india. renewable energy entrepreneurship
TRANSCRIPT
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Campaign
UNIDO INDIA 2005
Final Report
Prepared by the Youth Employment Summit (YES) Campaign May 2005
Poonam Ahluwaha Executive Director
Youth Employment Summit (YES) Campaign Education Development Center
55 Chapel Street Newton, MA 02458
Table of Contents
I. YES Sets up Renewable Energy Technology Center for Job Creation for Youth in India
II. A Report on "Skill Training and Entrepreneurship in Renewable Energy Technologies"
III. A Report on Placement Orientations for Youth on "Opportunities for Employment & Entrepreneurship in Renewable Energy Technologies"
IV. A brief Description on the Renewable Energy Training Centre
V. A Report on State Level Consultation Workshop Renewable Energy Technologies for Promoting Youth Livelihood"
VI. Training Curriculum "SPV Lighting Systems" Developed Under Project on "Enhancing Employment Opportunities Based on Renewable Energy Technologies for Youth in India"
PRESS RELEASE Date: 9'" Marh 05
Campaign
Education Development Center Inc.
YES SETS UP RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR JOB CREATION FOR YOUTH IN INDIA
The YES Campaign in partnership with SRT Rural Institute in Andhra Pradesh set up a renewable energy technology training center under a project funded by UNIDO on "Enhancing Employment Opportunities Based on Renewable Energy Technologies for Youth in india". As a part of this project a Renewable Energy Training Centre was established to train youth - men and women in Solar Photovoltaic, Solar Thermal and Solar Drying Technologies. The first batch of 50 youth completed their training in the first
week of March and finds appropriate placements in the Renewable Energy industry on completion of their
training, This training imparted in the center enables youth to equip them with advanced skills to make them employable in the Renewable Energy industry and help them set up Renewable Energy enterprises and thereby promote sustainable livelihood in rural areas, The highlights of this project includes:
Renewable Energy Training Centre: The Renewable Energy Training Centre, the first of its kind in
India, houses solar laboratories for Solar Photovoltaic, Solar Thermal and Solar Drying technologies. This center is currently equipped to train over 80 trainees in each batch, aiming at imparting practical and theoretical training on Solar Technologies and to provide entrepreneurial education to help them get a business sense and empower them set up own Renewable Energy Enterprises. An outdoor Solar Energy Park compliments the training Centre. A small library and administrative office completes the renewable energy centre. The center is equipped to provide the trainees with hands on training in manufacturing; assembling, servicing, installing and repairing home based solar energy systems.
A State -level diverse Stakeholders' Consultative Meeting: The project started with a state level
consultation on 17 Dec '04 inaugurated by the Minister of Rural Development, Andhra Pradesh, Shri. D. Srinivas. This consultation attended by over 90 multi-stakeholders, helped in popularising and cultivating a sense of ownership of the project among various institutions and agencies that were involved
in the implementation of the project activities. The overall objective of the consultation was to help prepare an appropriate training curriculum in Renewable Energy Technologies with the inputs of the participants.
First Batch of Trainees finds employment: A batch of 60 students were enrolled to undergo the training on the basis of their qualification and experience. The training Programmes was started on 3'
Feb '05 by. Mrs. Lakshmi Parthasarathy IAS, Principal Secretary, Department of Youth Services and concluded on 28' Feb'05. The youth were given training in practical and theoretical training in Solar Photovoltaic, Solar Thermal and Solar Drying technologies. Special emphasis was given to the Entrepreneurship Development Program where they were taught to develop business plans and provided with knowledge to seek funding from financial institutions. They were taken on exposure visits to manufacturing industries. Talks were organized by private sectors heads to give an industrial perspective to the trainees. They were informed about policy framework in Renewable Energy Sector by MNES and NEDCAP.
Employment provided through Campus Placement: Campus interviews were organized with
manufacturing industries in RE Sector, The trainees were absorbed in reputed companies like SHELL Solar india Pvt. Ltd, THRIVE-NGO, Photon Energy Systems and Premier Solar Systems Pvt. Ltd. 50 youth were successfully trained in RE Technologies and 33 of them got absorbed in the industrial sector, soon after the completion of their training. About (9) nine of the trained youth that carne with previous work experience are planning to start their own enterprises. The center is set to begin its next batch of training.
Hyderabad, India March 08, 2005
Swamy. Ramananda Tirtha Rural institute Education Development Center Inc.
A Report on
"Skill Training and Entrepreneurship in Renewable Energy Technologies
Funded by UNIDQ
"ENHANCING EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES BASED ON
RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES FOR YOUTH IN INDIA"
Training Duration 3"' to 28'" Feb 2005
at Renewable Energy Technology Training Center based at SRT Rural Institute
CONTENTS
Introduction
A. Skill Training
1. . Interview 8 Launch
2. Training in Solar PV
3. Training in Solar Thermal
4. Training in Solar Drying
5. Training in Entrepreneurship Development
6. Guest Lectures
7. Exposure Visits
B. Evaluation
C. Placement Interviews
D. Next Step
E. Finale
JNTRODUCT10N
YES Campaign in partnership with Swamy Ramananda Tirtha Rural Institute and with the financial support of UNIDO launched their first project in Andhra Pradesh on "Enhancing Employment Opportunities Based on Renewable Energy Technologies for Youth in India"
As a part of this project Renewable Energy Training Centre was established at Swamy Ramananda Tirtha Rural Institute aimed at providing a Training course for youth in Solar Photovoltaic, Solar Thermal and Solar Drying Technologies. Thus enabling youth to harness the potential of Renewable Energy to setup energy enterprises and to gain sustainable livelihood as employees in the Renewable Energy industr.
Orientation on Renewable Energy Technologies was organized for about 80 rura! youth on the 29'" Dec'04 as a project strategy to—
~ To raise awareness and interest among them.
To orient them to act as Renewable Energy Entrepreneurs and energy providers for their communities.
~ To enhance their income generation activities and equip them towards employment. based on renewable Energy Technologies in rural areas.
An announcement for applications was made through the media and through the YES Networks AP and Interviews were held on 31" Jan '05.
1. INTERVIEWS AND LAUNCH
An interviewing panel of representatives from Government and Non Government stakeholders was invited.
It consis'ted of—
Dr, Bhavsar, Photon Energy Systems. Mr. Rag hupathy, Incharge Director, SRT Rural institute Dr. Hanumanth Rao, Faculty, SRT Rural Institute Mr. Srirarna Raju, RE Consultant, SRT Rural institute Mrs. A. Akheel, Project Coordinator, YES Campaign
a About 200 youth appeared for the interview. Candidates were selected on the basis of-
~ Their Educational qualification
~ Their experience in the field of Electronics and Mechanics
' ~ Their interest in undergoing the training courses in a particular solar
technology.
a About 60 youth were selected to undergo the training in the three solar technologies, The training was scheduled to start on 2 Feb'05 and the youth were asked to report on 1" Feb '05.
iud f)"'
200 youth waiting to be interviewed for training in RE technologies
A Youth undergoing Interview
The training programme was launched bg the Principal Secretary of Youth Services, Mrs. Lakshmi Parthasarthy, IAS. , on 2 Feb '05 . It was followed by a detailed orientation to all the trainees by Mr. Srirama Raju, RE consultant, SRTRI on all the three solar technologies,
A training curriculum was designed with an aim to make youth as complete Solar Technician within
three months- ' Module-I is of 25 days training in Solar Photovoltaic Technologies
~ Module-II is of 25 days training in Solar Thermal technologies and
~ Module-III is a 25 days course in Solar Drying Technologies
a The training manual with detailed course material on the Renewable Energy technology and Entrepreneurship Development program has been printed in the local dialect and given to the trainees.
u Experienced resource persons from the field of Solar Photovoltaic, Solar Thermal and Solar Drying Technologies and EDP have been selected as faculty for the three months training course at SRT Rural Institute.
2. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TRAINING PROGRAM
A batch of 27 students was imparted training successfully in solar photovoltaic technology. They have
gained knowledge of the theoretical aspect and are now equipped with hands on skills in SPV. The course
has covered-
Theory: Theory classes were conducted on SPV technology, systems, utility their need and advantages
over conventional energy systems. Theory on basic electronics, components and functions, few electronic
circuits and soldering methodology was covered.
Practical session and Practice: Practical on module manufacturing, soldering on printed circuit boards
with various e'lectronic components was conducted. Each student had an opportunity to practice for a few days.
Assembling: Students were given an opportunity to assemble and dismantle the solar lanterns, Home lighting
units and street light luminaries.
installation: Practice sessions on installation of modules, Solar street lighting systems and pumping systems were organized and students had a first hand experience on procedure and practice.
Repairing Technique 8 Trouble Shooting: Students were explained the methods which are to be followed while servicing & trouble shooting the SPY systems. Practical demonstration was organized on solar lanterns and Solar street lighting systems, which are readily available at SRTRf premises.
Maintenance Practices: Students were taught and asked to perform maintenance job on street lighting systems that exists in our premises.
Safety aspects: Safety principals were explained and students were advised to follow them strictly to avoid
accidents.
SPV Faculty Profile:
Mr. K. S. Rao is an engineer in Electronics 8 Communication is an ex-serviceman from airforce India has worked with ELMOT Engineering Company manufacturing Generators and Alternative engines. Worked as a manager in photovoltaic industry RES Itd for 5 years. Imparted training courses for DoT engineers on MAARS radio systems and also to many NODAL Agencies 8 officials on solar appiied systems, installations and maintenance. Well experienced on SPV systems about their practical application installation, maintenance, servicing and customer support,
Mr. G. Nageswar Rao is an Engineer in Electronics 8 Mechanical has eight years experience in Premier solar systems private Ltd, Service engineer 8 Installation of SPV home Lighting system, street lighting
system, power packs, SPV water pumping systems and lnverters, Production line in solar modules making.
IVlr
"-" 'I ~
t
K. S Rao, SPV Faculty, class in progress
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t '
8 "j", '
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Students with Larninator Equipment used for laminating the Modules.
3. SOLAR THERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME
Instructor: Mr. Sharat Kanth
Course commenced on 3 February, 2005 and the duration is for 25 working days. A batch of 14 students was imparted training and all of them have cleared the final examination successfully. The course covered-
Theory: Theory classes were conducted on applications of solar hot water system, benefits of solar hot water system, functioning of solar hot water system, operation and maintenance of solar hot water system, energy savings by using the solar hot water system, types of Solar collectors were covered.
Theory classes were also conducted on applications of solar cookers, solar dish type cookers and Schaeffer
cooker.
Practical session and practice: Practical on Box type cooker and dish type cookers, to prepare rice, doll and boiling
the various food products. Practice sessions on installation of solar hot water systems were organized and students had a first hand experience on procedure and practice.
Repairing Techniq servicing 8 trouble
ue 8, Troubleshooting: Students were explained the methods, which are shooting, the solar hot water systems.
r
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to be followed while
Mr. Sharath Kanth, Faculty Solar Thermal taking a class
Practical demonstration on Solar Cooker
4. SOLAR DRYING TRAINING PROGRAMME
Course commenced on 3" February 2005 and the duration is for 25 days. Batch of students were 9 imparted training and all of them have cleared the final examination successfully.
Theory: Theory classes were conducted on solar dried food products and solar powered air dryer.
Practical session and practice: Processing of mango bar, coconut powder, carrot, bitter gourd, tomato,
Potato, Donda, Grapes were practically demonstrated to the students and the samples are preserved.
Maintenance Practice: Explained to students about maintenance of dryers, importance of cleanness of food
processing areas.
Educational Visit: The trainees of this batch attended a workshop on Rural Food Processing Technology organized by M/s SEED at Taj Residence on 11 & 12 February 2005.
fnstructor: Mr. N. Srinivas Rao has a ten years experience in the food processing industry.
Solar drying technology theory class is progress
Trainees practicing the processing of mango bar in solar driver.
5. ENTRPERNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT TRIANING PROGRAMME
As a part of the training curriculum, the students of Renewable Energy Training Programme were taught Entrepreneurial Development modules in four sessions.
The EDP modules were basically oriented towards livelihood skills and personality development of the
participants with major thrust on equipping them with the knowledge to develop business plans and their
approach to financial institutions. They were enlightened about the various self-employment opportunities
available in renewable energy sector,
The important modules covered the following topics.
l. Entrepreneurship
2. Basic Characteristics of a Successful Businessman
3. Identification of Business Opportunities
4. Enterprise Promotion - stages 5. Leadership and Cornrnunication
6. Personality Development - Behavioral Aspects 7. Management of Resources: Men, Machines, Material, and Money
8. Accounting and Costing
9, Basic Marketing PrincipIes
10. Business Development Process
The presentations were with the help of Slides and Photographs. The participants were encouraged to take part
in presentations, Group discussions and case studies were also included. Reading material was also provided
in local language. The Youth were taught about the basic etiquette of appearing for interviews. They were
groomed with communication and self projection skills.
Resource Persons: Dr. D. Hanurnantha Rao is a Doctorate in Commerce presently an Associate Professor at SRTRI. He is richly
experienced in Capacity Building of youth and Entrepreneurship Development Programs, He has been a project
leader and Field Investigator for a couple of projects undertaken by SRTRI. Some of his financial Publications
include Management Science and Managerial Economics 8 Financial Accountancy for B. Tech Students. His
contribution to this training program on Entrepreneur Development is vital for establishment and sustenance of an
enterprise. He was assisted by Mrs, D, Kalpana Kumari; M, A. Research Assistant, Swamy Ramananda Tirtha
Rural Institute.
EDP class in progress
6. EXPOSURE VISITS
SPV manufacturing units
Students were taken to SPV manufacturing units Sun watt Solar Pvt. Ltd on 18" February and Photon
Energy Systems Ltd. , Hyderabad on 21" February 2005, to get a first hand experience on SPV systems
and module manufacturing process. During these visits students had also observed various test equipments which are needed wile manufacturing the Solar systems,
Students watching 'Final finishing work done on Module at Sunwatt Soltech {P) Ltd.
Students watching Laser cutting of Solar cells with Laser cutter at Photon Energy Systems Ltd.
Solar Thermal manufacturing units
Students were taken to Thermal manufacturing units SCA Green technologies, on 23" February, 2005, to get a first
hand experience on solar hot Water systems manufacturing process. 'During these visits students had also observed various test equipments which are needed while manufacturing the Solar collectors.
Students watching fixing of laser fins pipes of water Students watching heat ranger in the factory
7. GUEST LECTURES
Mr. U. V. K Raju, Vice President from M/s Photon Energy Systems Ltd has delivered a valuable talk on" Solar Photovoltaic Technology — An industrial perspective". He briefly explained about the latest trends in SPV Systems and their utility through out the world, He emphasized the importance of enterprise development avenues in SPV to be more profitable than employment in SPV industries. Entrepreneurs have growth prospects and unlimited monitory benefits in SPV if they work in rural and semi urban areas,
A trainee can start with a service center or take up an agency of marketing SPV systems in his own native place.
This would be an ideal beginning for new comers, He also clarified some of the doubts expressed by the students
about SPV systems and their performance. Finally he asked the students to look for the needs of the customer
and win their confidence.
Mr. Sree Ram, Managing Director of Udayarkar Solar Pvt Ltd visited SRTRI on 25th February 2005 and
delivered a lecture on "Solar Thermal Technology — An industrial perspective" for the benefit of the 50 students
being trained in the first&tate level training course at SRT rural Institute (SPV, Thermal 8 Drying)
He explained about the history of manufacturing Sofar Thermal units, utility and their acceptance in the
present market. Most of the systems are spreading in to rural areas and the village masses have started
understanding the utility part of the Products. He also explained about the future growth of the thermal Industry in
India. He also clarified the technical doubts expressed during the interaction with students. His company shall periodically visit the institute for placements.
