proceedings of the scientific meeting on radon in natural waters

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Proceedings of the Scientific Meeting on

’’Radon in Natural Waters”

Held on December 12-13, 1996

Edited by M. FUKUI and K. HORIUCHI

Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University

February, 1997

1996^12/3 12-130 mm

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Proceedings of the Scientific Meeting on

"Radon in Natural Waters"

Preface

Scientific meeting on "Radon in Natural Waters" was held at the Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University on December 1 2-13, 1996. There has been an increasing interest in radon in the environment. This prompted to host the first-of-its-kind meeting which focused on the following topics: sampling and analysis of radon in natural waters; monitoring radon from hydrogeologic sources and drinking water; mining impacts on the occurrence of radon in natural waters; feasibility study for predicting earthquake; hydrological aspect of radon as a tracer in ground water; radon daughters in precipitation, and the uncertainty for risk assessment of radon.

The meeting provided an opportunity for interested professionals to learn more about these topics. It is then hoped that scientists doing research in the laboratory and the field could lead to a better cooperation and exchange of opinion among scientists who usually belong to different governmental and public agencies, universities and laboratories.

We thank the chairpersons, the presenters at the meeting and the authors in the proceedings for their invaluable discussion and timely submittals. We also thank the members of the Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University for being supportive of this activity.

January 14, 1997Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka

Masami FUKUI and Kimiko HORIUCHI

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Contents

Preface i

(1) Measurement Methods of Radon Concentration in Groundwater, ............. 1K. Hasegawa

(2) Calculation of Radon Concentration in Water by Toluene ExtractionMethod, 5M, Saito

(3) Radon Concentrations in Drinking Water in Wakasa Area, FukuiPrefecture, 15H. Tokuyama, S. Igarashi

(4) Measurement of Radon Concentration in Water by mean of a „ y Spectrometry:Radon Concentration in Ground and Spring Water in Hiroshima Prefecture, ■■■■ 21 K. Shizuma

(5) 222Rn Concentrations in Private Well Water and in River Water Around ............. 31

Ningyo Toge Area,A. Yunoki

(6) Radon in Water Samples Around Ningyo Toge Area, 37S. Furuta

(7) Radon Concentration in the Thermal Springs, 43K. Horiuchi

(8) Ogoya Old Copper Mine as a Monitoring Station for Various Fields ofEarth Sciences and Radon Anomaly Observred at Tatsunokuchi ............. 47K. Komura, T. Wataguchi, S. Yamazaki

(9) Distribution of Rn 222 Concentration in Natural Waters in Kobe, ............. 57Y. Yasuoka, M. Shinogi

(10) Radon Monitoring for Earthquake Prediction, ............. 61M. Takahashi

-viii-

(11) Estimating the Relation between Groundwater and River Water byMeasuring the Concentration of 222Rn, 65M. Yoneda, S. Morisawa

(12) Radon as a Hydrological Indicator, 71T. Komae

(13) Behavior of Rn Contents in Undergroundwater Related to RadioactiveDisequilibrium, 77S. Nishimura

(14) Phenomena Associated with Rain Deposition of Radon Daughters, ............. 83K. Fuji taka

(15) Scavenging of Radon Daughters by Precipitation from the Atmosphere, ............... 89N. Fujinami

(16) Radon Concentration in Water —On the Values Measured in Central Japan— , • • ■ 97M. Shi mo

(17) Radon Concentrations in Natural Water in and around Osaka District, ............. 99S. Shibata, E. Kawano, R. I to, H. Masuda, M. Tsurumaki

(18) Radon Concentrations of Ground Waters in Aichi Prefecture, ............. 103S. Ohnuma, N. Kawamura

(19) Concentration of Radon-222 in the Cold Mineral Water of Futamata Spa,............. IllS'. Mochizuki, T. Tanji, K. Nishimura

(20) Radon Concentrations in the Water of Misasa Area (Tottori Pref.), ............. 115H. Morishima, T. Koga, M. Inagaki, M. Mifune

(21) Radon Contents in Groundwater and Uncertainties Related to the RiskAssessment, 125M. Fukui

(22) Summary 133M. Fukui

Participant, Contributor and Affiliation Index 136

-ix-

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(»*)K. Hasegawa

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"International Critical Table 3," ed. by Washburn, E. W.,

pp. 257-263, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,Inc. New York(1928)

13) Bonner, N. A. and Kahn, M. :"Radioactivity Applied to Chemistry," ed. by Wahl,A. C. and Bonner, N. A. ,

p. 157, John-Wiley and Sons Inc. , New York(1951)14) "Solubilities 2," ed. by Linke, W. F. , pp. 1382-1384, American Chemical Society,

Washington D. C. (1965)

15) pp. 668-685, %#, £m(1975)

16) "S4JKS6Mfc¥!*ffil5##f", ®, PP. 134-135, ^L#, ££(1991)

•7hyo^Sf-^ (66^-^vv^-,17) Battino.R., Solubility Data Ser. , 2, 227-234(1979).

18) Gerrard,'ll. , Solubility Data Ser., 2, 264-269 (1979).

19) pp. 156-157, %W, ££(1993)

Saito Masaaki, E-mail: dej891540pcvan.or.jpsaito. masaaki@tokyo-itc. metro, tokyo.jp

-12-

mm*#? (^#M)

-Tkf 7 znx1) Saito, M. :

"Correction for Loss of Radon-222 in Water Sample Caused by the Use of a Polyethylene Bottle",Radioisotopes, 32, 109-112 (1983)

2) Saito, M. and Takata, S. :"Improvements for Measurement of 222Rn in Water",Radioisotopes, 41,391-396(1992)

3) Saito, M. , Takata, S. and Masuda, Y. :"Improved Calculation for Measurement of 222Rn in Water",Radioisotopes, 42, 330-334 (1993)

4) %BiEW, :” *^222R n (7) ,Radioisotopes, 43, 515-522 (1994)

5) %BiEW :

PP.21-24(1980)e) mm m, :

Y'svmfefe,Sgfn63¥S B-e-9f%0f¥W, pp. 74-76(1989)

7) mm m, ^#E^ =3H, 1 4C, 2 2 ZRn^Wfyyfk-yayMyflcZa

SJiV$imn-7' No. 8, 87-99(1991)8) wse^, mm m ■■

7 Yy-222(DWfci£<Wfe±L,No. 11, 15-20(1994)

• 79) MEBS, mm m, /j#am, ^khi,

IB :*^ia(7)mT7k^7 Radioisotopes, 42, 273-278(1993)

10) ilEI, iUffl m :

Radioisotopes, 43, 507-514(1994)11) »E^ :

67 RyMS,B 1992, 375-382(1992)

-13-

(A&mm&nrrm12) fiBiEW, /]##%, SUM, SB m, H :

mr^yBgfp59« ###3myH" PP. 43-45(1935)

13) %miEw, suEs], SB %, ^#B 0 ■

BgfP61*FS ###£747 H‘ B^flF^/WW, PP. 62-63(1987)14) %MiEW :

BSfn62¥S ###3£7>fyH’ PP. 43-45(1988)15) SB %, ^B IS, 1595f^^, Wh], /J##^ :

%T7Kf 7Bgf058#m ###&7^ W PP. 22-24 (1984)

16) |5|lfS$, %, MEB^, SUEs], *B 0, /J#*% :m#T%K0/c#f)7 Ky#m#j#(:g@-f63@%#%,BgfP61^$ ###^7^7" PP. 59-61 (1987)

17) ¥m 0, |69IfSB m, %miEW, SUES], /J#m% : %#T&(0t&(97 KyM^JStcKhrsMfiBE,Bgf063¥S ###&7/f7|-7' pp. 94-97(1989)

is) ®, sb m, i69if^%, tin, suEsj, /]##% =titiSESa<T)fc*(7)7 Ky#&#J#lcKlf-63@##%,

###>7747^7" pp. 72-76 (1990)19) 0, fM, SB %, SUES], I59TOS, /]##fe:

ME^0(7)7c67)CD7###^7H7" PP. 70-78(1991)

20) ^B 0, ##E%, SB m, SUES], 0lf$^, /]##% :

¥rK3¥$ ###&747H7' pp. 85-93(1992)(^*%##fr#)

21) /]##%, #B 0, SB m, SUES], ME^ :" 7 k m-t 6 (Bg%5o#-ng#57#m) %Myzutnm-r pp. 1-219, ###(1984)

22) 7 Ky$SSJ^Mi-5P£9F%(^(7)i),"Bgfn50¥$ i6SESqlc^-t5ilS9F%",###K%#%$@, pp. 2-164, ###(1976)

23) -37) |5]± (^02) Bgfn5WS(l977)~ {^(D 15) #1&E¥S(1990)

E«cWl»&

38) 7 6),"^2^$

pp. 2-80, ###(1991)

-14-

(3) k >aaRadon Concentrations in Drinking Water in

Wakasa Area, Fukui Prefecture

H. Tokuyama, S. Igarashi

1. liU&K:m&xiz, mm^ 6 sm s n a*©@su mtt> p vrv/**®

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-15-

|_Natasho ) Obama vZ— Q__ §__19^

Wakasa area

Fig.l. Study area in Fukui Prefecture D

Him Unconsolidated sediment or alluviumConsolidated sediment

Igneous rock

Granite

Fig.2. Geologic map of Fukui Prefecture

-16-

Table 1 Summary of Radon concentrations in water samples collected in Wakasa Area, Fukui Prefecture(Bq/1)

Water service Water source 1Number of samples 222Rn concentration

Private well Ground water 67 Median=28.5Range=0.7~943

Small public water supply

Surfaceflow water Underflow water

24 Median=5.0Range=l. 2~59

Large public water supply

Surfaceflow water Underflow water Groundwater

39 Median=11.2Range=1.2~104

ti*)s u^tzo t)&Lv v>mm<Dc(D&MizBimlx^z0 $mme>i<n9*>377-*wittiEimT-e*otz0

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-17-

Rad

on co

ncen

trat

ion(

Bq/l)

1000

100

10

i *

0.1

28.5

99.1

19,4

8=31

n=67 n=36

B

Fig.3. Radon concentrations in groundwater. A shows the result from all the groundwater samples. B, C represent the results from water samples collected at the granite aquifer type and other aquifer types, respectively, n refers to the number of samples.

60

50£§6 40

i”8 20

I10

n=24 n=8

5.0 .Y-................ —--- ----

7.0t

MaximumMedian

Minimum

8=16

5.0

B

Fig.4. Radon concentrations in water samples collected from the smallpublic water supplies. A shows the result from all the water samples. B, C represent the results from water samples collected at the points in granite area and in other geologic area, respectively, n refers to the number of samples.

—18 —

120110 a=39 n=8

Q 100S 90 - g 80 -£ 70 -

CO£ 60 -

- Maximum ii Median 1 Minimum

p 40 37.2c 30 - o n=8 n=23

10 11.2 13.9 f T1 5.4 |

A B C D

Fig.5. Radon concentrations in water samples collected from the largepublic water supplies. A shows the result from all the water samples. B, C, D represent the results from water samples at Tsuruga City, Obama City and other communities, respectively. Water samples from the public supplies at these two cities contain groundwater. n refers to the number of samples.

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bli'MtyX'tH'frbLtitH'frs - 9 i'o -1 £±figi:::fct'Tx

##&i§K1) Tokuyama, H. & Oonishi, M. (1997), Precipitation washout of tritiated water vapor from a nuclear reactor, J.Environ.Radioactivity, 34 , 59-68.2) I?P 1E$(1964)s ##yy^lx-y a yfCck^Radon<Z)###W^x 13(5)x 362-367.3) #^t&?\ #±f&E#(1977)s W07 !/-'> a 7 >^-i: J;&#ea#airo&#w#<DmN sm 28(2), 36-52.4) #ma?(i978K yy^mm-m^yy^y-yBy^^y^-iz^^^mj&CoUTx 13(2)N 95-103.5) OTj&99(1987)n I/-y a ymBm&m'&Rn-222(Dm#ma#\ m\hX¥

s& 17-21.6) #;ma, £ESx #*#^(1989), !/-«> 3 yffE^tc222RniEJ$(DB^$iJ^x Radioisotopes. 38(1). 20-23.7) Z+m#-x ^LU^#(1989). %*yy^lx-i/a y#m§§Cj:6(k#*4)0'^Rn0a

28.88-90.8) i$Lu%#(i989)x c ^ e 6 @ - mm ^ m#x n#m®$LW%m*#x 28x 91-95.9) Cothern, C.R. & Smith, J.E. (1987), Environmental Radon, Plenum Press,New York, p.110-118.10) ±^B#? (1991), ft*? yymmnftft, ’917 yyyytfWJ*swSx p.22.11) Dillon, M E., Carter,G.L., Arora, R. & Kahn, B. (1991), Radon concentrations in ground water of the Georgia Piedmont, Health Phys. ,60(2), 229-236.12) mmE%x iWfflj&x /j#m%x ¥m@(i993)x20^+7 K ySJS^x Radioisotopes. 42(5)x 273-278.13) Yunoki, E., Kataoka, T., Michihiro, K., Suguyama, H., Shimizu, M. & Mori, T. (1994), 222Rn in private well water in the vicinity of uranium mines over ten

years, J.Environ.Radioactivity, 25, 181-187.14) ^b-£o?n m###d99i)x rnfayy^y-y aymzxztikrfr? yymmom^x '917 yyyyxw^mwm, p.34.15) 5#&x (1991)x ^£$**©7 b"y (^zKgm$r^5aL^#k#zk) x '917yyyytfi;vj»mwM. p.so.

tzo *ilES^J:5 7 K

-20-

(4) a, hn> hU(Cck<57k*^K>;ito<D;l$ :

Measurement of Radon Concentration in Water by means of a, r Spectrometry: Radon Concentration in Ground and Spring Water in

Hiroshima Prefecture

ffiH m (£*)K. Shizuma

1. (iCabC:

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66 1 lOmL /W T/MCoVL/L,Table 1

Pb 352keV•♦••••000 o o o

Bi 609keV

10 20 30 40 50 60 70Elapsed time (day)

Fig.2 Growth-decay curves of *2 ’ Ra and daughter nuclei 214 Pb and 214 Bi.

Tablel. Efficiencies of the r rays for the 110 ml water vial. An amount of217.7±8.0 Bq was added to 110 ml distilled water and daughter nuclides 214Pb and 214Bi were in radioactive equilibrium with 226Ra.

Nuclide E r (keV) Efficiency (cps Bq'1)

“Ra 186.2 0.00106±0.000402,4Pb 351.9 0.00602± 0.000222,4Bi 609.3 0.00440 ± 0.00016

214Pb, 214Bi 351.9+609.3 0.01040±0.00038*

* Efficiency for the sum of 214Pb 352.9 keV and 214Bi 609.3 keV peak counts.

-22-

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itBT) jgiy£;%BLT e'r = er!p

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Table 2. Radon extraction rate in xylene and toluene. Sample water 900 ml, solvent 120 ml and air 300 ml were shaked in a 1L separation vessel (20%:) and

radon in water was extracted to solvent.

Run no. Extraction rate R f%)xylene toluene

1 67.8±3.6 59.0±3.12 67.6±3.6 59.7±3.23 65.8 ±3.5 61.8±3.34 68.7±3.7 59.0±3.25 73.2±3.9

Average 68.6± 1.6 59.9±1.6

-23-

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110mL&#OT7oy/WT/Hc^ D, y S^SJ^-f"d0 y 226Ra (C£ 9f-ei;L#:£LTiy5<Z)T\ aBt yB<Dfflffl&£zi)'b&to%}&ea%Zo ~<D

Fig.4 {Ctf U Table 3 (C^Tc

110 ml

Efficiency

e = n/a (cps/Bq)

7 - ray spectrometry

■“ Pb 352 keV

a - ray spectrometry

•" Rn 5.489 MeV

Radon Solvent Extraction water : 900 ml

liq. sci. : 120 ml

Fig.4 Flow chart of the process to determine the detection efficiency.

