......

......

\0 VI

)..

.......

specimen

0·125in

thick)

M(andother

compounds:

25D-400V

mil-I

(ASTM­

Specimen

125milthick)~ ~ ~ ~ §.: ~ .g '" i;. ~ .s;, ~ ~ f2 a !i ~ ~ ~ o l::;> 1

}

M(andother

compounds):

3O-150mg

(48h)

(BS2782:

Method

502e)

0·15-1·0%'

(ASTMD570­

24h

specimen

0·125in

thick)

M(andother

com­

pounds):

400-500V

mil-I

(ASTM­

Specimen

125mil

thick)

M(andother

com­

pounds):

8-50mg

(48

h)(BS2782:

Method

502e)

0·07-0·40%'

(ASTMD570­

24h

ISO

62-1

98()

"·q(coldwater

absorption;boilingwater

absorption);

BS2782:1970

Method502C(absorptionby

PVCcompounds)

Methods502Fand

GP

Methods503BandC

q

ASTMD

570-

81;p

,qASTMD2842-69(1975)(for

cellularplastics);

DIN

5347

1-19

76;q

DIN53473-1979(absorption

fromhumidatmosphere);

DIN53

495-

1973

P

BS2782:1970:Methods201;

ASTMD149-81;

DIN53481-1974

Vm-I; Vcm-I;

Vmm-I;Vmil-I

(1mil=0·001in)

g;mg;mass%

(volume%for

cellularplastics)

Fieldstrength(ratioofap­

pliedvoltagetothickness)

requiredtoproducebreak­

downofthematerialunder

specifiedtestconditions

Theamountofwater

absorbedbyastandard

specimen

inprescribedtest

conditions

Dielectric

strength

Waterabsorp­

tion

Pro

pert

yan

dus

uals

ymbo

lB

rief

defi

niti

onC

omm

onun

itsSo

me

stan

dard

sre

leva

ntto

dete

rmin

atio

nin

plas

tics

Typ

ical

valu

esor

valu

era

nges

for

pV

C'

- - ~

Rig

idP

VC

Fle

xibl

eP

VC

Thetwocoefficientsoffriction,

static'(

/is)anddynamic'(Ilo)

aredefinedbytheexpressions:

whe

reF

s=theminimumforce

requiredtoinitiatesliding;

Fo=minimumforcerequired

tomaintainit(ataparticular

speed);and

L=theforce

(usuallygravitational)acting

normallytothesurfacesto

maintaintheircontact

Resistancetosurfacedamage

orwearcausedbyrubbingby

prescribedabrasivesinstrictly

specifiedconditions.

NBAbrasionresistance(adhe­

sion)

ofp

rint

on

thin

PV

Csh

eeti

ngprescribedinBS

1763:1975(measured

accordingtoBS2782:

1970:Method310B)

Abrasion

resistance

Coefficientsof

friction Il

/is=

FsI

LIlo=

Fo

IL

Noconven­

tionalunits.

Measuredin

termsofmass

lossbythe

specimen,or

visualeffects,

e.g.marring

ofsurface,

lossoftrans­

parency.

None(aratio)

ASTMD1044-78(Taber

abraser);

ASTM

D1242-56(1981);

ASTM

D673-70(1982)(Mar

resistance);

DItol,53754-1977

BS2782:1970:Method311A;

BS4618:Section5.6:1975;

ASTMD1894-78(/isandIloof

plasticsfilmandsheeting);

ASTMD3028-72(1978)(Iloof

plasticssolidsand

sheeting)

AbrasionresistanceofPVCmate­

rialsandproductsvarieswidely

depending,

inte

ral

ia,onformula­

tionandtestconditions.Asan

example,lossbycalendered

sheetinginaversionoftheTaber

testmaybe10-80mgper1000

cyclesundera1kgload(witha

CS-10wheel).

Thevaluesoffrictioncoefficients

ofPVCdependcardinallyonthe

formulation,andgenerallyde­

creasewithincreasingrigidity

M(andother

M(andother

com-

compounds);

pounds);

alsoS:about

alsoS:

0·2-2·0

normally

<0·2

~ :0::: :::J <s ~

SAlsoknownasthestartingcoefficientoffriction.

tAlsoknownasthekineticorslidingcoefficientoffriction.

~ 3 '" ~ ~

Refractive

index /-

l;n

Ratioofthevelocityoflight

inva

cuotothevelocityinthe

particularmaterial

None(aratio)

ISO/R489-1966;

BS4618:Section5.3:1972;

ASTMD542-50(1977);

DIN53491-1955

PVCresin:

approx

1·55

M:1·52-1·55

Therefractivein­

dexisoftenlo­

weredbyplasti­

cisation,butthe

effect(likecom-~

poundclarity)

v...

dependsonthe

plasticiser(and

theformulation

generally).

~ .g ~. ~ ~ ." ~ ~ f2­ a § ~ ~ ~ o s:: ;:s !:;- - ~

INDEX 1

General

Acrylicimpact modifiers, 99,107,391,395,

396,482,887lacquers, 1008-9, 1061light-protective coatings, 482processing aids, 98, 108, 372-5,

395,396,795thickeners for PVC latices, 1021,

1023, 1025, 1027Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

(ABS) copolymersblends with PVC, 99, 393,395impact modifiers, as, 99,113,114,

390,391,393-5,482processing aids, as, 373sheet laminates with PVC, 745Activators ('kickers'), see under

Blowing agentsAdhesionpromoters for PVC coatings, 62,

174, 1007-8, 1119solution-deposited copolymer films,

of, 1047, 1049-51, 1061,1063-5

Adhesive bonding of PVC, see underBonding of PVC

Ageing of pastes, 943-5, 963,964,966

AGS acid ester plasticisers (see alsounder Aliphatic diester pias­ticisers), 149, 165, 166,976,977

Alcohols for plasticiser production,156

Aliphatic diester plasticisers, 163-6adipates, possible health hazard,

211PVC compounds, performance in,

166Alumina trihydrateeffects in PVC, onelectrical properties, 248hardness, 248tensile properties, 247Vicat softening point, 248flame and smoke retardant, as, 215,

247,248,431,433properties of, 222-3Anti-blocking (see also Blocking)agents, 251techniques, 1039Antimony stabilisers, 275-7, 348calcium stearate, synergism with,

276,286organotin, comparison with, 277Antimony trioxide, 215, 247,429,

430,432Antioxidants, 255, 292-4Antiplasticisation, 142-3, 849-50,

1188'Antique finish' ('Antiqueing'), 1001,

1009Antistatic agents, 83, 419-25nature and use, 422-5

1199

1200 Index I General

Antistatic agents-contd.thermal stability, effect on, 106,

260,423-4Ap/Po ratio (of plasticisers), 130-1,

140-1physical properties of PVC, effect

on, 140-1Asbestosfiller, as, 216, 217, 242, 243surface treatments for, 242flooring, in, 109-10, 217, 233hazards of, 242heat stability of PVC, effect on,

217properties, 243sheet reinforced with, 217, 903,

908-9 .thixotropic additive, as, 242AZDN,1090-1Azobisformamide (ABFA), see Azo­

dicarbonamideAzodicarbonamide (ADA), 108(r90

Baby pants, 1122Bariumstabilisers, 91, 109, 113--15,275,

280,303-4,338,341,345,347-54,356

sulphate, 219-20, 222-3, 282-3, 285Barrier properties ofblown bottles, 458, 462-3, 798-800PVC compositions, see Per­

meabilityshrink-wrap PVC films, 895Barytes, 219, 222Battery separators

passim, 1069polymer for, 854production, 1078, 1079property tests, 1100, 1101PVC's competitor materials, 1118Biaxial stretching effects onimpact resistance, 19, 27, 761,

774-5, 794permeability, 19,29,464,774-5'Bingham body' behaviour, 947-8,

951,996

Biodegradation, seeMicrobiologicalattack

Blanc fixe, 220, 222Bleeding (colourants), 404Blends of PVC withABS polymers, 375, 393--5nitrile rubber, 397-401, 1118other polymers, 21, 24polyurethane, 170, 197,401SAN polymers, 374styrene/maleic anhydride copolym­

ers, 24Blockingdefinition, 1039determination of, 1039, 1045, 1149films and coatings, 1039standard tests, 1039, 1045, 1149Bloomingcolourants, of, 404surface tack reduction by, 1039Blow mouldingbasic elements, 764blowing arrangements in, 778-80bottom-blow, 779dip (displacement) process, 764,

766, 773-4, 778, 780, 789equipment and process arrange­

ments, 775-80extrusion process, 764, 76(r72, 788equipment, 784-7, 789methods, 775-7parison control in, 769, 771-2waste trimming in, 780-1formulation aspects, 112-13, 793--7general principle, 763historical development, 763-4, 769,

773injection process, 766, 772-3, 777,

784, 787, 789equipment, 787, 789methods, 778'lost blowhead' technique in, 779main process features, 765-84materials, 764-5, 784, 797multicavity moulds for, 780, 785multi-station, 775, 778, 789productcooling, 781, 784

Index I General 1201

Blow moulding-eontd.product-eontd.removal systems, 781PVC compositions forend-use aspect, 792formulation aspect, 793-5, 796processing aspect 789-91single-stage processes, 775-8stretch-blow methods 766-7, 769,

770, 772, 774-5, 787, 789extrusion, 766-7, 769, 770injection, 765-66, 772, 778product properties, effects on,767,774-5,797,800

terminology, 764, 767, 769, 776,778-9

top-blow, 778-9two-stage processes, 775, 776-8Blow mouldingsapplications, 764, 795-7composite walls, with, 765properties, 792, 797-800tests for, 789-99Blowing agents, 1071, 1074, 1075,

1085-92activators ('kickers') for, 115,270,

279,286,350,353commercial azodicarbonamide,

1088decomposition ofproducts, 1085, 1089-90rates, 1075, 1085, 1087temperatures, 1085, 1087, 1088-

91incorporation levels, 1091-2operational temperature ranges of,

1085-8, 1090-1performance requirements for,

1085retarders for, 1089test for gas evolution by, 1095volumes of gas generated by, 1087Bonding of PVCadhesive, 918, 927-9distinction from welding, 923solvent and solvent cement, 923-7compositions, 927, 1063mechanism, 924-5

Bonding of PVC-contd.solvent and solvent cement-eontd.procedures, 924-5specifications relevant to, 927,

1063Brittle-ductile transition, 386-8, 866Brittle fracture, 384-5, 866, 868Brittle point, 386, 388, 440Brittle temperature, 386-8Brittleness temperature, 386, 440,441Bronzing, 405BS softnessfillers, effect of, 218measurement, 65, 184-5number scale, 184, 186plasticisers, effect of, 162, 172, 185,