Mr. B. N. K. Raju, Regional Head and Principle Scientific officer, MNES imparted valuable information to the trainees on "Renewable Energy Technologies-Policy Initiatives". He informed
about the renewed interest of the Government at both central and state level to harness the potential of solar energy for rural development and youth employment, To achieve this various subsidies on renewable energy equipment are being provided by the government. He expanded on the schemes and programmes underway towards rural development.
B. EVALUATION OF TRAINEES
A State level training course was organized at SRT Rural Institute. It was launched on 3 Feb '05 and conduded on 28 Feb '05. 50 youth were trained in renewable energy technologies in the first batch. They underwent multiple weekly tests followed by a final exam conducted to evaluate their understanding and skill in the respective technology, A concluding ceremony was organized on 4 march '05 followed by campus placement interviews for them.
27 youth were trained in SPV technologies. 14 youth were trained in solar thermal and 10 youth -4 women and 6 men were trained in solar drying technologies. For every five days of the training period, a test was conducted to evaluate individual performance. And in the consequence classes attention was paid to weaker students to upgrade their knowledge. In a training period of 25 days three weekly test was conducted followed by the final exam in both theory and hands on skills in all three RE technologies to assess and grade the students.
Result-
SPV Technologies:
In the 27 youth trained in SPV technologies, one was unable to attend the final exam. The results indicated that about 6 trainees have acquired excellent skills in both manufacturing and servicing activities. About 16 students have develaped good assembling, soldering, tabbing and other hands on skills. About 4 trainees who deveioped the capacity for installation and servicing of SPV systems,
Solar Thermal Technologies:
14 youth have undergone training in solar thermal technology and all have attended the final exam. The results indicate that 8 youth have gained good knowledge and skills for installation of solar water heating
. system and demonstration of solar cookers. 6 youth have faired well in servicing and maintenance of solar thermal systems.
Solar Drying Technologies:
10 youth have undergone training in drying technology and all have cleared the final exam with excellent results. The trainees have developed good knowledge of food processing and packing. They have acquired knowledge of developing business plans and establishing their own enterprise.
Conclusion: Thus the first training course culminated with 98% trainees being successful in the final evaluation. The trainees were awarded with certificates under the joint names of SRT Rural Institute, YES Campaign and UNIDO.
C. CAMPUS PLACEMENTS
Campus interviews were organized with manufacturing industries in RE Sector. The trainees were absorbed in reputed companies like SHELL Solar India Pvt. I td, THRIVE, Photon Energy Systems and Premier Solar Systems Pvt. Ltd. About 50 youth were successfully trained in RE Technologies and 33 of them got absorbed in the industrial sector, soon after the completion of their training. About
(9) nine of the trained youth that came with previous work experience are planning to start their own
enterprises.
The center is set to begin its next batch of training from mid-March 05,
C. NEXT STEP
The "Renewable Energy Training Centre" established at SRT Rural Institute aims at becoming a national and international training institute in renewable energy technologies. By soliciting the support from other funding sources this lab may be expanded to include other forms of RE technologies like wind
turbine and small hydro systems. State level courses may be organized in these technologies too.
For the consequent trainees being trained at SRT Rural institute, we plan to implement through cluster approach SPV Lantern Banks, Food Processing Centers and Model Smokeless Villages. The youth shall approach the various stakeholders to gain from subsidies and schemes while setting up these enterprises.
Programme Impiernentation
The Nonconventional Energy Development Agency from Andhra Pradesh is a state nodal agency for implementing all renewable energy programmes in the state.
This image represents. the basic structure through which, agencies and organisations operate at different ievels. The main stakeholders are MNES, financial institutions, self-help groups, manufacturers, suppliers, etc, At the village level, Biogas Development Agencies and Self Employed Workers, Local Trained
Technicians and Self Help Groups work together to implement programme projects, c'
PRAOGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION - A SCHEMATIC PRESENTATION
DISTRICT LEVEL
District Manager, NEDCAP/ N. G. O, (will look after Planning, Supply, IVlonitoring, Feedback)
MANDAL LEVEI
N, G, O, 's /SHG (will function under the supervision of M. D. O. )
(will look after sales, service centers, organizing awareness & training programrnes)
The broad range of activities include: Conducting survey to study the requirements present methods; Identifying suitable
renewable energy devices to supplement/replace the conventional systems; Conducting awareness
programmes on renewable energy technologies; Registering user demand; Identifying sources of supply of
different gadgets; Mobilisation of finances from individuals and financing institutions, Duly preparing
feasibility report; Supply/installation of systems; Training youth in 08M of these systems; Post installation
services; and Establishment of service centers at different levels i, e. District, Mandal and village levels,
VILLAGE LEVEL
COSTRUCTION OF BG PLANTS
INSTALLATION I SUPP) Y OF IMPROVED WOOD BURNING
SUPPLY 8 INSTALLATION QF SOLAR PV DEVICES
SOLAR DRIERS/ SOLAR COOKERS
SERVICE CENTRE
BDA SEW TRAINED
TECHIC IANS SHG
MEMBER
SPV Lantern Banks
A youth at village level may start his own SPV Lantern Banks or centralized charging system with a minimum investment of 1. 5 lakhs. The lanterns to be given to the villagers on lease or can be sold to them at reduced cost by excluding the modules, This center shall then maintain and service the lanterns and also charge them at a cost, Such lantern banks will become popular if the kerosene lamps which are extremely hazardous to health are banned by the government.
Imodel Smokeless Villages
Youth especially women can establish parabolic solar dish type cooker for routine cooking and also for making snacks and bakery items for village consumers on a commercial basis. The investment involved Rs. 6000 per cooker excluding the recurring expenses. If marketed properly a woman can generate extra income in her spare time. Creating a few role models in each village with funding support may initiate this trend in the rural
areas.
Food Processing Centers
A cluster of four to five youth together can start a food processing center at district level with a minimum
investment of Rs. 25, 000 each. Many such centers can be associated with food processing association to
market their products. If registered as a SSI unit they may be able to avail subsidies from the Ministry of food
processing and will be able to avail soft loans through VELUGU and DRDA schemes. Each center shall have
ten driers a 50kg capacity, If the unit works 300 sunny days a year it will generate 15 to 20 tons of process food with a profit margin of Rs. 30, 000 per ton. Generating an income of Rs. 4 to 5 lakhs per annum. Through
this each youth is able to get a sustain income of 8 to 10 thousand rupees per month.
These Models need funding support initially to make them popular. Once established they can be replicated all
over India with multiple benefits to the village and community.
Swamy Ramananda Tirtha Rural Institute
Campaign
Education Development Center Inc.
A Report on Placement Orientations for Youth on "Opportunities for Employment 4
Entrepreneurshi p in Renewable Energy Technologies"
Introduction.
Five private sector companies were invited to orient the trainees about renewable energy technologies and brief them about the various avenues for creating entrepreneurship and employment on
completion of their training. The orientation was attended by all the 80 trainees undergoing the skill training
program on "opportunities for skill training and entrepreneurship in renewable energy technologies" from 2' to 28 February, 2005 under the project "enhancing employment opportunities based on renewable energy technologies for youth in India" implemented by the YES Campaign and SRT Institute funded by UNIDO.
To build linkages with the Private Sector, the trainees were also given opportunities to interact with
the private sector companies in India like Shell Solar India Pvt. Ltd, Photon Energy systems, Hawells India
Ltd, Exide Batteries and Udayaka Ltd. The interaction of the trainees facilitated giving them a fare information on the RE technologies and the job opportunities available during the post-training period, The orientation was done'at the Renewable Energy Training Centre established at SRTRI in partnership with
YES Campaign and UNIDO. The following is a brief report on the same.
I. Orientation Meeting with Shell Solar India Pvt. Ltd
Venue — SRTRI, Nalgonda Date — 27 " Jan c05
Time — 9. 30am to 7. 30pm
Meeting with Mr. Nag Bhushan, HR Manager, SHELL
Welcome - Mr. Sriram Raju, RE Consultant, SRTRI welcomed and introduced Prof, M. N. Reddy, Chairman, SRTRI, Dr S. K. Bhanja, Director, NIRD, Mrs. A. Akheel, Project Coordinator, the faculty present, Youth members of YES Networks members and NGO Representatives.
Ms Akheel, gave a brief introduction of the YES Campaign and elaborated the objectives of this
project on "Opportunities for Employment 8 Entrepreneurship in Renewable Energy Technologies" launched
in partnership with SRTRI. The meeting was felicitated by YES Campaign with the perspective of having a tie up with SHELL Renewable, India to absorb rural youth trainees from YES Network, AP - in a company like SHELL, which has a global presence. She informed the gathering about the important role of youth in
the YES Campaign through YES Networks. These are the implementing organizations of the Campaign and
are instrumental in taking technology to the Grass root level.
Mr. Nag Bhushan, gave a multimedia presentation on " Renewable Energy Industry — Quality and Quantity of Manpower requirement " to all present. He gave a brief introduction of SHELL, its
activities and its presence in 28 countries and how the global culture benefits the rural youth in moving
forward in life. SHELL is involved in the developmental activities with business, their objective is to provide
energy and developing resources efficiently, responsibly, profitably to help meet worlds growing need towards sustainable development.
SHEI L sees Renewable Energy is as the Green Energy and they work in the sector of Forestry,
Wind energy, biomass and solar energy. SHELL Renewable is involved in the manufacture of SPV systems
testing, packing, distribution, marketing and installation and after sales service .
By the end of 2005 they plan to recruit 150 youth in Maharashtra and Kerala and about 30 youth in
AP. He summarized that the quality of Manpower recruited was based on AQ rather then IQ that is attitude
rather then intelligence. The qualities required were Attitude, Competency, Ability, Perception and integrity
and loyalty. He concluded with a request to the Chairman to add a day in the training Curriculum for
personality development which is essentiai today for every youth to become self-reliant.
Prof. M. N. Reddy thanked Mr. Nag Bhushan for taking out time to visit the institute and for the
Value addition of personality development, to the training Curriculum provided by SWELL. He invited SHELL
to take the support of the Renewable Energy Technology Labs at SRTRI institute in further Research and
Developmental activities to substantiate their efforts. He even offered infrastructure facility to them and
appraised them about the forthcoming status of a university to this institute. He also thanked YES Campaign
for facilitating this interaction and appreciated the good work being done by them towards Youth
Employment leading to sustainable development.
Mr. Nag interacted with the NGO representatives and the Youth at the end of his talk and was taken
to the Solar Energy Park and the R E labs before his departure.
Conclusion—
M/S Shell Solar India Ltd. were made aware of the genuine work being done by YES Campaign
towards building the capacity of youth and institutions through partnership.
The role of SRTRI is in building the capacity of youth was introduced.
The talk by Mr, Nag Bhushan on personality development was a value addition to the Renewable
Energy training curriculum. We appraised the gathering about the immediate manpower
requirements of Shell in Adoni, Ongole, Nellore, Chittoor, Cuddpah and Guntur districts.
The Youth were made aware of the quality and quantity of manpower requirement in the private
industry and benefits of working in a company with global presence.
Nlr. Nag Bhushan, HR INanager, SHELL, Interacting with Trainees
II. Orientation Meeting with Photon Energy systems Venue — SRTRI, Nalgonda Date — 25'" Feb '05 Time — 2pm to 4 pm
Mr. U. V. K. Srinivas Raju, Vice President Marketing, PHOTON Energy Systems was invited to give a talk on the manufacturing aspect of the Solar lighting systems their marketability. We interacted with the trainees with a view to recruit some of the trainees in their company. Photon Energy systems Ltd is a certified ISO 9002 company extensively involved in the manufacturing of Solar lighting Systems, Solar Water heating Systems, Solar Pumpsets and Solar crops prayers. They plan to become an Export oriented Unit by the end of 2005.
III. Orientation Meeting with Exide Batteries
Venue — SRTRI, Nalgonda Date — 26'" Feb '05 Time — 2pm to 4pm
Mr. Naryana, MD EXIDE Batteries has been invited to give talk on the most important component of any solar energy system, " The Battery". He shall speak on the practical aspect of the use of batteries in all
the Solar Energy Systems and shall focus on the Maintenance, servicing, proper installation and various
qualities of the batteries available in the Market.
IV. Orientation Meeting with Udayaka Ltd — AP
Venue — SRTRI, Nalgonda Date — 25'" Feb '05 Time — 11am to 1pm
Mr. Sriram, MD, Udayaka Renewable Energy Systems Pvt. Ltd was invited to give a Guest a lecture to the trainees on the Industrial aspect of Solar Water heating systems. He interacted with students and clarified their doubts in the field of manufacturing of the soiar water heating equipments; Udayak Energy Systems Pvt. Ltd is a franchisee of BHEL products. It manufactures solar thermal and Solar Photovoltaic systems.
YES Networks are the implementing organizations of the YES Campaign. YES Network AP has been active participant in this project. They have been instrumental in creating awareness about the renewable energy sector among youth and motivating them at grassroots levels to avail this opportunity to get trained in the RE Technology courses being offered at SRTRI as apart of this project.
I I
A brief Description on the Renewable Ener Trainin Centre
The Renewable Energy Training Centre, the first of its kind in india, is established on a built up area of about 5000sqft.
It houses solar laboratories for Solar Photovoltaic, Solar Thermai and Solar Drying technologies. The three Solar Labs
are located in an area of 1500 sq, ft. each with a classroom attached to a practical training lab. An outdoor Solar Energy
Park compliments the training Centre, A small library, administrative office and a staff room complement the Centre.
i Some of the solar drying and wind energy equipment is also spread out on the terrace for demonstration and maximum
space utility,
t This center is currently equipped to train over 80 trainees in each batch, aiming at imparting very practical and
theoretical training on Solar Technologies and to provide entrepreneurial education to help them get a business sense and empower them set up own Renewable Energy Enterprises, The trainees are given hands on training in
manufacturing; assembling, servicing, installing and repairing home based solar energy systems.
I I
Layout of the Renewable Energy Training Centre -Annexure l
'Photographs of the training labs-Annexure ll
Photographs of the Solar Energy Park -Annexure ill
Video CD of the Renewable Energy Training Centre -Annexure IV
Layout of the Renewabie Energy Training Centre -Annexure I
Photographs of the training labs-Annexure II
Renewable Energy Training Centre
t 4, .
t Elevation of the RE training building Solar Photovoltaic Lab
i~~ 4
'4 t:
*
Analytical Laboratory for testing of dried products in
solar power dryer.
Trainees attending theory class on solar thermal
technologies is solar water heating system and solar cooker
Solar Drying equipment placed on the terrace of the building
. , e
Renewable energy library at SRTRl Renewable energy laboratory Training centers
Photographs of the Solar Energy Park -Annexure ill
Solar photovoltaic street lighting system. stand alone by operation automaticafly from check to down
with lighting sensor facility
= ~if)~ PP%
Solar photovoltaic. This is portable lighting system facilitated for using it both for indoor and outdoor lighting
Solar community cooker (shuffler model)
Cooker for 40to 50 people can be prepared with this cooker. Advantage is that cooking can be take place inside the kitchen. There is main concentrate placed outside, which focuses the concentrated rays to secondary reflector
placed inside the 10 feet gap between the concentration and north falling kitchen wall is required.
Automatic sun tracking facility is available to. this primary concentration
100 liter per day ( L. P. D) capacity solar water heating system. Water Raring through the flat plate collector get heated up and stored in an input and storage tank placed alone the filat plate collector. Hot water is available all 24
hour in a day.
Solar parabolic disk type cooker. (SK-14) Model
This is useful for cooking food for more than 10 to 15 people. The temperature at ht cooking area is about 350 centigrade. It is best available for a small canteen. We can conserve 10 L. P. G cylinders per anum with one SK-14
system.
