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UNIVERSITY OF GAZİANTEP

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING

ROAD CONSTRUCTION AND SEWARAGE SYSTEMS

Submitted by : Ahmad Ganjeena Khoshnaw

Submitted to : Instructor ENVER KILINC

Date : 29/ 11/ 2012

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A)) ROAD CONSTRUCTION:-

1- IN GENERAL:

Basically, all hard surfaced pavement types can be

categorized into two groups, flexible and rigid. Flexible

pavements are those which are surfaced with bituminous (or

asphalt) materials. These can be either in the form of

pavement surface treatments. These types of pavements are

called "flexible" since the total pavement structure "bends" or

"deflects" due to traffic loads. A flexible pavement structure is

generally composed of several layers of materials which can accommodate this "flexing".

On the other hand, rigid pavements are composed of a

PCC surface course. Such pavements are substantially "stiffer"

than flexible pavements due to the high modulus of elasticity

of the PCC material. Further, these pavements can have

reinforcing steel, which is generally used to reduce or eliminate joints.

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Each of these pavement types distributes load over the sub

grade in a different fashion. Rigid pavement, distribute the

load over a relatively wide area of sub grade. Flexible

pavement uses more flexible surface course and distributes

loads over a smaller area. Pavements generally require some sort of maintenance or rehabilitation every 10 to 35 years.

2- MAIN ROAD CONSTRUCTION STEPS:

In general the steps for constructing any type of roads can

be mentioned in:

Planning: planning for the required road and identifying

its type and size.

Initial surveying: necessary to notice the possibility of

implementation, estimating the cost and focusing on

the root (alignment) option for the road.

Designing: to fix the final decisions and finance

required, also to prepare the work documents.

Tendering: to identify the responsible organizations in

implementing, supervising, monitoring …..etc.)

Site preparations: to establish the work requirements

such as; comps, equipments, fuels, man powers and

row materials.

Earth opening: soil works according to the prepared designs for cutting and fillings.

C

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onstructing structures: like bridges, culverts, curbs and

retaining walls.

Furnishing Sub Base: the type and thickness according

to the prepared designs.

Coating: prim coat coating in case of flexible pavements.

Curbing: casting the base and

fixing the curbstones in case of urban roads.

Paving: paving with asphalt or concrete depending on

the designs and type of road.

Fencing: installing the guardrails, protection and

security fences and structure grills.

Marking: marking the road lanes and installing the road traffic recommendations.

3- MAIN ROAD CONSTRUCTION EQUEPMENTS:

Bulldozer: (crawler)

using in cutting, moving

materials and grading in

solid and semi solid soils.

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Grader: using in grading,

leveling, shaping, thin

cutting, side ditching and

removing over size or un desirable materials.

Pay loader: (shovel) using

in holding, loading and transporting materials.

Loaders(Tracks): using in

transporting materials and equipments.

Scrapers: for

transporting, grading and furnishing soils.

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Rollers: In its different types steel and tires using for compacting the road materials.

Furnishers (Pavers): for

paving sub base,

asphalt and concrete materials.

Excavators: using

in ditching, holding

and transporting materials.

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4- MAIN ROAD PLANTS:

Sub Base plant: to provide materials using in sub

base and base layers in roads in identified job mix.

Asphalt mixing plant: mixing hot mix asphalt

materials for paving the road layers.

Concrete patches plant: mixing concrete materials

for paving roads and constructing other structures

in roads.

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5- MAIN ROAD LAYERS (LAYER COMPOSITION):

1- In rural Area:

2- In urban Area:

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B)) SEWARAGE SYSTEM:-

1- IN GENERAL:

Sewerage system, network of pipes, pumps, and

force mains for the collection of wastewater, or sewage,

from a community. Modern sewerage systems fall under

two categories: domestic, industrial sewers and storm

sewers. Sometimes a combined system provides only one

network of pipes, mains, and outfall sewers for all types

of sewage and runoff. The

preferred system,

however, provides one

network of sewers for

domestic and industrial

waste, which is generally

treated before discharge,

and a separate network for

storm runoff, which may

be diverted to temporary

detention basins or piped

directly to a point of

disposal in a stream or river.

2- SAINTIFIC DIFINITION:

The Sewer Protection Zone and the Sewer Set Back:

The “Sewer Protection Zone”: is defined as the horizontal

distance of 25m from the outermost edge of any part of public

sewers (including pumping mains) or 36m from the outmost

edge of any part of the DTSS tunnel & facilities within which

no works either permanent or temporary should be carried out

unless the Director, Water Reclamation (Network) Department has given the written permission to do so.

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“Sewer Setback”: is defined as minimum horizontal distance

measured from the outer edge of any structure to either the

center-line of the public sewer / pumping main or the outer edge of the public sewer’s pumping bedding.

Water distribution and sewer systems: Water distribution

and sewer networks are an essential link in the rural, urban,

and industrial water-economy. The design, use, and

maintenance of these water networks is a specialty unto itself:

a specialty that raises distinct requirements in each

application.

During the infrastructure’s lifespan, its availability at the

lowest possible cost must always be guaranteed. This requires

a lot of integral knowledge about network design, but also

about the maintenance, renovation, and extension of these

networks.

3- SEWERAGE NET WORK:

The aggregate of underground pipelines and sewers

receiving and draining waste waters away from population

centers and industrial enterprises and toward the appropriate

treatment facilities; the principal element of a sewerage system.

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An urban sewer network

consists of pipe networks

draining city blocks,

buildings and groups of

buildings, and streets,

sewage mains, and

pressure lines. The lines of

the sewer network running

within individual buildings

are connected to the

network of that group or

block of buildings through special drainage outlets. Pumping

stations are built to pump the sewage water to treatment

facilities. Manholes are

provided for inspection and

repairs. Industrial

enterprises may have

several sewer networks for

removing effluents of

different composition (for

example, strong acid and

strong base).

Depending on topography, ground conditions, composition of

the effluents, and sequence of construction, networks may be

perpendicular, transverse, parallel, zonal, or radial. Whenever

possible, sewer networks are designed to use a gravity-fed

system to transport household and industrial effluents. The

hydraulic calculations necessary in designing a sewer network

consist in determining the diameter of the pipes and their load

and the rate of flow of the effluents. The network should be

deep enough (depending on the depth of soil freeze) to protect

the pipes against damage by surface transport. This comes to about 2 m for the middle zone of the USSR.

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The choice of pipelaying material depends on the

composition of the effluents and groundwaters and on the

purpose of the pipeline. A gravity-fed sewer network is made

from ceramic, asbestos-cement, concrete, and reinforced-

concrete pipe; the large-diameter mains are made from

reinforced-concrete pipe or prefabricated sections of reinforced

concrete. Metal,

asbestos cement, and

reinforced-concrete

pipes are used for

pressure lines. Pipes can

also be made from

synthetic materials.

Careful fitting of the

joints in laying the pipe

helps ensure water tightness and long life.

4- PRIMARY SEDIMANTATION TANK:

Sedimentation tanks is used for:

1- Remove grease oil.

2- Fecal solid settle, floating

material rise to the surface.

3- Produce a homologous

liquid for later biological

treatment.

4- Fecal sludge are pumped to

sludge treatment plant.

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5- THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CANAL AND SEWER:

canal : is a man-made stream or a stream a naturally

occurring stream that has been purposefully changed by

humans. It can either be used to to transport people and

goods or contain water for consumption by humans.

Sewers: contain human waste and are often underground as

such they as not suitable for either of the purposes to which

canals are put.