187rubber hardness, and, 184, 186Shore hardness, and, 184,186temperature, effect of, 189,450values of pPVC, 72-7, 1189Bulk (mass)polymer particle characteristics, 46,

47,690-1polymerisation, 40Burning (see also Flammability)plastics, of, 424, 426-7, 428, 501-2,

508-9PVC, ofeffect of plasticisers, 161,204-6,503,508

products of 499-500role of chlorine in, 161,427,429,502-3,508

Cable and wire insulation and cover­ings (see also under Com­pounding)

application (by extrusion), 717-19compounds, 72-3,111,346,581cable design, and, 602cross-linkable, 72, 449-50, 1114formulation, 111, 202, 346production, see under Com-pounding

PVC/nitrile rubber, 400,1166reclaimed PVC in, 601-2

1202 Index 1 General

Cable and wire insulation and cover­ings-contd.

compounds-contd.stabilisation of, 90, 266-7,269,337,343,349

heat tests for, 449,1115,1165-6properties and applications, 401,

1114-15Cadmium compoundspigments, as, 409, 414-15, 418stabilisers, as, 91-2, 278-80, 282-3,

384-5,831stabilising action of, 302-4toxic hazards of, 280, 342, 384,409,

831UVabsorbers, interaction with, 297

Calcium carbonate fillers, 100-1,221-40,252,832-3

applications, 100, 232-40cost considerations, 232dispersion characteristics of, 231loading, effects of, 233, 238plastisols, in, 233, 234, 237precipitated, 220-2, 225, 241,252properties, 228-31surface-treated, 220, 222, 225-8,

234-6,238,241,833types, 224-5uPVC, in, 235, 236, 239-41, 246Calcium resinate, 327Calcium stearate stabilisersnubri­

cants, 93, 104, 114, 275,276,277,278,286,305,349,364-6

synergism with antimony mercap­tide, 276, 364

Calcium sulphate, 220-1Calcium/zinc stabilisers (see also

Zinc-containing stabilisers),283-4

Calender, 589, 591, 804-8, 815, 822,828

compounding and feed for, 589-99,810-15

main components of, 804-5roll (bowl), 804-8arrangements, 591, 805, 806, 828bending, 807

Calender---eontd.roll (bowl)---eontd.crossing, 807-8crowning, 807deflection, 806-7number in stack, 804-5, 828numbering, 805-6stripper rolls, 820-1, 822suppliers, 804Calendered sheetapplications, 847, 1107-9defects and faults in, 809, 823-4,

833-7flooring, for, 828lamination of, 829-30, 837-8, 839­

40low-temperature strain in, 823-4,

827morphology of, 809press-finished, 837properties and tests, 809, 84Q-6surface treatments applied to, 838-

9thicknessgravimetric, 825stretch-down effect, 821typical range, 803-4

Calendering, 589-91, 597, 803-48advantages over extrusion, 804broad definition, 803Calandrette system, by, 891formulation aspects, 830-3general features, 803, 808-9historical development, 803, 812linesautomated, 597flooring, 828-9general purpose, 589,809-28small-scale, 813material temperature in, 590, 820materials processed by, 803operation outline, 808-9, 816-17,

820rollspeed (friction) ratios in, 806,817,829

temperature settings in, 590,817-20

Index I General 1203

Calendering-eontd.scrap reprocessing, in, 596, 826-7sheet path in, 817sheet production aspects incooling, 824-5edgetrimrning, 596,826-7embossing, 821-3lamination, 829-30stretch-down, 821thickness control, 825-6wind-up, 827-8techniques (general), 590Carbon blackcolourant, as, 102, 248-9, 414,

417-18compounding into PVC, 587conductive filler, as, 249,424light stabiliser, as, 105,249,297,

418,482,1056types, 248, 417-8Cell stabilisers (for foam production),

1075, 1081-2Cellular PVC (see also Foams and

Blowing agents), 1067-102,1110-11

applications, 1068-74, 1076-9,1084, 1092-4, 1096-101,1110-11

evaluation and testing, 1095, 1099­101, 1160-5

rnicroporoussheet, 1069, 1078-9production methodsblowing and foaming techniques,

see under Foams'lost filler' technique, 1078-9sintering of powder, 1079rigid, properties of, 1099terminology, 1067-8Chalking, 405Chemical blowing agents, see Blowing

agentsChemical blowing of foams, 1071-6,

1085-92Chemical embossing, 1093-4Chemical resistance of PVC, 487­

95data, 488-93tests for, 494-5

Chlorinated compoundsparaffinsdegradation of, 255-6flame retardants, as, see underFlame retardants

plasticiser extenders, as, 171-3polyethylene (CPE)calendering of, 803chemical structure of, 396degradation of, 255impact modifier, as, 396-7, 887,888

plasticiser, as 397, 832polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), 24-9applications, 5, 25, 28, 851,868,1105

chemical structure of, 25-7commercial compounds of, 25,27,28,832

fibres from, 5,25production of, 5, 24-5properties of, 26-9, 858, 868solvent cements for, 1063thermoformability of, 745, 761

Chromium pigments, 409, 415,418,1056

Citrate plasticisers, 174Cladding, 452, 893-4Clayfiller, as, 100, 101,216,217-19,

220,223,971,1037oil absorption of, 971thickener for pastes, as, 973-4Clear point temperature, 127-9,959commercial plasticisers, of, 129Coated fabricsapplications and products, 1111-12,

1113--14production, 829, 998-1009, 1072,

1077,1094properties and tests, 844-5, 1009­

10Coating, see under Lacquers, Pastes,

and SurfaceCoextrusion, 482, 685, 765, 884, 892Cold bend temperature, 193,442Cold crack temperature offilm, 193,

441

1204 Index 1 General

Cold-dip coating, 994-6Cold flex (Clash and Berg) tempera-

turedefinition, 442determination, 193,442effect of'Antistat A', 425plasticisers, 166, 169, 173, 192--4,195,205

phthalate-plasticised PVC, of, 156Colourants, 82, 102-3, 401-19, 1056-

7choice considerations, 407-10commercial,412-15dispersion, test for, 404fluorescent, 403--4formulating with, 102-3general types,403health and safetyconsiderations, 409migration of, 102-3,404nacreous, 403pearlescent, 403physical forms, 103,402,405,410PVC stability, effects on, 103,260,

404,482,1056-7service properties, 410-11stability, 408

Compounding, 513-671, 810-14, 867,1019-38, 1057-60

cable compounds, of, 586-8,601-2continuousBuss Turbine, by, 549, 605,657-9

paste dissolvers, by, 606-7, 656-7powder blends, of, 549-5de-gassed melt in, 594-5downstream' equipment associated

with, 513-15, 660-71extruders use in, 599, 609-51ingredients (PVC formulation com­

ponents), 81-3, 86-103, 514-19

conveyance of, 525-30, 531metering and weighing of, 532-47,604,606

mixing of, 550, 556, 558, 574-6sequence of addition, 372, 574storage of, 516-17, 519-25, 530-2

Compounding~ontd.

in-linecalendering, for, 589-97, 810­

14extrusion, for, 549, 867latex compositions, of, 1019-38masterbatches, of, 587melt, 577-603equipment for, 609-51pellet production and handlingin, 526, 530, 557, 582-6,587,588

mixing aspects of, 549-51operations, general nature and

objectives of, 79, 513-14pastes, of, 603-9, 981-2continuous, 605, 657-9equipment for, 652-9laboratory-scale, 981-2standards for, 981powder blends, of, 547-77cold,548continuous, 549, 867effects of fillers, 519hot, 548-9,551,574-6mixers used, 554high-speed (intensive), 557-62,564-71,576-7hot/cold combination, 562--4,572-3,577

re-cycled material, of, 599-603schematic outline, 514, 515solution compositions, of, 1057-

60typical line, 516-17'upstream' equipment associated

with, 513, 515, 519--47Compounds (see also PVC composi-

tions)commercial,59-77costing of, 83-5definitions, 1--4, 79injection moulding, 726-7pellet (granulate), melt com-

poundeddesignation of, 64feedstocks, as, 518, 686-7,736­7, 789-90, 851-2

Index I General 1205

Compounds-contd.pellet (granulate), melt com­

pounded-contd.production of, see Compounding,. Melt

physical forms, 80, 514powder, see Powder compoundsproduction of, see CompoundingCompression mouldinggramophone records, of, 896-7pastes, of, 1011thick sheets, of, 837-8, 891, 902-3Congo Red test, 320, 322, 1143Conveyor belting, 421-2, 1112Cooling of PVC mouldings, 781-4Copolymersabbreviations for, 4ABSblends with PVC, in, 375impact modifiers, as, 99, 367,373,390,39>'-5

processing aids, as, 373butadiene/acrylic ester, 20butadiene/acrylonitrile, see Nitrile

rubber, and under Impactmodifiers

butadiene/fumaric ester, 391butadiene/methylisopropenyl

ketone, 391butadiene/2-vinyl pyridine, 391copolyester elastomer (Hytrel

3495), 391EVA, 96, 99,390,395MBS, 99, 367, 390, 394-5SAN, 373, 374styrene/maleic anhydride, 24vinyl chloride, of, 19-21,22-3,832,

855commercial, 5, 41emulsions (latices) of, 1016-18graft, 20, 41, 887morphology of, 21properties of (general), 20solution type, 1048-9, 1050-1,1052, 1053, 1054

VC/acrylic ester, 23, 887VC/acrylonitrile (fibres), 20, 22VC/ethylene, 22, 41

Copolymers-contd.vinyl chloride, of,-eontd.VCIEVAt 20,23, 99, 367,392,

394-~,887VClfumaric ester, 23VC/itaconic ester, 23VC/maleic ester, 23VClmaleinimide (N-substituted),20

VClpropylene, 22, 41, 795,851,896

VCltrifluorochloroethylene(TFCE), 23, 1049

VC/vinyl acetate, 5, 19,22,39,41,42,50,832,851,894,897,904,907,1008,1048-9,1050-1, 1052, 1053, 1060-21064-5

VC/vinyl alkyl ether, 23,795VClvinylidene chloride, 19,20,21, 22, 41, 832, 851, 896,964