Solar card board cooker, This cooker can folded and carried it conveniently for using even outsides. In this cooker cooking time is mole as there is no glass causes to the temperature. The cost is about Rs 200/-. This can be
fabricated locally and cost can also reduce
Demonstrating of solar parabolic dish cooker. To the trainees
Swamy Ramananda Tirtha Rural Institute
Cam paine
Education Development Centre Inc. ,
A REPORT ON
State Level Consultation Workshop
"Renewable Energy Technologies for ;Promoting Youth Livelihood"
Sponsored by
SRTRI -YES Campaign -Initiative
ti UMIDQ
Contents Inaugural Session: Renewable Energy Technologies for Promoting Youth Livelihood
~ Introduction. . 05
~ Welcome and Inaugural Address. 06
~ Perspectives on Renewable Energy and Youth Employment. . . . . . 10
~ An overview of Renewable Energy Technologies.
~ Address by Chief Guest .
14
. . . 20
Session II: Solar Photovoltaic Technologies
~ Introduction of SPV Technologies.
~ SPV Module manufacturing process technology.
. . . 24
, . 31
~ Electronic components for SPV Systems . 36
~ Battery Technology suitable for SPV Systems . .
Session III: Solar Thermal Technologies
~ Introduction of Solar Water systems. 45
~ Solar Water Heating Systems installation, Servicing and Maintenance. . . . 51
~ Introduction and Applications of Solar Cookers 52
Session IV: Solar Drying Technologies
~ Introduction of Solar Drying Technologies.
~ Commercialization of Solar Drying Technologies,
, 61
. 75
Session V: Panel Discussion
~ Moving Ahead. . 83
~ Conclusion and Recommendations, . 88
~ Photographs.
~ Press Coverage
ANNEXURES
I. Policy Frame work in India
II. Solar Energy in India — Business Opportunities. . . .
III. Resources in Renewable Energy Technologies. . . .
IV. Projects in the New.
V. Successful Renewable Energy Initiatives.
INAUGURAL SESSION
Renewable Energy Technologies for Promoting Youth Livelihood
Welcome and Inaugural Address Prof. M. N. Reddy, Chairman, SRTRI
Key Note Address on Perspectives on Youth Employment and Renewable Energy
Mr. P. K. Joseph, Regional Coordinator- Asia, YES Campaign
Address by Mr. Srirama Raju, Faculty, RE Technologies
Guest of Honour Mr. Karim, Engineer in chief of the Panchyat Raj, Govt of AP
Address by Chief Guest Hon. D. Srinivas, Minister of Rural Development, AP.
INTRODUCTION
Ilrs. Arshia Akheet --~
It is my pleasure to welcome all the participants and distinguished guests gathered here to launch the first project of YES Campaign on "Enhancing Employment Opportunities for Rural
Youth based on Renewable Energy Technologies" in Andhra Pradesh. This project is being
launched in partnership with SRT Rural Institute, under the Ministry of Rural development, and the Directorate of Youth services and Sports, financially supported by UNIDO.
This project implemented through YES Campaign aims to enhance the capacity of the institute by establishing a solar laboratory at SRT Rural Institute and to build the capacity of youth by training them in Renewable Energy technologies. This training shall enable the
youth to harness the potential of Renewable Energy for enterprise development, enhancing
job opportunities and livelihood promotion in rural areas,
The prime objectives of this consultation are:
a. To emphasize the role of Renewable Energy. Technologies in . promoting income generation activities and creating opportunities for youth in rural areas.
b. To discuss the gaps in the already existing programs in this field, thus focus on the industrial needs and the successful initiatives implemented in Andhra
Pradesh.
Now, I would like to invite Sri. 0. Srinivas, Hon Minister for Rural Development to the dais to inaugurate the state consultation on "Renewable Energy Technologies for Promoting Youth
Livelihood". I also would like to invite Prof. IVI, N. Reddy, Chairman, SRT Rural Institute. Let
me also invite Mr. P. K. Joseph, Regional Coordinator of the YES Campaign for Asia and Mr.
Srirama Raju, who has been instrumental in creating the structure and content of this
consultation.
I am sure that this consultation will go along way in building the awareness, developing an
appropriate curriculum and build partnership to make this project a huge success.
Project Coordinator, YES Campaign, EOC Inc. , Hyderabad
WELCOME AND INAUGURAL ADDRESS
Praf. M. N. Reddy
It is indeed a great honor for me in getting this opportunity of welcoming such an illustrious gathering on the occasion of inauguration of this Seminar on "Renewable Technologies — for promoting youth Iivelihoods" which is aimed at drafting an updated curriculum for starting a "training Centre on Renewable Technologies" at Swamy Ramananda Tirtha Rural Institute, located at Jalalpur (V), Pochampally (M), Nalgonda
District, for empowering rural youth. All of you are well aware of the fact that the institute is
located at this place for historic reasons, where the spiritual heir of Mahatma Gandhi — Sri Vinobha Bhave launched Bhoodhan movement from Pochampally Village with an objective of peaceful socio-economic transformation on 24 April 1953 by distribution of land donated
by a local land lord Late Sri Vedira Ramachandra Reddy, an apostle of sacrifice and
magnanimity.
It gives me immense pleasure in extending a warm and hearty welcome to our Chief
Guest Sri. D. Srinivas Garu, Hon'ble Minister for Rural Development, Government of Andhra
Pradesh, who has a very clear perception on the objectives of rural development rural youth
and women. Ever since I took charge as Chairman of the Institute i. e. , in less than one month, I found him to be a constant source of inspiration and encouragement in introducing
new training programmes with a very positive outlook,
Me has a quick sense of grasping intricate subjects and offer appealing solutions with
consummate ease. He has been always cordial with me and, I always find him in a pleasant mood, whenever I meet him with a problem or work, he pleasantly addresses me "bhai saab" and disposes me with a positive note. I really feel fortunate to have such an affectionate and pro-active Minister, heading an important and vital subject like rural development. I am confident that under his guidance and encouragement the Institute will scale new heights.
It is equally pleasant to extend a warm and hearty welcome to Mr. P. K. Joseph, Regional Co-coordinator-Asia, Youth Employment Summit (EDC Inc) Boston USA, who happens to be a man of high analytical skills and methodical in his approach. When I discussed with him
about the Training Programme on "Renewable Energy" I was deeply impressed by his clarity
of thought and grip on the problems and solutions inherent in training programmes. He is
equipped with rich experience and knowledge of entrepreneurship development programmes all over the world.
In this context, I wish to thank him and YES Campaign in recognizing Swamy Rarnananda Tirtha Rural Institute and also identifying it for starting the Training Programme in "Renewable Energy" which is first of its kind in India. I take this opportunity in thanking
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) for funding this project,
Chairman, SRT Rural institute, Andhra Pradesh, India
I am also thankful to Mr, P. Srirama Raju, working with our institute who has worked very hard for organizing this Seminar and preparation of the laboratory for training,
I also extend my thanks to Ms. Akheel, Project Coordinator, YES Campaign for working hard in formulizing the MOU and identifying Swamy Ramananda Theertha Rural Institute for starting the training programme and helped in co-organizing this Seminar.
This programme is taking place at a very appropriate time, in view of the state Governments special emphasis on rural development through announcement of various schemes like free power to support the marginal farmers and in particular, the Government is keen about creating significantly greater employment opportunities and investments in rural
' infrastructure. I see this programme as an important starting point in the process of initiating renewable energy programrnes, which most importantly link with youth entrepreneurship
. schemes and significant implications for the creation af grater employment opportunities for the youth in rural areas'
It is gratifying to note that number of eminent scientists working in the field of renewable energy have spontaneously mobilized with a missionary zeal and responded to our request to contribute and share their expertise in designing "draft curriculum" for the Training programme on . "Renewable Energy". I extend my warm and hearty welcome to these illustrious experts in renewable energy, who are going to deliberate on the subject.
At the end of this seminar, I expect that we wiII achieve a set of strategies to explicitly link
youth employment with renewable energy. Through this seminar I expect to achieve a real partnership with the manufacturers and NGO's to support initiatives in renewable energy. The development of the required skills for youth to realize opportunities in renewable energy sectors to be a critical initiative and I want to emphasis that as a real expectation from this programme. A wide range-of manufacturing agencies and NGOs will need to sustain the initiatives that we are going to bring forth in this seminar on renewable Energy technologies. The sustaining of initiatives is vital. We can talk a lot but we must focus on the implementation and ensure that it is successful.
I wish to extend warm welcome to the persons representing print and electronic media, who has a very vital role to play in creating awareness among the people, on the need for shifting from conventional energy to renewable energy to bridge the gap between the demand and supply while easing the pressure on conventional electricity and fossil fuel; there by, they will be indirectly contributing " the challenging task of "free supply" of electricity to agricultural sector and help in accomplishing the polices of the State Government.
It may not be out of place if I mention that I am dreaming to establish a "Centre for
Transfer of Technology — Lab to Land" by initially allotting a spacious building with 10, 000 sq. ft. of covered space to accommodate the following innovative training programmes which
have direct relevance to Transfer of Technology in a practical sense with a vision to reduce "suicidal deaths". Our study and analyses on suicidal deaths reveal that the victims are from
agricultural and handloom sector: The establishment of "Centre for Transfer of Technology
Lab to Land" is aimed to provide the technology to circumvent the causes for suicidal deaths. In pursuance of these objectives, our Institute proposes to select start training programmes
in the following vital areas by opening a "Centre for Transfer of Technology — Lab to Land"
with a provision of extension service and R8D.
I. Training in Renewable Energy
II. Training in Seed Testing-by DNA Finger Printing
This is an area, which is creating an alarming situation in the agricultural Sector, both in
terms of human and economic loss. Many farmers are committing suicide because of the
spurious seeds, . and this in a broader sense is affecting the national economy and
development, In this situation we are all very well aware that seed producing companies take
the foundation seeds and multiply it, since they have obtained the seed from the research
laboratory, people thinP that they are genuine seeds, 7
ill. Training in Ground Water Prospecting by integrated methods
This is another area, which is intimidating the farmers to commit suicide. The poor farmer
is yearning for water in his crop. With a hope of getting some water, the farmer drills several
bores in his farm even by taking loans, and at last when his attempts prove to be a failure he commits suicide. So, we are planning to address this issue by training the rural youth. in. ground water prospecting.
IV. Training Textile Designing (to suit export market)
Textile designing is one of the major sectors, which is suffering from huge losses. I have
visited number of centers, which are run by our institute, in several villages. There I have
noticed that the dress designing and fabric designing are not in conscious with the
international market. There is a good international market, but our people are still going
traditional and so they do not sustain in the market and neither does the weaver get the remunerative price in the domestic market. Other states are competing us in the market, how
ever we are planning to address the problem of the handloom weavers by teaching them
about new designs and fashion I trends in the international market. Our programme in textile
designing will train the weavers about the need of the market.
In our effort to translate our dreams into reality and also in accomplishing the objectives of the Institute, we are proposing to embark on such an ambitions project of creating a
'"Centre for Transfer of Technology — Lab to Land" within the Campus of the institute to begin
with on pilot basis. We also propose some of the in-house facilities like Seed Testing by DNA
finger printing and then go "mobile" to create direct access of the State of art technology to
the farmer in his filed itself. In fact, I have started working on this project much before (about
4 months back) the G. O. appointing me (11-11-2004) as Chairman was issued by the
Government i. e. ever since the Ministry of Rural Development has asked all the contending candidates to submit a "perspective Plan for Developing the Institute". I have assumed office
8
as Chairman on 18. 11. 2004, on my request 3-Scientists who are known for their eminence in
the fields of Genetics, Genetic Engineering and Plant Molecular Biology have started working
from 19-11-2004, a day after my taking charge, by starting a local office with net working
facility. Now the project on D. N, A, Finger Printing for Seed Testing is ready with detailed
study on various aspects like international status, national status and various details like— I'
(a)The viability of technology, (b) methods of testing (c) legal implications d) Practical problems, e) financial implications etc, an area of 3000 sq. ft. is carved out for building lab
facility, the work is in progress. Most probably the lab for DNA Finger Printing for Seed Testing will be ready along with Renewable Energy lab i. e. by the end of December-2004. I
complement the effort of the scientists associated with me for their hard work and perseverance.
From a distance all our plans look-like children's stories and too ambitious, but we have
prepared our plans with utmost scientific precision and meticulous planning, I am sure that
our institute will be successful in its dream of contributing to the "reduction of suicidal deaths"
by pumping modern technologies into the lives of the rural masses. Here it may be relevant
to quote the following in the words of Hon'ble President of India, who happens to be world' s renowned "missile scientist".
". . . . . , . . . One should learn dreaming, dreams provoke ambitions- ambitions provoke actions; the actions translate your dreams into reality . . . . . . "
So the dreams of individuals are not meant for evaporation; but they help in the ultimate
task of Nation Building.
I have drawn inspiration on the "thought process" and "process of thinking" from our beloved President.
-Despite my confidence and ambitions, our financial position is not comfortable to implement such gigantic projects for translating our dreams into. reality. However, with the kind of support I am receiving from the Hon'ble Minster and Government, I further request them to impress upon the government and the "farmer friendly" and proactive Hon'ble Chief Minster to provide necessary funds,
To conclude, I am pleased to tell you all that SRT Rural institute's objective of strengthening the rural India, by way of imparting skills in various fields, to promote the rural
livelihoods is also contributing towards the achievement of the "IVliliennium Development Goals" of the UN system endorsed by all member states and signed particularly by the Indian Government, particularly the Goals 1 and 7, which aim to reduce poverty and hunger and to ensure environment sustainability respectively.
Once again, I extend warm and hearty welcome to one and all.
Perspectives on Youth Employment and Renewable Ene'rgy
'Mr. P. K. Joseph
I am extremely happy to present few thoughts on how to promote youth employment in Renewable Energy Sector. Let me also link it in the context of the global YES Campaign, launched in Alexandria in 2002 by its delegates from 120 countries, choosing Renewable Energy as one of its five sectors for promoting employment and livelihood among young people.
Before I do that first, let me invite your attention to the photographs on the screen, which are the images, mostly of the young people, who are in search of employment in one of the Indian cities. The image is indicative of the immense pressures that are being built up on governments as well as on multi-stakeholders in employment promotion to find |;conomically rewarding livelihood opportunities,
!' According to the findings of the National Sample Survey, the total number of unemployed rose from 20. 13 million to 26. 58 million and the rate of unemployment rose from 5. 99 per cent to 7, 32 per cent, during 1993. -2000. Around 8 million jobseekers are joining the labour force in India every year. But during the 1993- 2000 period, only an average of 3. 6 million new jobs have been added every year,
Well, I do not wish to present more statistics. The reason being these statistics reveal very little of the heavy toll that unemployment takes on young people and their families, through economic hardships, human suffering, social exclusion and loss of production.
At this moment few questions pop up in my mind. What a waste of talent? How many youthful dreams will remain unrealized? How do we reach out to those unemployed young people, who are deprived and find themselves in the urban slums and in rural hamlets; for whom, the opportunities for work are few, and for whom, the hope for the future is bleak.
We know the solutions to problems of Energy and employment must be homegrown and responsive to our socio-cultural and economic context. But we can all learn form the experience of others.
Let me take a minute to look at employment and renewable energy in the context of a global campaign launched by the YES Campaign, led by Ms. Poonam Ahluwalia an NRI based in Boston. Let me put it in the context of YES Framework for action, the six "E's of the Campaign.
' Regional Coordinator-Asia, Youth Employment Summit Campaign, Education Development Center, Inc,
10
Employability: This is about preparing young people with right skills and knowledge in Renewable Energy Technologies and enterprises. It calls upon us to show unprecedented imagination and vision, to learn and to unlearn, to educate ourselves, to transform our institutions of training to impart skills in what befits the new times. I am sure that the inputs that we expect from this. workshop to develop an appropriate Renewable Energy Training Curriculum to impart skill training to youth in this sector will take us a step forward in this direction.
Employment Creation: This calls for encouraging vibrant public-private partnerships to provide an enabling environment for investing in RE technology, imparting RK education Ba Training, building infrastructure, trade, and small business incubation in Renewable Energy sector. We need policy interventions that would facilitate employment creation particularly in the emerging sectors, where new opportunities for employment exist.