Table 3. Detection efficiency measurement for culture tube and 1-ml mighty vial.

Run nurrber Efficiency £ (cps/Bq)

culture tube mighty vial

1 0.664 ±0.030 0.880±0.041

2 0.657 + 0.048 0.873 ±0.040

3 0.861 ±0.047 0.870±0.035

4 0.823±0.050 0.915±0.042

5 0.757±0.043 0.853±0.039

6 0.819±0.057 0.915±0.041

7 0.713±0.044 0.924 ±0.042

8 0.692 ±0.044 0.887 ±0.041

9 0.752 ±0.061 0.893 ±0.045

10 0.716±0.064 0.914±0.047

Average 0.745 + 0.022 0.892 ±0.013

-25-

LV\ LfaLftfrb, C(D=^@-C#^(cmv^fT,6## ImL (dP^^^ô ^2T ImL ^(7)

■7 K>i: (FM#:«>i-6) ^#^(c^6z9^#m&^#m(kv^5o j^tk<Dmtm'»<D (Dmc^ LT FM #^ Fig.5 \Z.7jk-ro ^<7)*^ Tkl Lid

fcV' LT\ WL'S's 3mL Tumi'S # 3

Xylene / Water

Fig.5 Radon extraction rate R and FM value for a -ray spectrometry.

Table 4. Radon extraction rate for a -ray spectrometry using a glass flask and Polypropylene flask (20tC)

Run number Radon extraction rate

Glass flask Polypropylene flask

1 0.0752+0.0052 0.0509 ±0.00352 0.0771 ±0.0053 0.0540±0.00373 0.0775±0.0053 0.0580±0.00404 0.0753+0.0051 0.0594 ±0.00415 0.0743+0.0050 0.0536±0.00376 0.0808+0.0054 0.0627±0.00437 0.0790+0.0051 0.0601 ±0.00428 0.0774+0.0053 0.0593± 0.00419 0.0764+0.0050 0.0597±0.0041

10 0.0764+0.0050 0.0636 ±0.0044

Average 0.0769 ± 0.0016 0.0581 ±0.0013

4. mmm4.1 iftT7k4=(7)7

y<9 ei-^ 2 ~ 3 mmvm, m-mn

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: t* i t* { K I

i11 l:

- t t -.« *«

*$ ♦ •

i •k * 1 •

« , , , .«. , *............. '10 20 30

Depth (m) pH

Fig.6 Radon concentration as a function of the depth of the well (a) and pH of the sample water (b).

4.4 &aR#(c&(fa*T*&J:tfm7K4](D7 KZ/SR#

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-27-

Table 5. Radon concentration in ground water in Hiroshima prefecture.

S*BI#as rn

pHCm)

7 K>a$ XKffl

(7Wke)*a at a (Bg/I) (7Wk{)

1 .SHUT $tt(B 92. 11. 5 15. 0 18.8 7.07 30 15 6 ± 1 7 113 .$«bt 92. 11.11 16.0 10. 5 6. 47 110 459± 22 34 294 $toer &*#a#a-2 92. 11.11 14. 6 11.0 6. 17 50 348± 19 255 A*toBT a 92. 11. 14 14. 2 15. 7 6. 50 25 162± 14 127 A*#!ET dk 92. 11. 6 15.0 17. 3 5. 90 30 143 ± 12 10

13 B&BT fflP 92.11. 5 16. 2 15. 9 6. 27 35 259 ± 22 1915 b$8t 92. 11 25 13.4 13. 0 6. 50 25 234± 13 1719 #BBr 92. 11. 9 15. 0 11. 9 6.54 8 187 + 11 1421 «®BT S* 92.11. 6 13.0 15. 7 6.22 25 176+11 13

22 nwm 92. 11. 14 19. 0 20. 0 7. 10 80 78± 7 5 723 wsm *am3-2 92. 11. 14 17. 5 20. 0 6. 66 40 84+ 7 6. 125 iSlFtjBT 92. 11. 13 14.5 13. 8 6.01 50 191 ±12 1427 *0Br 92. 11. 14 16. 5 15. 8 6. 55 70 313 + 18 2328 S*Bf Zffl 92. 11. 10 13.5 12.0 7.00 100 359±20 26 2929 iBlfltBr 77 7$>m 92. 11.26 18.5 6. 7 9.20 1200 163± 9 12 12

30 isi«bt msam 92. 11. 26 11.5 3. 1 8. 14 0 56± 6 4. 131 J69|rf) lii'Jif-vi 'J 92. 11. 28 16. 9 13. 6 6. 81 80 2033 ±87 149 15332 aim ®$aa 92. 11. 28 15.2 9. 5 6. 83 42 359+ 19 2633 ±tbt ibv-tts 92. 11.28 24.8 13. 0 8. 71 500 I28± 12 9. 3 11

34 tiElSBi *}*D ~j v 92. 12. 5 14.0 12.0 7. 13 60 59± 6 4. 3 9. 735 &10BI *ffl 92.12. 5 12. 0 7.06 0 302 ± 18 2236 ttiesr tay cl)) 92. 12. 5 12. 0 7.23 0 245 ± 16 1837 KI0BJ '1'34JII;8M 92. 12. 5 15.5 9. 9 7.31 221 1373±61 101 12838 161BBT mama* 92. 12. 5 II. 0 9. 0 7.28 0 427 ±24 3140 iti0Br waaaa-i 92. 12. 5 13.6 9. 2 7. 12 50 147Q±64 108 100

50 i0bt tfaaam-2 93. 4.30 17.0 17. 3 7.80 100 1376 + 57 101 8241 s*tm a a a* 92 12. 5 18. 8 8. 1 7. 25 0 956 + 44 70 11442 a$Br a$a ~j > 92. 12. 5 27. 2 6 8 7. 91 0 343+ 19 2543 a*Br a/aia* 92. 12. 5 23. 0 7. 1 7. 28 0 230±14 17 17

44 92. 12. 12 12. 3 5. 5 7. 12 0 202 + 1 4 15 1645 X«Bt ?;KISJ)>r 92. 12. 12 15. 0 2. 8 7. 50 600 624+ 32 46 68. 246 mi-tsar #*a* 92. 12. 12 12.0 4. 5 7. 17 0 100+ 8 7.347 tttoBr »iti£®S 92. 12. 12 14.2 1. 2 8. 05 250 42± 5 3. 1 4. 748 m fisar fisa*i)>K 92. 4. 3 21.0 19. 0 8. 37 800 120 ± 7 8. 8 8.849 Earn E«a*3)>7" 92. 4. 3 36. 0 20.0 8.02 1300 152 ± 7 11 14. 551 &i0Bi aaa* 93. 4.30 27.0 15.0 8.53 0 237+ 10 1753 Miter nmr'M'x 93. 5. 14 17.0 17.0 7.70 500 165+ 8 12 1054 M**t asm aroa 93. 5. 14 20.5 12. 5 9. 16 1500 74+ 5 5.4 4.255 ®x# %*ma* 93. 5.14 11.0 12. 0 7. 12 0 913 ± 37 67

56 sbbj ^;att-i 94. 2.24 16. 1 4. 0 8.42 130 !88± 12 1457 SfflBj #,=fitk-2 94. 2.24 13.6 4.0 6. 40 30 99± 8 7.258 ffffflBr a#** 94. 2.24 13.6 9. 2 7. 14 0 127± 9 9. 3

94. 11.28 19 0 14.0 6.43 0 152+27 1159 SfflBr *«#»** 94. 2.24 17.0 17. 3 7 81 0 51 ± 6 3. 761 ■sjftiBi aE#mt#7k 94. 4. 10 18. 8 8. 1 7.25 0 49± 3 3. 6

94. 11.28 12.2 11. 0 6. 41 0 55± 7 4. 062 ElffflS «*# 94. 6. II 17.4 18. 0 6.52 20 132+10 9. 6

94.12. 1 10.2 15. 0 6. 64 20 134 ± 21 9. 863 earn za* 94. 6. 11 18.9 18. 0 7.00 0 306+ 17 22

94. 11.28 16.2 14. 0 6. 53 0 356 + 33 26

64 XtoBr 35** 94. 11.28 16.2 14. 0 6.57 70 142+ 9 10 1365 SfflBj $si>Ha* 94. 11.28 19. 2 13. 0 6.58 0 26± 10 1. 966 a*Br uAhti-m* 94. 12. 1 12.2 14. 2 6.57 0 195+10 1467 assBr 94.12. 1 16.0 14. 2 6. 67 0 269+ 15 2068 esmsi »s»* 94. 12. 1 17. 6 22. 0 6. 96 70 231 + 18 17 24. 569 e»s **uj$* 94. 12. 1 11.0 14. 3 6.53 160± 11 1270 smBr asms* 94. 12. 1 11.0 14. 3 6. 53 0 23± 2 1. 771 am *»«* 94. 12. 8 18.0 17. 0 7.00 0 10± 3 0. 772 am *m;w* 94. 12. 8 14. 6 15. 1 6. 58 0 388 + 23 28

95. 8.23 17.3 31. 0 7.00 0 399 ±21 29

73 am 94.12. 8 20.3 15. 9 6.26 20 15± 4 1. 174 am ante* 94.12. 8 15.4 16. 5 6.39 0 64± 5 4. 775 am aa«* 94.12. 8 15. 9 13. 2 6 38 0 165+18 1276 amE **3«* 94.12. 8 15.2 13. 2 6. 43 0 35± 4 2. 677 tt*m *»ma* 95. 6. 13 14.3 22. 2 6. 16 0 22+ 4 1. 6

95. 8. 23 17. a 29.0 6. 80 0 31+ 5 2. 378 amE mrM- 95. 8.23 21. 9 33. 0 6. 92 20 15± 3 1.179 mWBr urn a 95. 8.23 18. 3 28.0 6. 80 0 18± 4 1.380 #MBr atmttosx) 95. 8.23 17. 8 29.0 6. 80 500 117± 9 8 6 27. 7(SS)81 mttfflBr iftH'iijro* 95. 9.24 14. 3 25. 7 6. 72 0 104+ 8 7. 6 6. 7783 eiSBr aiiu* 95. 10. 15 14. 6 23.0 7. 26 0 26± 4 1. 9

-28-

Table 5. (Continued)

ttti## mm S*awas (°C)

pHCm)

7 k>*$*a si a (Bq/I) (7?Vkg)

52 ,16697 (»«!*) 93. 5. 4 14.0 12.0 7.13 0 3314+125 242= Bft* (»#*) 93. 5. 4 12.0 6. 30 0 6. 6±0.8 0.5

60 ftJBiiJr/OA** (Hill I*) 94. 4. 9 15.0 6.6 0 123+ 9 9.0 11. 8(hlu*) 94. 4. 9 12. 2 16. 2 6.8 8 18+ 3 1. 3

82 (»«*)B67k-1 O'iin-L) 95. 10. 14 13.0 18.0 7.5 0 65± 2 4. 7B»*-2 (rsnt-A# ) 95. 10.14 12.7 18.0 7.4 0 71 ± 2 5. 2B**-3 (B(OT) 95. 10.14 15.3 18.0 7.0 0 30± 5 2.2

Table 6. Radon concentration in spring water.

BBSS tftefT 7 K>;!S(Bq/I) (vyVkg)

4 348+19 25

27 313±18 23

31 2033 ±87 149

45 624+32 46

48 120± 7 8.8

49 152± 7 11

58 ttiS;*7k 127± 9 9.3

61 1*i#flat#7k pJSPBt 49+ 3 3.6

63 Eft# EArfj 306±17 22

64 ^.i7k 142+ 9 10

66 Lfct7ti-(7)7K 195±10 1467 269+15 2068 E5S8I& 231 ±18 1769 #&iii€7k 160±11 1272 *$ift7k 399 ±21 2975 #^7k 165 ±18 12

77 31 ± 5 2.3

79 ftkW t$<Dft 18± 4 1.381 ?)7k EitBBr 104± 8 7. 683 ##7k $6»r 26+ 4 1.9

-29-

Hiroshima prefecture

Granite

Rhyolite

Older rocks

Clastic rocks53 Silt, Clay

o 60

Fig.7 Distribution of radon concentration in ground water over the Hiroshima prefecture.Num bers are sample locations and diameters of the circle indicates the radon concentration. Main geological map is also shown.

I) mm. “TklSfT” 7H7k*±(1989)

2-4) 43(1994)1-10

1^43(1994)11-17, 44(1995)1-10.5) K.Michihiro,H.Sugiyama,K.Kataoka et al. Radioisotopes 40(1991)38-41.6) K.Shizuma,K.Fukami,K.Iwatani,H Hasai, Nucl.Instr.and Meth. B66( 1992)459-464.7) SUJ^(1981), P,178.8) W. J. McDowell, B.L.McDowell, "Liquid Scintillation Alpha Spectrometry" (CRC Press, 1994)9) # u# (1978)PP.i4-i9.

10) 35(1988)225-31.II) wb ?n 1937)

-30-

(5) • *JJIl7k^<Z)222Rn;aUt:222Rn Concentrations in Private Well Water and in River Water

Around Ningyo Toge Area

(miliA. Yunoki

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A Well water O River water0 Uranium enrichment plant

Fig. 1. Investigated sites in Kamisaibara

-31-

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Table 1 . Rn in private well water(Bq/litre)222

Sampling point Akawase Nakatsugo Tennoh Honmura

Number o f samples 39 43 32 43Range 40 . 2-82 . 9 0.6-3 . 6 20 .3-41 . 6 4.2-18 . 3Geome t r i c mean 56 . 6 1 . 3 28 . 4 8 . 8A r i t hma t i c mean 5 6 . 7 1 . 4 28 . 3 9 . 2Standard deviation 1 1 . 0 0 . 8 3 . 9 3 . 1Coe f fici e n t of

va ria t ion(%) 1 9 . 4 57 . 1 22 . 5 1 3 . 8

.kawase

Tennoh

• Sampling pointHI Dad tic rocks 8. andesitic rocks

j§ Adamellite - granite HI Alluvium

Fig. 3. Sampling sites and geological features in the Kamisaibara

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c ©$#(±x mm wz R n 6 m 1C (± > £ t%*. iti6o Fig. 4. Frequency hist grams of the river water

-33-

Table 2 . ^ 2 2pn j n river water (Bq/I itre)

Samp 1es Range Geometr i cmean

A r i thmatmean

i c Standard deviation

Coefficient of va ria tion(%)

409 0 . 1 -7 . 7 1 . 0 1 . 3 1 . 1 85

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autumnspr ingwintersummer

86-8788-8990-9192-9394-9585-8687-8889-9091-9293-94

DUIHINCI W M I L I . ...

Fig. 5. Seasonal variation F,9-6- Yearly variation

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-34-

Sampling point Fig. 7.”*U in the river bed soil

Sampling pointFig. 8.226Ra in the river bed soil

1.0 Bq/l

Fig.10. Mutual relation of22Rn and°6Ra

1) Murakami, Y, Horiuchi, k. : Simultaneous determination method of radon-222 and radon-220 by a toluene extraction-liquid scintillation counter.J.Radioana1.Chem., 52, 275-83 1979

2) -y v - xi6, ” , 1983

3) Yunoki,E.,Kataoka,T.,Michihiro,K.et al.: Activity concentration of ZZ6Ra and

Z38U in various soils. J.Radioanal.Chem.,166(4), 331-341 19924) King, P. T. , Michel, J. & Moore, W. S. : Ground water geochemistry of ZZ8Ra, ZZ8Ra

and zzzRn. Geochim. Cosmochim.Acta,46,1173-82 19825) Hess, C. T. , Michel, J. , Horton, T. R. , Prichard, H. M. & Conigl io.W.A. : The occurence

of radioactivity in public water supplies in the United States.