Co-precipitates, 266, 286, 340nature, 286Sr/Zn laurate, 286Co-stabilisersepoxy compounds, see under Epoxy

stabilisersorganic, 278, 283, 285, 292phosphites, 282-3, 290-2, 304-5polyols, 305CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chlor­

ide) see under full namecpvc (critical pigment volume concen­

tration), 1035-6Crack initiation (see also Fracture)nibs and impurities, by, 381notches, by, 381,387,390role in impact resistance, 380-1Creep, 859-63coated fabrics, resistance to, 1010data for uPVC, 451, 861-3, 864definitions, 860, 862modulus, 862PVC pipe, of, 863, 866, 879rate, 860rupture, 862strain, 859, 862

1206 Index I General

Creep-contd.temperature, effect of, 450, 451,

759tests on thermoforming sheet, 759­

60Cricket pitch surface, 1123'Critical solution temperature' (in

plate-out), 688Cross-staining, see under Sulphide

stainingCrystallinityplasticised PVC, in, 12~1, 139, 142PVC polymers, in, see under

Polyvinyl chlorideVCIVDC copolymers, in, 21

Degradation of PVC, see underPhotochemical degradationand Thermal degradation

Dilatancy, 948-9, 951, 967Dip coating, 992-6Dry blends (see also Powder com­

pounds, and powder blendsunder Compounding)

commercial, 61, 64, 70, 795conveyance of, 562, 564feeds, as, 518blow moulding, in, 789-90, 795extrusion, in, 686, 691,867foamed product production, in,1074,1076

nature,79,80,548-9,564,574-6passim, 1,513,514production of, 372, 547-53standard designation of, 63, 64,65uPVC processing, in, 851, 852, 867Dry colours, 405Dry point, 122, 123Duckboard, 1123

Electrical insulation, see Cable andwire insulation

Electrical properties of PVC, 73,90, 101, 107, 206, 207,859,1114-15,1165-6,1193-5

Embossing, 821-3, 935, 1008-9,1092-4

calendering, in, 821-3, 838cellular sheet materials, of, 1092-4'chemical' 1093-4direct, 1092PVC paste coatings, of, 1005,

1008-9screen printing, by, 1094Emulsionpolymerisation, 39, 40, 41polymersapplications, 54, 86, 87, 107, 854particle characteristics of, 46-8,943,962-3

purity of, 87,259-60PVC pastes, in, 962-3latices, in, 1014

Environmental stress cracking andcrazing, 466-9

cracking agents for PVC, 469, 868definition, 467mechanism, 468-9PVC pipes, of, 469, 868resistance, tests for, 468Epoxy plasticisers, 17~1, 290Epoxy stabilisers, 93, 107,278,282,

287,288-90,347formulations, in, 109, 110, 112,

113,115,289,347,348,351,354,355

interaction with unsaturated addi­tives, 290

mode of action, 304Estertin stabilisers, 271, 273, 347Extendersfillers, as, 215, 231,232plasticisers, for, 94, 96-7chlorinated paraffin, 171-3hydrocarbon, 174

Extruded filmapplications, 894-5, 1063, 1109-10production of, 599, 891-2, 1063Extruded sheetapplications, 893, 904-9, 1107-8production of, 598-9, 891-2Extrudersblow moulding, use in, 784-7

Index I General 1207

Extruders-contd.cascade, 583, 598, 599, 600,610,

621,623,628-30,706commercial, 609-51, 698, 703-10compounding, 609-51heating and cooling, 579-80, 612,

623,627,634,642,676,677,678,681-2

LID ratio, 673, 677main components of, 674-82manufacturers of, 704-5outputfactors affecting, 680PVC compositions, 599, 630,632-3,635,637,639,645,682-3, 707, 708

planetary 610, 639-42, 644-5, 813single screw, 673, 677, 698-9energy efficiency with PVC,683

screw configurations, 698-9twin screw, 675, 699-703, 706-8mode of operation: differencesfrom single-screw, 700-1

screw arrangements, 675, 702venting of, 677, 683-4Extrusion, 673-721ancillary equipment, 710, 713,

718-19,870-1,874-6,885-6,891,892

blow moulding, 766-72, 784-7compounding, see under Com­

pounding and Extruders(compounding)

computers, use of, 686, 698dies, 680-1blown film, 712, 891cross-head, 717, 785pipe, 870-1, 872-4sheet, 892variable-thickness (for blowmoulding), 769, 771

feedstocks for, 514, 518,686-7,789-90,851-2

feedstocks pre-heating, for, 682,687

formulation aspects, 274, 687, 853,876-8,886-9,894,896

Extrusion-contd.fusion and gelation incompleteness, 688, 694-8, 878phenomenology, 692-4general nature of process, 673high-speed, 714-7historical development, 6, 7, 673,

699lines, 704-5, 706cable and wire coating, 718pipe, 869-76PVC hose (braid-reinforced), 719sheet, 598, 600,892window frame profiles, 706, 708,

885normal, of pPVC, 713-14pastes, of, 1011pipes, of, 869-78products, common faults in, 688-9profile, of, 884-9sheet, of (see also under Extruded

sheet)advantages over calendering,890-1

equipment, 598, 600, 892melt temperature profiles, 597

Fatigue, 863-6data for uPVC, 865-6definition, 863, 864dynamic, 863life, 864resistance of uPVC, 864-866temperature, effect of, 450Feedstocks for PVC processing, see

under Compounds and Pow­der compounds

Fillers (see also under individualnames and types), 99-102,215-54

conductive, 248-50cost considerations, 100,215,216,

221,231-2definition, 215effects in PVC, onBS softness No., 218density, 100, 220, 233

1208 Index I General

Fillers---contd.effects in PVC, on-eontd.paste rheology, 228, 229, 237,251,970-3

tensile properties, 219, 247fibrous, 217,240,242-6flame retardant (see also under

Flame retardants), 842-3functional, 215, 240-51glass, 243, 245, 246latices, in, 1035-8loading, effects of, 220microfibre, 242-4mineral, 216-23oil (plasticiser) absorption by, 104,

221,222-3,226,230-1,971-2pastes, in, 970-3properties (general), 222-3reinforcing, 240-6silicaceous, 216-19, 251smoke suppressant, see under

Smokestarch, 250-1suppliers, 251-3surface treated, 104, 225, 228, 242,

833, 970, 971, 972trade names, 221, 222-3, 226,227,

252,253wood flour, 250Film (see also under uPVC)applications of, 893-6, 1109-10conversion and manipulation of

(for packaging), 932definition, 890, 901-2extruded, see Extruded filmlatex, from, 1015-16, 1018, 1019,

1034properties, 860, 893-6, 1064, 1186-

7, 1190, 1197shrink-wrap, 894-5solvent-cast, 890, 1058, 1063stretch-wrap, 199, 1109--10thicknessmeasurement and control, 892-3normal range, 890,901-2

'Fish-eyes'count, specification for, 89, 1140,

1144

'Fish-eyes'-eontd.melt-processed compositions, in,

49, 689, 793, 835nature, 49, 89passim, 51standard tests for, 89, 1140, 1144Fishing lures, 1122Flame retardants, 83, 424-34, 508chlorinated paraffins as, 204-6, 432fillers, as, 206, 242-3, 247-8,431,

433modes of action, 429--31, 433-4phosphate plasticisers, as, 160-3,

204-6,430-2special additives, as, 427, 429--34Flammability (see also Burning)definition, 502PVC, of (see also under Burning),

161,204-6,427,429,502-3terminology, 424, 426, 501-2test specifications, 426, 434, 502,

505-7, 509Flooring (see also under Asbestos and

Calendered sheet)antistatic, 422asbestos-filled, stabilisers for, 109­

10,349,352calendered,828-9coated, 1005, 1006, 1010, 1084,

1094dust-capturing, 1116embossed, 1092, 1094expanded, 1084, 1092fillers in, 109-10, 217,232-4formulations, 109--10linoleum, advantages of PVC over,

1116stain resistance of, 210, 1010unsupported, 1084, 1116-17Flow moulding, 737-8Flow promotersdry (powders), 251melt, definition, 373Foams (see also Cellular PVC, and

under Pastes), 1069-78,1080-92

cross-linked, 1077definition, 1067-8

Index I General 1209

Foams---eontd.densitygeneral ranges, 1069values for PVC, 1068, 1069,1070, 1076, 1077,1083,1097, 1098

evaluation and test methods, seeunder Cellular PVC

formulations forchemically blown, 1097mechanically frothed, 1098microcellular, 1069, 1075production methods'chemical' blowing, 1071-6, 1080,1085-92

dispersed-gas blowing, 1069-71mechanical frothing (gas entrain­ment), 1076-7, 1081-2

products, 1068-77, 1079, 1084,1088, 1094, 1096-7, 1099,1100,1110-11

properties ofblowing agent, effect of. 1083cell stabilisers, effect of, 1081­2

factors affecting, 1080-4plasticisers, effect of, 1081, 1083,1084

PVC polymer, effect of, 1083-4structural, 1075'Fogging', 157, 202-4, 446leatherc!oth, role in, 202tests, 202-4Foilapplications, 894, 1109definition, 890, 902stamping, see Hot-foil stampingthermoforming, for, 894Footwear,76-7,89, 401, 581,586,

1011, 1069, 1074, 1096-7,1118

Formulation, 79-115componentskinds, 81-3mutual effects, 103-6,265,334­7,339

nature and functions (general),86-103

Formulation---eontd.components---eontd.side effects, 105-6,296-7,305-7,308-9,364-7

costing, 83-5examplesblow mouldings, 112-13,355,374, 796

flooring, 109-10foam compositions, 115, 1096-8gramophone records, 112injection mouldings, 113,346miscellaneous, 348, 351, 1008,1123

pastes, 114-15,972,974,977,987, 988, 990, 996, 997

pipes and tubing, 110,345,355,877

profiles, 114, 346, 354sheet and film, 107-9, 199, 203,348,355,818-9,894-6

solutions, 1061-2wire and cable coverings, 111, 346general considerations, 80-81Fractureimpact, on, 375, 376, 377, 380, 384modes of, 380, 384-6uPVC, of, 387, 388-90, 866Fusion point (pastes), 853, 854

'Gassing'calcium sulphate, by, 221lead stabilisers, by, 266Gear pumps, 684-5'Gel block', 122, 959,1011,1099Gelation/fusionmelt processing, in, 132, 688,

689-98pastes, of, 122,694, 951-60,982-5,

1095stages in, 951-2, 956-9solvent tests for degree of, 696,

697,878-9foams, in, 1100paste products, in, 959-60, 983-5pipes and profiles, in, 697,878-9,889

1210 Index 1 General

Gels, 89, 689, 793Glass transition temperature, see TgGlobal radiation, 476, 477Glovesdip coating of, 994-5solvent tests on, 983-5Gramophone recordscolourants for, 404compounds for, 586formulation, 112, 897polymers for, 853, 854production, 896-7, 1117stabilisers for, 112,270,276,286,