Entrepreneurship: Kntrepreneurship and self-employment would be an integral part of the new job markets. When we talk of small business ventures and youth oriented projects, I do not just mean just livelihood ventures at subsistence level, There is a need for identifying and incubating Renewable Energy enterprises that has the ingredient's to become Potential Shell or Tata BP as well, For this we need identify innovative ~entrepreneurial ideas and invest in commercially viable and environmentally sustainable enterprise ideas of youth. If this is to happen, we need to . trust in the creativity of youth and invest in their ideas. Renewable Energy seems to be an emerging sector for employment generation and thereby protect the environment.
Let me now invite you to meet some of the YES RE Youth Innovators. These young people that you see on the screen are successful Renewable Energy Entrepreneurs who have been picked up from 5 different regions of the world from the YES Projects funded by Global Environment Facility,
Mr. Levan from Georgia makes and sells portable photovoltaic (solar) panels to small businesses.
0 Ms. Tawina Kopa, from YES Malawi, introduced wind-powered technology to power a well pump to provide water for a community vegetable farm.
Ms. Michelle, from India — makes solar lanterns and solar cookers and also assembles solar fruit dryers for the local orchard industry and the tribal community.
Ms. Ursula from Peru is engaged in biomass gas power generation in semi- urban areas.
Mr. Kmmanuel from Ghana, installs micro-hydro power generating equipment in mountainous off-grid areas, and tr'ains local youth in their operation.
We have other experiments in partnership with UNIDO, in Zambia too and soon we will have a success story in Hyderabad.
Equity: Equity demands that we special attention young women who wants take advantage of this increased sectoral focus. We need to pay special attention to the disadvantaged rural youths, literate and semi-literate youths who still constitute a major group among the youth segment.
Environxnental Sustainability: It means promoting employment in Renewable Energy Sector, where the needs of the present generation of youth are met, without
. compromising the requirements of the future generations. This is where the scope for employment generation in Renewable Energy comes to the forefront.
Empowerment: Empowerment occurs when youth participate as drivers and partners in our employment generation mission. We know that youth are not a target of sympathy or the beneficiaries of our projects. Youths should increasingly be the drivers of this technology transfer. They should be organized in a youth led plat form to take advantage of the RE Technologies and the global knowledge, We only need to empower them in their quest for setting up Renewable Energy projects and enterprises.
Learning froxn GldSal Experiences: In this era of globalization and information communication technology, we should be better equipped to tap on the global experiences. Some of you recall we took the first collective step exactly a year ago in this city, at the fist Hyderabad YES Regional Forum, 2003. This was the first Regional Youth Employment Summit, attended by over 48 countries, organized by YES Campaign, in partnership with the govt of AP.
At the end of the Forum, it was announced that the YES Campaign wouM set up a Renewable Energy Training Center in Hyderabad. And the YES Campaign is so happy that the Chairman of SRT Rural Institute, Prof. 1VI, N, Reddy has taken the next step to partner with the YES Campaign to set up a unique state-of-the-art Renewable Energy Lab at his center that would train and build the capacity of the young people to launch Renewable Energy enterprises in the remote areas of the country, with a special focus on AP.
Building the Capacity of Youth Innovators: In India, we do have a number of institutions or organizations providing their services to enhance youth employment. But the real challenge for us is how to empower youth to be in the forefront of these innovations. How to create a statewide youth led plat form, how to nurture youth leadership for a youth-employment movement, how to get youth inputs, how to engage them in this mission, how to get the active participation of all those who have the means to invest in innovations by youth in RE technologies.
To meet this end, the YES Campaign has created youth led "YES Country Networks', operating in 69 nations today, including India. Today we have 8 YES Networks set up in 8 states in the country, The Honorable Chief Minister of Orissa launched the Orissa networks on 29~ of October 04 and we have the youngest YES Network in Nagaland launched by the Vice-chancellor of Nagaland University at the
12
beginning of December 2004, We are growing. We are uniting to create a formidable force that would collectively address this national challenge.
I want to throw few questions for reflections in the forth-coming sessions in the context of Training, Entrepreneurship, Youth Empowerment and Creating knowledge resource.
1. Training and Education: What kind of skills to be imparted to youth, in which areas, hove long, where (industry, schools, vocational center, business or chambers or in communities), and by whom?
2. Entrepreneurship: What type of innovations is needed to help the young entrepreneurs in this sector and help them achieve growth and scaling up? What about the participation of the private sector, the financial institutions, in a sustainable, youth friendly manner?
3. Youth Empowerment: How do we empower and engage youth productively in piloting RE sector projects in manufacturing, assembling, installation, maintenance and repair?
4. Knowledge Resource: What best practices exist today, where are they, how to. get them? How to remain connected?
Before I conclude, let this be the beginning of a national campaign to launch RE enterprises set up by youth, creating a coalition to support them, to reach the unreached, to include the excluded, and to open doors of opportunity for the talents of a younger generation. The RE Lab that is being set up is expected to help us find some answers to these questions working together with those present here today, We need to make the best practices of the few, the standard practices of many. The coalition will support youth; will work collectively to build their capacity. But the youth will do it themselves.
13
AN OVERVIEW RENEWABLE ENERGY SOLUTIONS FOR
ENERGY ENVIRONMENT CRISIS
" Off Him Is Bom Light That Excels AII Lights In Destroying The Unfriendly Ogres Of Darkness"- RIG VEDA
Nlr. Srirarna Raju
Sun is the prime source of all forms of energy i. e. Solar, VVind, OTE, GTE Biomass,
including fossil fuels i. e. coal, petroleum products, on this planet.
The conventional energy sources like coal, petroleum products are available in limited
quantity. As per the assessment and at the present energy consumption pattern, the
petroleum products reserves may last for four decades. The coal resource may last for
another 200 years. Burning of these fossil fuels for our energy requirement is resulting in
emission of Green house gases. Environment pollution is another major concern today,
Kyoto Protocol, formation of UNFCC for overseeing the environmental pollution related
issues all over the globe indicates the seriousness of this problem. With the increase in
demand for energy and depletion of conventional energy sources we may face serious
energy crisis.
Renewable energy sources are nature's gift to the mankind to provide solutions for this
energy and environment crisis.
Important renewable energy sources are
Solar energy
Wind energy
Biomass
Mini-Hydel
Geo-thermal energy technology
Ocean thermal energy technology
Fuel cell technology
Biogas
Improved chullhas
Faculty, Renewable Energy, SRT. Rural Institute
14
Advantages
Locally available in-exhaustive resource
Energy conversion process is environmentally friendly
No transmission and distribution losses Modular in nature
Conservation of conventional energy resources.
Renewable Energy Programmes Implemented by INES-Govt. of India
The programmes implemented through State Nodal Agencies and reputed NGO's
Renewable Energy Power
Proiects
Publicity I Demonstration
activities Biogas
Renewable Energy Programmes
Implemented by:MNES
Solar Thermal Applications Soiar P. V
Applications
Improved Chulhas
i5
Potential for Renewable Energy Prograrnmes in Rural Areas Andhra Pradesh
Programme
Biogas Improved
Chullhas
Potential
No of plants
family size
10, 00, 000
95, 00, 000
Achievement
2, 84, 000
27, 03, 000
Mandays of
Employment
rovided
22, 72 Lacs /
62, 48 Lacs /
5, 4 Lacs
Solar Energy Programs
Solar Energy in fhe order of 5 to 7 kwh/sq. mtr/day is available in many parts of Andhra 4",
Pradesh for about 300 days in a year. This energy is utilized in two distinctive technologies.
1) Solar Thermal Applications
Solar Water heating Systems -Domestic sector — Commercial sector
-Industrial sector
-Institutional sector
Solar Cookers
-Box type for small families
-Parabolic dish type for iarge families using SK 14. type cookers
-Community type using Scheffler dishes for Institutions and dhaba
-Steam cooking for large institutional needs
Solar drier
-Cabinet type for processing food products -"Industrial Solar Air-
Conditioning model" for tea leaves, chemicals, fish drying etc
-Centralized air-conditioning with vapor absorption refrigeration
(VAR) technology, using Scheffler concentrators is being experimented.
16
Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV) Energy applicatiori:
SPV Lighting system
-Portable lanterns
-Home lighting system
-Street lighting system
SPV Pumping (surface mounted and submersible models)
-For agricultural purpose
— For drinking water purpose
Village electrification
-Rer6ote area villages where it is not feasible to draw conventional electricai
lines - We can pravide power with SPV Mini power plants or stand alone SPV
systems, or hybrid systems are supplied.
Telecom applications
-Powering rural telephones communication systems. Programme is
implemented through telecom department.
Railway applications
-Raitway signaling, security lighting, Programme is implemented by the concerned Railway organizations.
Solar Generators
-l3ifferent capacity SPY mini power packs can be designed to meet customer requirements.
GRID QUALITY POWER GENERATION FROM
RENEWABLES, URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE.
Resources-wise Potential for Power Generation in capacity harnessed so far are as follows
RESOURCE
Wind
Biomass
Co-Generation
with Bagasse
POTENTIAL (IN MW)
745, 00
627. 00
265. 00
SANCTIONED (IN MW)
162. 29
415. 00
240. 50
CAPACITY
HARNESSED
(IN MW)
92. 77
164. 75
130. 50
BALANCE
POTENTIAL
(IN MW)
582. 71
212. 00
24. 50
Municipal Solid Waste 40. 00 12. 60 0. 00 27. 40
Industrial waste
Poultry Distilleries
Others 65. 00/ 30. 00/
40. 00 24, 66/ 2. 00/18. 00 0. 001/0, 00/
0. 50 40. 34/ 28. 00/
22. 00 Small Hydro
TOTAL
500. 00
2312. 00
115, 253
990. 303
77. 803
467. 323
384. 747
1321 697
18
Employment Opportunities:
Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies involves the services of professionals,
technicians, skilled, semi-skilled and helper cadre manpower, Potential areas for
employment in this sector are
Training Demonstration
Marketing Activity Retail sales
Outlets / Aditya shops
Implementation of projects at filed
level Employment
Opportunities in
Renewable energy sector
Establishment of Renewable Energy Power
Plants
Entrepreneurs to establish SSI units for manufacturing
Renewable Energy Devices
Maintenance of systems
Research and Development
activity, designing new
systems
Consultancy services such as surveys,
system design etc
All these activities are interrelated and are to be linked properly to achieve the goals. Human resource development, supported with infrastructure facilities and budgetary provisions are the key issues for efficient implementation of the programs.
19
ADDRESS BY CHIEF GUEST
Sri. D. Srinivas
Prof, M. N. Reddy chairman SRT Rural Institute, Mr. Karirn engineering chief Panchyat Raj Department Government of Andhra Pradesh, Mr. P. K. Joseph, YES regional coordinator
Asia Pacific, Mrs. Arshia Akheel co-coordinator YES academy, dignitaries and experts who
are attending this seminar on Renewable Energy Technologies - for promoting youth
livelihoods. I am glad that this seminar is being organized by SRT Rural Institute and YES Campaign together.
As the Government representative and specially being the Minister for Rural
Development it gives me a great pleasure to be part of this seminar on Renewable Energy
Technologies — for promoting youth livelihoods, initiated jointly by SRT Rural Institute and
YES campaign.
Every body knows the importance of energy. Energy piays a key role in development of all sectors be it Agriculture, Industrial, Commercial or Domestic sector. The strength of the
country can be determined by the Per Capita energy consumption. The Per Capita energy consumption in our country is about 350 units whereas it is about 8000 units in developed countries. There is no comparison and no match. So there is a lot of difference between demand and supply, therefore we are not in a position to give more than 7-8 hours of current
in the rural areas for the agricultural sector, not only the agricultural sector but also the industrial and commercial sector are getting affected.
It is a big tumbling block for the development of the nation. Every body knows that power
is required, every body knows about the unemployment problem, but how do we go about it.
Talking things is very easy, giving solutions and finally trying to overcome the problems for
successful implementation is very important. For example, today we are mostly dependent on the conventional sources of energy like Coal, Gas, Nuclear fuels, and Hydro Power.
We know that these resources are limited and do not meet our growing energy demands and this is high time that we all should realize that conventional sources are reaching a saturation point, and now we are left with no other alternative but to shift to the Renewable Sources of Energy.
Developmental activities in rural areas are mostly affected due to this energy crisis. So, need of the hour is to find a way out for this problem,
Hon. Minister for Rural Development, Andhra Pradesh, India
20
Fortunately, we are blessed with plenty of natural, renewable energy resources to meet our
energy needs in a decentralized mode, Some of the important Renewable Energy sources are:
~ Solar Energy ~ Wind Energy ~ Bio mass Energy ~ Cogeneration ~ Energy from waste
Mini hydel
Out of these resources Solar Energy is the main source as it is available everywhere and can be tapped to meet decentralized power requirements like:
~ Lighting ~ Water Pumping ~ Remote area village electrifications ~ Water Heating for Domestic, Commercial and Industrial application, ~ Cooking, Drying and so on.
These applications Ere going to play key role in conservation of conventional electrical energy and also to reduce the utility of fossil fuels like LPG, kerosene and use of firewood etc. ,
Realizing the importance of utilizing this technology our Govt. issued G. O making use of Solar Water heating systems mandatory in all sectors and also suggested to install Solar Street lighting systems in urban areas and also replacing the conventional lighting systems with Solar lighting systems for advertisement hoardings.
Renewable energy must be considered as a serious proposition for providing employment and in a large context renewable energy for rural development. The target is
simple we have to dispense the use of the conventional fuels to some extent or the other. In
this process there is a good potential for employment creation in rural areas.
We need to provide supporting services like proper installation, general maintenance and attending to the repairs on the spot for successful implementation of these programs. This state level interactive meet of all stake holders which is going on with the number of experts in the field today, I think this should certainly ensure proper functioning of systems, proper methods of taking it up in the large scale and also popularize the utility of the solar energy.
The state level interactive session which is going on today with the number experts in the field today, should ensure that at the end of the day we come out with a draft curriculum to be used for imparting training to the rural youth in Renewable Energy sector for installation, maintenance and servicing of the solar energy gadgets.
I am really glad about Prof M. N. Reddy who has been appointed as chairman SRT Rural Institute very recently. The amount of enthusiasm he has in developing the institute. This institute was started long time back by Sri P. V. Narasimha Rao Garu, the then Prime Minister
21
of India, with a commitment to give thrust to the rural development and transform it in to a rural university, so that the rural development activities in various fields can be properly taken care.
With the innovative methods of training and the research facilities, the institute should foresee the employment opportunities in the various fields for the decades to come. Avenues like Renewable Energy, which has a lot of employment potential and also serves the need of the rural areas by supplying energy to them are to be given high priority. This was the dream of Sri P. V. Narsimha Rao Garu in establishing this institute. I hope that the pace with which Prof M. N. Reddy is going, the dream of transforming this institute in to a rural university will
come true with in a short period of time.
Ever since I took charge of the Rural Development ministry, I am of the determination that I will support this institution in the best way possible. The first time when I have visited this institution I was expecting it to be a small unit with few sheds, but I was astonished by seeing the infrastructure what the institution has, but unfortunately most of lt is not utilized, but again Prof. M. N. Reddy has already taken initiative for proper utility of the infrastructure by starting up several prograrnmes.
Recently, I happened to visit few villages of Ahamdanagar district of Maharashtra. There I
have see that almost all the energy requirements like home lighting, water pumping, street lighting and several, other appliances were run by using solar energy. The village is absolutely dependen't upon solar energy. I hope that Mr. Karim engineer in chief of the Panchyat Raj department will certainly try to replicate these kind of models in our state. I
would like to say that panchyat raj department has a vital role to play in promotion renewable energy by way of remote area village electrification, water pumping and so on.