Health Phys., 48,553-86 1985

-35-

6) Schonhofer, F. : Determination of radon-222 and radium-2 26 in mineral water and drinking water— a survey in Austria .Analyst,114,1345-7 1989

7) Murakami,Y..Noguchi,M. & Ohashi.S. : Activity concentration of water around Toki city. J. Atom. Energy Jap.,7, 49-5 3 1 965

8) Andrews, J. N. & Wood. D. F. : Mechanism of radon release in rock matrices and entry into ground waters. Inst.Mining Metallurg. Bui 1., 8 1,1 98-20 9 1 972

-36-

Radon in Water Samples Around Ningyo Toge Area(6)

£B£B8 (StJ$SS@)S. Furuta

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4) ±m$f m, %%\mz.&rtz>MT**y F>a$©#s> ##9 F>, 140-149,(1992)

5) ¥^ 7 mmm, ¥/& 8 f 3 ^ 26 b

-39-

Table 1 Radon concentration in ground, river, and drinking water around Ningyo Toge area

: Bq/ /

mi

¥<$3 58

$2 m3 m4 mi

¥<$4 58

mz ms 954 951

¥<$5 58

m2 m3 954 mi

¥<$6 56

m2 m3 954 mi

¥<$7 58

m2 m3 954 ¥«0

mmLisme***’**:!#HU BrvC

44 25 30 30 34 19 27 38 31 51 50 35 47 43 42 29 36 38 52 31 37 96. 8 4 2. 2 2. 1 1. 1 0. 37 0. 37 0. 52 0. 86 0. 65 0. 56 33 63 3. 9 1. 6 16 38 82 5. 5 46 15 24170 60 180 - 170 130 190 - 240 250 230 - 230 250 190 - 160 150 140 - 183 52

#62#% 270 150 280 - 160 160 220 - 62 21 28 " 270 280 190 - 200 190 240 - 181 87fi@T1#% 570 410 660 490 590 " - 270 810 630 600 500 590 520 - 300 240 500 - - 512 155*mi #% 100 29 58 " 68 50 53 85 95 240 120 96 96 75 68 89 87 90 66 49 85 44jsaa 2 #% 200 29 130 " 110 44 8. 1 200 210 140 190 35 150 110 150 69 230 130 65 130 123 67JS«B3#% 210 77 160 - 290 190 300 - 300 270 250 330 270 220 190 280 340 310 150 210 242 70$e% 12 12 30 38 32 25 31 35 40 34 42 24 33 30 26 22 35 29 29 18 29 8

0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 0. 2 0. 18 0. 57 0. 26 0. 74 0. 45 0. 2 0. 24 0. 81 0. 39 0.19**;"5im±3l[ 0. 37 0. 37 0.41 0. 62 0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 0. 48 0. 25 0. 32 0. 61 0. 57 0. 16 0. 6 0. 48 0. 42 0. 31 0. 31 0. 52 0. 26 0. 41 0. 13*i*i5Iie«iiT3S 0. 72 0. 7 0. 96 1. 4 0. 49 0. 49 0. 71 1. 1 0. 57 1. 2 1. 2 1. 5 1. 1 1. 5 0. 85 0. 89 0. 72 1. 1 1. 3 0. 78 0. 96 0. 32

0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 0. 1 0. 1 0. 15 0. 14 0. 13 0. 21 0. 45 0. 23 0. 14 0. 14 0. 24 0. 22 0. 26 0. 12#6%E 0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 - 0. 37 0. 37 0. 5 - 0. 5 0. 4 0. 6 - 0. 5 1. 1 0. 6 - 0. 2 0. 3 2. 5 - 0. 60 0. 56

2. 1 2 3. 1 - 3. 2 4 3. 4 - 11 4 4. 8 - 5. 5 6. 6 7. 8 - 4. 1 4. 8 4. 6 - 4. 73 2. 32««B16E 0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 " 0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 - 0. 2 0. 2 0. 3 - 0. 2 0. 3 0. 2 - 0. 2 0. 1 0. 3 - 0. 28 0. 09Jll±tftE 0. 48 0. 43 0. 93 - 1. 2 1. 3 1.4 - 2. 3 1. 6 1. 9 - 2. 1 4. 9 1.6 - 1. 4 1 2. 4 - 1. 66 1. 076«#E 0. 37 0. 37 0. 64 - 0. 47 0. 6 0.67 - 0. 9 0. 9 0. 7 - 0. 8 10 1. 7 - 1. 3 0. 8 0. 9 - 1. 41 2. 40RSifctZ 0. 37 1. 5 0. 61 - 0. 37 0. 37 0. 45 - 0. 7 0. 7 0. 5 - 0. 4 1. 5 0. 9 - 0. 7 0. 9 0. 5 - 0. 70 0. 37ZK6HfeE 0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 - 0. 41 0. 45 0. 91 - 1 0. 8 1. 4 - 1 1. 6 1. 1 - 0. 7 0. 7 1. 1 - 0. 82 0. 39

2. 3 3. 1 1. 4 3. 7 1. 9 2. 48$@m±3it 2. 2 0. 9 1. 6 - 1. 7 0. 97 1. 2 - 2. 9 2. 3 3. 7 - 3 9 1. 8 - 2. 4 2 3. 6 - 2. 62 1. 96@6Jii±m 0. 37 0. 49 0. 64 - 1. 2 1. 5 1. 1 - 1. 4 1. 5 1. 2 - 1. 3 3. 8 1. 3 - 0. 99 1. 3 1. 5 - 1. 31 0. 78

: '■ ' "AS

~ ' 0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 0. 11 0. 14 0. 29 0. 21 0. 1 - 0. 37 0. 51 0. 13 0. 29 0. 65 0. 3 0. 3 0. 1#F 47 45 - - - - " - - - - - - 49 - - - - - - 47. 0 2. 0

- - 0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 0. 11 0. 1 0. 27 0. 17 0. 1 0. 71 0. 35 0. 52 0. 19 0. 23 0. 87 0. 35 0. 3 0. 2## 68 - - " - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 68.0

4>*;'5J#E(S6C) - 0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 0. 37 - 0. 37 - - " - - - - - - - - - " 0. 37#p 120 - - - - 110 - 180 140 180 190 130 160 180 140 150 130 150 150 160 151. 3 23. 9

#6%E 7k« 1 0. 75 0. 9 - 1. 3 0. 47 0. 95 - 0. 6 1. 3 1 - 0. 6 1 0. 5 - 1. 2 0. 8 0. 5 - 0. 9 0. 3*@16E Tkifi 2. 6 8.6 1. 5 - 2. 3 5.6 14 - 20 20 24 " 10 13 18 - 17 4. 5 15 - 11. 7 7. 3

7k« 29 37 25 - 14 21 34 - 46 47 40 - 36 42 30 - 40 29 23 - 32. 9 9. 6Jl|±H6E *m 0. 52 0. 46 0. 37 - 0. 37 0. 37 0. 8 - 20 21 18 - 0. 6 0. 5 0. 8 - 18 0. 9 15 - 6. 5 8. 8

#m%g 317k 42 57 120 - 5. 8 76 79 - 67 75 230 - 160 190 210 - 170 200 210 - 126. 1 73. 0m@#E 7km 28 32 7. 4 - 0. 37 44 36 - 58 73 13 - 19 21 8. 5 - 8. 3 19 11 - 25. 2 20. 4ZK616E i^Tk 5. 7 5.6 9. 3 " 17 7. 7 34 " 89 17 40 " 26 21 30 - 19 16 23 - 24. 0 20. 76A%E 7km 12 ~ 12 - 8. 4 - 14 - 17 " 17 - 16 - 12 - 12 - 11 - 13. 1 2. 8

a : ¥<$4 58$T<D#iirF»II(iO. 37, ¥<$558^13:0. ITfcS. XEKL. -t:<OttTSttUfc.

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ing points

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0 20 40 60river flow rate (m3/min.) river flow rate (m3/min.)

Fig. 2 Relationship between radon concentration in the river water and its flow rate

-42-

(7)Radon Concentration in the Thermal Springs

K. Horiuchi

1. liCfcl:

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(£660 — n = si9»&3% (;(9661) ¥1-01 ‘I'°M ‘F9 ‘W"@*: EE

mmmwm+iMM my et e im £0k m^9^±) (f

(£661) ^sra&¥£¥ ‘BW*g = '#¥& '###¥ (e(366i)m$mm# • w^*g: [aw^ (2

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Ogoya Old Copper Mine as a Monitoring Station for Various Fields of Earth Sciences and Radon Anomaly Observred at Tatsunokuchi

1 . M/JnMcDmut^Jt/J'Eli Fig. l i C. 5111#

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*nm

0 100 200 300 400 500 (m)Fig. 2. Cross sectional view of Ogoya tunnel for

underground laboratory

Fig.l. Location of Ogoya old copper mine.

-47-

/M&Ttr<d##Tiz&z z<7) b mo####m nrv^^ i^zkfrb, ffift§to-eojEB<o, 1990 & tz*b(Dftm£^fr § fz0&Z>4=WiB<7#M7^tUi§ a frtfM&SS& b >*;V|*1<7)#* &itL5T-T®E^$<7)SIJS^#V\ b y*)VX V)Hfrb & 290m A o£J#BfrT±&>) 135m (*S&gSE 270mwe : meters water equivalent)<7)%An%T#J@^'&'^#Ti>Z.kk Lt, y K 7 lift ST M, a, ^WMf“ÎILt^:0 1992 TUI± 290m 1993 ¥5moiW#OJ:oT 10m2<7)7T^7'TJlÎ£fi$ti, NaI(Tl)#m#HZa@;s'v ? T7-7 7

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Utilization of the space of Ogoya Tunnel

Low level radioactivity measurement Evaluation of radiation detectors Radiological sciences (Dose - Effect)Radon experimentsSeismic current measurement------Seismic wave studies------------------ Earthquake

Prediction

Outflow water from mining pit

Geochemical studies of water Radon measurement ---------------

Fig. 3. Utilization of Ogoya old copper mine for scientific investigation.

-48-

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1 1 !Ogoya Rn (Bq/m3) Rn-9303 23-26

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100

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1000

100

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Fig. 4. Variation of radon activity and wind velocity in Ogoya tunnel and radon activity in the outside air at Tatsunokuchi.

Ogoya Rn (Bq/m1

3) R i-9306( 17-13

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E = Exhalation from wall r = Radius of tunnel

W = Wind speed x = Distance from entrance

Fig. 5 Cylindrical model for the alalysis of radon activity in the tunnel.

y = 0.183+ 3.83xR2 = 0.83

Wind velocity (m/s)Fig- 5 Correlation of reciprocal of radon activity

and wind velocity in Ogoya tunnel.

-50-

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Measured Rn (Bq/m3)

Calculated Rn ( Bq/m-1) —

Tatsunokuchi Rn A ( Bq/m ■*) ,

Wind(m/s)

Fig. 7 Simulation of radon activity in Ogoya Tunnel by Cylindrical model developed by Miki and Ikeya.

-51

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decay of 212p5

Time (min)Fig. 9 Decay of daughter nuclides of 222Rn and

220Rn after closing shielding castle.

-53-

gift^b<om^(0 7

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Fig. 11 Location map of setting point of radon monitor, mouth of mining pit, utility pole and underground laboratory in Ogoya Tunnel.

—54—

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—55—

Fig. 11 Radon anomaly observed at Tatsunokuchi during Aug. 31 to Sep. 12. Time of earthquake is shown by an arrow.

7. fc*) U 1CIBm&fWL2:7 K $ fifz7

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(1) 3 7(8). 283 - 286 (1994). IWs 3 7(10). 3 62 - 366 (1994).

(2) #0 #, (1994).(3) (1996).(4) mf tl##m21(4), 57 (1979).

(5) J&EB^, 31(2). 215 - 222 (1996)

(6) H. Wakita, Y. Nakamura, K. Notsu, M. Noguchi and T. Asada. Science, 207, 882 (1980).

(7) G. Igarashi, S. Saeki, Y. Sasaki, M. Takahashi and Y. Sano, Science, 269, 60-61 (1995).

(8) “±%^(D9 vymtwmmm ir, (B$i^m, mMM) pp. 204 - 206 (1996).

— 56 —

Distribution of Rn-222 Concentration in Natural Waters at Kobe(9)

$159611. JtBKiEW Y. Yasuoka, M. Shinogi

1 . & b g> t;:

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Extraction

(Packard)

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Rn-222 (Bq/G)

Sampling

(Natural Water)

Fig.l Measurement of Rn-222 concentration in natural waters.

3 .A. &###7r>iemc>#j^*am& Fig.2t3#-r0

-57-

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1) S? □ 1E£ ; M 1£'»?!/-'> 3 £ Z> Radon ©%## #J /&Radioisotopes, 13(5), 362-367 (1964) .2) #m&¥, ; m##:©7l''>©##:)/>fl/-)/3>*^>^-C J: &#r

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13(2), 95-103 ( 1978).4) %ma#s ^#Ê# ; ^Smm^ltiS©lu^(ct5^5XMtk©7b">ss©ss, j (b^se*#^),

204-206 (1995).5 ) G.Igarashi,T.Saeki,N.Takahata,K.Sumikawa,S.Tasaka,Y.Sasaki and Y.Sano;Groundw ater radon anomaly before the Kobe earthquake in Japan, science,269, 60-61 (1995).

-58-

Scale

Number SamplingLocation

RadonConcentration

(Bq/JG. )

Depth

(m)

WaterTemperature

ro

1 Higashinada-ku Morikitamachi 69 5 22

2 Higashinada-ku Hotoyamakitamachi 215 80 19(Kobe Pharmaceutical University)

3 Higashinada-ku Mikagenakamachi 41 10 18

4 Higashinada-ku Mikagehonmachi 36 10 17

5 Higashinada-ku Mikagehonmachi 42 14 19

6 Nada-ku Teraguticho 59 40 20

7 Nada-ku Rokkoucho 54 100 198 Nada-ku Haradadoori 46 65 19

Fig.2 Distribution of Rn- 222 concentration in natural waters at Kobe.

-59-

Kobe Eq.

co 40 -

95 Month

■e- Mikagenaka-machi<3> ▼ Mikagehon-machi<4> ■ Mikagehon-machi<5>» Teraguti-cho<6>* Rokkou-cho<7>O Haradadoori <8>j

Fig.3 Variation of radon concentration in natural waters at Kobe.

Kobe Eq.

95 Month

Fig.4 Variation of radon concentration in natural watersat Motoyamakita— machi (Kobe Pharmaceutical University)<2>.

Kobe Eq.

Fig. 5 Variation of radon concentration in natural waters at Morikita-machi <1>.

-60-

(10) tfeE^SQOfctiXD^ K>mnRadon Monitoring for Earthquake Prediction

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Gas Chromatograph

Fig.3 Schematic diagram for gas observation

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Measuring the Concentration of 222Rn

*b ummm o&*)M. Yoneda, S. Morisawa

1.

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above sea level.

-65-

Fig. 2 Sketch of activated charcoal passive collector assembly.

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— 66 —

A River

20 -. 6 km

-19 km

10 -

x-axis (km)

Fig. 3 The distance along A River from the starting point (Okm) . The collectors were set at 20 points in A River at 1km intervals.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18distance along A River from the point of 0 km (km)

Fig. 4 Quantity of 222Rn collected at measured points in A River.

o 1 -

i i i i i

distance along A River from the point of 0 km (km)

Fig. 5 Concentration of 222Rn in water at measured points in A River.