348,897Gravimetric thickness, 825'Grow moulding', 883

Hardness (see also BS softness)data for PVC, 1189Durometer (Shore), 65, 184, 186international rubber scale, 184plasticisers, effect of, 188tests, 184, 1183Heat (see also under Stability)ageing, 443degradation, see Thermal degrada-

tion of PVChistory, 80, 313-15, 578, 851life, 313-15non-degradative effects of, 450-2resistance, 443-52transfers, see TransfersHeat stabilisers (see also under

individual and type names)activators for blowing agents, as,

see under Blowing agentsblow mouldings, in, 291, 793, 796calendering, in, 831chelator, 275, 282, 285, 287, 291-2,

352,354commercial, 335-57applications, 342-56cadmium-free systems, 284-5,351,353

suppliers of, 336, 342-56trade names of, 280, 281, 282,283-7,292,343-6

Heat stabilisers-eontd.complexes, 275, 337composite metal, 91-3, 281-6, 335,

337-8,345,347-56cross-staining by, 272, 278, 309detection and analysis of, 330evaluation of, 311-28hazard and hygiene considerations,

265-6,280,341-2latices, in, 1030-1lubricants, and or as, 95-8, 104-5,

265,269,274,278,281,282,283,286,306,339-40,364-6

metal soaps and salts as, 275, 337-8mode of action, 291, 299-305non-metallic, 93, 286-92, 348non-toxic, 92, 106,272,278,279,

281,283-4,287,291,348one-pack systems, in, 335, 340-1,

348,351organic, 286-92pastes, in, 969-70physical forms, 266, 273,275,

282-3,340-1,343,345,347,348-51,353-4,356

polymeric, 271selection criteria, 262-3, 335, 337single-metal compounds as, 275-81,

343,348,349types, 89-93, 264window-frame formulations, in, 887Hose, see Tubing'Hot bench', see Gel blockHot-dip coating and moulding, 992-4Hot-foil stamping, 934-5Hydrocarbons, plasticiser extenders

as, 174

Impact modifiers (see also underindividual type names) 98-9,371,390-401,793-4

evaluation of effects, 381fillers as, 226, 236, 241, 246, 391,

419mode of action, 391polymeric, 99,105,390-401,853-4side effects of, 392-3

Index I General 1211

Impact modifers-eontd.window-frame compositions, in, 20,

482,88~

Impact resistance (impact strength),375-90

biaxial stretching, effect of, 19,27,761, 774, 793-4

blow mouldings, of, 774, 793-4,798-9

definition, 375-6, 1188factors affecting, 377mode offailure, and, 384-7notches, effect of, 380-3, 389,390PVC polymer, effect of (in com-

positions), 855temperature, effect of, 855tests, 375-6, 378-81, 382-3, 799,

1188units, 382-3, 384, 1188uPVC, of, 387-90, 855, 1188Injection moulding, 723-41compounds, 726-7, 736-7commercial, 61, 62, 64, 68,70,76-7,726,852

'easy flow', 726formulation, 726melt flow test for, 727time-temperature behaviour of,725

types, 733equipment, 729-35features relevant to PVC, 730-3,735

general considerations, 740selection, 738faults, 734, 739feedstocks, 514, 518, 737, 852melt properties important in, 724-6processfactor effects on products, 728-9stages and operation, 723-4,731-5

temperatureeffects, 724-6settings, 732-4thermal input in, 724trouble shooting in, 738-40uPVC, of, 723, 731-5, 738-40

Injection mouldings, 62, 68, 70, 76-7,897-8, 1118, 1121, 1122

faults in, 734, 739formulations for, 113morphology of, 19,729,898orientation in, 19,728-9property data, 1185-95quenching stresses in, 728shrinkage of, 727Intensive mixers, see underMixersInternal mixers, 596, 810-12, 818International Rubber Hardness

(IRH),184

Kvaluecellular PVC, effects in, 1080, 1083concept, 14,43effect on properties and processing,

86,793,799,853,855,1080,1083

fatigue resistance, and, 864Fikentscher, 15, 43, 44,854gelation/fusion of plastisols, effect

in, 1080ICI,86-7molecular weight, and, 15,44-5,86specific viscosity, and, 14,44-5viscosity number, and, 14,44-5'Kickers' , see under Blowing agents

(activators for)

Lacquer coating, 298, 1008-9, 1094-5compositions, 298, 1008-9, 1050,

1060,1061methods, 1009objectives of, 298, 1008rotational mouldings, of, 988Latices, 1013-46acrylic, 1044definition, 1014film formation by, 1015-16nitrile, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043,

1044,1045vinyl (PVC)anti-foaming agents for, 1028applications, 1040-5

1212 Index I General

Latices-eontd.vinyl (PVC)-contd.compounding ingredients andtechniques for, 1019-38

products from, 1019, 1034, 1036sedimentation in, 1028stability of, 1020-1types, 1016-18

Lead stabilisers, 90-1, 265-70, 337,343-6,349,350

applications, 265-70chemical nature, 265-70electrical insulation, suitability for,

90hazards, 265-6, 337, 341-2mode of action, 299physical forms, 266, 340-1, 343Leathercloth, 998, 1006, 1007,1008,

1009, 1069, 1070, 1072,1092,1094,1095,1096-7,1098

applications, 1111'fogging', role in, see under FoggingLight stability, see under StabilityLimiting oxygen index, see Oxygen

indexLithium stabilisers, 280-1, 349Loop test, 131, 135Low-temperature plasticisers, 97,

163, 165, 166, 193Low-temperature properties of PVC,

192-5,388-90,393,394,400,439-42

'Lubricant value', 369Lubricants, 82, 95, 98, 359-71blow mouldings, for, 794-5calendering, role in, 95, 817,

830-1chemical structure, 362-3commercial sources, 371compatibility with PVC, 360-2compounds used as, 95, 104, 105,

362-3concentrates, 370formulating with, 95, 98functions and effects, 95, 98,

359-63mutual effects withfillers and pigments, 367

Lubricants-eontd.mutual effects with-eontd.plasticisers, 366polymeric modifiers, 366-7stabilisers, 95, 104, 364-5

one-pack systems, in, 98, 339, 340,370

stabilising effects of, 95, 105,339,364-5

Lubricationeffects ofplasticisers, 82, 360, 363, 366polymeric modifiers, 367stabilisers, 269, 274, 278, 281,282,283,284,286,366

evaluation of effects, 361-2, 367-70external, 82, 95, 359-63internal, 82, 95rheological effects of, 360-2, 368,

369

Machining of rigid PVC, 930-2Magnesium carbonate, 247, 433Mass polymerisation and polymers,

see under BulkMasterbatchescolour, 406compounding of, 587Maximum swelling temperature, 123Maximum torque temperature, 132MBS impact modifiers, 99, 390, 391,

392,394,395Microbiological attack, 208-9, 483-6definition, 48~manifestations and mechanism, 483protective additives, 208, 484-5resistance toplasticisers, of, 208-9, 483-4PVC, of, 208, 483, 484vinyl chloride polymers, of, 483testing of resistance, 208, 485Migration ofcolourants, 404, 411plasticisers, 135, 175, 199-200,

1146-7Millsball, 652, 654roll, 656

Index I General 1213

Mixers (see also under Compound­ing), 554, 556, 558, 603,605

continuous, 549, 605, 657-9,867

dissolver, 656-7general types, 554-7horseshoe, 652, 653hot/cold, 562-4intensive, 557-62, 564-71, 576-7paddle, 557, 655planetary, 652, 653pneumatic, 666-71ribbon blender, 557, 653-5rotating, 556, 558vertical screw, 666, 667Modacrylic fibres, 20Molecular weightdefinitions, 13-14distribution, 15-16polymeric plasticisers, of, 165, 167,

168PVC, of

K value, and, 15,43-6p. value, and, 125polymerisation temperature,and, 16,46

processing and properties, effecton (see also under Kvalue),86

Molybdenum trioxide, 247, 430, 433­4

Mould shrinkageother polymers, of, 782PVC, of, 727, 782Mouldingblow, see Blow moulding and Blow

mouldingscompressionpastes, of, 1011solid PVC, of, 837-8, 891, 896-7,902

dip, 993-4injectionpastes, of, 1010-11solid PVC, of, 723-41rotational,986-8slush,988-90

p. Value, 125-6

Newtonian viscosity, 946-7'Nibs', 49, 689, 793, 835Nitriding, 678, 679, 735Nitrile rubberblends with PVC, 170,397-401cable compounds, in, 400, 1166commercial, 399-400footwear, in, 1118latices, in, see under Latices(nitrile)

processing of, 399-400modifier, as, 99, 397-401plasticiser, as, 96, 367, 398Non-toxic additives for food contact

applications, 106Non-toxic colourants, 409Non-toxic plasticisers, 210-11Non-toxic stabilisers, 92-3, 272,283-

4,287-92'Nylonate' (nylon acid) plasticisers,

see AGS acid ester plasti­cisers

Oil absorption, see under Fillers'Oil canning', 893'One-pack' additive systems, 98, 265,

266,273,298,339,340,348,351,370,406-7

Organosols, 940, 975-6, 996, 997,1005

Organotin stabilisers, 92-3, 270-4,300-1,338,346-8,353,354,355

antimony, comparison with, 277characteristics and applications,

272-4chemical nature, 270-4effects, 272, 306mode of action, 300-1polymeric, 271'reverse ester', 274single-pack systems, in, 273, 340types, 270-1'Oxo' process, 152, 156Oxygen index, 502plasticisers, effect of, 161,205,508plastics, values for, 503test methods, 505, 506

1214 Index I General

Pastes (see also Organosols, Plasti­gels, Plastisols, and Rigi­sols)

car body undersealing, for, 229,1121

casting of, 991-2coating of sheet materials with,

998-1010common product faults, 1002-4techniques, 998-1002, 1004-7commercial, 60, 62, 69components and formulation of,

962-75compression moulding of, 1011definition, 939-41dip coating with, 992-3, 994-6dip moulding of, 993-4extrusion of, 1011-12foam production from, 115,967formulations, 1095-8methods and effects, 1069-77,1080-4, 1091

foamable coating layers, 115, 1006gelation/fusion of, see under Gela­

tion/fusionlow-pressure injection moulding of,

1010-11preparation, processing and ap­

plications, 981-1012production,603-9,981-2products, 114-15,284,987-8,990,

991,993,994-5,999,1006,1007, 1010, 1011

properties and formulation, 939-79rheological properties of, 228-9,

237,945-51room-temperature blowing of, 1091rotational casting of, 986-8slush moulding of, 988-90spray coating with, 996-7standard specifications forpreparation, 51, 981, 1141viscosity determination, 51, 960­1,1141

terminology, 939-40viscosity of, see under ViscosityPellets, see under Compounding and