Once again, I wish that today's seminar should help bridging the gaps between manufacturing activities, installation and servicing activities by drafting suitable training curriculum. SRT Rural Institute will help the manufacturers, NGO's and Customers by providing efficient trained manpower to suit their requirements.
I wish this will create a base for efficient utilization of Solar Energy devices, create employment for rural youth and also improve the standard of living of rural masses.
I thank Prof M. N. Reddy for having given me an opportunity of inaugurating this session; though a layman in view of the position in the ministry I take"the opportunity to inaugurate this session.
I hope that it will not be out of the time to tell that the ministry will not hesitate to announce prizes and incentives for the villages, which switch on to Solar Energy and conserve fossil fuels.
Thank you.
22
SESSION II
SOLAR PHOTO VOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES
Introduction of SPV Technologies
Col, Surendra
SPV Module Manufacturing Process Technology
SrI. D. T, BarkI
Electronic Components for SPV Systems
Sri. K. S. N. Raju
'
Battery Technology Suitable for SPV Systems I
Sri. M. K. Narayanan
23
INTRODUCTION OF SPV TECHNOLOGIES
Prof. Col. Surendra
Introduction
"Our development of Photovoltaics is something that l feel is a mission, not just technical or scientific research. l believe it is the only energy source that can save mankindin the 21st century" Dr. Yoshihiro Harnakawa, Osaka University
In stark contrast to the beginning of the twentieth century which heralded the eia of coal, oil, gasoline and automobiles, the dawn of the twenty first century is signaling a perceptible shift away from fossii fuels and towards alternative (renewable) sources of energy. "The 'alternative' energy industry is beginning to take on the same kind of 'buzz' that surrounded John D, Rockefeller's feverish expansion of the oil industry in the 1880s-or the early moves of Bill Gates in the software business in the 1980s" (1), It would be pertinent to mention that Solar PV module production was 740 MW in 2003 and about 1 GW in 2004. . The average annual growth in the last 10 years was 3'f% and in the last 5 years was 37%. It
deserves mention that firstly fossil fuels are fast depleting and secondly green house gas emissions are increasing causing deep concern. Last but not least, grid power is becoming increasingly scarcer and costlier.
The World Commission on Environment and Development, has declared that renewable must form the foundation for the global energy structure of the 21st century. According to a World Watch Institute study "Power plants in the developing world consume as much as 44% more fuel per kilowatt-hour of electricity than plants in the industrial world. They also suffer transmission and distribution losses five times greater. " The need for energy efficiency & energy conservation is assuming increasing significance. Decentralized power and distributed generation are the new 'mantras' signifying a paradigm shift to a source of power that is decentralized, modular, energy efficient, sustainable, capable of strategic power delivery, reliable and environmentally safer. The stage is set for the silent conversion of light
energy into electric energy, which is what 'photovoltaics' is all about. It is said that the world's deserts can supply the world's energy needs three hundred times over, using present day solar energy technology.
The per capita energy consumption is a veritable index of the economic well being of a Nation, While it is over 10, 000 kWh in most advanced countries, it is about 300 kWh in India. India's peak electrical energy shortage is 18% while the average shortage is 11% or so.
Prof & Head EEE Dept. , Padmasri Dr. B. V. Raj o institute of Technology
Applications
PV is finding extensive application not only in stand-alone 8 hybrid systems, but also in
grid connected configurations, The broad market segments include consumer electronics, communications (microwave repeater stations etc), off-the-grid, rural {lighting, water-
pumping, health care 8 education / entertainment), off-the-grid residential, grid-connected
residential, hybrid (PV-Wind, PV-Diesel generator etc. ) systems, grid -interactive PV for peak shaving and centralized generation. Today BIPV (Building Integrated PV) and PV facades promise to usher in a huge, hitherto unexplored, market. The price of PV has no doubt come down over the years from $100/Wp in the early seventies to less than $3/Wp today. When
prices come down further to say a dollar a watt, PV will become viable for most terrestrial
applications. Prices are impacted primarily by economies of scale production and, to a lesser extent, with increase in cell/module efficiencies, There are 100 million kerosene lanterns in use in the remote villages of India. This represents a market for 1 GW of PV
(assuming replacement by 10Wp solar lanterns). Assuming 25% of India's population live in
the urban sector (i. e. 0, 25 billion or 250 million) and an average family consists of 5 members, this would represent 50 million households, Even if 2% of this figure i, e. one million-households/ houses opt for 500 Wp PV stations, on an-average, the demand for. PV
would be 500 MW. We have not talked about commercial complexes, corporate buildings
and farmhouses. With the kind of demand anticipated, prices will no doubt plummet down to
Rs 50 a Watt in the cyirent decade. The demand for PV worldwide is indeed building up with
many countries announcing roof top programs - Japan (70, 000 rooftops, already in an
advanced stage of implementation), Germany {100, 000 rooftop program, now expanded) and LISA (1million rooftop program). In addition many countries-are implementing smaller 'Solar home system' programs (India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Brazil, etc. ).
l'AYfNH
8~ÃtcMim
Lantern - 5 MWp (4. 1%), Home lighting — 9. 2 MWp (7. 6%), Street Light - 3. 5 MWp {2. 89%), Pump - 7. 5 MWp (6. 2%), Power plant — 3. 8 MWp {3. 14%), Telecoin — 16. 5 MWp (13. 64%), Exports — 54. 5 MWp (45. 1%), Electrification — 3 (2. 48%) Others - 18 lNWp (14. 88%): Total 121 MWp India's Capacity is as under:
25
SOLAR PV MODULE MANUFACTURE - 70 MW/ Year capacity (14 companies)
PRODUCTION 2002-03
Solar cells — 22 IVIW
Modules - 23 IVIW
Exports - 15 MW
The different applications of PV are summarized below:
1 ~ Rural Electrification - lighting, water pumping, power supplies for remote villages,
battery charging stations etc. 2. Water Pumping and treatment systems — pumping for drinking water and irrigation, ice
production, water purification, salt water desalination, water, circulation for fish farms etc, 3. Health Care Systems — vaccine refrigeration, blood storage refrigerators, 'sterilisers and
so on. 4. Communications — radio repeaters, remote TV and radio receivers, remote weather
measurements, mobile radios, data acquisition and transmission (river levels,
seismographs etc), emergencytelephones etc 5. Agriculture — livestock watering, irrigation pumping, electrical fencing (livestock), stock
tank ice preventiori' etc, 6. Grid Connected Applications — Distributed applications in buildings, PV power stations,
And so on 7. Transport aids — road sign lighting, railway crossing(s) and signals, hazaed and warning
lights, navigation buoys, fog horns, runway lights, road markers etc. ,
8. Security systems — Security lighting
9. Corrosion protection systems — cathodic protection for bridges, pipe line protection, well-head protection, steel structure protection etc.
10. Income Generation — battery charging stations, TV and video pay stations, village
industry power, refrigeration services etc. 11 ~ Electric Power for Satellites — Telecommunications, Earth observation, Scientific
missions, Large space station etc
Few typical applications of interest to industry
1. Cathodic protection — This is a method to shield metalwork from corrosion such as pipelines and other metal structures. PV is ideally suited for this application in view of the fact power is very often required In remote locations along the path of the pipeline. Also Cathodic protection requires a DC source of electricity. Corrosion is essentially a chemical reaction
between the metal (like iron) and water that turns iron into iron oxide (rust). Oxidation
involves transfer of electron to the metal, Metal corrodes in acids, soil and water. Cathodic protection of the metal surface is achieved by reversing the current flow when the metal is in
contact with an electrolyte. There are two generally used methods to ensure this protection. In the first method, a sacrificial anode is implanted close to the metal to be protected. The sacrificial anode is typically graphite, high silicon-iron alloys, magnetite, platinum wires etc. These have a life expectancy of 20-30 years. But these are expensive and brittle, Scrap iron
is very often used though it is consumed at a faster rate. The second method is to use an external voltage source to overcome the galvanic potential between the buried metal and the
26
electrolyte. This reverses or reduces the current flow from the metal to be protected . The amount of current required would be dictated by the amount of metal in contact with the electrolyte, the effectiveness of the metals coating and the characteristics of the soil where the metal is buried.
2. PV Power stations - lt-. is. true that at present the cost of generating electricity from a PV power plant is typically 10 - 15 times higher than from a thermal plant. Also a 25 kW plant PV array would occupy an active PV array surface of 250 sq, m. but a land area of 1000 sq. m.
But PV costs are coming down. lf the PV array can be mounted on a roof top the requirement of land can be obviated. However, it may be economic already to set up a PV plant of appropriate capacity in grid support mode, that is to assist the local grid during peak demand periods, rather than construct a new power station. Similarly, in tail end areas and at the end of a transmission line, a small PV plant can be set up rather than upgrading the line
(embedded generation). The use of PV in buildings is assuming increasing significance today. PV arrays mounted on roof tops and facades offer the possibility of large-scale power generation in de-centralised medium-sized grid connected units. The PV system meets the electricity requirements of the of the building and feeds surplus energy to the grid. During low
insolation it draws power from the grid, The integration of PV in buildings (BIPV) is now a part of-a new architecture.
3. PV Water Pumping - India's average per capita energy consumption has been put at a little above. 300 kWh, , which compares poorly (by a factor of over 30) with the indices of. developed countries, But India is different from other developing and developed countries in
that more than 70% of its 1 billion people live in rural areas and an increasing percentage of the total energy consumed in the country goes'to the agriculture sector-(more than 40% in
some'States). 'Costs of conv'entional eriergy (from coal fired and other generating stations) are steadily escalating and so are the pollution levels. With high transmission and
. distribution losses, . poor. , plant, load factors. and exponentially increasing demand, the existing - infrastructure is unable to, . cope with fast changing. supply-, demand patterns, Transformers are overloaded often leading to their getting burnt/overheated. Motors of agricultural pumps suffer the same fate with voltages dipping. The solution, as we all know, is heavy capital investments in-plant, machinery and infra-structure, if a country has the funds or can source sich funds, and is prepared to get tied down by the lender's conditionalities. A partial
panacea to the ills afflicting the power sector could perhaps be a power source that is de- centralised;-modular; energy efficient;- sustainable;--capable- of strategic power delivery, is
pollution free and cost-effective, Renewable energy (wind, solar and biomass — in stand alone or hybrid configuration) could be an option and photovoltaics for pumping application would ideally fit into the 'Distributed Generation' paradigm, the new mantra
being touted today.
Job Opportunities for youth
Solar Photovoltaic systems that are relevant to India have a predominantly rural
bias. Systems are designed for stand alone applications such as water pumping (for irrigation and drinking water), lighting (lanterns, home lighting systems etc), health care, education and entertainment.
The employment opportunities that exist in the renewable energy sector are encapsulated below:
a) Manufacturing sector b) Value addition such as that of products after drying in a solar drier c)' Engineering and maintenance support functions
d) Capacity building
e) Marketing and after sales service f) Installation and commissioning of systems
g) Setting up of servicing outlets h) Setting up of energy service companies i) Consultancy services (surveys, design, feasibility studies etc) j) Rand D
k) NGOs, self help groups etc I) Women empowerment
These developments have given an impetus to youth employment such as in:
a) Promotional activities
b) Self employed entrepreneurship c) Installation and commissioning of systems d) After sales service and entering into AMC
e) OMC (Operation and Maintenance Contract) f) Secoming franqhisee for some manufacturers
g) Consultancy services
More specifically
Manufacture - Skilled/semi-skilled youth operators are required in the production shop — cell manufacture, module manufacture — electrical, mechanical, electronic, instrumentation etc
Solar Pumping - There is an employment potential basically in the after-sales service and maintenance of these systems — DC motor brush cleaning and replacement, armature rewinding, mechanical seal replacement, cleaning of clogged pipe line etc.
Solar Lanterns - provide opportunity to rural youth for establishing centralised charging system to charge many of these lanterns simultaneously for a fee. They could also own and lease them on daily rental basis. After sales and service centres could be established
Street lighting systems - are ideal for villages, remote areas and colonies. After sales service 8 maintenance of these systems offer employment opportunities for rural youth — say Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC) with the panchayats / municipality etc. , networking with
Govt, NGOs, ESCOs etc. for offering their expertise
ESCOs (Energy Service Companies) — Rural youth could establish ESCOs for service, maintenance, project implementation and capacity building. ESCOs could also service applications in Industry elucidated above,
Technology
Mono-crystalline and multi-crystalline silicon . Mono-crystalline or single crystal silicon
wafers are manufactured using the Czochraiski pulling process. Initially a seed crystal is
used to pull verticaliy the silicon melt fram a crucible to form a cylindrical. single crystal ingot.
Boron, a p-type impurity, is added to the silicon melt to modify the semi-conducting
properties. The ingot is then sawed to round wafers. The wafer is processed into a solar cell
by processing steps similar to those developed for the semi-conductor. N-type impurities,
such as phosphorous are introduced initially, on top of the wafer by gaseous diffusion, The raund wafers can be squared (pseudo square) ta increase the packing density. Metal
contacts are attached to the front and back contact layers. Module assembly steps are essentially cell tabbing, cell stringing, cell lay up, module encapsulation (lamination), module
framing, incarporation of terminal box and module testing. Best laboratary efficiency far
single crystal silicon is 24. 5%. Multi-crystalline silicon is not optically different from the single
crystal silicon material but differs in the grain composition. The grains are smaller in size. Multi-crystalline silicon wafers are cast in a mold to assume a square shape. They are less efficient and are 300-350 micro meters thick. Latest developments include PERL/PERT (passivated emitter rear locally diffused or totally diffused) cells, thin film silicon and so on.
Ribbon Silicon production. There are two appraaches. In the Edge Defined Film Fed Growth Process empiayed, by ASE GmbH/ASE Americas, a self-supporting silicon ribbon is
pulled from the melt through a die, which determines the shape of the ribbon. Today Octagon tubes of 5. 3 meters length at a normal average wall thickness af 280 micro-meters are pulled
out of a graphite crucible containing liquid silicon and are subsequentiy-separated by a laser The resulting sheets of 10 x 10 sq. cm. have a somewhat lower material quality than single crystals and they have a wavy surface . Nevertheless, conversion efficiencies of upto 14. 5% were achieved in the. . production line with an excellent overall yield of over 90% at the moment. The String Ribbon process, under development, involves the pulling af silicon
ribbons of variable thickness with two temperature resistant strings directly out of the melt
and are subsequently cut to desired sizes with diamond tools. A growth speed of 25 mm/minute is typical and the thickness of the ribbons is below 100 micro-meters. Conversion efficiencies of 15, 1% has been abtained on a lab cell of 1 cm .
Crystalline thin film silicon. Silicon film is epitaxially grown on a substrate. An underlying
substrate is required as a mechanical support. This is because the active silicon thickness is
typically 5 to 50 micro-meters. The substrate could be low quality silicon or foreign materials
such as glass, ceramics or graphite. There are basicaily three approaches — high
temperature, low temperature and transfer technique. Si layers can be deposited directly on
to glass but temperatures cannot go beyond 600 degrees C. Crystallization of the Si is done by laser or solid-phase crystallization. Silicon layers can also be deposited on high
temperature resistant substrates (beyond 1000 deg C and recrystallization via the liquid
phase - si melts at 1420 deg C). Transfer techniques relating to thin film silicon are the latest The basic idea is to detach a thin monocrystalline Si-layer from the FZ wafer and to transfer it on to a glass substrate. The FZ wafer can be reused, The quality of material and efficiencies are higher (even when the thickness is less than 40 micra meters).
Amorphous silicon (a-Si). The p, I (intrinsic) and n layers are deposited sequentially by the PECVD (plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition) process, Today tandem (two junctions stacked) and triple tandem
(three stacked p-n /p-I-n junctions) technologies are common to up the eNciencies by harnessing or harvesting a larger portion of the solar spectrum. The latest development is the combination of crystalline and amorphous silicon technologies in hetero-structures. Absorption of sunlight would still occur in a wafer of mono- or poly-crystalline silicon. The silicon wafer is contacted on either side with a-Si films, Cell efficiencies of 20. 7% for a cell area of 101 sq cm are common. This;;configuration achieves good surface fascination; low
processing temperatures, reduction of energy payback time and reduced cost of cell technology.