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-A— temperature at 9km

i i i i i

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I ■ , : I J0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

relative distance from the right bank

Fig. 6 Water temperature distribution from the right bank of A River : relative distance means the distance divided by the width of the river at the each point.

Fig. 7 Distribution of the concentration of nitric nitrogen from the right bank of A River: relative distance means the distance divided by the width of the river at the each point.

—68 —

A River

6 km point

D RiverE River <&}

8 km point

x-axis (km)a is the concentration of 222Rn (Bqfl)

A River

O (3

6 km point

D River"E River

8 km point

x-axis (km)

a is water temperature (°C)

Fig. 8 Distribution of the concentration of 222Rn of Fig. 9 Distribution of water temperature ofthe 1st investigation in December; open circles show the 1st investigation in December : symbolsthe value of groundwater and solid triangles show in the same way as in Fig.8. the value of river water, and the bigger size of symbols correspond to the higher temperature.

5. *JJI|7kC7)*rp\0);lSFig. 8, Fig. 9 1989 12 R It & A Jll® 2“?^® ifeT** 222Rn t tKS.

V'li, is XVs'12 M t)

(Di&tet & Fig. 8, Fig. 9 T 6km%Ad' ^ 8kmAJIl££ (AJIIOE) T#d^ < , m H A ±#d# <^cTV^2^d^, 6km %A&%8kmA%amiiu, A)ii^#d^umnd^

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6.

WF^T'iiifcT* £ ?fJI|*(7) 222Rn #m. 7Kz&, 3c ^ Z 0 , rnTzK^MPlTKâ^ &*fefeLtzo fi&TTKW JII^ÊttiitehEttiiL ?BjJll7K<7)S

* & h"<7)S^^T §, £7t f tL^'il<7)7KE^ g ^ b 7^#^

1) y r E *tfDit!iT*J####&;[B*(7)AfcT*J, 1986

2) Honmma, Y. and Murakami, Y. ; The study on the applicability of the integral counting method for the determination of 226Ra and various sample forms using a liquid scintillation counter. J. Radioanal. Chem., 36, 173-184, 1977

3) SfdJE^ ', fStfc'y yf-U—& Radon ^StStflsilM/E, Radioisotopes, 13#5#, 745- 753, H^RII^, 1964

7 K >costed U LT-, Hfc^JUTU 78, M/“7Tt’JyX-OTM^

ik#RA, 1978

A River

D River■ E River

■ ill

x-axis (km)

Fig. 10 Groundwater flow direction estimated from the results of the investigations of groundwater quality.

5) Yoneda, M., Inoue Y. and Takine N.; Location of groundwater seepage points into a river by measurement of 222Rn concentration in water using activated charcoal passive collectors. J. Hydrology, 124, 307-316, 1991

6) Yoneda, M., Inoue Y. and Yoshimoto K.; Quantitative measurement of 222Rn in water by activated charcoal passive collector method : 1 the effect of water in a collector. J. Hydrology, 155,199-223,1994

7) mm; -k%*<D7 v>mtmtWL%m, 7 M£, b1985

8) l Tfc^p<07 (1) *%#, Radioisotopes, 27 #12^-, 740-746, B*R I1978

9) Hoehn, E. and von Gunten, H R.; Radon in groundwater : A tool to assess infiltration from surface waters to aquifers. Water Resour. Resear., 25 (8) ,1795-1803, 1989

10) Ellins, K.K., Roman-mas A. and Lee R.; Using 222Rn to examine groundwater/surface discharge interaction in the Rio grande de Manati, Puerto Rico. J. Hydrology, 115, 319-341, 1990

70-

(12)Radon as a Hydrological Indicator

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Fig. 4 Exchange between river water and groundwater(modified 23))

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1) a±/rsw,tE7j<s^^: . ??Ai-m,±mmmm,Hr (1995)

2) mm %-. “tizT7]cWE • mm? , omHmuy^-zrm) ,pp. 1-22, &£ejk,SS (1993)

3) AhlulBiS! : Radioisotopes, 44, 715-724 (1995)4) Fleischer, R.L. : Health Phisics, 52, PP. 797-799 (1987)5) AmXZ, C, 9W S : Radioisotopes, 33, PP. 1-7 (1984)6) Megumi, K. and Mamuro, T. :J. Geophys. Res., 79, PP. 3357-3360 (1974)7) Sato, J. and Nakamura, T. : Radioisotopes, 42, PP. 667-675 (1993)8) SniES : Radioisotopes, 13, PP. 362-367 (1964)9) 7t#mm: “tin/jv\> k/, mr7^\> py<y ?pp. 323

-338, (#) hr, 197910) ttmm, izmsa, /tmim#: 13, pp. 1-34 (1975)11) mUiE^ : Radioisotopes, 24, PP. 741-744 (1975)12) EDIE£ : Radioisotopes, 24, PP. 745-748 (1975)13) Saito, M. :Radioisotopes, 32, PP.109 112 (1983)14) Saito, M. and Tanaka, S. :Radioisotopes, 41, PP. 391-396 (1992)15) Saito, M. Tanaka, S. and Masuda, Y. :Radioisotopes, 42, PP. 330 334 (1993)16) ^BM, iBE m : Radioisotopes, 43, PP. 515-522 (1994)17) Horiuchi, K. and Murakami, Y. -.aS##, 28, PP. 39-52 (1977)

is) e±jhs, /mmx: am##, 29, pp. 19-27 am)19) #m m, utmiE :

P.79 (1993)20) Michihiro, K., Sugiyama, H., Kataoka, T., Shimizu, M., Yunoki, E. and Mori, T: Radio-

-75-

isotopes, 40, PP. 38 41 (1991)21) Yoneda, M., Inoue. Y. and Takine, N. : J. Hydrology, 124, PP. 307-316 (1991)22) mnm&w, sm#-,

U, 19, PP. 87-103 (1977)23) XttSB : Radioisotopes, 27, 740-746 (1978)24) /Mm—, mm m ■. 34, pp. 253-262 (1992)25) Rogers, A. S. :U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull., 1052 E, PP. 187-210 (1958)26) Lee, R. W. and Hollyday, E. F. : “RADON IN GROUND WATER" , (Graves, B. ed. ),

pp. 241-249, LEWIS PUBLISHERS, INC., Chelsea, U. S. A. (1987)27) Jacobs, L. A., von Gunten, H. R., Keil, R. and Kuslys, M. :Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta,

52, PP. 2693-2706 (1988)28) El liras, K. K., Roman-mas, A. and Lee, R. : J. Hydrology, 115, PP. 319 341 (1990)29) Genereux, d. p. and Hemond, H. F. :Water Resour. Res., 26, PP. 3065 3075 (1990)30) EES1E, AfjCK SESS, /MuISSI : 35, PP. 165-

183 (1993)31) Haraada, H. and Koraae, T. : “Water Down Under ’94” , pp. 115120, Adelaid,

Australia (1994)32) MB-/&JE, /MUHSI: Radioisotopes, 43, PP. 770-775 (1984)

33) .- “tmmmmmt Lxomyymmm (uss) ”,# rmwj pp. 91-106 (1986)

34) Weiss, W., Zapf, T., Baitter, N., Kroner, B., Fischer, K. H. Schlosser, P., Roether and Munnich, K. 0.: “Isotope Hydrology 1983” (IAEA), PP. 43-66 (1984)

35) Rank, D., Rajner, V., Nussbaumer, W., Paresch, W., Dreher, J. and Reitinger, J. : ibid., pp. 67-81

36) Hoehn, E., Willrae, U., Hollerung, R., Shulte-Ebbert, S. and von Gunten, H. R. : “Isotope Techiniques in Water Resources Development 1991" , (IAEA), pp. 712- 714 (1991)

37) Hoehn, E. and von Gunten, H. R. : Water Resourc. Res., 25, pp. 1795 1803 (1989)38) Chia-Shyun Chen and Wilson, J. L. : “RADON IN GROUND WATER” , (Graves, B. ed. ),

pp. 423-436, LEWIS PUBLISHERS, INC., Chelsea, U. S. A. (1987)39) Nelson, P. H., Rachiele, R. and Smith, A. : J. Geophis. Res., 88, pp. 2395-2405

(1983)

-76-

(i3)Behavior of Rn Contents in Undergroundwater Related to

Radioactive Disequilibrium

S. Nishimura

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####'1. @tm, #@#B#-Mmm, p295-306. min

mm, mtP, 1991.

2. mm, #® • A^yy^y^^m-xm, 1-10,1991.

B65:1. mm, 19.

63-68, 1957.

2. mm, #$wrom ±###,25.66-77,1973.

3 @fm, 7K4'C>5 h'XDMEh-eOBffl (II) ##f%. Radioisotopes, 27. 747-752, 1978.

4. mmoa, mm, 9 kxdem (1) ^bee. 22,29-33,1979.

5. mm. ^^1^7 h*>(7)S$lStE. Radioisotopes. 28,27-30, 1979.

6. mium-, a*#-b, mm.tiES^, mrsmMEW^w&mTKci? k>###. 32. 31-41, 1981.

7. n&xm, mm, (1) -%m###-. ##2,38,571-576, 1985.

8. MSfw^.mm. m -A*%^c • =wJitM-. ## 2,38,577-585, 1985.

9. -asm. mm, mm*, mmis, mmmimttMLmmmm. (1) -mw. ## 2,38,57-66,1985

10. mm, »H¥B±ErM'±E?&£-e(7)5 h yommm. ## 2,38,537-596,1935.

11. mm, (2) -ebwsb

-e<7)®i^?5S|-. ##2,38,57-66,1985.

12. mm, n^m. emosse (d

#$8,28,91-97, 1985.

13. mm, mm, mfcxm, mm*, #%#####%yms&m

E®~ -r;V Af- + >## 2,39, 267-275, 1986.

-78-

14.979, 1986.

#m#m.mm. tsitaRn-momm 28.972

15. mmm.mm, r^>40K2,4Bi6^(7)y umi mSI 2.40, 117-119, 1987.

16. #mm mm. e.m.Arsadi, (5) -a

*®tji • wbbtot)**!*t '&mm%<T)-7u v ?mm~. mm 2,40,561-573,1937.

17. mm, mmttttfttmmtm. rincws. 35,4-5,1991.

is. am. xawfcmjKURRI-TR-393, 11-23, 1994.

19. am. 5 H > t ESI-NEWS, 13, No. 5,205-209, 1995.

20. mm. mnmm. t $£1^,34,398-409,1995.

» • is# •1 S. Nishimura and I. Katsura, Radon is soil gas: Applications in Exploration and Earthquake

Predication In Geochemistry of Gaseous elements and compounds, In E. A. Durrance, et al., eds., pp. 497-533, Theophrastus Publish, 1990.

tSiX1 S. Nishimura, Radium and Uranium contents of standard Rocks, Chem. Geol., 5, 139-141,

1969.

2 S. Nishimura, Disequilibrium of the 238U series in recent volcanic rocks, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 8, 293-300, 1970.

3 S. Nishimura, Partition of uranium between Peridotite nodules and host Basalt, Chem. Geol., 10, 211-221, 1972.

4 T. Mogi, I. Katsura and S. Nishimura, Magnetotelluric survey of an active fault system in the northern part of Kinki District, Southwest Japan, Journal of Structural Geology, 13,235-240, 1991.

-79-

u

Pa

Th

Ac

Ra

Fr

Rn

At

Po

Bi

Pb

Tl

Uranium Group

Protactinium Group y Decay mode

Th Group

Rn Group

S.013„

Fig. 1 : Classification of 232Th, 235U and 238U decay series nuclides into groups showing mass number, half life and mode of decay (NISHIMURA,1973).

Table 1.Uranium, thorium and potassium contents in basalt and dunite nodules in Karatsu Takashima

Sample Th (p.p.m.) U (p.p.m.) Th/U K (p.p.m.)

Host basalt 4.7 0.88 5.3 13300Pyroxene phenocryst 0.056 0.012 4.7 499Olivine phenocryst 0.060 0.046 1.3Dunite-1 0.058 0.048 1.2 376Dunite-2 0.014 0.008 1.8 91

-80-

granitehorntels

granitehornfels

Fig. 2-1 The distributions of uranium (the upper figure) and thorium (the lower figure). (Shishitobi, Shiga Pref.) (Nishimura, 1965).

ppm

hornfels granite

hornfels granite

Fig. 2-2 The distributions of uranium (the upper figure) and thorium (the lower figure). (Koya, Kyoto Pref.) (Nishimura, 1965).

-81-

Table 2. Radioactive elements in sea and landwaters (Nishimura, 1973).

Element seawater(g/g) landwater(g/g)

3.0X10"9 1.3X10-9230Th < 3.0 X10-16 1.5X10""22«Ra 1.0X10-16 0.7X10"16222Rn 6.3 X10"22 -10""40K 4.2X10™8232Th <2.0X10"" 2.0X10""

Table 3.226Ra CONTENT OF ROCKS, " CHOSEKIORE"' AND CLAY

(Nishimura and Katsura, 1990).

Sample Fresh

22<^Ra content

weathered

(10"12g (Ra)/g)

Choseki-ore Fault Clay

Daimonji granite

(Kyoto)

1.42 1.54 ■* —

Gyojayama granite

(Kameoka)

1.46 ” — "

Rokko granite

(Kobe)

1.57 1.49 — 2.57

mean of 8 samples

(1.49-2.57)

Rokko liparite

(Kobe)

1.20 — 4.18

Awaji granite

(Hyogo)

0.62 — — 1.40

Awaji lamprophyre

(Hyogo)

0.25 0.77 — —

Shishitobi granite

(Otsu)

2.63 1.79 19.0

mean of 6 samples

(1.42-3.86)

mean of 10

(0.67-3.98)

mean of 13**

(2.72-68.8)

* “Choseki ore" is a part of leucocratic granite.*• Spring waters along this fault contained 0.0417 x 10 "g(Ra)/l and had a 222Rn activity of 6.62

x 10 Bq/1 (1.79 x 10"®Ci/l) (mean value of 92 springs in Hiiatsu Choseki Mine, Shiga Prefecture, Japan).

-82-

(i4) ?Phenomena Associated with Rain Deposition of Radon Daughters

K. Fujit aka

1. teDfcte

n^fn%0Wta&D, nmkn^©-mztz-DfzvTz. #3^6^Mu.

c<b#m<mw5= z.(D^mtkMmu^jv±mt-mm^s ® mmmcm&eLc mm7E

#8am*T&5#, mw&Mstxfv>^-s^ss/=tfecoT^-So {6j6^(Dss^âj®

fU3&o

#%##!$##&&

TRTMS^tim^BaLfco

2.

i985^\zj&mwft<DmmtmmzmmEttQffittfti&:£~5'$:m3mMLTmw

zmzffbttizn, i-07Kmmî/-'tf'-T*9>hT6^(:75:oi:w5. mm^z 5mam:i±^T100{ea±#m^m < , &m0043mm(0.2556mm/h) 1^±®W £ t& titiTS, ^nTttE4-H#V^cSM$T^xTL$5^Sd, ^titiTE®2fg^±®x-

MS«2"cfrx2"NaI(Tl)(7)->>^ V-'>3 >5t:EX^T$. D > *fe±#U.5m®ifh $ ictgg L

3. x—Fig.mû,^zx^mMMm^)V(D±^m(D3fM(Di±^^ta ccT±#$

^-X97> - Fig.2m%at%mL/:&(7y> . 2). 3). 4)

T, 1985^^ 619894^Tt:m#J$ flf:298#J®^fm%MS l/Âdi#£# 5l$M< /<> Fig.3te£t^-Dfcw^s-mmcsozsn

-83-

Observed at NIRS

U R/h

(gamma radiation level ^

baseline levelrain interval ■ mm/h

-20mm/h

20-

from the end of proceeding rain

single rain -(1 )precipitation of more than 0.008mm is

considered as a "rain".(2 Vain with Interval of more than 1 min

is considered as an ‘independent rain".^precipitation rate}

local timeJan.24, 1987

Fig.l Method to estimate relative enhancement of gamma radiation level above the baseline level which occurred associated with a rain.