CompoundsPermachor, 462-3

Permeability, 452-66biaxial orientation, effect of, 19,

27, 761, 774, 799blow mouldings, of, 774, 798,799coefficientdefinitions, 453, 455, 461units, 459definition, 452, 453, 455, 460determinationcontainers, on, 462, 798plastics, on, 462standard methods, 456-8porous materials, of, 460-2PVC, data for, 451, 463-6units, 453-4, 456-9, 460Phosphate plasticisers, 94, 96-7, 159­

63flammability, effect on, 160-3,

204-6,430-1,432,503halogenated alkyl phosphates, 163,

431mixed alkyl aryl phosphates 161PVC compounds, performance in,

160, 162thermal degradation, effect on, 260trialkyl phosphates, 160triaryl phosphates, 159, 160Phosphite stabilisers, see under Co­

stabilisersPhotochemical degradation, 260-1impurities, effect of, 261, 482mechanism, 261protective additives, see UV stabil­

isers, Antioxodants, Carbonblack, and Titanium dioxide

relevant tests, 328-30, 476-80weathering, in, 472, 474-5Phthalate plasticisers, 93-7,152-9flammability, effect on, 161,205,

508general-purpose, 153higher, 156-8linear, 153, 156lower, 152-3miscellaneous, 158-9modified, 158-9possible health hazard, 210PVC compounds, performance in,

154-5

Index I General 1215

Pigments (see also Colourants)latices, in, 1036, 1038solutions, in, 1056-7, 1059weathering, effect on (see also

Carbon black and Titaniumdioxide), 482, 1056

Pipes, see under uPVCPlasticisationexternal,5-6,117-18internal, 5, 20, 118, 1016mechanisms of, 120, 121, 122, 124theories of, 120-2vinyl latices, of, 1016-17, 1018,

1031-5Plasticised PVC (pPVC)ageing of, 138-9chemical resistance of, 487, 488-9definition, 2-4, 590 (calendered

sheet)filler loading, effects of, 233, 238-9flammability of, 161, 204-6, 427,

430-1,432,433,503,508products, 986-98,1072-4,1106,

1108, 1109-10, 1111, 1112,1114-15, 1118, 1120, 1121,1122-3, 1124

properties of (see also under indi­vidual property names), 65,67,69,72-7,118,154-5,157,158,160, 161, 162,164,166,173,187-212,441-2,447-9,464,465,469,472-3,483-4,487,488-9

stain resistance of, 209-10,1010weathering of, 261, 472-3, 482Plasticiser absorptionfillers, by, see under Plasticiser

demand of fillersPVC polymer particles, by, 47, 48,

123, 125, 127Plasticiser demand of fillers (see also

under Fillers (oil absorp­tion)), 226, 230-1, 970-2

Plasticisers (see also under individualor type names)

bulk properties of, 139, 160, 164,166,167,172, 1144-6

cellular PVC, effects in, 1081,1083-:4

Plasticisers-contd.chemical nature of, 119-20, 136-9behaviour in PVC, and, 136-9citrate, 174classification of, 147-9commercial, 147-80compatibilityexpressions, 125-32external materials, with, 175high humidity, at, 204tests, 123, 127, 131-2TXP isomers, of, 128cross-linkable, 174, 968-9, 1073definition, 117desirability function, 183diffusion in PVC, 135-7effectivity (efficiency), 132-4, 185,

189, 192effects in PVC compositions, on

(see also under individualproperties)

BS softness No., 187-9,450,1189

electrical properties, 156,206,207,1193-4

elongation at break, 191,850,1187

flammability, 204-6, 508impact strength, 388, 441-2, 850,1188

low-temperature performance,94,192-5,205,439-42

modulus, 193, 1190softness, 184-5, 187-9, 1189tensile properties, 190-1,450,1186-7

efficiency factor, 134, 189extraction, 135, 196-8exudation, tests for, 131flexible seals, in contact with, 175foams, effects in, 1081, 1083-4food, contact considerations, 106,

210-11formulating with, 93-7,105,149,

181-4fusing, rapid, see solvating (below)glycol ester, 173-4handling and storage of, 175, 179,

530-2,539-40

1216 Index I General

Plasticisers-contd.health and safety aspects, 211-12history of, 5-6interaction,parameter (Flory-J{uggins), 128,

130PVC polymer, with, 122-32'low temperature' , see aliphatic

diester plasticisersmigration, 135, 199-200tests for, 200miscellaneous, 170--5monoester, 173monomeric, definition, 119names and abbreviations, 148-51pastes, in, 153, 159, 265-9,976-7permanence, 195-204polymeric, 96-7,165-70compositions, in, 199definition, 119-20nature, 165-70solid, 169-70, 197,394-401polymerisable, 174,968-9,1073primary, definition of, 118producers of, 177-9properties in PVC, 118, 140-1,

154-5, 158, 160-2, 164, 166,169, 173

rapid fusing, see solvating (below)resistance toinsect and rodent attack, 209,486

microbiological attack, 208-9,483-6

secondary, definition of, 118selection of, 96-7,124-5solubility parameters of, 127solvating, 94, 97,115,158,174,

1074,1081synonyms, 148-52types, 119, 149usage features (general), 96-7vinyl latices, in, 1031-5viscosity-temperature relationship,

176volatilisation, 135, 157,200-2, 212,

446-8Plastigels, 973-5

Plastisols (see also Pastes), 945,953-5,973,997,1069,1072­3, 1076-7, 1079, 1084, 1096­8

basic form of, 951nature, 939synonymity with pastes, 939Plastometers, see under rheometersPlate-out, 91, 251, 305, 307-8,687-8,

780, 835, 1090blow moulding, in, 780blowing (foam) compositions, with,

1090calendering, in, 835deposits, composition of, 305,688,

1090extrusion, in, 687-8test for, 307-8Polymeric modifiers, see under Im­

pact modifiers and Process­ing aids

Polyurethanelacquers, 1009modifiers, 168-70, 197,401Polyvinyl chloride (homopolymer)chemical structure, 13-18crystallinity, 18-19, 121,694-5fine structure (morphology), 18-19glass transition temperatureeffect of blending with nitrilerubber,398

typical values, 18molecular orientation, 19syndiotactic, 18, 121Porous materialspermeability of, 460-1production methods, 250, 1078,

1079Powdercoating and moulding, 61, 1118­

20compounds, 514,518,852as feedstocks inblow moulding, 789-90calendering, 808extrusion, 686-7, 851, 885injection moulding, 737, 852gelation of, 691-2

Index I General 1217

Powder---eontd.compounds---eontd.production of (see also underCompounding), 372, 547-9,867

sintering of, 1079types, 548, 686-7

pPVC, see Plasticised PVCPrinting, see Surface decoration of

PVCProcessing aids, 98, 372-5, 392-3blow mouldings, in, 795effects in PVC, 373-4impact modifiers, action as, 373,

392-3mode of action, 374polymers used as, 372-3Pseudoplasticity, 948--9Purgingextruders, of, 685-6injection machines, of, 734materials for, 685-6, 734PVCapplications (see also under relevant

individual headings) 1103-26ball valves, 1124bricks, 1124cellular, see Cellular PVCcompositions (see also under Com-

pounding and Compounds)commercial,59-77melt compounded, 79, 80production of, see Compoundingdefinitions, 1-4expanded, see under Cellular PVCfibres and fibre products, 5, 20, 22,

1117flexible (see also Plasticisation and

Plasticised PVC)definition, 2, 3products (see also under Plasti­cised PVC (products) andPastes (products», 1106,1108, 1109, 1110, 1111

foams, see Cellular PVC andFoams

general definition, 1health hazards, 495-501

PVC---eontd.historical development, 4-7IR spectrum of, 34-5laminates with other materials, 745,

909,1111-16medical applications, 1120--1motor cars, use in, 1121plasticised, see Plasticised PVCpolymer particlesmorphology,46,48,51,689-91size, 46, 47, 51, 690, 943, 962-3polymers (resins)characterisation tests, 50--2characteristics, 41-9, 86-9commercialproducers and trade names,55-7properties, 54, 854high purity, 89, 853history, 4-5kinds, 38-41,53,86-8,1047-8,

1050--1production processes, 37-41, 47properties and tests, 47, 50-4,852, 1135-68

quality, 89standard designation, 49, 53'red-mud' filled, 1123reprocessing, 9-10, 310, 599-603rigid, see Rigid PVCsheet, see Sheetsolutions, 1047-65applications of, 1050--1, 1060--3cocooning, for, 1061film casting, for, 1063miscellaneous components of,1054-7

pigments, in, 1056, 1057, 1059,1060

polymers used inadhesion to substrates, 1049,1059, 1061-5nature, 1048--9, 1050--1, 1052,1053

preparation of, 1057-60ready-made, 1058--9solvent-cements, as, 924-7, 1063solvents used in, 1049-54

1218 Index I General

PVC-contd.solutions-contd.surface coatings, as, 1059-63viscosity of, 1054usage statistics, 8, 10-11Pyrolysis, 424, 426, 427, 428

Re-cyclingcompounding, and, 599-603general problems, 9, 10sulphide staining in, 310'Red mud' (as reinforcing filler), 1123Relative melting temperature, 123Rheometersbalance (Contraves), 954, 955capillary, 327-8, 369, 580,581oscillatory (parallel plate), 954-5plastometersMacklow-Smith, 65piston (ASTM), 369, 727review (passim), 790torqueevaluation of lubricants, use for,362,368-9

extrusion characteristics, deter­mination in, 369

fusion time and rate, determina­tion in, 362, 368, 790-1, 954

Plasti-Corder, see underBrabender in Index 3

Plastograph, see underBrabender in Index 3

RAPRA, see Index 3stability tests, use for, 316, 319,326-8

Rheometry, reference to review of,790

Rheopexy, 949-50Rigid PVC (see also uPVC)chemical.resistance of, 487,488-9,

491-4definition, 2, 3, 849feedstocks, 851-2typical property value ranges,

1185-97Rigisols, 940, 976-7Rodent attack, resistance of PVC to,

209,486

Roll test, 131, 135Rotational casting, 986-8

Screeners, see UV stabilisersSelective membranes, 1123Semi-rigid PVCdefinition, 2, 590 (sheet), 849properties, 849-50Sheetapplications of, 847, 893-Q, 903-9,