Copper indium (gallium) diseienide and Cadmium teliuride- Ternary compound semiconductors CulnSez, CuGaSe2, CulnS2 and their multinary alloy Cu(ln, Ga)(S, Se) or ClGS are promising. For large-scale fabrication, two different techniques exist — deposition of precursor layers and subsequent solemnization by annealing in H~Se vapor. Co evaporation is the other approach. Cadmium Tel luride (CdTe) has a band gap of 1. 45 eV and is ideally matched to the solar spectrum. A cell efficiency of 15. 8 to 16 % has been achieved. There is no inherent degradation mechanism. One of the most attractive features of CdTe from the standpoint of manufacturing is it is relatively insensitive to the method of film deposition. Closed space sublimation and galvanic deposition techniques are common (see figs 4 to 6 for a typical manufacturing process).
Oye Sensitised Cells- These are organic/inorganic hybrid cells. Nano crystalline dye- sensitized solar cells, . are based on the mechanism of a fast regenerative photochemical process. Here the dy'e, which is the functional element for absorbing light is separated from the charge carrier transport itself. ln the case of the n-type semiconductor TiOq (band gap 3. 2 eV), the working cycle starts with the dye excitation by an absorbed photon at the TiO~ /electrolyte interface and an electron injection into the TiO~ The injected electrons may migrate to the front electrode (a transparent TCO glass) and can be extracted as an external current. The dye is then reduced by a redox electrolyte, based on an organic solvent and the redox couple iodide/tri-iodide. The conduction mechanism is based on majority carrier transport. Efficiencies of 7 to 11% are possible today,
Policy Framework
Government involvement is still very important to create a conductive environment for renewable energy. Policy is in a state of transition from
a) Ttechnology-driven prograrnmes to market oriented programmes and
b) Direct financial incentives (such as subsidies) to indirect fiscal incentives (low-interest loans, reduced tariffs etc. )
A porffolio of directed and targeted economic incentives needed. lincentive structure should keep pace with market developments. Direct subsidies become disincentives to quality
improvement if a large market exists. Fiscal incentives can become tax havens, thereby reducing the incentive for efficient RET utilization. lindirect subsidies can result in high transaction costs if the market becomes overstretched
30
Conclusion
It is widely recognized that that the first two decades of the 21" century would be solar electric decades. They are defining technology directions, certifying technology, establishing credibility and laying the bastion for the next generation clean energy production. It is said that 1 kW of PV can offset annually 'f6 kg of Nox, 9 kg of Sox and between 600 to 2300 kg of carbon dioxide, depending on the solar mix and the solar insolation. Solar electric power is indeed positioned to meet the critical energy demands in our country and in the world in a time-frame of 20 years, The three divers to investments jn the solar PV sector would be energy security, bettering the environment and cnsis insurance.
India has a large number of youth, who are today confronted with problems such as energy shortage, supply of poor quality/unreliable power, degradation of the environment and growing unemployment. The youth of today are going to be the architects of our Nation's future. It becomes incumbent on the older generation to harness this youth power and channalize it for creative purposes. Environment and youth are closely linked or better put, youth employment in the renewable energy sector and environmental degradation are inexorably linked. The per capita consumption of energy is often considered an index of the economic well being of the Nation. Today the accent is also on clean energy and the arresting of. the enyironmental degradation caused by GHG emission. The youth of today has finally emerged to;, . meet the challenges posed by Nature.
References
1. Christopher Flavin arid Seth Dann, Coming of Age of the energy revolution, Renewable Energy Wor!d, July 1999.
2. Steven Ferrey, Law of independent power, Vol I (West Group)
3. Tomas Markvart, Solar Electricity second edition, 2000
4. SANDIA Design Guide, 1988 . 1
5. Gregory Leng et al, Overview of the VVorldwide Photovoltaic Industry, Jun'1966
6. Proceedings of the 12 international PVSC June 11-15, 2001, Jeju, Korea
7. S, K. Deb et al, NREL, Photochemical Solar cells based on dye sensitisation of nano crystalline Ti02.
8. M. Spath et al, Netherlands Energy Research Foundation, New Concepts of nano- crystalline organic Photovoltaic devices IEEE-F'VSC, $997
31
INTERACTIVE SESSION
Col. Surendra
Q, Who will be the stakeholders for the SPV technology development?
A, Support from government in the form of subsidies, soft loans are to be provided. NGO's
should be involved to support ln grassroots level interaction, Banks should support in
micro financing to the users of SPV systems. R 8 D initiatives shall develop rugged technologies to withstand handling by rural uneducated people. Good networking of all
these activities is necessary,
Q. What are the employment opportunities?
A. There are lots of opportunities in the areas of manufacturing, marketing, installation,
servicing, demonstration and consultancy etc
Q. What is the cost of SPV pump set and will the cost of production decrease in future, so that rural people can afford.
A. Cost of SPV pumps of 2 HP capacity will be around Rs. 2. 5 to 3 lakhs. 10% to 15% cost reduction is possi6le with the increase in volume. But not with the increase in conversion efficiency. For evaluating cost effectiveness, one should do life cycle costing companies like TATA BP solar, Photon energy systems etc are producing variety of SPV products which function efficiently and cost effectively.
Q. Can farmers get water in the nighttime? Are there any solar pumps available for lifting
water from deep well/ bore wells.
A. Solar pumps are not provided with battery back up power as it is not economical. Near to Chennai floating pumps are installed for small farmers for growing paddy, floriculture and
horticulture and they are functioning efficiently. NABARD conducted a study and
commended that the solar pumps helped in increasing the-. income. level to small and
marginal farmers. As the ground water levels:are going down there is need, for introducing
submersible pumps. To popularize the use of solar pumps. for the benefit of small/
marginal farmers. Govt. should provide necessary financial support instead of spending,
money for sending persons to moon.
Rural people should get education about the technology for maintaining. the SPV pumps. If rural people develop of their skills solar will automatically get popularized and utilized
properly.
32
SPV MODULE NIANUFACTURING PROCESS TECHNOLOGY
Sri. D. T. Barkl
1. 0 Introduction
The solar cells, which are the basic building blocks of solar modules, are fragile and vulnerable to weather conditions if exposed directly. In order to make them withstand the outdoor conditions such as temperature, sunlight, rain, humidity, dust etc, , the solar cells are made weatherproof by the most popular manufacturing method that employs lamination and curing techniques. The modules are basically designed for over 25 years operating life as per the JPL Block-V specifications. The manufacturing set up is an assembly-oriented type compared to the much complex solar cell processing line. A solar module line requires skilled and semi-skilled manpower.
VVhile the module technology presented here is that followed world over, :the case of , Indian scenario is. explained with respect to the manufacturers, capacity, --manpower requirement etc.
Why Solar?
Two billion people world over have no access to electricity even at the dawn of 21" century, They will. continue to. be deprived of modern lighting. Solar- PV technology could
. serve as a means of their basic lighting. Let us consider the following:
~ Oil, coal and other fossil fuels are coming to end, very shortly ~ Environmental Degradation ~ Plenty of Soiar: both- silicon on earth and sunlight from the sky ~ Solar is versatile
Solar is independent ~ Solar is eternal, renewable ~ Solar PV is the Smart Technology Choice of 21" Century ~ Solar is Reliable ~ Kerosene is Dangerous to the people & the Planet Earth
A detailed discussion about the relevance and importance of solar technology is out of the scope of this paper.
Managing Director, Noble Energy Solar Technoiogiee Ltd,
33
What are Solar Modules?
Solar cells convert sunlight directly into electricity, a phenomenon known as photovoltaic effect (Becquerel, 1939). Solar cells are P-N junction diodes with current source (Figure 2 for the equivalent circuit diagram a solar cell) Solar modules are made of number of solar cells connected in series and/or parallel combination depending on the voltage and current requirement. Generally, a typical solar module is designed for 12 volts operation, in which
you will always 36 solar cells. This is basically due to the need for charging a car battery whose nominal voltage is 12 volts. It is important to note that the current (amps) produced from a solar cell/module is directly proportional to the active area and the voltage is fixed for a given silicon solar cell, which is typically 0. 5 volts (irrespective of its size), Sofar modules
may be made of any voltage and current combination. Nevertheless, it may be noted that the industry standard for these solar modules, in India, has been 6V3Wp, 12V10Wp, 12V37Wp, 12V74Wp and so on. There are modules with a maximum power of 350Wp (RWE Schott), Figure1 shows typical solar modules and the basic building blocks such as solar cells and silicon wafers and ingots.
Solar modules are used in series/parallel combination in solar system of higher capacity as for example in case of a solar power plant (500 watts to few tens of kilowatts),
Module Design and the Materials
There are two types of module designs: one- supersaturate type and two-substrate type. The first type is the widely adopted method in which the supporting structure — highly
transparent and toughened glass — is used. Solar cell strings are laminated using polymer sheets such as ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) as the bonding and optical matching medium
and poly vinyl fluoride (PVF -Tedlar) as back cover. The detailed method of solar module manufacturing is explained in the next section 5. 0. See figure 3, The following materials are used in making the solar modules:
~ Solar cells ~ Low-iron content, toughened glass ~ Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA)
'
~ Tedlar back cover (PVF) ~ Tinned copper interconnects 8 bus bars ~ Anodized Aluminium frame ~ RTV silicone ~ Terminal Box
The Process Steps of a Typical Module Line
Following are the main manufacturing steps in a module line:
5. 1. Glass Preparation The toughened glasses are gleaned thoroughly, either using a glass cleaning machine or manually, to make them free of oil, grease and dust.
34
5. 2. Cell Testing Solar cells are tested and grouped for better performance in the module when they are connected together. The solar cells are tested for the short circuit current (Isc), open circuit
voltage (Voc), maximum power (Wp) at standard test conditions (STG), . — Air Mass 1. 5, irradiance 100mW/Cm2, and temp 25 deg C. IV characteristics are also measured if required
for further analysis.
5, 3. Cell Tabbing The sorted cells are soldered using tinned copper interconnects on the main bussing
contacts to facilitate interconnections of the cells, Figure 4 shows how solar cells are tabbed and interconnected.
5. 4. Stringing KCircuit Formation The tabbed solar cells are joined by soldering them in series or parallel combination as the case may be. For a module nominal voltage of 12V the number of cells used is 36. It may be noted that the 12V10Wp and 12V37Wp would have same number of cells but the size of cells differ from module to module. (Figure2, as above)
5. 5. Module Lay Up. Preparation Once the solar cell stpng is ready, the necessary preparation with the toughened glass, EVA
and Tedlar is made for the next step of lamination, It is necessary, at this stage, to check the healthiness and proper alignment of string. Any corrections are possible at this stage, before lamination
5. 6. Lamination The 'lay up' from the previous stage is placed in a. double vacuum. , laminator. for lamination.
Laminator-(Figure 5) employs a platen, which maintains the uniform surface temperature
(100 'C) in conjunction with desired vacuum in the bottom and top chambers for the successful lamination. After lamination, the solar cell string is fixed with EVA, Tedlar and
glass.
5. 7. Curing Although lamination. ensures the fixing of cell string to the glass and the back cover, the real
bonding takes place after the curing of the 'laminate' at an elevated temperature of 155 'C. The cross-linking of polymers takes place in the curing process. After curing, the whole
laminate becomes a monolithic structure and almost ready with the weather-proofing, before they are further strengthened with framing and assembly in the next step
5. 8. Framing 8 Assembly The laminates are trimmed along the edges of the glass to fix the pre-fabricated anodized aluminium frame together with EPDIVI gasket or RTV silicone to make the module
weatherproof. Finally, terminal box is attached at the back of the module to facilitate +ve and -ve connections. With this last step, the solar module is ready and taken for the performance test.
5. 9. Performance Test This is similar to the cell testing but the module testing equipment, also known as sun simulator, is big in size to accommodate the solar modules, Here also the electrical
35
parameters measured are the same as in cell testing, discussed in section 5. 5, above. Figure shows a typical IV characteristic of a 36-cell solar module.
Manpower For a typical 3MW Line per annum 3 Shifts/Day
Engineers Foremen (Diploma) Artisans (ITI) Semi/Un-Skilled
2' 4 25 5
The artisans include ITI technicians with electrical/electronics, and fitters in equal numbers. The above manpower requirement varies from company to company depending on the kind
of equipments used, whether manual or automated.
The Indian Solar Companies While the world shipment of solar modules (includes cells also) is 744MW in 2003-05. While Japan's contribution is about 50%, Europe and USA make up to 26% and 13%. The balance is from the rest of the world (ROW), in which India figures, which is very small contribution. Despite India's dedicated national programmes with full-pledged ministry, its performance in
the solar industry is miniscule. India is also lagging behind in RBD although it has created research infrastructure. At present, Germany and Japan are taking the great lead in the solar PV industry and the job opportunities are immense, India also can follow the suit with
determined political will and by providing fillip to the manufacturers by way of suitable policies.
Table: Indian solar companies with products and products
Solar Companies/India Products Capacity
1. Tata Bp Solar, O'Ire
2. BHEL, O'lore 3. CEL, Ghaziabad, UP 4. WEBEL-SL, Kolkata 5. REIL, Jaipur 6. RES, Hyd 7. Microsol, Wyd
8. BEL, B'lore 9. Titan Energy, Hyd 10. Photon Energy, Hyd 11. Udhaya, Coirnbatore 12. Maharishi Solar, Kalahasti 13. XL Telecom, Hyd 14. Ammini, Cochin 15. Noble Energy Solar, Hyd 16. Sunwatt, Hyd
Celis, Mod Cells, Mod Cells, Mod Cells, Mod
Mod Cells, Mod Cells, Mod
Cells Mod Mod
Cells, Mod Cells, Mod
Mod Mod Mod Mod
26MW 2 2 5
Note; Almost ail companies are engaged in manufacturing solar systems, but in varying applications and capacity. -MW figures are either new or negligible and are approx,
36
INTERACTIVE SESSION
Mr. DT Barki
Q. What is the meaning of low content of iron?
A. It is the percentage of iron used in manufacturing of glass, Low iron content glass is
best suitable for solar PV modules and also solar water heating system etc. ,
Q, When plenty of iron and silicon are available, why is the solar PV panel are very
costly?
A, Refinement of silicon to pour conversion grade level is costly process. At present level
of technology the conversion efficiency of SPV modules is about 17% and at laboratory level it is about 20%
Q. How do we repair modules?
A. The laminated. SPV module is encapsulated in a aluminum frame with air tight sealant material . If a cell or module are broken they have to be replaced, They cannot be serviced
Q. What is the price of these SPV MODUL'ES?
A. Many technologies are being developed. Mono crystalline cells, poly crystalline cells, amorphous silicon cells etc. Definitely on he applications-we can suggest. the type of solar cells. The cost varies depending on the type of cells used and size of the module. Higher the capacity of SPV Module the cost will be less. The cost varies from
Rs. 160/WP to 180 W/P
Q. When will the cost decrease?
A. Mr. Bill Gates said that he is not happy because computer technology has not
reached the common people, With the constant R8 D on improving conversion efficiency of PV cells, the cost is expected to decrease in another 5 years,
Q, How do we know there is enough voltage and under practical working condition
What will be the life of LED'S?
A. There are testers available in the device, which test the voltage. Higher voltages may
damage the LED's. Accelerated life testing can also be conducted. LED's estimated life is 1, 00, 000 burning hours easier if it works for 20, 000 burning hours. It' s wonderful. Chinese white LED's are available a low cost. In the coming years LED's
are going to play vital role as they are also providing cost reduction solution to SPV lighting system.