Observed at NIRS1000

^100

Fig.2 Distribution of radiation enhancement against rain interval.

1000rain interval (h)

(rl R2) (ed iztt^T2ms(DmizJ:Z±g- (E2) $6(:Fig.4^. PlimSKSfe

— 84 —

Observed at NIRS

(gamma radiation level) -

baseline levelbaseline level

mm/h(precipitation rate)

4 local time

Fig.4 Simultaneous measurements of rain and gamma radiation level. The rain continued without a pause.

Observed at NIRS

(gamma radiation level ^

mm/h

(precipitation rate)

11 local time

Oct.24, 1987Fig.3 Simultaneous measurements of rain and gamma radiation level. Two rains

occurred successively.

-85-

Frac

tion i

n the

tota

l(%)

Eve

nt nu

mbe

r E

vent

num

ber

0-10* 10-20% 20-50% 50-100% 100%-Relative enhancement from baseline level

Histogram of radiation enhancement with rain. Magnitudes of the enhancements reflect peak levels of individual rains.

eo------------------- 1-------------------- r

Relative enhancement from baseline level

Fig.6 Histogram of radiation enhancement depending on proceeding rain interval.

50

Proceeding rain interval Proceeding rain interval

Fig.7(left) All rains and rains with radiation enhancement in winter are plotted.Rain intervals are limited to 0-24 hours.

Fig.S(right) The same as Fig.7 except that data represent spring.

-86-

Zy'f > - l"<Jl'lZttT5±&fiJ^ (%) TftmLfzbcDT&Zo Ztl&RZt 20~

fzo Fig.6^mm^^0-6#^(h24-168^^(D2@m[:O#. 3@E®±#W^(D #</<>

Fig.7, Fig.8#1985^-1987^CPgo^t(7)^^6, 4 (5b§-~Sn#) ^=k^# (%#(DAO-A#)COWT, r±T0|$mj ^epmfwmk:^

dnb£.FI5ED,

Fig. 9 Event distribution on raininterval. Medians of every 20 hour intervals are plotted.

1 10 100 ioooRain interval (h)

4. m8c,a%<H

fim^tBiLz)tzb(D\Ztet>t^tmmLtz1} ' 2K 3)'4) .

#Wb£ ^ T & 5. bbFig.9 (D*k 5 tcPi £b^;i/±#H ^ >

h LTfrZtfiTtfKXDig.i&Mzmz&ZfiZ&ZZ.

wm?yy±T£T^V(Dm%n?$>zzttt,

S9fcU 6fCcb^a;({abd<z)77^^;H±tt-r^>h^fcoviTT*^T,

t*§) o rst,gfr&iKfrTzmmmt^vztizfez. mb, bnbtoSt/fTtii^b(±cDMMBe^ a## 1: & mil# # 3&& b % I# m< < > hchbrmvx tf-STI®mi0.0085mm(0.5112mm/h)cb bT45 D, CinSTlB^bfc^T©^«C:n^C0^ #fc43tt3fc©T&50 iftltiim(DT-?MM&T

-87-

±#M% Ai-m L T^a. a C <b t & a #(aX ±<-&LTU75:W#^t)&a(b). %o

observed at KUR

Apr.6, 1975

(gamma radiation levels

local time

observed at KUR

17 18 19 20 local time

Fig. 10 Simultaneous measurements of rain and gamma radiation level. Rains were measured by a conventional seesaw type rainmeter (threshold:0.5mm), and radiation level was measured by a NaKTl) scintillation monitor. (a)The radiation level began to increase at the onset of rain; (b)The radiation level began to increase before the onset of rain.

5. $ (hidbym&mvizmmiz. ##s, m a # >7$# & m

^ouobitm'M(D2o-5o%@m±#Tac^^^w.

1) K.Fujitaka,K.Matsumoto,K.Kaiho and S.Abe :Effect of rain interval on wet deposition of radon daughters. Radiat Prot Dosim, 45, 333-336 (1992).

2) mmm, ####: ? mm? f>j

(Tits, i> p3i4-322(i992).

vU-XNo.20, NIRS-M-93, p89-96(1993).4) siisfDft, mmn^,

r±^(D? Timmilrn#K y F ) > pl00-102(1995).

-88-

(15)Scavenging of Radon Daughters by Precipitation from the Atmosphere

N. Fujinami

1. ttb&tc7 b, l%7k^^%7kS(c

oTAt <£mLm%t%Z.ibtl%tz&)s Beck and Miller "kt,7 h* >£IM©P$TS©k > immmfe&u ^mmiznoxt^^xxuô

z(Dtz&s ^

o 2'8"12)A$$) h\ Rangarajan and Eapen13)©#^^®^—77 £> XCD^Bh'&m'QgtUT^-So Fujitakaet al.^&iWk*©^ H >$SOTSStC^f Nishikawaet al.^&iWSTk^hS^©^(#@*4:07

^zt\ n7kmRw$&mm<Dmmm**®? k y^mm^nt^mo^xo^,

b5A^(rainout)tfOTT-0tb&<fr(washout)© £ FFE A £0 E#©#4-&#BU# ELT:fc< zbtiz %7k(c AaAî#©? K>m##©|#At A;i/^#Â6±T#AT m^x&Zo

%*(:ck^»7 P>%##©%b3&^CÂa#^(d:w< ofp& b, Jacobi164±^ lfcfc«fc b rainout ^ washout © W4 £ EE L TT l > £ »k #Sib&oTV^ô BhandariandRama^ttl^Tk^ctÂM^©^ M>##@©#A$^ ItvÂatC&fcoT. rainout ©#&#gUT^&„ Makhon’ko18>&A^0xTD'J))/ lt£t LX rainout lz£ oT|5&*£tia 7 K L <%b&c%V\%t\o XXX, B&ktcAaAm#©? K>%##©%b&^©/*-XA©#%&a(^%o Z©;< A:z%A&%|6&(:Aazhlix #^%^M?A#gS©#&k: AcTAM^C%tB^fi,t%#^#@(cÂ^|%7k©

2.

(1) EStIcA©:? K >*6OTSJt

m$#±#AaoE-^S©cM:#& ASi; tl© tt Pb-214(RaB)t Bi-214(RaC)T& b. Mz.lt, î#T'OTîlZd$$7k|ji:^*©SSly^;V(d:5xi02 - 4X 103 Bq/LT&a 15>0 &

-89-

Be-7 : 0.3 - 6 Bq/L19>, Pb-212 : 0.07 - 2 Bq/L13>, Pb-210 : 0.03 - 0.6 Bq/L^&oT RaB+RaC ^7kH7^ ^HaSMMsfcfc RaB RaC ©

RaC©&C«t&t©^LT4&gf So DBM NaI(Tl)'>>^V-^3 >Ê-* îSSSSf

o $#m$©±#^ ^ $w**^ ^ D ©mMinato (DfflftLtzfim 910>£ffil't7 HS7k4© Ra(B+C)tE&£jt£t 5o

z©^^(±%#tc#xE^fi-cv\% z.s.10),2°)tiiW7k^®3iLT7 h->immmm%ml$7k&J6#5mm/hWTT>

tmmm*£<-%LTZ>Zt%Wt>MZLZ&*), Hayakawa”)h Yoshioka'2)©^

Ra(B+C)#m© 1/2 &m#7kP#©7 K>$MSJthLT

(2) ^m*©7y* i 5m±vmmoM

mfe(Dr3M±$:(Ds&m(Dmt/u%mmiz'i7 0o fit, x%h*>i#îlPI©M¥iî^lt, *^4©7 K>$mmJ6£H

titiff)o s'7'21)£:|5}#tr&5o

(i) h >mmm&Fig.i tc i987^6^©^m4'^ \t>t&mm&&£.&7km<DRm£{b%mto 2-3 b.

Radon daughter

" Id

Precipitation

June, 1987

Fig.i Variations of atmospheric radon

daughter concentration and precipitation

during June 1987 in Maizuru, Japan.

cn

c_Q __ 1_____________ I_____________ L-1 0 1

10 10 10

Radon daughter in surface air (Bq/m3)

Fig.2 Relation of radon daughter

concentrations between precipitation

and surface air (Maizuru, 1 April 1978

- 30 April 1981).

-90-

Table 1 Influence of precipitation on radon daughter concentration in surface air.

Radon daughter concentration No.

(Bq/m3) of samples

M ± S.D.

During weather without precipitation 3.1 ± 2.2 2436

During precipitation 2.5 ± 2.1 1371

Samples were collected during 1 April 1978 - 30 April 1981 in Maizuru, Japan.

8~10Bx 19-22 BOB&WKI*eW ao

a„ ^ k6nenae-cfcd>mmmmit£ £ $ i* $ tc ^ r a ^ #x f SC A,*© 6B$ftgCSuf£6B$Hg©§t 18

<DSB&£iifcl£*4:£l$7.kB3x f0#Da&#&#P&7kB3^ LTx

Table 1 (Dt&*)X$>%o Wm(Dffim*fc< t-3tztz&),

Bq/m3 TTx #%7k^(D 3.1 Bq/m3 (Cj:b^<T{SV>SStC^ oT jo tl x %sirao L/=^-3%x m^m^i^a^xa. ^ n& washout tc&Bfa h na #x e$® • P£Sic#assijE<cD*

m "

Precipitation amount (mm) Precipitation amount (mm)

Fig.3 Relation of radon daughter concentration to precipitation amount (Maizuru, 1

December 1977 - 31 December 1985). a)AII precipitation events, b)0nly events

whose precipitation rate is between 1.0 and 2.5 mm/h.

-91-

(2) mszkô^ k >mmmi%.

(DMM7k*pcD? h* >tmmmi£t*Mcp(D7 f ytmMmmvmm

Fig.2 izfjktob b x Beck and Miller 1} j&tk Nishikawa et al.1S)(D|a^ t. —5&T Z> o C

©EKim^SA^bm-riuCD^ÔMhirbEV/rÔT^Â^ M*S®hCD^^>|0]ST'S>5o HSzk^CD^ MSMEtîTS washout

©mm**®?Fig.3a (is ^TkMPfWJt^ K>^M©¥^l?iJt^7*D'y h tfc^©T'fe^)o El^6

i^Tksftmwtzb? hytmMmmm'ptz£oiz%z_z>&s mm&t? mm&cDffiiz&Mvfflmtf&zz. *■ »-i2k %7k#A#7k^mc##ur^zm&iztes z®mfrt>s t^ZZOlZM P&r'&Zo

?ZX\ ^7k^s>b$ m^l^cb 1.0~2.5mm©|^7k^PS^tTs P$zk

mtzt, msTk^cD^ h*>nmmmmm7mizfct)e,tm0.9Bq/on3 ^ bs %7k###%(±m% 6 ;h%ô

Fig.4 imykvmfaffiffitmnyk^cD^ k> mmm&cDmmz&Zo z.omo^t^,l^7k^S7b$-St:$>n(^ |#^#A#bmv\?

B$b##xD#7k (#mi$7k)^zk^m^l^Kc

%b%A^6i^b#bb 1 p$7k@®#%7 k >mmmm&t<Dtm*'nz)o

zornst), ^b^©i»i^7j<Mb

z(D±&7k(Dm7k&m&m-&zts lEmtatm

Duration of precipitation (h)

Fig.4 Relation of radon daughter

concentration to duration of

precipitation (Maizuru, 1 December

1977 - 31 March 1991).

-92-

pwstfxD 1

Fig.5 <Dt&b?$)Zo &7km%ikymmmmmt 1 i%zke#fg##tmutr-&dx ®m&&jm±foik1

|Bl-v^;vcDl^7k^Ste#t4^^to Ifetfot, #%%&%#*

©mszk^cD^Fig.6 (±%zk^m^m@zk^(D7 h* ypmmmmomm z fkto

-itzm'&'Cs #**@7 fromTkfctttx? Fig.6&6kL Fi^Sim b £T<m7k<D&^mflE<7):E£ ^ 1\ UStK^ct)^ h*

tz>z kf±T'#&ôFujitaka et al.fi C k C ioT#%(D[mm

5^^ÊWM/b^BV>mLTV>^.o utiC^tL, ##<b©HirC'fiimrm<D^mm.^hmnm<Dmnm*Mmm^-z^z>tz®, ^7K^h*s2b#^j^±

&*> Fig.6 (c^^Tx â©av>(zj;^,^#x.^nÊS7jc*^7 *rffl(Dmfey^)\s(DmmmT:foz>&(D(D 3^ri^tuDmmmmmm7kmm^^^tD^

c_Q.

10 10 10 lcf id3Interval between precipitations (h)

Precipitation rate (mm/h)

Fig.5 Precipitation rate dependence

of radon daughter concentration in Fig.6 Relation of radon daughter

concentration to interval between

precipitation events (Maizuru, 1

December 1977 - 31 March 1991).

precipitation (Maizuru, 1 December 1977

- 31 December 1985). O whole of

precipitation, # first one hour fraction.

-93-

4.(#@*##5 K > EM SS6 k <D 5 H

(D m^SWbEtoS $T<m7k£>&^M<7)S££*>*>£)e>1* > M>EMfSii$ti:ra-5£T $> S o

© ns7k*(D7 k >imMmfeizm7k&mzikftr%bK t#7Kmc^##L^Wo

(D mS7k*©7 h* >EMESJtcD^(cttffilEA$

%vô P£Pi • IWS(c<koT^:S*07 h-yEMSm^fr&DM'-kirs&tf)

Ox UStKÔ^ h'yEMSBMM'-kL&i'o

© W±0$g#^^,x m@7k#07 F>EM@#Ak:^f ^#OTTO%D^^(washout)0^(±/J^ <x ^^^S*TO$lD^(rainout)^6*r5^SS^n^,o

CO^#(d:x Jacobi^)^t^7l/##^6f#X:$&# rwashout C Si#^<%)5 F >EMS BJttiU @m07 F >EM##^x f^ht»x rainout l^SSS© 10-2~~HH£T'ifc So j k«t<-&Lx Makhon'ko18)OÊrox F>EM#C#a#&

S tfefcot washout CD W4F £: L Bhandari andRama17) CD 53-91£5#$TSoZOckoCx ESTkÔ^ F>EMfI£*f1"S rainout OW-Â^S(C^$VAOttx ## 05 F >Om#T^g)cL^^^ D O rj:TD Po-218(RaA)j % Ufc>#>S r7 V —O RaAj <#%(C%0&^^S^%k#^^^,So

dktdttU h D>(Rn-220)EMMO^^ttx iteS@/^l£BLT < S hn>kÔit #^6R#0 Po-216(ThA)0^m^##(:mwÂx SO^^tt^TD V;VtCf4SL^: Pb-212(ThB)##X#&f Sk#t%h,SZk&%x l^zkC ZSmD&^(:j3t\T h □ >

EMfIk5 zk^fm^îs ô ^nôBôfctoOES/b$Ôi$ET-^)So 1 2 3 4

1. Beck, H. L., Miller, K. M., Temporal variations of the natural radiation field. Vohra, K. G., Pillai, K. C., Mishra, U. C., Sadasivan, S., eds. Proc. 2nd special symp. on the natural radiation environment, Bombay, India, Wiley Eastern Limited Publishers, 163-172 (1981).