922,1107calendered, see Calendered sheetconversion and manipulation of

(for packaging), 932definition, 803-4, 890, 901-2embossing, 821-4, 838-9,935extruded, see Extruded sheetfabrication of, 910-36'planishing' (press finishing) of, 837press-laminated, 837-8, 891, 902-3property data, 819, 841, 842-3,

846, 1185-95tank lining with, 917-18thermoforming, see Thermoform­

ing of sheetthicknessmeasurement and control, 82~,892-3

values and ranges, 804, 890-1,901-3

types 904, 906-907Shore (Durometer) hardnessBS softness, and, 184, 186, 188determination of, 184, 1189typical value ranges for PVC, 1189Siding, see CladdingSimulated skin, 1122-3'Single-pack' additive systems, see

'One-pack' additive systemsSingle-screw extruders, 673, 674, 677,

679-80,698-9,704-5,709Slush moulding, 988-90Smokedensity, 427, 434evolutionenhancement by some additives,

431

Index I General 1219

Smoke-contd.evolution-contd.plastics, by, 427, 502tests for, 434, 505-7, 509nature, 427PVC, from burning, 499, 502, 509suppressants, 83, 242, 247-8, 429-

34Softness (see also BS softness)measurement, 184-5plasticisers, effects of, 185,187-9,

450,1189Solid-gel transition temperature, 123,

127,131Solubility parameter, 125-7plasticisers, of, 126, 127PVC polymer, of, 127Solution polymerisation, 39, 42, 1048Solution polymers, 1048-9, 1050-1Solutions, see PVC solutionsSolvation point, 123Solvent cements, see under Bonding

of PVC, Chlorinated poly­vinyl chloride, and PVC(solutions)

Stabilisation (see also Heat stabilisers,UV stabilisers and Antiox­idants)

blow moulding compositions, of,793 (see also Non-toxic sta­bilisers)

calendering compositions, of, 831effects, evaluation of, 312-30external,264'in kettle', 264internal, 264mechanisms, 264, 291, 299-305Stabilisers, see under functional types

(e.g. Heat stabilisers, UVstabilisers, Antioxidants)

Stabilityheat, toadverse effects of formulationcomponents, 260

concept, 311-15induction time, and, 312polymer nature, effect of, 259-60stability time, and, 259, 312-15

Stability-contd.heat, to-contd.testing, 315-28light, totesting, 328-30

Stain resistance of pPVC, 209-10,1010

Standardsinstitutions, 29, 1127-31test specifications, 29-30, 1134-68,

1185-95Static electricity charges, 420-2electrical resistivity, and, 420-2measurement, 421-2Stressconcentrating features, 377, 381,

386,695cracking, see Environmental stress

crackingrupture strength, 862whiteningfilled compositions, in, 102, 106,230

impact-modified compositions,in, 392, 794

mechanism, 392Strontium stabilisers, 249, 281Sulphide stainingcross-staining, 91, 105,272,278,

309,310occurrence, 91, 106,276,308-11tests for, 310-11Surface decoration of PVC, 838-9,

932-5, 1005, 1008-9, 1092-5Surface marking of PVC, 935-6Surface processing of PVC, 936Surface treatment offillers, see under Fillers and Cal­

cium carbonate fillersPVCcellular coatings, 1092-5paste coatings, 1005, 1008-9sheeting, 838-9, 932-6

Suspensionpolymer particle characteristics, 46,

47,690-1polymerisation, 39-40, 41Syndiotactic PVC polymer, 18, 121

1220 Index 1 General

Synergismco-stabilisation, in, 91, 104,276,

283,340lubricant/stabiliser, 104,274,364-5calcium stearate/antimony mer­captide, 276, 364

glycerol esters/thiotins, 364

TgPVC polymer and compounds, of,

18,361,398,460role infilm formation from latex, 1016,1017

mode of fracture, 388Talc, 217, 223Tank lining with PVC sheet, 917-18Temperature gradient bar, see Gel

blockTemperature index (UL), 445Tensile strengthpaste products, of, 959plasticisers, effects of, see under

Plasticisers and Effects inPVC

temperature, effect of, 388, 450typical values for PVC, 1186Termite attack, 209, 486Thermal decomposition productsplastics, of (general), 426-7,428PVC, of, 256-8, 259, 499-500Thermal degradation of PVC, 256-60activation energy for, 259and specific energy for meltgeneration, 311-12

different PVC polymers, 259-60mechanisms, 256-9nature and measurement, 313, 326,

327time/temperature effects in melt

processing, 578, 725Thermal diffusivity, 781-2Thermoforming of sheet, 743-62advantages, 744basic methods, 743combination processes for, 743CPVC properties relevant to, 745,

761

Thermoforming of sheet--eontd.creep tests relevant to, 757, 759­

60equipment forintegrated lines, 757suppliers, 757, 758materials usedassessment of, 757, 759--60nature of, 745productsdistortion of, 756-7finishing of, 754-~quenching stresses in, 744related processes, and, 746techniquesmatched-mould and related, 755­6

pressure, 756vacuum, 745-54temperaturedraw ratio, and--effects on pro­duct quality, 759--60

role in process, 751-2, 756-7, 760Thickening agentslatices, in, 1021-8pastes, in, 251, 973--5Thixotropy, 949-50, 973, 976Time/temperature effects in melt

processing, see under Ther-mal degradation

Tin stabilisers, see Organotin stabi­lisers

Titanium dioxideclay, in, 218light stabiliser, as, 108,297,419,

482,1056types, 418white pigment, as, 102,418--19,

1062Toners, 411Torque rheometer, see under Rheo-

metersToughness, 376, 399, 440Transfers (surface decoration), 933Trialkyl phosphate plasticisers, 149,

160, 161, 162Triaryl phosphate plasticisers, 149,

159-60, 161, 162

Index I General 1221

Trimellitate plasticisers, 96-7, 149,163, 164

PVC compounds, performance in,164

Tubing (flexible), 674, 719, 1106,1120

Underlays (rugs and mats, for), 1124uPVCchemical resistance of, 487, 488-93,

494definition, 2, 3fillers in, 235, 236, 239-40,241,

242-6,250film (see also Extruded film),

890-2,894,895,1109injection moulded articles, see

Injection mouldingspipesapplications, 867-9, 882, 883,1104-6, 1121-2

formulation aspects, 853, 876-8production of, 869-78properties and tests, 378-80, 697,878-9,880-1

special forms of, 879,882-3types, 867-9water flow, through, 869profilesapplications,883-4,1106-7cellular, 884, 885formulation aspects, 886-9production of, 884-6specifications and tests, 889types, 883window frame, 20, 482, 883, 884,885,886-9,1106-7

properties (see also under indi­vidual property names), 65,66,68,71,463-4,466,469,489-94,849,850,855­66,878-9,899,893-51185­95

sheet, see under Calendering,Calendered sheet, Extrudedsheet, Extrusion, and Sheet

UV stabilisers, 255, 292-9

Vacuum forming, 745-54Venting of extruders, 612, 621, 623,

627,629,635,636,638,677,683-4

Vinyl chloridecopolymers, see under Copolymershomopolymers, see under Polyvinyl

chlorideVinyl chloride monomer (VCM)detection and determination, 496explosive limits, 38, 500hazards of, 9, 38, 496-7, 500polymerisation of, 38-41production, 7, 37-8properties, 38regulatory measures, 9, 38,497'stripping' from PVC polymer, 39,

41,497Viscometers (see also Rheometers),

954,960-1Bendix Ultra Viscoson, 954Brookfield, 954, 960Castor-Severs, 961cone-and-plate (Haake-Rotovisco),

961Contraves balance, 954, 955Ford cup, 961Gardner, 961Viscositydepressants for pastes, 975-7expressions and terms, 14, 44-5, 52

(passim),960-1melts, of, 369, 581, 790number, see under K valuepastes, of, 941-51, 953-8ageing index, see stability index(below)

extender polymers, effect of,943,963,964

fillers, effect of, 970-3measurement of, 51, 953-5,960­1,1141

plasticisers, effect of, 957, 965-8thickening agents, effect of, 973­5

solutions, of, 14-15,44-5,50,1050-1, 1054

specific (see also under K value)

1222 Index I General

Viscosity-eontd.stability index (pastes), 966, 973standards and definitions, 14,44-5,

50,52,1136-7Volatile loss, 200-2, 447-8

Wall coverings (interior), 998, 1005,1042-3, 1113-14

Weathering (see also under Photo­chemical degradation),206-8, 469-82

definition, 469effects, 206-8,261,471-3,476,480factors instrumental in, 470, 472-3,

474,475-6, 481-2plasticisers, effects of, 207-8, 482resistanceassessment, 471, 474-7, 480formulating for, 107, 480-2,886-8

processing, effect of, 482solvent residues, effect of, 482testsmethods, 470-1, 474-5, 477, 480,1134

radiation sources in, 476-9WeldIng of PVC (see also Bonding)definition, 910, 923flooring, 914,916,918-19

Welding of PVC-eontd.recommended temperature ranges,

910specifications relevant to, 913, 918techniquesdielectric welding, 912extrusion welding, 911, 919friction welding, 912heated tool welding, 911, 922-3high frequency welding, 912,919-22

hot gas welding, 911, 914-19indirect heated element welding,911

radio-frequency (RF) welding,912

spin welding, 912thermal impulse welding, 912ultrasonic welding, 913vibration welding, 912

White lead, 266-7Whiting, see Calcium carbonate fillers

(types)

Zinc-containing stabilisers, 91, 93,106, 109-10, 112, 113, 115,283-4,286,302-3,309,325,338,345,347-53,355,356,364,793,831,969,1086,1087,1096

INDEX 2

Material and Product Trade Names

Acryloid modifiersequivalence to Paraloid, 375,396formulations, in, 108, 395, 887Adimoll plasticisers, 178Admex plasticisers, 179Aerosil, 252, 973Airco PVC resins, 22, 56Ako-Stop, 1124Alaiftex plasticisers, 177Alfol alcohols, 151, 156, 164Alphanol 79 alcohols, 150, 156, 164Amaplast Yellow RRT, 404Amoco Resin 18, 373Antifoam A, 1028Antistat A, 424, 425Araclor plasticiser extenders, 179Arbeftex plasticisers, 177Argutop lacquers, 1008, 1009Armodur, 905Artevyl PVC resins, 56Astraglass, 905Atmer 152, 1082Azocel blowing agents, 1088