37
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS FOR SPY SYSTEMS
Prof. K. 8. N. Raju
Solar photovoltaic (SPV) has very wide-ranging applications. Starting from domestic lighting to large power plants generating megawatt level utility grade electrical power, PV application include:
Lighting:
Home lighting systems ": Lanterns
Street lighting ": Traffic signaling
Commercial lighting systems
Community power packs
Power plants
:" Stand Alone . :. Grid — connected ": Rural Electrification '" Remote Communication :. Tele medicine -" Portable Entertainment power packs ": Water pumping
The basic function of a PV system is to convert solar radiation into usable electrical energy. Typical SPV System would consist of a solar array; power conditioning electronics and a storage device like a battery bank.
Arvind Micro Etectronics
38
Power Conditionin E ul ment:
Solar photovoltaic power conditioning equipment composes of a charge controller and an inverter. . '~
Charge controller performs the function stabilizing the DC power delivered by the array and charge the battery bank as per the set charge profile depending on the type of the battery. It ensures safe charging by controlling the charge current and cutting off on fall
charge and also disconnects the battery from the load when it is completely discharged.
It also contains necessary safety and display instrumentation to indicate various
operating parameters like input (array) voltage, battery voltage, charge/ discharge condition and alarm condition.
Typical specifications of a charge controller are given below:
Input Power PV system Voltage Input voltage range Efficiency
Instrumentation
Protections
: 1KW : 24V : $1 Vto42V
Battery OK Battery Low
: input voltage input Current Output voltage Output Current
: Circuit breaker or fuse Current limiting circuit breaker or fuse,
Present day charge controllers incorporate micro controller based designs imparting
more flexibility and intelligence and employ Maximum power point Tracking ( MPPT) mode of operation to ensure maximize the power delivery.
The adapt pulse width Modulation (PWM) technique for generation of switching waveform and low, high speed active devices MOSEETs and IGRT s electromagnetic to ensure very high efficiencies of the order of 95 % and above .
Inverters:
DC output of the charge controller forms the input to the inverter. Output of the inverter will be utility grade AC that can power any appliance. Inverters meant for special applications like water pumping incorporate specific features in order to interface to the load effectively. Basic function of the inverters is to convert DC voltage form the charge controller to utility grade low distortion. Pure in wave AC power taking into consideration the input
variations and load conditions.
39
Typical specifications or a pure sine wave inverter are given below:
": True sine wave ": Low self consumption
High efficiency ": Short circuit proof ": Under and over voltage projections ": Over heating protections ": Status indication
T ical s ecifications:
Output power Input voltage Output voltage Output stability Frequency Frequency stability Wave form Harmonies distortion
t Self consumption
'. Soft start '
Input Protections Output protection . Instrumentation
I' --' Status indications
: 3 KVA, single phase : 48 V : 520 V, AC, single Phase : +3% ; 50HZ :+0. 5 Hz : Sinesoidal :&2% :1% of nominal power :. Optional : Ender voltage and over voltage : short circuit proof : Input voltage
Input Current Output Voltage Output Current
: Input OK Output OK Inverter OK Fault
Grid- connected inverters incorporate features to safety interface with grid to operate in synchronization and appropriate metering methods.
Instrumentation:
Solar photovoltaic instrumentation can be categorized as:
'" Testing instrumentation '" Field instrumentation
Testin Instrumentation:
For testing PV components subsystems and systems a variety of instruments, in
addition to generic instruments, are used.
They include: 40
Cell Testers:
Used for testing solar PV cells by measuring its important parameters like:
Vl characteristic Short circuit current, lsc Open circuit voltage, Voc Power at maximum power point, P peak Voltage at P peak, V peak Current at P peak. I peak Fill factor Efficiency
Most of these cell testers can also sort the cells by grouping then by power out put of any other chosen parameter. Testing is carried out at standard illumination and temperature conditions by controlling these parameters through monitoring and feedback control.
Module Testers:
Similar to cell testers the PV module parameters are tested by employing artificial sun light stimulators to generate controllable solar radiation and temperature condition. All the parameters indicated above are measured for the PV module. Precision and calibration are ensured through usepf standard reference cell for. measurement of insulation and thermal sensors for temperature.
Other equipment for testing PV modules includes UV exposure test system for accelerated evaluation of PV module life. SPV system testers are generally custom built for the purpose like solar lantern test systems multi changed data loggers battery test systems etc.
Field instrumentation:
For obtaining the field conditions under which the PV system is required to o operate global insulation integrator is employed. This is generally portable equipment that measures solar insulation, temperature and some times humidity and records these parameters over time. The instrument can be interfaced with a PC to download the data for analysis. Year round seasonal variations of this data form very important inputs for optional'design of SPV power generating systems.
Other field equipment for SPV includes array testers and data loggers with data communication facility for remoter monitoring and control,
41
BATTERY TECHNOLOGY SUITABLE FOR SPY SYSTEMS
Sri. M. K. Narayanan
Battery is one of Key component in any S, P. V system as it is going to receive the energy from solar photo voltaic Module, store it and release the same at the time of need. This is the only one component need maintenance i. e. , taking of distilled water at periodical intervals. Sizing of the battery depends on the quantum of energy to be stored and also the number of days of autonomy required. The batteries are protected from deep discharge and overcharge condition by a electronic charge controller provided in the system. Life of the battery depends on daily depth of discharge levels. It is mentioned cycles. In all SPV systems the battery capacity is designed considering 30% depth of discharge daily by connecting the full load.
Cost of replacement of battery is the major recurring expenditure in any SPV system, Hence it should be protected from all abuser and maintained properly.
Types of Batteries for Solar Application
~ Thick, Flat Low Maintenance Batteries.
~ Tubular positive batteries
~ Sealed Maintenance Free Batteries
Thick, Flat Low Nlaintenance Batteries
Lead and low antimony alloy plates. To obtain low maintenance characteristics, priced Iow
and user friendly .
Available in 6V, 12 V blocks from 20AH to 200 AH capacity,
Ideal for streetlights and Home Lighting Systems
Positive plate is made of series of tubes with low maintenance characteristics and negative plates thick plate available from 12 V 20 AH to 12 V 200 AH capacities. Life expected 4-6 years, price higher to thick flat plate by 40%, Ideal for Home Light and Street Lighting systems for longer life.
Managing Director, Bcide Batteries Ltd
Tubular Positive Batteries
Sealed Maintenance Free Batteries
Lead calcium plate sealed maintenance free batteries availabie in 6 V, 12 V blocks from 4 AH to 200AH. Very sensitive to temperature and low tolerance to abuse. ideal for remote unmanned locations
Battery Care Tips
The charging voltage in the system should not exceed a maximum 2. 3 volts per ceil i. e 13. 8 volts for a 12 V battery.
For flat / tubuiar positive batteries, initial charging should be strictly done in line with the Company's directive. However, on charge peak voltage of 2. 6 volts per cell at the end of charge, remaining steady should be reached before termination of initial charging,
This charging is done only once in its lifetime and hence shouid be strictly-followed to obtain maximum life.
Three major factors which. affects the life of the battery.
A) Antimony
B) Acid
C) Temperature
Antimony
Both in flat and tubular positive plate batteries, antimony is used to the barest minimum to avoid plate corrosion, as antimony speeds up corrosion and also contributes for temperature raise.
However, lead being soft, antimony is added for hardening the alloy and very smail percentage is added thereby minimizing the damage, Acid
Acid is a killer in any form, it spoils whatever comes in contact with it. Hence, very weak acid is used to minimize the damage. Totally avoiding acid is impossible as it is needed for conducting the electrons.
Temperature Temperature is ihe biggest enemy for batteries, which can be controlled by the user. if temperature is taken care of and the battery is maintained at the room temperature, the battery gives maximum life. Over usage, over feeding in the form of charging, high rate of discharge leads to temperature increase. However, . poor ventilation / no ventilation also contributes for temperature increase. All these factors are in the user hand. If this is taken care of, the maximum life can be obtained from the battery.
INTERACTIVE SESSION
Mr. M. K Narayana
Q. Why the batteries are giving problems?
A, Malfunctioning of other components in the SPV systems are responsible for failure of Battery. Users should be properly educated to maintain the batteries. SPV module
should be cleaned properly to get power input to the battery; charge controller should
function properly to protect the battery from overcharge and deep discharge condition. Battery terminals are to be cleaned and distilled water to be rotted up periodically.
44
SESSION III
SOLAR THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES
Introduction of Solar Water heating systems
Sri. Ashok Kumar
Solar Water Heating Systems installation, Servicing and Maintenance
Sri. Satya Kiran
Introduction and Applications of Solar Gookers
Sri. l3eepak Ghadia
45
INTRODUCTION OF SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEMS
Sri. Ashok Kurnar
The solar thermal technology is one of the most viable technologies in the renewable
energy basket and has progressed considerably in the last two decades. The various thermal
systems developed and under development are in the following areas:
~ Solar Flat Plate Collector
~ Evacuated Tubular Collector
~ Parabolic Trough Collector
~ Parabolic Oish Collector
~ Solar Tower Central Receiver
Among all the above technologies, the most viable and commercialized is the solar flat plate collector. All[he other technologies are yet to be proven with respect to viability and need to be fully developed. In the Indian context, it would be appropriate for us to discuss the applications of solar flat plate collector systems, since it is the most viable and has not yet been fully exploited on a mass scale. Any discussion of the other technologies would be more for academic reasons rather than practicality in the larger commercial context.
The solar thermal systems, through the flat plate collector technology are capable of
generating hot water at 80'C and can be installed for use in various applications such as:
Industrial Boiler pre-heat
Process Requirements
Industrial Canteens
Hospitals/Nursing Homes
Housing Colonies/Individual Houses
Flat Complexes
The key parameter which plays an important role in deciding the economic viability is the
type of fuel and it's cost. it has been found that solar thermal systems are viable if the fuel
saved is as per the order described below:
Afanaging Director, Suryodhaya Hitech Pvt. i td. ,
46
a) Electrical power
b) LPG
c) Diesel
d) Furnace oil
e) LSHS
f) Coal
To illustrate the commercial viability of these systems, a few examples in the various
segments can be studied.
industrial Boiler pre-heat
The solar water heating systems as a boiler pre-heat have found acceptance in
various locations all over the country, and we can say with pride that India must be the only
country which has a large number of industrial boiler pre-heat systems. It is also a matter of pride that here in India, we have some of the largest water heating systems. The latest one is
the 1, 20, 000 LPD system installed at M/s. Godavari Fertilisers and Chemicals Ltd, . at Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, at a cost of approximately, 1. 6 crore rupees, and the fuel saved by installing this system is LSHS, The company had decided to put up the system based on economics and also it's commitment to environment.
Many large capacity systems exist in the country in locations such as Hindustan
spinning and weaving mills, Tata exports, Elgi group of companies, Taj group of hotels, Premier Mills, ICRISAT, Satyam Group, Scindia Schools Gwalior. Apart from; large systems Solar Water Heating Systems have been installed in Hotels, Hospitals, Independent Houses Flat Complexes Etc,
The very fact that all these systems have come up and are working to the full
satisfaction of the client proves the point that installation of solar thermal systems is a commercially'viable proposition. It has been found that in practically all the locations the fuel
used has been Electrical energy/ dieselifurnace oil/LSHS and in very rare cases have systems been installed where coal is the fuel. The ironical factor here is that the majority of the boilers in the country are coal fired, especially in the medium range and large capacity, and the financial packages which exists as on today do not make installation of solar systems economical in these locations.
Industrial canteens/ Hotelsl Hospitals
The requirement of hot water in these locations is enormous for cooking, cleaning, laundering and bathing and the same is generated through small boilers/hot water generators, which have LPG/ diesel/ electrical power as the fuel source. In these locations it
would be highly appropriate to immediately install solar water heating systems, since the economics are excellent due to the high cost of fuel currently being used in these locations.
47
To quote an example, the economics of a typical 10, 000 LPD system at 80'C
would be as follows:
System cost 12 lakhs
Fuel saving (Diesel): 4. 1 lakhs/ annum
The systems are eligible for soft loans and tax benefits. Based on the above economics, it is strongly recommended that all the above institutions should study the feasibility of these systems for their locations.
Housing Coloniesl(ndependent houses
The domestic solar water heating system segment has an enormous potential which has not been tapped even to the extent of 5% of it's potential. Nearly 5 lakh geysers are sold in the country and even if we consider 10% converts to solar, it will result in 50, 000 domestic systems coming into existence, which would save 250, 000 units of power per day.
The domestic solar water heating systems operate on a very simple thermo-siphon principle without any moving parts. The electrical, power saved is quite substantial as described and also the load on the power plants is reduced, in the peak morning hours making the power cd'rve smoother, helping the power plants to produce more efficiently, which is an important goal of the government,
The domestic solar water heating systems are viable without any support. However, to expedite the process of large scale installations, the government of India, through the Ministry of non-conventional energy sources, has launched a massive campaign through a number banks such as Canara Bank, Punjab and Sind bank, Andhra Bank, Union Bank, etc, to give soft loans to individual customers on the following terms;
To quote an example:
System Capacity
System cost Loan component
Repayment period
Rate of Interest
Power saving
100 LPD
Rs. 18, 000
Rs. 15, 300 (85% of system cost)
5 years
5 %/annum
5 units/ day
The initial investment for the customer is of Rs. 2700 Which is lower than the cost of the geyser which he would have otherwise have purchased. The loan EMI is repayment is equivalent/lower to power saving, and the customer is fully insulated from any rise in power cost, and has equipment totally paid for.
As can be seen from the above examples for various applications, solar systems are a sensible and economical option for the individual, and benefits all concerned including the
48
Government and has a substantial impact on the environment in the positive way user industry as well as the Government.
Economics ininstaiiing systems in fiat compiexes:
Typical system for 10 fiats
System Capacity
Cost of the system
Estimated cost of Plumbing
1000 LPD (60' — '5'C)
Rs. 1, 10, 000. 00
Rs. 45, 000. 00 (Solar System to utility points in 3 Toilets)
Total cost of Solar system including plumbing: Rs. 1, 55, 000. 00 (Approx)
Cost of the System per flat
Avoided cost of Geyser
Cost of System peP Flat
Power savings
Rs. 15, 500
Rs. 4000. 00 ( 1 Geyser)
11, 500. 00
Rs. 3450. 00 (Power saving 4 units a day, Solar System usage 270 days Power cost Rs. 3. 20}
As can be seen from the above examples for various applications, solar systems are a sensible and economical option for the individual, and benefits all concerned including the Government and has a substantial impact on the environment in the positive way user industry as well as the Government.
Policies At the policy level it is suggested that a mandatory mechanism be put into place for
new industries to. -instail solar systems as a boiler pre-heat, for industrial canteens, and also residentiai colonies attached to the unit, since it would be feasible for these new companies to allocate the required land and also design structures suitably to accommodate these systems.
It is also essential for the government to issue a directive that all existing housing colonies belonging to the Government/ public sector undertakings/ industries install solar water heating systems, since in all these instances the power cost to the colony is either free or heavily subsidized. This would ensure that a iarge population of solar systems come into existence at a rapid pace and also catch the attention of the public at large, making the market conducive for mass installation.
Financiai Package Energy conservation in the current financial package gets restricted to profitable
companies and those which have a requirement for tax cover. The feasibility gets further constrained by the fact that profit making companies normaliy have their own expansion plans which takes care of their tax problems,
In a nutshell, this means that potential clients for solar systems are only those companies who are profit-making, do not have expansion plans, have fuel which is either diesel, furnace oil or LSHS, and has adequate space. The number of companies who fall
within these boundary limits are few and therefore, the potentiaI is restricted, and this is self-
defeating with respect to energy conservation, It should be corrected by evolving a suitable financial package such as reducing the interest rates, and increasing the loan percentage and tenure.
This change would ensure that al! companies, old or new, irrespective of the fuel
being used and the need for tax cover, would come forward to install solar water heating systems, which will save fossil fuels and meet the overall targets of the government.