2. Fujinami, N., Esaka, S., Minato, S., Influence of the precipitation rate on the seasonal variation in the specific radioactivity of short-lived Rn-222 daughters in precipitation, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., Letters, 95(2), 111-118 (1985).

3. Fujinami, N., Esaka, S., Minato, S., Estimation of cloud parameters from shortlived Rn daughter activity of rainwater. Nucl. Geophys. 7, 359-366 (1993)..

4. Fujinami, N., Observational study of the scavenging of radon daughters by

-94-

precipitation from the atmosphere, Environment International, 22, Suppl.l, S181- S185 (1996).

5. Fujinami, N., Esaka, S., Variations in radon-222 daughter concentrations in surface air with atmospheric stability. J. Geophys. Res., 92(D1), 1041-1043 (1987).

6. Fujinami, N. , Esaka, S., Influence of solar radiation and heat emission on radon- 222 daughter concentrations in surface air, J. Geophys. Res., 93(D10), 12627-12629 (1988).

7. Fujinami, N., Esaka, S. A simple model for estimating the mixing depth from the diurnal variation of atmospheric Rn-222 concentration, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 24(1/4), 89-91 (1988).

8. Damon, P. E., Kuroda, P. K., On the natural radioactivity of rainfall, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 35, 208-216 (1954)

9. Minato, S., Some observations of the variations in natural gamma radiation due to rainfall, "Natural Radiation Environment III", CONF-780422, pp.370-382 (1980)

10. Minato, S., Estimate of radon-222 concentrations in rain-clouds from radioactivity of rainwater observed at ground level. J. Radioanal. Chem., 78, 199-207 (1983).

11. Hayakawa, H., Radon-concentration-in-cloud and rainfall rate dependency of short-lived radon daughters in rainwater, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 22, 292-300 (1985)

12. Yoshioka, K., The seasonal variation of rainout activity of short-lived radon daughters, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 45(1/4), 395-398 (1992)

13. Rangarajan, C., Eapen, C. D., Some observations on the concentrations of shortlived decay products of radon and thoron in the monsoon rains of Bombay, India. J. Geophys. Res., 90(D5), 8155-8159 (1985).

14. Fujitaka, K., Matsumoto, M., Kaiho K., Abe, S., Effect of rain interval on wet deposition of radon daughters, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 45(1/4), 333-336 (1992)

15. Nishikawa, T., Aoki, M., Okabe, S., Time variation of Rn-222 progeny concentration in rainwater, Health Phys., 49, 1284-1289 (1985).

16. Jacobi, W., Die Anlagerung von naturlichen Radionukliden an Aerosolpartikel und Niederschlagselemente in der Atmosphare, Geofisica Pura e Apphcata, 50, 260-277 (1961).

17. Bhandari, N., Rama., Study of atmospheric washout processes by means of radon decay products, J. Geophys. Res., 68, 3823-3826 (1963).

18. Makhon'ko, K. P., Simplified theoretical notion of contaminant removal by precipitation from the atmosphere, Tellus, 19, 467- 476 (1967).

19. Gaffney, J. S., Orlandini, K. A., Marley N. A., Measurements of Be-7 and Pb-210 in Rain, Snow, and Hail, J. Appl. Meteorol., 33, 869-873 (1994).

20. b«->

— 95 —

pp.203-210(msma) ”,0*JE^*^(1985)

m, 29#, 110-116(1984)

22. sssAxEE^, 35 #,132-137(1990)

-96-

(1 6) 7k43<D^ K > iiiJt - 41 SIWj <Z):M3£.m£ * /i> <h UT Radon Concentration in Water-On the Values Measured in Central Japan-

t iliaM. Shimo

[«£] *£*, 222Rn &&&*&&'>>*ls-'>3>mVMfebrza

IfeT*, **1*? 0-22.3 Bq/L, 4,090 Bq/L

[$R* - UfEV'6*i<5fBf"f&£>*> 1/ - * £**</> 222Rn

SS***^ 500 mL $g*U, f 180 ml n- H:%0,PPO £ P0P0P *A*lTS®HU*: 20 mL £ A*iT £ < S# L, ##0h;PX>^ 20 mL O/'W Y;l/tf>tlAilT, jHSimfc Lfc. *43,

9 CfStii LtzMZ, X-r > I/X@

^P-'> a n*ti:g(£>LSC-700 1 igc7)ffE^K(i 5fit u, aat 3 3

Z&tibtzo&&rm Rn-222 ssiroT,

BSh UT la, 2a, 3a SrlRo?:# comZ3klfcmVtz<,

m 2 CMMjlMia##®**® 222Rn »g<9$!l%frj*, £££ 3

m 2 Hi^a«fcMaift«07k^© 222Rn (1995.10-1996.2)

TfilW SW» 222Rn#g [Bq/L]

Mr? ip* 14 0.93-2.50#f* 14 0.26-22.3

Sim*: rp* 3 0 -0.30HffcJUrfr rp* 1 7.71rT rf? Tf? tK 1 1.69

%T* 1 2.25iu&»r *»J§ 1 0.93-sn? rp* 1 7.40

#P* 1 2.35iS$ ip* 1 6.64

m 1 taaiTis Rn-222 mmXv ^ K tfc&TSiag (Bq/L)(5 #|HHfi) la 2 a 3 a

180 0.14 0.29 0.44450 0.21 0.44 0.68

-97-

m 3 **<9 222Rn

Tim# &*g 222Rn&£ CBq/L]

Anf ## m 1993. 8.31 4.6*iE4£n 1993. 8.31 0.85

;*> Srfjbi'-rMia #T* 1993. 3.15 20.4 ~ 40.81993. 7.21 17 ~ 411994. 1. 8 2.5 ~ 35.51995. 2.17 9.4 — 25

±%tt B 1993. 8.31 2.1*it46n 1993. 8.31 8.2*&* 1994. 1.10 10.6

?SisgwT n-V*B£ 1## 1995. 8.16 4700SSBH? 6EBS 1995. 8.17 94.3gfcgrff ttTOflt 25 m #&#p 1994. 8.25 243

1995. 8.31 25817 m JT&#f 1993. 8.31 82.7

1994. 8.25 1403 n #f 1994. 8.25 49.2

#^#F 3 m #p 1993. 8.31 92.0 ~ 1061994. 8.25 1911995. 8.31 86.7

iR* 1993. 8.31 3.6 ~ 4.4S* 1994. 8.25 ND

1995. 7.26 NDBoe# 1995. 8. 4 108MBtr h 1988.11.30 97.3 ~ 143

h 1988.11.30 288®«# 1988.11.30 84.9

-98-

(17)Radon Concentrations in Natural Water

in and around Osaka District

to^-s imm=Fs ckBSfli*) »SfflUE, @#il- (^Rsm^:)S. Shibata, E. Kawano, R. Ito, H. Masuda, M. Tsurumaki

1. #1980 F8 1983 ^6 E(D^ 3 Ffal

off* (dhnff)

1991F© r#%5Fyj yy^^ÂCjs^"C#eu-cw^

DHN 38 Rn

m% Rn Lto-cmefa. ^refA^^-câyÊ^sIFCSoFO^BTkFCD Rn Rn

2. DHN#F#Rn#m3E%

Precip.

Jan-83 Jan-84Jan-80 Jan-81 Jan-82

Fig. 1. Variation of Rn contents in DHN well & precipitations.

DHN PP\t 35-51. 5 nu 79- 90 m. 112. 5—128. 5 mC3l®

145 mCD^F F'C^b-So eom £is:e2ft-o^„ #f«b

(460L/rain) LTFBE*L/c=

1980 F 8 jj£fi 15 m 1?$>o/c;F 12 AM 11.8 m a

A^ÛTOTkm 19. 0° c% %mmt o. 8°c-cabô

Rn y-y3 y*^y f-$rmw6F&C

O fco

(2) C#UVF^ g| 1 c 1980 6 1983 % 6 JJ 0^1 3 DHN *

Fîts Rnmt

-99-

0.324 Lt-LXyy^b Rn

ss, &fomti>\z%rmz.fc^mfatf-Sbz>z.tm\\z0 ^r-cRnss, ^s^n^ntrf 777tm%x^-t0

y^swcmmltv^0 0.70 -e99. 9%u±x>mm^xô1981 C-Cf60^^j±# U"Cf ^

V^\ Rn ag*;£&«< h,ftK r ©^^^tKS^^PtK Rn

ssc^cDE^m^'tf a. s 6 c f 7 7 cz*0 %ma &96mtcm*Sf#F7k Rn *£CE<Z)tBK)>&*£>a tmZZo

3. Rn^%#fF^0Rnmm^^f6^#

S 2nd□ 3rd

6

percent

Fig. 2. Frequency distribution of percents of the 2nd & 3rd Rn data to

the highest.

t0"C

&wEm&f-?&#a

fo'y'si- V—'y a 7&CZa^Bff Rn m&<D:mj£X\t Rn ZlfRKDttWgZ

b ^l7yyf 1/ — 9 —

fa. Rn k

ftfcf afe&&j&SiS< tfJ&gSKili

f - f ^#a

itu^-cfgictt (d £ ^ t - 9 *n a (d a@m-c&a. a^^Rn0^%#^^3

Rn m%#2: LX SfflLttt. DHN #p® Rn mmw^:îî+38 ®-c£>a0

Rn ^%#fF±6D Rn afiPS. 38 @<7) Rn L&Lfir>tzt%ti:LXRn

Ltz0 #^#TU Rn m *5{££©&£,fa2#g^ gi2ct<DMm

£ffo 2&B®XJU-X<?)¥tyim 98%, #$#mi.5%, Syjvfl;^ 94. 9%X& -? tz0 3#

g<Z)f Az-fCDWEte 94. 9%, #$#m 3. 9%, ^/Jvfifte 76. 9%'C&o £.

i @<7)5>imre RnS6£&^f amw^mg^v^wsna. 2®^

Rn iti&OTEtttiiis 2%ut, mm-c 5%0^mâba.

apnm-c&a.

E) 3 ® u^-cÊC^f - f A# sfia <b##ra s%@m

2 ® osm&m-ca# ^ 38 gomaMmd' <o«i4,mcigt'a^, Rn L(D-Mxhz>0

-100-

4. Rn SS

35'

&mo)W,tj(D<L£iz-±&m$i(D$t7%, #7k, jlf&£'©^*7k^(7)Rn

mg.zmfeLtz0 ic, tRiKMt&zm 3 rn

LXMfflurvx^oDHN^F^murrn60%^'r^/<7 9^(D^v\#

3#To, h )\7jLy'yy^~ u—9 —

LTfrJ9£®ttMX>m

Table 1. Radon contents in ground waters at areas I, II, HI, IV.No. Sampling spots Depth (m) Temp. (" C) Radon Contents

Bq/L

1Area I (1982/1/28)Oda,Izumi 100 17. 5 17. 9

2 Oda, Izumi 730 27 8. 73 Imaki, Kishiwada 177 17. 3 24.84 Imaki, Kishiwada 85.3 16. 4 20. 05 Imaki, Kishiwada 182 17.6 19. 56 DHN-well, Sakai * 145 18. 5 30. 7

7

* 1982/2/17 sampling Area II (1982/7/13) Shionoyu 0 18 18. 1

8 Sugio-sinden 0 14. 2 18.99 Kagobo 0 14. 4 2. 510 River, Kagobo 0 19. 4 0.811 Hazugawa 0 20 16. 412 Ginzan 0 14.9 6. 713 Mikaeri-iwa 0 17. 9 31. 3

14Area IH (Hokusin tunnel, Pit A-l

Kobe, 1982/3/23)24.5 26 9.8

15 Pit A-2 29.0 23 12. 816 Pit A-3 71. 0 20 64.017 Pit A-4 81.0 19 65. 518 pit B-l 15.0 18 7. 419 pit B_2 21. 5 22 8.9

20Area IV (1981/11/20) Well, S-Hotel, Minoo — -—- 21.8 3. 5

21 Well, S-Hotel, Minoo — 18 9. 722 Dead Pit, Minoo ------------- 14.6 2. 123 Well,F-Hotel, Ikeda — 17. 7 71. 0

135

Fig. 3. Samplng sites for Rn determination in ground waters.

-101-

(1991^)

Rn #mo#imefT T, -c e 2 ctt

^t"= 1,2,5,7, g (7, g tm-mA) am-cn%c< v yyôjGA-c&ao 1 2 3

Table 2. Radon concentration in ground water in and around Osaka district.no. Sampling site Sampling date Depth(m) Temp. (* C) Radon(Bq/L)

1 Rittou, Shiga 1992/7/13 243 16. 7 34. 42 Dojo, Kobe 1991/12/9 — 21. 0 92. 73 Shikagadam, Kyoto 1991/7/10 2-30 15. 5 33.64 Settu-Kyo, Takatuki 1993/2/15 350 22. 5 81. 55 Mine, Yamaguchi 1992/7/28 950 25.8 41.86 Rittou, Shiga 1992/4/17 800 20.5 170. 17 Rittou, Shiga 1991/10/17 2000 20.5 105. 58 Nada, Kobe 1994/5/19 — 17. 5 53.29 Nada, Kobe 1994/5/19 — 18.0 51. 8

(1) ÊBth^ JllfM-tP, ####, iy-'> 3 yteirîttmkRnS6o

m'J%. n%L Rn, p. 341 (1991)(2) S. Shibata, E. Kawano and R. I to, The determination of the Radon content in water

by using a liquid scintillation counter equipped with multi-channel pulse height analyzer, Ann. Rep. Rad. Ctr. Osaka, 22, 77-80 (1981).

(3) K. Horiuchu: Some remarks on the new determination method of Rn in hot springs

by extraction -liquid scintillation counting, Onsen-kogaku Kaishi, 13,95-103 (1978).

-102-

Radon Concentrations of Ground Waters in Aichi Prefecture

S. Ohnuma, N. Kawamura

(18)

1. u: i; A c

Bq/lfc WHOtrtmsmc&iWTK

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-103-

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05-01 00.3 W\*ffiX&-0tzo

Table lKftttBrtf rt»J09 K i/*®©3^!® Lx Fig. Z\Zy K L

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&L£'\

-104-

Own! Mlktni*602-03 L60I-01S601-02

T60I-05

TG05-01

Samp Iing points( A ~ Z : code of health center)

Rn concentrationsDistribution ofin groud waters ( Maxi mun value was

showed with the highest bar )

Outternsry Alluvium

Quaternary Diluvium

Tertiary Miocene sedimentary facies

Tertiary Miocene sedimentary facies

Permian — carboniferous Otlchibu Palaeozoic formations

Neosene ( Miocene — ) Sldara volcanic rocks

Pricenozeic sramlic rocks

I ^as&tero me tamer oh l c rocks

I lyoke metamorohic rocks

Fig.2 Outline of geological map of Aichi Prefecture

-105-

Table 1 The averages of 22 2Rn concentrations and 3H concentrationsat each area of health center in Aichi Prefecture

11 Code Health Center n

I

Veil Depth (■)

*”*n r 'll

( Bq/I ) CV(X)»j n ( Bq/I ) CV(X)t

A Nagoya city 5 ( 1085 ~ 1350 ) 17.3 ( 8.5 ~ 30.3 ) l±L 5___

0.2 ( 0.1 ~'0.4 ) 64.8______ 1

C Okazaki 5 ( 1 ~ 1500 ) 56.2 ( 5.6 ~ 205 ) 134 3 0.3 (0.1 ~ 0.5 ) 54.4 ' |

'• Ichinoeiya ' ( 1100 ) 40.0 ~ ' 0.0 _______ 1

E Seto ' ( o 7.8 _ - - i

F llanda 3 ( 500 ~ 1500 ) 7.6 ( 1.8 ~ 10.9 ) 54.1 3 0.1 ( 0.0 ~ 0.2 ) 141

1 Tushiea 10 ( 1080 ~ 1313 ) 10.8 ( 7.7 ~ 16.0 ) 22.3 5 0.1 ( 0.0 ~ 0.2 ) 94

J llekinan 2 ( 480 ~ 504 ) II.1 ( 10.0 ~ 11.8 ) 8.5 2 0.2 ( 0.1 ~ 0.2 ) 33

K Kariya 1 ( 500 ) 10.0 _ I -- 1

1l Toyota 15 ( 1 ~ 565 ) 209 ( 21.1 ~ 896 ) no 8 0.6 ( 0.1 ~ 2.1 ) 124 1

1N Nishio 2 ( 14 ~ 1600 ) 56.4 ( 45.9 ~ 66.8 ) 18.5 2 1.0 ( 0.1 - 1.9 ) - 10 Gaugour i 4 ( 701 ~ 1500 ) 30.1 ( 16.8 ~ 54.6 ) 49.0 3 0.1 ( 0.0 - 0.2 ) 82

ft Koeakl 9 ( 160 ~ 1600 ) 79.2 ( 24.8 ~ 206 ) 86.4 5 0.4 ( 0.1 - 1.0 ) 91 !