Baco FRF, 252Bakelite PVC resins (see also Ucar) ,56,966,1051,1055

Ballotini,223Baropan stabilisers, 369, 371

Beetle PVC resins, 23, 57Bennite, 252Bentone, 974Benvic PVC resins, 905Benzoftex plasticisers, 174, 179Bevaloid defoaming agents, 1028bioMET, 208, 209Bisoftex plasticisers, 35, 177, 966Bisol DPS, 1043Bisomer DALP, 969Blendex modifiers, 203, 346, 355,394,395

Blue B, 404Bondene,909,1115Borden PVC resins, 56Bostik adhesives, 918,928-9BQ stabilisers, 343, 344,346Breonlatices, 1013, 1014, 1017-19, 1021­8, 1030-2, 1034, 1035, 1038-45PVC compounds, 399, 400, 857,859,861PVC resins, 57, 203, 424, 465, 796,832,854,855,897,926,964,969,971,972,973,996,997,1008,1052, 1054, 1064, 1098

Britomya, 222, 227,234-5,236,252,346

Brux alloy, 708Burgess clays, 252BZ 329 stabiliser, 285

1223

1224 Index 2 Material and Product Trade Names

Cab-o-Sil, 973Cadmium colourants, 414, 415Calgon, 1029, 1043Calibrite, 233, 234, 237, 252Calmote, 252Calofil, 252, 972Calofort, 252, 972Calopake,252Carina PVC resins, 56Carstab 700, 295Celanese (Courtaulds) plasticisers,163,177

Celcon, 735Cellosolve, 1052, 1053, 1062Celogen blowing agents, 1088, 1090Cereclor plasticiser extenders, 127,128, 130, 171, 172, 173, 177, 178,432

Ceroxin lubricants, 371Chemigum N8, 203ChemPurge, 685Chlorafin plasticiser extenders, 179Chlorez plasticiser extenders, 178Chlorowax plasticiser extenders, 178Chrome Green DC 3593, 409Cinquasia Violet RT 795 D, 407Citroflex plasticisers, 174, 179Clarechem CLA-1500, 430Clorafin, 179Cobex 1350, 905Conductex 975, 424ConocoPVC compounds, 63, 1122PVC resins, 56Contrastat, 178Corvic PVC resins, 34, 35, 52, 54, 56,410,796,819,854,897,966,974,987,988,990,997

Crestapol plasticisers, 129, 177Cromophtal colourants, 408, 413Cyanolit 811, 928Cyasorb UV stabilisers, 294, 1055

Dacovin PVC resins, 57Darvic,451,904,906-7,909Dawsonite, 242, 243, 244, 248, 433Day/Cal, 234

Day-Glo pigments, 403DeckorCellset, 1082, 1098lacquers, 1008primer, 992Dekadur,28Delrin, 735Denkavinyl PVC resins, 56Diamond 450, 832Dieldrin, 209Diepox plasticisers, 178Diolpate plasticisers, 129, 168, 177,196

Diplast plasticisers, 178Disflamoll plasticisers, 178Dispex 115, 1043Dobane plasticisers, 177Drapex plasticisers, 177Duraform, 217, 903, 909Durastrength 200, 893Durelast 100, 170, 197,401Durostabe stabilisers, 280, 348, 349,

351Dutrex plasticiser extenders, 174, 177Dynel fibre, 20, 22Dythal, 1089

Eastman 910, 928Edenol plasticisers, 171, 178Ekalit M, 401Ekavyl PVC resins, 56, 57Electrofine plasticiser extenders, 174,177

Elvaloy, 170, 395, 452, 887Emerwax lubricants, 371Emery plasticisers, 178Emiblend, 424Enerfiex plasticiser extenders, 174,177

Epivyl PVC resins, 56Epoxol plasticisers, 179Estabex ABF, 208, 484Estabex plasticisers, 178Estaflex plasticisers, 178Estol 294, 796Ethoquad C12, 423Ethyl PVC compounds, 63, 726, 732,795,857

Index 2 Material and Product Trade Names 1225

Etinox PVC resins, 57Exon PVC resins, 57Ex-Static, 423Extrudex pipe, 869

Ferralon wall coverings, 1114Ferro-Check stabilisers, 284Fibravylfibre, 1117Ficel blowing agents, 1088Flexol plasticisers, 179, 966Flovic, 904, 907Fordcal, 252FPC PVC resins, 57Franklin Fiber, 221Fromopack sheet, 905Fromoplas sheet, 1108FW Rubine Toner BOS, 412Fybex,242,243Fyroflex flame and smoke retardantplasticisers, 431

Gafstat AE 610, 423Galon wall coverings, 1114Gama-Sperse, 227Garbeflex plasticisers, 177Garbefos plasticisers, 177Garotalc, 223GasH, 252, 307, 973Gedeflex plasticisers, 177Genitron blowing agents, 1083, 1088,1089, 1090, 1096

Geoncompounds, 28,53, 726,1122CPVC resins, 25, 28PVC latices, 1013PVC resins, 56

flakuenka, 234, 252flalowax 4004, 966flalvic PVC resins, 57fleatshrink fittings, 1125fleliflex tubing, 1106flercoflex plasticisers, 179flercolyn plasticisers, 179fleron duckboard, 1123

flexaplas plasticisers, 158, 177, 178,201,966,968

fligel,973flishi-metal, 1115flostaform, 735flostalit PVC compounds, 63flostalit PVC resins, 20, 56, 395flostalit Z, 887flostavinyl colour concentrates, 406flydral, 252flydrocarb, 222, 235flytrel3495, 391

Igelit PC, 25Inca-Brick, 1124Instaweld adhesives, 929Interstablubricants, 371stabilisers, 271Ionac PE 100, 423Ionox antioxidant, 293Irgalite colourants, 412, 414Irganox antioxidants, 293, 294, 347Irgasan DP 300, 208,485Irgastab stabilisers, 108, 109, 113,114,115,203,271,273,277,286,287,292,308,347,348,351,374,796,988, 1089

Irgastat antistatic agents, 424Irgawax lubricants, 108, 110, 113,203,308,355,371,794,796

Irgazin colourants, 413Iriodin pigments, 403Irvinil PVC resins, 57

Jayflex plasticisers, 177, 178

Kane Ace B 12, 796Kaneka PVC resins, 56Kematal, 735Kem-Gard 911A, 432Kempore blowing agents, 1088Kenplast plasticiser extenders, 174Ken-React, 227Kesscoflex plasticisers, 178Kevlar,1111

1226 Index 2 Material and Product Trade Names

Kodaflex plasticisers, 174, 178, 210Kohinor PVC resins, 57Kombipur, 401Kosmos 70, 408Kronitex plasticisers, 159, 178Kronos Ti02, 308Kydex,745,905,909

Lacqvyl PVC resins, 56Landex modifiers, 401Lankroflex plasticisers, 171, 177, 351,355,1031

Lankromark stabilisers, 286, 348,352-4,355,371

Lankromet stabilisers, 286, 353Lankroplast lubricants, 355, 371Lankrostat antistatic agents, 115,422,423

Laqua WB 240, 1009Levapren modifiers, 395, 887LF, LH, LL, stabilisers 345Linevol alcohols, 156, 167plasticisers, 110, 150, 164, 177,205Lipinol plasticiser extenders, 174, 178Loctite IS 414, 928Lonzavyl PVC resins, 57Loxiollubricants, 110, 354, 371Lubraplas lubricants, 371Lubriollubricants, 371Lubrol, 422, 975, 977, 987, 988Lucalor CPVC compounds, 28, 63Lucel blowing agents, 1091Lucovyl PVC resins, 56Lutofan PVC resins, 56, 1013Lytron 820, 1021

Manomet stabilisers, 351Mark stabilisers, 277, 282, 285, 877,1089

Marvinol PVC resins, 57Mearlin Luster pigments, 403Mellite stabilisers, 351, 796, 997, 1031Mesamoll plasticisers, 130, 173, 178Metaglide lubricants, 371Metasap lubricants, 371Metawax lubricants, 371

Microcarb,252Microdol, 252Microlith colour concentrates, 406Microspin colour concentrates, 406Mikro-Chek 12, 484Millicarb, 234, 235, 236,252Mirvyl PVC resins, 57Mobisol plasticiser extenders, 174Modifier PIM 101, 397Mollan plasticisers, 177Moly flame and smoke retardants,430

Monastral Fast Blue BGS, 414Monolite Fast Black LS, 414Monolube lubricants, 371Monoplas 230, 1098Monoplex plasticisers, 171, 179Morden R, 236Morflex plasticisers, 129, 179Movil fibre, 1117Mural Mousse Somvyl Decor wallcoverings, 1113-14

Neo-Rez R900, 1009Neosyl, 973, 974Neralit PVC resins, 56Nipolit PVC resins, 56Nitropore blowing agents, 1090Nitrosan, 1091Nopco Foamaster Defoaming agents,1028

Nopcowax lubricants, 371Nor-Core 1124Nordxyl, 250Norvinyl PVC resins, 56, 1098Nuoplaz plasticisers, 175, 179,210Nuostabe stabilisers, 286, 348, 350,351

Nycoflex plasticisers, 177

Omya, 100,227,234,237,238,252Omyalite, 227, 235, 236, 252, 345,346,354,355

Oncor flame retardants, 430Ongard flame retardants, 430, 432,434

Oriex, 905

Index 2 Material and Product Trade Names 1227

Pacton SQ, 909Palamoll plasticisers, 129, 177Palatinol plasticisers, 177, 178, 203Pantaprene L, 23Paraloid modifiersequivalence to Acryloid, 375, 396formulations, in, 345, 346, 354,355Paraplex plasticisers, 133, 171,179,796,966,988,997

Pe-ee fibre, 5, 1117Pekevic PVC resins, 57Permabond adhesives, 929Peroxidol plasticisers, 179Pertinax, 921Pevikon PVC resins, 57, 850, 953, 954Pfinyl 402, 236Phosclere stabilisers, 292Phosftex plasticisers, 179Phosgard LSV, 433Plaskon PVC resins, 57Plasthall DIDG, 165Plastifiant K, 177Plastolein plasticisers, 129, 168, 178Plastomoll plasticisers, 177, 178Pliabrac plasticisers, 159, 177,424,987,990

Pliovic PVC resins, 23, 57PMF (slag fibre), 242, 243Polyblend 500 (Breon), 399,400Polycarb, 226, 252Poly-Check stabilisers, 282Polycizer plasticisers, 179Polydon PVC compounds, 63Polyvin, 686Poly-Zole blowing agents, 1091Porofor blowing agents, 1088, 1091Protect-A-Mat, 1124PVC-Glas, 909PV colourants, 412-13, 415PX plasticisers, 179