S Inazava 1 ( 1140 ) 68.8 - 1 0.1 - !

T Shinshiro 4 ( 0 ~ 1000 ) 18.2 ( <0.3 ~ 33.0 ) 81.9 4 0.3 ( 0.1 ~ 0.7 ) 90 !

U Chita 1 ( 1300 ) 2.6 - 1 0.4 - ji

V Mihaaa 12 ( 1250 - 1800 ) 4.5 ( 2.0 ~ 8.8 ) 41.3 10 0.1 ( 0.0 ~ 0.2 ) in ii

X Asuke 15 ( 1 ~ 200 ) 62.3 ( 13.0 ~ 115 ) 48.5 " 1.1 ( 0.1 ~ 4.5 ) 121 11

Y Shidara 12 ( 1 ~ 1303 ) 18.7 ( 6.3 ~ 34.0 ) 46.7 9 0.6 < 0.1 ~ 1.9 ) 83 j

Z Tahara 1 ( 16 ) 10.4 1 2.8 _ 1 ______ 1

t CV : coefficient of variation

2. 5 7 K>##kf(Df|fe(D*feT7k + ;&#

7 h*11' * v ^ A*;i/y>)Aft>, Amur's, *y, timikim *y, *

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-106-

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100%

Fig.4The key diagram of ground waters and 222Rn concentrations

370 > © >= 185185 > e >=7474 > x >= 3737 > .

*“Rn (Bq/l)© >= 370

-107-

Fig.5 A

nnual variation of 222 R

r> concentration and electric conductivity in groud w

aters

•”Rn (Be/I) electric conductivity ( yS/cm)

a I 1 P 8 § § I Ie ca s o o o o o a----------- ----------- - » —■—■—'—■—’

/ a

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8

9

8

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s 1

electric conductivity (yS/ci)

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f -

7 < , 9EI^(7)S7XSt>16tijf##tiUT(Dcfc o*e$)6„

v\Tm%m:#A L-Cd--x-7n--z#&Ax £ ik:W:m#;<#7K^lc%%E^#^l:i± £-£Xm*Ltzti:\<'£*) trlM:)F47X$-SA-t^ ($ 7* B$ IK) £ tt®) , ffifr \Z & o tz ft&EK o VT±g&<DttiD<k 0, "MEtDffiSB&t £)lti:^6!*iW7X<Dff Ltti LS>|ilgLto450mmrr-cff LtitiLîtAT. ta*z>tiitjb & k t**4 ?x <d I:*•sitf mmxa&ge#) o f

l/-^-30 mlÂtlT, \sy?=i y £ T'lhibfcH K T®&L , 5 %KS(L< mt 0-tZo SfB&, tf > f- 3 v Lt, ftÊ***^± gutting 25 ml®* ')tfy*m;U 7)UM<Df&lzM < ct * IZ L >f- L-£-

gg^(D*^7W 7X/EI:m$6tflt# L A^6 (C<D#(DK#*(D7kB&2ee) o ;W7 IVEfrEtl LTil&B te£igltT&#, $KmCT%#v>f l/-v a>**>^-l:T gtmuta. u±x #m#§§^GE^6PEi:RA/cAbij:, mrp#I®, GGeommiE]#

3. 2 ^ V %flz >##&###t:«X&7X4]9 K >(7)#^&(7)^Mrf A<f K«k *)^lcMft&^ct 9 IC^TX LtSA'BfomTTXCcU-C, GE&^PEm^lB]#

USE SSL, f a-f jl(Dm!l^0m^Table 2l:^Lt:. MS<7)ifliJSi^^lj;PE?£(7)^^GEft ck 9 %=F&%<nmM'&Z>i>V)V>&< -mix\'tz PE = 0. 080 + 0. 971*GE, tin&tn o.997) „ omssL^m»)mL(Dmm#mi: t)m (r»m,K$5 X) fco

W±<D£ h =k 9, #^^l:li##%$-mi^@em#&[XPEl:ck 6 7 h'>0)'&M&<Dtfi titf&mx&zfr, PEmii%#m^kzii%#-rmai##5^(7)<L(Di:m7XL, gE^stcttiti \&&ft&ik*nm-tz>m&u¥\z^%xhz>tmm£tLtz0 %&, %*v>f L-^-(D Mfi S;i/X>T*^^^', PEO^ffllco^TPn^JSii^^^s^nô tr L5, ffl&vJ; 9 c%#?^7X(D*eu#mî:-c^mm^Limemss^6#^, psit^

$n-c^-6X:y), ^7Xê>totiti^-C(7)Bep^îi®^7 k >®$g

New extraction vessel

Table 2 Comparison of glass tube extraction and polyethlene bottle extraction

code of ground water

glass tube extraction polyethylene bottle extraction

mean' o' CV(X) mean' o' CV(X)

TSOI-05 29. 1 2. 1 7.1 25.9 1.15 4.4

T601-06 32.6 1.3 4.1 31.8 0.48 1.5

X602-01 55. 1 0.3 0.6 54.4 1.5 2.7

YG05-0I 5. 92 0. 37 5.9 6. 62 0. 07 1.1Y606-01 H.7 0.9 6.0 14.3 0.44 3.1

* unit: Bq/I

-109-

4. tttb-3-ceo'C3K^. 1952^^6

1996#i-C0iffl3£te^^5>#:Oi ttfnZ-Zo(1) k >m&(Dm&mtt9tm±ftitm%mfrt>(D®7k (mtamu^

umt) (D896 Bq/L

(7)0. 3 Bq/I$#-C& 7 fc„

(2) &T7X + 7 K >S»gli«!*te#14j&<R^. ,

*0(3) %T7X4»7 (7)f6(D%T7km^^(7)fBMa(j:pH^(7)*&0 ,

RTEHSffl%*©flfeT2K-PS5^ofc.

(4) «!T3k + 5 K>*£0H^£SM±, &&Jfe»C|i3fcKIB£ftfc#F<Dm«££ttfc«

litfXimfcj&'ofco%&, ^&fifc*4zk«fc LTfiJffl£ft*^T7K*MJIl7lc#J£l5fc8£7X + <7>^ K>*giM

ff L < V %f K>OiM3£filtLT#tt'7^^(7)#&^%a- b £<t: & b<D t J: <-&L,

1) : Bg#23^7^ 10B$lJ^ (&#gSl25^-) , Bg*a58^12/! 10B QfcIE (&##83 ^)

2) EffiSS, : WH0&*47X7X®tf4 K7 4 > (SS2)$) -mi# «ft£

(B*SJK) -. 105-111, (&) B*7Xil$£, 3K&, 1995

3) Michael E. Kitto, Michael K. Kuhland, Robert Dansereau : Direct comparison

of three methods for the determination of radon in well water, Health

Physics, 70(3), 358-362, 1996

4) ±?g$f, &#%#, %##B : a*T7X*7 K

7F>, 140-149, (Bt) m-®¥W3Zm. *R. 1992

5) ±mmi-, mnm&w, #*a#, %'sn%, v-y 3

«X6g%mT(T)%T7X^7 K >$$<7)£gi::ot>T,

32, 63-67, 1982

6) (%m , u - 21, **,1978

7) muj^6l$. &T A. &&)!!#% : 4*56%^ BfcfTKS. 127 -

369. $&#./£, 3K«(1975)

8) SB{¥-, Will #. BBEE. tUB%±, ###% :lZh'ltZ£RI®S&, 35, 43 (1985)

9) : JfcT*^. 365 - 372, ^£§0, *$, (1965)

10) M. Eisenbud (R±E(il£IR) :#%%##-3B%###m-.130 (1979)

-110

d9) tt»ia-«sA<7)£A7k*<0^ k

Concentration of Radon-222 in the Cold Mineral Water of Futamata Spa

ME mi®f! (MI*) ,S. Mochizuki, T. Tanji, K. Nishimura

1.-MSMSiEWSBcDST?OTSr^n5.-J}S:Jll8 km (Dt^Zlz

mT(D^ t^62)iz£5m%tf&z<D&T$>5o

m# 1 V y h;V(D7^7 U ;|/g{7 >J X V ^IzMtKLT$iJ£T5 d t zu&fzo ftM7k'p<Dmmm-ft&&mTW%T&%:&. *&&**©*&«

2.a) ma#^6$t2 5 km

WS 7.62cm X 7.62cm (D Nal 1024

5 55.1mm X 77.1mm <7)Ge^tti§§ ($)¥ 35.4%) t 4095iS#WB. (DMS'J^g^fflWc,

3.

7k> WStU ;in5£M&Ki#^!li&oTMailJ££fToW5.afiJbfctt^tt214Pb^ck^214Bi^2 2 2 Rn^lt¥«icBT‘5ST5.2l^

MBI1U f 12000 50>TrSX^^ h7A^4~7[U$iJSUT>214 Pb(352kev), 21 4 Bi(609kev)(D r H(D tf-^X U 7 ©fHM«fc 0 , tC:fcrt5*tp<D2 2 2 Rn BS£;£tf>5*?££ffllvCV>5. flptfr&tt Michihiro 3#") 6MCT&&. fSStlfcX^ h^AWJ£0 1, |g2 (C#L/c.

4. ^#6#^® 3 ic, Nai&tidg§£ffl<D 2 2 2 Rn o^mmutm^nm

\z&rtz>214Pb &£zs214Bi(Dmmomz^vtzo m^m^ti^n^m^

-in-

•00 MeMereeeet time - 13000 eec 100

<00«<rb (352keV)

g <60o (<09k«V)

• ■---------------- 1 I I I I100 200 200 400 500 <00Cfceasel

Fig. 1 An example of gamma ray spectrum obtained by Nal counter for the cold mineralwaters.

crCO

OvJ

in"OcCO

CMXI0-

inco<00)ocoo

taueuij

94/07/26 14:26:8118080 g10084 6

J-+ :

Elapsed Time (h)

<j) : concentration of a4Pb

^ : concentration of U4Bi

—: decay curve of 222Rn

Fig.3. The decay curve of 222Rn.

*4^7/27 21:06:0410000

I :>

Fig.2 An example of gamma ray spectrum obtainedby Ge counter for the cold mineral waters (A) and the thermal waters (B).

-112-

0 2 2 2 Rn 5 % <Z>BT & 5 <DT\ 7UX'J§§§l^mSt¥S^S^^n2 2 2 Rn X <h#x. 6 n^» = £ fc,£©0, ff3M«fc9, ^7K^22.0tC(D^SM:^7K4](D 2 2 2 RnSSti 88.1 + 11.5 (Bq/l)£^6>ftfc.

WT, 1994 ^ 7 ^ 26 Bfrb 29 B 1$/tlW<Z) 11 ^ 24 B^6 28 BlC^^T#^Mm%#2 l:*b^. S

im imisc4 t 1 imicoe 5tHioaijs, gg*«$B9i$, *a# 25.01cT&o^c S2TH OT-& 10BT 1 2 dJtDSJ^ StKMB 9S^F~10 Pî; 14l$~15l$©2|IIfToTfcO, &S*P#*am^nfc 20.0‘CT&^tzo ^ 1 > 2 icn<=>ns<k-5 c*aa2 2 2Rn mmzum 6^WdbK>, ^60 22.O"C(D#^(b^t)#0 4 (:*b^. @*S*lT*bfc 133 Bq/1 (Dfilte 1993 ÎfllC^gf^Kck 9fiiJ5£Snfcfc0T* 0 , #%STC *bfc0 K>;»t*tC&<^WT5 *a<b7Ktp(D? h* >/£&*© 7 H>(DitT^(D^SSÊ(cLfc$nTV^4) o brt'U

0, &#4>&<&CWAb

W)LT^Z>Zt\Zn$t&%Ztt&t>tl%0 £tz, &&IWtcE*bfc&m*<ham*<b£$ 100km EtlTV^SEXS

<£S*tcOV^TtiNal MtitiS§TOMM^t5^|lIbil5r#TV^0 bÛ am*(:3

Q€K)<D 0.5~2.5 Bq/l«blf&m* : 0.40 bqzl am* rose

Bq/1 ^rtl^tl 0.17, 0.19 Bq/1 T&^fZo Z.(D$ij^« i K#(7)^cowT(7)^mT&%^ am*^c#&î6 2 2 2 Rnomm

uifc&7k\zitLmsbTm'<D\tmfr<D&?T$)2>o

5. &t> 0 IZ4#zGc commas

m*\Z®mbT 2 2 2 Rn*UVtb*:<Dttl(Dm&mmb&t>^. ftl60il

$r996^t’bTV^^V^

SNIXE1) M.Kitayama, Y.Sato, K.Inoue : Report of the Hokkaido Institute of Public

Heath, 30,19802) -%m m mmm

-113-

3 ) K.Michihiro, H.Sugiyama, T/Kataoka, M.Simizu, E.Yunoki and T.Mori : Radioisotopes, 40, 40-43, 1991

4) C.Richard Cothern and James E. Smith, Jr. : Environmental Radon, Env. Sci. Res., 35, 3, 1987

Table 1 1994.7

7.26 9:00No. 1

1 s t 77J2nd 81.93rd 81.14 t h 81U5 t h 79.1

Average 80.1

7.27 9:00No. 2 25 .or

1 « t 70X12nd 6733 r d 63.74 t h 6635 t h 683

Anoje 673

7.28 9:00No. 3 2SjOT

1 s t 70.92nd 70.13rd 68.24 t h 66.46 t h 66.0

Avenge 683

7.29 9:00No. 4 2sxr

1 « t 6232nd 6333rd 60.94 t h 633

Avenge 62.6

Average 69.6(Bq/l)concentration in the cold water of Futamata Spa (Bq/1)

I

I

1

Fig.4 Radon concentration versus temperature of the cold mineral waters.

Table 211.24

No. II • t2nd

Avenge

9KMtojox:132.9

120.11263

No. 2l * t2nd

Avenge

14:00203X100.41003100.4

11.25 9:45 14:45No. 3 213T No. 4 21XIX

1 • t 1193 1 e t 11522nd 1153 2nd 117.1

Avene 117.4 Avenge 116.1

11.26 9:45 14:25

No. 6 aojn: No. 6 XJPC1 e t 1143 1 • t 120J2nd 115 jo 2nd 1292

Avenge 1145 Avenge 124.7

11.27 9:40 1430

No. 7 No. 8 mjox:

1 • t 107.9 1 • t «52nd 105.4 2nd 96.4

Avenge 106-6 Avenge 915

11.28 9-30 14:45No. 8 20 SVC No. 10 203T

1 • t 97 A 1 a t 112-9

2nd 923 2nd 111.4Avenge 95.1 Avenge 1113

Average 112.4 (Bq/1)

mRn concentration in the cold water of Futamata Spa (Bq/1)

• 133

<) 112.4

O 88.1

0 69.6

Temperature (Xl)

—114 —

(20)Radon Concentrations in the Water of

Misasa Area (Tottori Pref.)

mt&mn. mmmrt gsa) ,amattw (tc mas*)H. Morishima, T. Koga, M. Inagaki, M. Mifune

1.UNSCEAR 1988,1993^S@######^#(C j:6 i, gB6

o~?hZ>7 Ky (Rn-222) i j: 6 ##(1, g6ît6<mm2.4msv

7 y^7 ^ LT $3 (9 , Z.tlb&7 Ky<Z)%£Mi LT«*<o^fl!t?A©£«a#fcM4U

irCT, Ky*& <D&l$£#i:i3«tt5fJ:11

SfflU **<07 Ky*®{JioV'Ttt, 7 Ky^ h/v^y(Cj:<ciLTA#(D7kK#Z 9 7 Ry£#fliU %#yy^y-ya y*^ (ftiti&O 7 Ry#m

?L{byyf-y-fLTaams tfT&ftTV'57 KyfiS®ll®^, Packard %# Pico-

RAD'^Tîb'ctU'ift^yf l/-7ay^ (Tri-carb2250CA) (CZ %frv\ g*T%^(7)7 KyfiST%5S$iS=WlMi. Z<DjmnM®<D7 KysSto$ij$^fToT^/c ,̂3~i5), Ry#mo#mcMLT#ei-5.

2.iiiiii, smcdwsb^ 30km to,

zitm-$-zxnn\<D3iffi<D=m\<vwi&<D=m, mmmm-emm Am A 5. hsjum

mg, /j#jnm#(D/j\mmg^j:u(Amii$î'(D, 7 1

t^Lfco Tkf7 Ky#g<Dm^(ai, rnrntcTiomo #7%/</T^(OPTI - FLUOR) SrlOmGAtl, ^(C#%L ^# A$r 10m G WO

U $30#ffflEi 5 U /<7^7- Kth#(Z)PICO-RADy7AA^m^-C##:yyf y- '>ay^ hn^—^-C^^rffofCo

-115-

----'Nj.X—

" E9i6K o

e«i* \

p K'J'«

AirWater

Fig. 1 Measuring points in Misasa district, Tottori

3.3.1 PICO - RAD'>* TAMS? Ky^>Stti#-l4

oV'-mFig. 25 yy^y— *8fc&D«J:U y^222Rn(D^SE (3.8240) 6o r. tlttMfo's's?- y— '> a y*^

t)<7)T'fcdo zKf 222Rn Fig. 3 5^^5^mnnms 222Rntc&ori^0 ax

hi m-#j u(Bq/m3) ^ 20^^ ± >98 0

emt). ###%#%MAJ:9, E^^5rOTS-ti:5^^SttU»SWEr»fc6o

PICO-RAD'>^X-MCXZmfeVlt. ##:y1/-^&##Lfc^<DiE£ 5 6coM#^Fig.4tc^Lfc, CfU:i6

5^10#~30#'(c4b'V'TlSfP^LTfe>9, Ztl^tKD^Wl&m't 4%TM5~ 3O#0^^ 9i$FlttTotf fc0 ;b\ yy^y—

-c^, ejg, miffjs^roT^fe. Fig.5l^Lfco S5SB5H9 20#~110 LT <7)T\ 2^^E^-e$iJSLfc

/h£<, fetH&Wb LTilLTl'560

-116-

Counting rate A (25-900keV) Counting rate B (5-25keV) Counting rate C (600-900keV)

5 100

10 20 30 40 50 60 70(s)

Elution time

Fig. 2 Variations of counting rates after poured liquid scintillator into sample

Rn-222 and their progeny in water

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200(Hr)

Fig. 3 Variation of counting rates of Rn-222 and their progeny in water

-117-

“Rn c

once

ntra

tion

in ai

r S

^Rn

conc

entra

tion i

n air

(Bq/m3)

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0 -0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Shaking time (s)

Fig. 4 Effect of shaking on elution into scintillator

Saturating time

Fig. 5 Effect of saturating time on elution into scintillator

-118-

3.2 PICO-RAD^XÂî^TK^^

£\ 7 K>^#^#(D#i@53:$/^^-7.69MeV$-e(Da#$r%mi-5(D-e, Eft'>y^y-y 3 yx^ b n LT#JWlB£#Jt LT,25keV~900keV£-f 60 TEdzK'f'^'H (0 ^C^/V=¥-18keV) Srl&^btti&So

a a j3 j3 a

222^--------> 2l8p0 ------> 2,4Pb ------> 214Bi ------ > 214Po -------> 210Pb --------- >3.824d 3.10m 26.8m 19.9m 164n s 22.3y

5.49MeV 6.00MeV 7.69MeV

^(D##[|l222RnZ <9 2,0Pb(RaD) (Cg 6^Rn, 218PoRTf 214Po <D a Mcft&b 2l4Pb RTfi 2,4Bi <D^Tki e f<D2=Rn#a&*&a.

7 Ky#Sc btiz>0C = (N-Nb) Z60x lOOOZM X1/5 X l/G

C : *4^7 Ky#m (Bq/6)N : 25keV~900keV<D (cpm)Nb : 25keV~900keV(D/< y# #7 *7's K(D#b## (cpm)M : ##*#: (mO)

G : #am# (if 100%)(g) ttM

100%-efcd, lxix /^z/^yKosifiic 3^ttM&-C20^$lJST»1.5Bq/ a , 200^$lJST0.43Bq/6 . ^ 6 by

vrtbSFu ^

3.3 7k^7 KyS$$IJS&(DmPackard PICO-RAD VXfA, OPTI-FLUORZll'&$k<D h ;Ux y#^&T

%bfttc7k*7 KySStoifcij&SrtTVX ^m&Fig.6(c, Table 1{C^LfCo 10m 0 OPTI-FLUOR10m0

30&!«mv<mb5u #m#m#:yy^y-y3 y#mm@Tmijî-6o b/yG 7 7 7. =% |C 500m 0 Afk Rn ft b/l^yb: J: <

r t &mm LTtttid-f-5 'bco-e, b;^yi/yfi/-^ 25m<2 &MtL,5 LTl0#fl9#-ihU b;vxyj/yfwîl:/W7^«iliiL, î/yfu-j/a yth^g-csoûô bg^sie, mm# wm^^) ©we,

Rn#^$r#mi-6. rtuasi, pico-RADZ7TAK j:67kf 7 Ky#^(D#/j\#mm#ll0.5Bq/G , b/V3iy%tti&C)0.09Bq/e \a*£6b<D(D. Tk-^7 Ky&mU^&VmMS,

ttebnm&ft&Zo #m(iRi-m#io[amn^(cj:6 #####&5 b, t>10%'CISl£PC‘?&o7i:0

-119-

Rn c

once

ntra

tion

Table 1 Comparisons of characteristic among the different methods

Method Toluene method PICO-RAD system OPTI-FLUOR direct method

Detection Limit Bq/ Q (20mins counting) 0.09 0.5 1.5

Accuracy (%) 10 11 10

Sampling volume (mfi) 500 10 10

(Bq/6) 10000 r-

1000

■Toluene method □ PICO-RAD system ■OPTI-FLUOR direct method

100

10

Hotel Open bath Hospital

E F G

Mitoku fiver MHoku river Mitoku river (the down (the mid (the upstream) stream) stream)

X Y Z

Fig. 6 Comparison among the different measurements of Radon-222 concentrations in water

-120-

Ky$S5r OPTI-FLUORPICO-RAD ^7 A-C*!IJ£

3.4 =fflM®<D7k$<D7 KyjftSj;m#m#^^ttazt/nm;iiowjii*^?- ky#&

&- Fig. 6 t^Lfc, 7 Ky&mtîEfiE 1700 Bq/G t.~C, #F*-m 4OOBq/0trtu£<#û mm^6KgEmm*^gi^TV'6mm^7K4:7 Ky#m^m<. mm,

yvmwizg®, #«ms*^^d^âfiCcto-ct)3E%i-

jaSTkjb^^SSJUBTfTtoitiTTK^^yy V yÛ 1995¥4^^*9 1996 ^3^m(Dl^<7)7k^7 KyM<DB^^5r$iJSL^m5rFig.7 (^Lfco Cibtcj: 6^v &m*(CcV\Tfl92-181Bq/0(D$6@(:^miL, H%%%(D^p7k^<D7 py# £ 15-34 Bq/C* H^Jl|(Z)MJll7K©Smi2.3-11 Bq/fi <h&-3TU£0 im*<hl/T*IJffl LTV^#FtKcD7 ^©^»j«ct<^fcMrS]^^bfcoH%gm#(D#r7Kf (D7 Ky#md#m 34Bq/o ^jiim^ze-c&^ybK jhb^f

(Bq/C)

—A— Kawanishi: well water —#— Kawanishi: tap water

♦ Misasa : river water —•—Misasa : spring —X— Misasa : well water

■5120 ■

August September October November December January February

1996March

Fig. 7 Variations of Ftn-222 concentration in water

-121-

3.5 j&# •

Mo^7 Kyig0Mî@±i^^77t^L, Fig.8 (^Lfc0^7 KyMftHiiE, YtmMK (^#jii%v^) &£xjmmmm<, nm

¥^mf^Kyisoi^Ky

*k tLt&mmtf&to'ox\ Lxmnzm-r?>01995^11^ t^SS LfcElHJiMW)**? Ky&££ Table 2 i^Lfc0 r*Uc£

6 HfM&7Kte23-513 Bq/6 M^Sb U ST^^Lfc ̂ ^-Cfco

i^V'MlR]£^LTl'5;k:St-:ioV'T±1.6—400Bq/G IrJ l^7H£>j|m^-rt^.^hh'otz^K i^curr^TLT^sc&##&. m*, stkh

1-41 Bq/6> H^JIIi^foJ; U^^WWJIlTktt 5.3-14.6 Bq/<3-Cfcofc0 1994¥^(- SJSLyhMJll7KtiSEl4Bq/6-efco^(Dr\

^&(±^7k ^ 6*jazu(&m7K(cc^-c#^, mmmft? Ky&s^FtKôV'TÎs^ H^T*«30~

61 Bq/6 T\ Affirm 2 -400 Bq/6 j:cT±#<$%LTV'5C

4. ££#>ifr>yfl/-'>3y7^hD^-^ (/-?y * — Kf±$tPICO-RAD'>xtA)

L/t OPTI- FLUOR ^ Z 6 7k ^ 7 K y&$ ti E# tt20#M <DTtit1.5Bq/G-?fcofc0 7 KyjSStiSiSl700Bq/e E^TkilTk, #F7kT»MiE400Bq/6 £j£^ffltC^SbUtK4>9 k >mm nmmsBq/Qvhotô

&¥?:®7ktp<D7 z<Dm®cDi§im'ib&mm&<DMwizm^j:'&m$:mtiu # < (D M3 7 K>, hny(D^S^-S^SbiRH-ML,

-122-

0 Indoor ■ Outdoor

4 0-

treog

Rn concentration distribution map in the air on Misasa district

Table 2 Rn-222 concentrations in water on Misasa district

(November 1995)

Sample Sampling points 222Ftn concentration

(Bq/fl)Spring water Misasa spa. Private house

Open bathSpring sourcePublic bathhouseHotel

284.7 ± 3.6

512.9 ± 4.8

371.0 ± 4.0

23.3 ± 1.2

47.1 ± 1.4

Mountain water Sogenji//

Private houseFlow out

0.81 ± 0.63

40.8 ± 1.5

Well water FukumotoOgaki

//////

Private house////

G. S.JA Misasa

60.9 ± 1.9

82.1 ± 2.1

400.2 ± 4.5

1.6 ± 0.65

29.5 ± 1.3

River water Mitoku riv.//

Up streamMid stream

5.3 ± 0.76

14.6 ± 0.99

Well water Hyogo. Kawanishi Private house 10.7 ± 0.56

-123-

1) United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation

(UNSCEAR) 1988,1993 Reports, “Sources, effect and risks of ionizing radiation” ,

United Nations, New York (1988,1993 )

2) e, Efflux r EBx ; mtb? Ky##@#

m, 149-154(1995)

3) ium e> mm#Ex t EBx bv>mm

Radioisotopesx 44x 251 - 255 (1995)

4) ME Ax EE & ; H'y^SESbx ###mx 26, 127-128

(1991)

5) T EBx hny^^(7)^@-SJE&<7)^Ê@-x

JCACx No.l8x 12-29(1990)

6) Ex Ky#E@i^mmie#(DK]E

Ex KXm&#W##Bx 53 -63(1990)

7) t EBx ; y mx^<oy b*ymt

##E##x 113-118(1990)

8) 7 y*»7y^-EJ:5SfS:

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Spectrometer, Annual Report of Kinki University Atomic Energy Research Institute, 29.

17 - 24(1992)

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1) F.W. Pointius. ! An update of the federal drinking water rcgs. AWWA (Feb.), 48(1995).

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C.R., Rebers, P.A.), Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publisher Inc., 69 (1990).4) Hess, C. T., et al. ! Radon-222 in portable water supplies in Maine: The geology,

hydrology, physics and health effects. Land and Water Resource Center, University of Maine at Orono. p.l 19 (1979).

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SBB5E0S* mtrp ■S. Furuta A®WS9f

T. Komae

A# m*M. Takahashi

®mhs*K. Fujitaka

ABis-A* -S. Uchida

K. Takami

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mmiEW* nar^vh-M. Saito

#A%^*A. Yunoki

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S. Onuma

s?ma*N. Fujinami

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it*K. Shizuma

THOMASS. Hamanaka

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Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development

Corp., Ningyo Toge Works

National Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering

Tokyo Metropolitan Isotope Research Center

Tokyo Metropolitan Isotope Research Center

Okayama Prefectural Institute for Environmental

Science and Public Health

Fukui Prefectural Environmental Radiation

Research and Monitoring Center

Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health

Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University

Yuge National College of Maritime Technology

Research Institute for Advanced Science and Technology,

Osaka Prefectural University

Kobe Phermaceutical University

Kobe Phermaceutical University

Geological Survey of Japan

National Institute of Radiological Sciences



Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Hygienic and

Environmental Sciences

Kyoto Institute of Nature History

M. Shinoki

K. Horiuchi

mmm* &t&k¥mkkmmH. Morishima

K. Komura

5z$ % &#*###*A. Ishiwatari

Szmmm*K. Hasegawa

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M. Yoneda

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%be-S. Shibata

T. Imanaka

K. Yamasaki

K. Okamoto

T. Yoshimoto

N. Satta

M. Fukui

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School of Social Information Studies,

Otsuma Women’s University

Atomic Energy Research Institute, Kinki University

Faculty of Science, Kanazawa University

Faculty of Science, Kanazawa University

Radiochemistry Research Laboratory, Shizuoka University

Division of Global Environment Engineering,

Kyoto University

Muroran Institute of Technology

Gifu College of Medical Technology

Division of Marine Nature Science, Ryukyu University

Faculty of Science, Ryukyu University

Faculty of Science, Ryukyu University

Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto Univcersity







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proceedings of the scientific meeting on radon in natural waters

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