Q-ce1l300, 223Querton antistatic agents, 423Quirvyl PVC resins, 57

Ramboo tubing, 1121RapidPurge,685

Ravinil PVC resins, 57Ravolen plasticiser extenders, 174RedHHR,404Remafin colour concentrates, 406Reofos plasticisers, 129, 159,160,162,176,177,187,188,190,191,194,203, 205,210

ReoP1ol plasticisers, 110, 129, 163,165,176,177,203,410,977,988

Reoplast plasticisers, 171, 176, 177,308,347,348,351

Reoplex plasticisers, 110, 129, 168,176,177,199,211

Reproxal plasticisers, 178Resin QX-2611, 423Retractyl fibre, 1117Reynosal PVC resins, 57Rhenoftex, 25Rhodamine B, 404Rhodiastab 50, 283Rhovyl filament, 1117Ribstruct pipe, 883Ricatyl plasticisers, 178Ricon PVC resins, 57Rigidsol, 940Royalite, 745Rubine Toner 2BRS, 406Ruco PVC resins, 57Rucodur PVC compounds, 396

Salol,295Sanduvor VSU, 295Santicizer plasticisers, 129, 161,162,177,179,210,433

Santicizer 711, 156, 832Santocel,974Santoset plasticiser, 969Sapchim lubricants, 374Saran fibre, 22Sartomer plasticisers, 969SB 739 stabiliser, 286Scadoplast, 178Scandinol plasticisers, 177SCC PVC resins, 56Scon PVC resins, 57Shinetsu PVC resins, 56Shintech PVC resins, 56

1228 Index 2 Material and Product Trade Names

Sico Red WRC, 308Sicol plasticisers, 178Sicotan colourants, 408Sicron PVC compounds, 63Sicron PVC resins, 56Simona-PVC-EL, 909Sintaclad,905Sintilon Stratum sheet, 1108Sioplas, 588Siscoversal colour concentrates, 410Snow white, 221Snowcal,252Solemite, 227Solvic PVC resins, 56, 203,308Span 20, 1031SPC PVC resins, 56Spreaflex plasticisers, 178SQ stabilisers, 343, 344, 346Staflex plasticisers, 178, 179Stanclere stabilisers, 271, 796, 997Stenollubricants, 371Sterishield, 1120Stone Decor panels, 1113Storeytrim, 909Strandex, 343, 345Sturcal, 259, 972Sulfocel blowing agent, 1090Superlon, 252Super-Pflex 200, 227, 235Superpolyroc pipe, 887Supra colourants, 415Suwide Placo wall coverings, 1114Swada pigments, 403Sylodex, 242, 973Syloid,252Synpron stabilisers, 277, 285Syntewax lubricants, 371

Tangit solvent cement, 927Telcovin TL, 905Tenneco PVC resins, 56Tensol solvent cement, 927Texanol plasticisers, 151, 174,175,

178Therm Check stabilisers, 277Thermolite stabilisers, 271Thermovyl fibre, 1117

Timonox, 253Tinuvin light stabilisers, 108, 109,295,347,351

Tioxide Ti02, 346, 354, 355, 1043Trihyde, 222, 252Trocal Colour profile, 884Trovidur HT, 25Trovipor PVC resins, 57TV-2 biostat, 484Tween 20, 1031

Ucar PVC resins, 1050-1, 1054,1058-61, 1062, 1064-5

Ultramoll plasticisers, 129, 170, 178Ultramoll PU, 170,401Unem plasticisers, 178Uniflex plasticisers, 179Unimoll plasticisers, 178Uraplast plasticisers, 168, 178UV-Chek AM 541A, 294Uvinullight stabilisers, 294, 295

Vacupiast, 482Varian PVC resins, 56Vestinol plasticisers, 178Vestolit PVC resins, 23, 56,887Vinamold hot-melt compounds, 63Vinaprint GV inks, 933Vinatex Adhesive MP 7A, 992Vinco stabilisers, 356Vinidur PVC resins, 56Vinnol PVC resins, 23, 56, 203, 877Vinoflex PVC resins, 56Vinophane, 895,909Vinychlon PVC resins, 56Vinylcel, 1077Vinylite PVC resins, 1051, 1053Vinyon HH, 22Vipla, Viplavil, PVC resins, 56Viton, 175Vixir PVC resins, 57VS-103 (foam cell stabiliser), 1075Vulcabond VP, 1007Vulcafor colourants, 412, 414Vybak,905

Index 2 Material and Product Trade Names 1229

Vyflex powder-coating compounds,63,1118

Vygen PVC resins, 57Vynamon colourants, 412-15

Wacker plasticisers, 178Wavihol pipe, 882WaxE,355Welvic PVC compounds, 63,70-7,856,1125

Winnofil, 252Witaclor plasticisers, 178Witamol plasticisers, 178Wolflex plasticisers, 177, 200

XO 2243 (CPE), 832XQ stabilisers, 343-6

Z-core alloy, 678

INDEX 3

Named Equipment and Processes

Davis-Standard extrusion equipment,699, 704

DCEIMSG compounder, 867'Dead Load' hardness tester, 184Dennis process, 1070De Vilbiss JGA spray gun, 996DI-NA-CAL process, 933Dow cell, 462DRI-CAL process, 933

1231

ACS 500 colour analyser, 408Automa Speed blow-moulding equip­ment, 781, 787

Banbury internal mixer, 811Battenfeld extrusion and blow­moulding equipment, 704, 787,788

Bekum blow-moulding machines,771, 775, 786, 788

Bell blow-moulding equipment, 786Bendix Ultra Viscoson viscometer,954

Berstorff calendering and extrusionequipment, 704, 804, 813

Beta gauge, 825Betol Model 116 extrusion line, 1120Bitruder, 610, 637-9, 706, 707,708BKMI calendering equipment, 804BLT 1000 leak finder, 798BrabenderPlasti-Corder, 326, 327, 328, 368,791,953Plastograph, 132, 368, 953, 954Brookfield viscometer, 954, 960-1,1017

BuW controller, 872Biihler-Miag pellet cooler, 663-4Buss-Kneader, 581, 584, 594, 610,614-23,624-5,626,627,647,649650,810,811,813,1117

Buss mixing turbine, 549, 605,606-7,657-9

Butler chimney apparatus, 505

Calandrette system, 891Cascade extruder, see under Extrud­ers (Index 1)

Castor-Severs viscometer, 960, 961Cincinnati Milacron extrusion andblow-moulding equipment, 704,785,871

Clash and Berg method, 193, 194,442Coexcel process, 8847842 Color Analyzer II, 408Contraves rheometer, 954, 955Corex D light filter, 478,479Corpoplast process, 776-8Cuvar extrusion die, 873

1232 Index 3 Named Equipment and Processes

Durometer (Shore) hardness tester,184, 186, 1189

Dynatup impact tester, 380

Elastomer process, 1070EMMA apparatus, 474EMMAQUA apparatus, 474EMS Industrie extrusion equipment,704

Fade-Ometer, 478Farrel group calendering equipment,804

Fay Foamer process, 1070FCM compounder, 610, 629, 633-5Fischer blow-moulding equipment,787, 788, 789

Ford cup, 961Francis Shaw extrusion equipment,705,892

Gardnercolorimeter XL 805, 408impact tester, 380, 381mixer, 6viscometer, 961, 966

Haake-Rotovisco viscometer, 961Henschel mixers, 549HPM Corporation extrusion equip­ment 699, 704

Hunkar control systems, 771Hunkar ILC process, 783

ICI method for foam cell contentdetermination, 1100

Intec 500 inspection system, 893'Interval blowing' cooling system forblow mouldings, 783

Jungfer (sintering) process, 1079

Kaufman extrusion equipment, 705Kautex blow-moulding machines, 764Kombiplast, 581, 584, 610, 623,626-7,629,631,632-3

Kraus Maffei extrusion equipment,682

Krupp--Kautex KEB blow-mouldingmachines, 769, 781, 787, 788

Lasermark system, 936Leesona blow-moulding machine, 773Lesieur test bottle, 799Luvitherm process, 590

Macklow-Smith plastometer, 65Maco VI control system, 771Maillefer extrusion equipment, 719Maplan extrusion equipment, 682,705,706-7

Mapre extrustion equipment, 702,705, 706

Marrick process, 776-7Match-Mate 3000 colour analyser,408

Maximat blow-moulding machine,787

Measurex 2001/25 control system, 826Melville Plastics Engineering Extrud-er, 708-10

Mesco process, 10Microscal apparatus, 479Moog control systems, 771MPCN compounder, 584-5, 610,635,636-7

NBS smoke chamber, 434NC-P thickness control system, 892

Oswag extrusion equipment, 705OXO process, 152, 156

Planetary extruder, see under Extrud­ers (Index 1)

Index 3 Named Equipment and Processes 1233

Plasti-Corder, see under BrabenderPlastifikator, 581, 609, 610, 611, 612­

13Plastimac blow-moulding equipment,786,789

Plastograph, see under BrabenderPorvic process, 1078Profitmaster 5510 control system, 893

QUV apparatus, 476, 479

RAPRA torque rheometer, 369Reifenhauser extrusion equipment,705, 707

Rheometries 'Mechanical Spectro-meter', 954

Rollex calender line, 813Rota-Sonic scanner, 872Rotocure process, 1112

Saum Systems blow-moulding equip­ment, 773

Schloemann-Siemag blow-mouldingmachine 773

Schramm-Zebrowski method (inflammability tests), 504

Shell higher olefin process (SHOP),156

Shelley 'Linear Series' thermoformingline, 757

SIDEL blow-moulding machines,768, 769, 787, 788

Sigmat 770 control system, 893Speed blow-moulding machines, seeAutoma Speed

Statigun, 421Stork system, 1094Sussex thickness control system, 893

Taber Abraser, 1196TCM foam moulding system, 1076Technoform PPZ process, 875Therimage process, 933Thermassive window frame system,1107

Thermorex gear pumps, 684Topformer process, 743TQ-150 mercury lamp, 329Tri-Delta blow-moulding machines,789

Trovipor process, 1070, 1071Turbosphere mixer, 559, 560

Ultra Viscoson viscometer, see Ben-dix Ultra Viscoson

Underwriters tunnel furnace test, 506Uniloy 300 blow-moulding line, 781Urban AKS 3313 welding equipment,923

Vanderbilt process, 1077Vibrochrom FFR 2 colorimeter, 408

Weather-Ometer, 207, 475, 478Werner Pfleiderer ZSK extruder, 623,626, 632, 677

Xenotest apparatus, 207, 330, 478XP-2 smoke chamber, 505