The financial package delivery system, especially for the domestic requirements, is to be further broad based. For example, many more banks and branches need to be involved
in these schemes. Apart from banks, it would also be necessary to have the total involvement of housing finance companies like HDFC and LIC since it would be more feasible for these organizations to disburse the loans to customers to whom housing loans are being sanctioned after due assessment. This would ensure that a vast majority of the public who are constructing houses would in all probability end up installing a solar water heating system and p mass movement is likely to be triggered.
Advertising The advertisement campaigns carried out so far has been predominantly from the
Ministry and IREDA, and has focused on loan availability, which has been very effective. However, it would be essential to now launch a mass campaign through the media to convey to the consumers at large the importance of solar energy, and also communicate them that the product is reliable, that solar systems work, and they are economical, on similar lines such as the egg campaign or the operation flood (milk) program, wherein their beneficial effects have been disseminated excellently.
Conclusion As described, the. solar water heating systems. have proved to be a sensible
alternative and it is time for the industry to grow exponentially. This woul4 be;feasible only if
all concerned in industry, hotels, hospitals, flat complexes, independent. housing colonies
and individuals get together and decide to go green and go solar on a mass movement.
It is time for everyone to contribute to conservation of environment so that our progeny
inherits a better world and a healthier environment and give credence to the slogan "Health
is INea)th".
Let us all soak in the sun for a brighter and healthier future.
50
Mr. Ashok kumar INTERACTIVE SESSION
Q. Why people are not taking advantage of solar energy
A. Awareness is to be created. Solar thermal systems are economically feasib/e and there is no need for making its use as mandatory. Electricity department has to print a sentence about Solar water heating system in their bills for creating better awareness.
Q. Are industries having the sufficient technical persons?
A. Manufacturing units are not having trained persons to attend field works i. e installation, servicing etc. More number of trained persons are required to cater the systems servicing, to provide timely service facility to the customers.
Q. What are the components used in solar water heating systems?
A. Solar flat plate collector made of fins, with selective black chrome paint, with supporting pipes and insuiation material. Hot water storage tank insulated with glass wool or puff insulation to prevent heat losses.
Q. Do water heaters work properly? What is the efficiency?
A. Solar water heating systems work well you have to ensure supply of cold water. Water temperatures up to 60 to 80 ' C are, attained, The. system efficiency is about 50 to . 60%. systems are working in domestic, commercial and industriai sectors satisfactorily .
51
MAN POWER REQUIREMENT FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING INDUSTRIES
Sri. Satya Kiran
Solar Water Heating systems are making impact in conservation of conventional electrical energy, Fossil fuels like LPG, , S. B. Oil, Fire wood etc, . Realizing the importance of introducing these systems Government of Andhra Pradesh issued G. O; making use of solar water heating systems as mandatory in all functional buildings.
Investment on solar water heating systems can be recovered in less than two years in case of commercial application as the power tariff is very high and about 4 years in
domestic sector. The demand for solar water heating systems is increasing day by day as the demand from number of houses being constructed must be equipped with solar drier and from Hotels, Nursing Homes etc, as if is benefiting in saving of their expenditure for providing hot water.
The employment opportunities in solar water heating systems are:
~ Manufacturing of storage tanks ~ Supporting structures ~ Installation of pipes, Hot water storage tanks ~ Installation of systems ~ Plumbing ~ Servicing of systems ~ Annual maintenance.
The trainees can be attached to the manufacturing/ supplying companies for practical training in these areas, .
The services. of trained personnel can be utilized by. manufactures, service providers or they can become self employed by undertaking work on contract basis either with
manufactures of with the end users of the systems.
52
INTERACTIVE SESSION
Mr. Satya Kiran
Q. Which industry is going to take the youth for empIoyment?
A. There are plenty of opportunities in solar water heating systems in marketing, installation and servicing activities. Rural people can be trained and can be engaged in these activities, About 500 youth are required immediately for in Andhra Pradesh alone.
Managing Director, SCA Green Technologies
SOLAR COOKERS
Mr. Deepak Ghadia
Introduction
Last few years have seen the emergence and success of Solar Concentrators in india especially for cooking applications and work is on to use these technology for other applications such as use incineration, for increasing rale of evaporation of waste water, in food processing for processes like chips making, making of jaggary etc, for producing drinking water from brackish and sea water, for producing water above 80 degree centigrade which was not possible with conventional available technology and widely accepted flat plate hot water generating systems, for steam generation for process application in textile, dairy, pharmaceutical, chemical, food, paper and other industries. Besides producing heat, work is also on to produce cooking by using solar generated steam in vapour absorption machines to produce cooling to be used for air-conditioning and chilling applications.
In this paper an attempt is being made to trace the path how it evolved and some case studies to document its success till date and to present the vision where the use of Solar Concentrators could lead.
The paper hopes to inspire youth to join the movement in promotion of Renewable Technologies as we are convinced that Area of Alternative Energy (AT) offers employment and utility and has potential and can offer on same line as what Information Technology did in fast 10-15 years Ini'for India and other developing countries.
India to our knowledge is the only country in the world that has special ministry to promote renewable energy in the name of Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES).
This too was converted from Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (ONES) to MNES way back in 1982 before renewable energy and environment became fashionable things to talk about and work in.
Work on concentrators in India has been going on at various levels by various institutions for long and leading among them were attempts by Mr. Kulkarni of Pune to use the same for solar cooking application but for reason still not understood clearly it
did not take off on commercial level.
Gadhia Solar Energy Systems Pvt. Ltd
History of evolution of use of concentrators in India
Parabolic dish as Solar Concentrator of 1. 4 mtr dia
The major brea}c-through in acceptance of Solar Concentrators in India has come with
the introduction of polar Concentrator SK-14 by Eco Center ICNEER, a NGO in
Gujarat.
SK-14 Concentrator is the development of Or Dieter Seifert of Germany. SK- 14 Concentrator is a parabolic dish with diameter of 1. 4 meter. In the focus of the dish which is at 60 cm there is an arrangement to place cooking vessel. The solar rays are concentrated at the focus generating high temperature thus food kept in the cooking vessel gets cooked. The temperature generated is above 400 degree centigrade and thus the foods get cooked quite fast. In Solar Box-Cooker it takes 1. 5-2 hrs for rice/dal/ vegetables etc, to cook whereas in
SK-14 the same gets cooked in about 45 minutes.
Besides cooking fast the other advantage of Sk-14. for cooking application is that it
allows to cook dishes on it which were not possible in Solar. Box- Cooker. It is'possible to fry, it is possible to make chapattis etc.
: The output of Sk-14 cooker is 600 W and is one of the most cost effective cookers when taken price-output into consideration.
Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources of India has got the SK-14 Cookers tested at various regional testing centers in India for its performance and applicability and 'convinced that it offers a huge potential for India, can contribute and be complimentary to present solar box cookers, have introduced a scheme under which Rs 2, 5007 per dish is borne by Ministry under its demonstration scheme.
SK-14 Cooker is ideal for cooking for large families and small communities but when it
comes to be used for large communities, it has limitation not only in size but practicability as it
54
still needs the cook to go out in the sun with the cooking vessels to be placed in the focus of the dish and also needs the cook to shiftl move the dish manually to adjust to the movement of the sun. This is called tracking. Since in cooking for large communities the quantity of food to be cooked is large and thus the corresponding vessel also large weighing as much as 30 kgs and above it is inconvenient to take so much weight out and in and thus the need for cooker which can reflect the light in the kitchen allowing cooking in the comforts of kitchen was-. ;-;,
identified especially for community cooking. Parabolic Solar Concentrator of 7. 2 sqr mtr
Thus Eco center ICNEER was fortunate when Dr Dieter Seifert sent them Wolfgang Scheffler who had developed a flexible curvature dish and had installed few of them in India
through/with St Xavier's Technical Institute of Ankleshwar in Gujarat.
Realizing the potential of such cookers for India and contribution it can make in and for India, Wolfgang Scheffler teamed up with Shirin and Deepak Gadhia, the promoters of
Eco Center ICNEER and who also had a company Gadhia Solar Energy Systems Pvt. itd to manufacture the same and propagate its use.
The flexible curvature parabolic dish developed by Wolfgang Scheffler also had automatic tracking mechanism (counter weight driven clockwork) and due to the dish having flexible curvature gave fixed focus and thus offered solution to both cooking in comforls in
the shadow of the kitchen and also being automatic had no need to be tracked manually needing it to be started and focus set only once early morning.
Gadhia's named the dish Scheffler Concentrator after its developer Wolfgang Scheffler and it has become a brand name due to its success.
55
There are more than 100 institutes in India where the food for the community (mostly students) is being cooked with Scheffler Concentrators, With one Scheffler dish it is
possible to cook for 50-60 persons and the dish. being modular when number of students is
more it can be used in multiple and there are cases where there are as many as three Scheffler dishes at the institute to cook food and to produce hot water for cooking.
Just as was the case with SK-14 Parab'o/ic concentrator, MNES got the Scheffler Concentrators tested at all regional testing centers and has provided financial support of Rs 25, 0007 per dish under its demonstration program.
Modular use of Parabolic Solar Concentrators for Steam generation to cook for 1200 persons:
Brahma Kumari's a spiritual organization in Mt Abu had installed 2 Scheffler Cookers supplied by St. Xavier's and we thus were happy when heard that Eco Center ICNEER and Gadhia's were working on Scheffler dishes and approached them to supply them a system to cook for 1200 person. Various ideas and possibilities were evaluated, discussed and considered and many experts opinion ranging from Wolfgang Scheffler, Christ of Sutter a Swiss Student who had done evaluation on use of Scheffler Cookers, WTT GmbH, a Company in Germany with whom Deepak Gadhia had worked with were sought and finally it was decided to design a. @alar Steam cooking System based on Scheffler Concentrator with
WTT GmbH agreeing to give technical expertise for thermal engineering, design of receivers, controls and back-up boiler. It was a team development between Wolfgang Scheffler, team of Brahma Kumari's under the leadership of Golo Pilz a German BK disciple based in India, team of Eco Center lCNEER and Gadhia Solar under the leadership of Deepak Gadhia and HTT GmbW of Germany
56
Brahma Kumari's were fortunate to get funding from a German government funding organization GATE (German Appropriate Technology Exchange) under their Small Project Pilot Plant development and thus came up in 1997 the then World's:largest solar steam cooking system at Cyan Saravor Complex of Brahma Kumaris in Mt. Abu. to cook for 1200 persons.
. 1 5 P
l4 im~4%e" n»~
57
The System was a 2 loop system where the 12 receivers placed in the primary loop received concentrated solar rays from 24 Scheffler concentrators of 7 sqr mtr each and
the pressurized hot water thus generated was sent to external heat exchanger where steam was generated. The steam was sent to kitchen and used for cooking. The system was hooked with the existing solar cooking system where previously the steam was generated in fuel fired boilers.
Spurred by the success Brahma Kumari's went in for one more Solar Steam cooking
System and this time to cook for 10, 000 persons at their new upcoming Shantivan complex in Talati, Abu road. Based on technology transfer from Wolfgang Scheffler and Eco Center ICNEER and with jigs and fixtures supplied by Gadhia Solar they manufactured the system themselves. The size of Scheffler Concentrator was increased from 7 sqr rntr to 9. 4 sqr mtr and the earlier design used at Mt Abu was modified so that all local components could be used needing only to import low iron high ref lectivity glass from Germany. The 2 loop system was also discarded to get higher efficiency. This became the then World's largest Solar Steam Cooking System in 1999,
The success of: Solar Steam Cooking System at Brahma Kumari's has led to installation of many such more Solar Steam cooking Systems based on Scheffler Concentrators being installed in India both by Brahma Kumaris themselves for their other Ashrams in Hubli in Karnataka and Gurgaon, near New Delhi.
Gadhia Solar Energy Systems Pvt Ltd. of Valsad has supplied system on turn-key
basis for institutions such as Shirdi Saibaba Sansthan Temple, Maharashtra to cook. for .
3000 people Rishi Valley School, M ad an ap pally, Andhra Prades for 500 students and Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam, TTD, Andhra Pradesh for 15, 000 persons.
The Solar Steam Cooking System' at Tirumala is the world's largest solar steam cooking system using 106 Scheffler Concentrators of 9. 4 sq. mts
Satisfied with the success and acceptance of Solar Steam Cooking System, the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources of India is providing financial support of 50 percent of the cost to the buyers under its demonstration scheme.
Eco Center ICNEER and Gadhia Solar Energy Systems Pvt, Ltd. of Valsad are also working very closely with Mr. Wolfgang Scheffler, the developer who regularly visits India
to develop various other applications for Scheffler Concentrators.
58
Some of the successes are:
Solar distillation with Concentrators-
a) Smaller sized Scheffler Solar Concentrators of 2. 7 sqr mtr for domestic cooking
use and for small dhabas
b) Development of 12 sqr mtr Scheffler concentrator for use in food processing industries like potato chips making, jaggery making etc.
c) Incineration and Solar Crematorium Mr INolfgang Scheffler is working on 50 sqr mtr for Solar Crematorium application and the initial results of the first 50 sqr mtr
dish built and tested are very encouraging
d) To increase rate of evaporation of waste water
e) For use in textile and other process industries by generating water above 80 degree centig and low pressure steam
f) For bakery to make bread, biscuits, cake etc
g) For drying application where temp above 100 degree centigrade is needed. i' '
h) Scope for youth to work in the area of Solar Concentrators
There is tremendous scope for youth to get involved in promotion, manufacturing,
installation servicing of Solar Cooking with other applications of concentrators being
developed.
The areas in which there are employment possibilities for youth are:
In Promotion Manufacturing by becoming entrepreneur.
- ~ Doing installation of the system after getting trained in the same.
~ Providing after sales service and taking Annual Maintenance Contract for the
system supplied.
~ Taking Operation and Maintenance Contract of the system installed and being
installed.
In marketing by becoming dealerIAuthorized representative of companies manufacturing same
~ By becoming franchisee for some manufacturer
~ In providing consultancy services to the buyer - may it be individual or institution.
~ Become exporter of such system as there is huge potential for the same
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If the youth does not have confidence of becoming an entrepreneur and undertake the
above mentioned activities he can take up employment in companies undertaking offering
such services.
Steps needed to be taken by the youth:
~ To tap the above potential being offered by renewable energy the youth would
have to do following
~ Become conscious of the opportunities offered
~ Become aware of different technologies, products being offered in renewable
energy areas.
~ Learn. the working of the systems and learn the pros and cons of the same
Specialize in any of the branches of renewabfe energy
~ Get training / working experience in such areas
~ Get to know and keep track on who is who in these areas and subscribe magazines etc to update knowledge
Profile of Sri Deepak Gadhia
Deepak Gadhla is Managing Director of M/s Gadhia Solar Energy Systems Pvt.
Ltd. A comp based in Gujarat which has done pioneering work in bringing Solar Concentrators in India.
After completing his B. Sc in Chemistry and getting working experience of 2 years in
Murnbai he went to Germany for further education. He acquired a degree in Process and Environrne'ntal Engineering "and did specialization in. Energy Conservation- and Energy management:by participating in the PG course conducted by MIT;"USA'in: Germany.
He worked as trainee Engineer with Wacker Chernie and. :returned:to India on invitation of Shree Rajiv Gandhi along with his wife Dr. Mrs. Shirin Gadhia who has done her PhD in Genetic Engineering. They have also established an NGO in the name of Eco Center 1CNEER (ICNEER is abbreviation for International Center for Networkihg, Ecology, Education and Re-integration.
ICNEER is a Regional Returnee Office for AALU, an NGO in Germany which assists Asian and African Academicians to return to their home countries after studying in
Germany. Both Deepak and Shirin Gadhia are regularly invited to Germany by AAAAA and other institutions to guide and help those planning to return to their home countries and share their experience and help them with topics such as preparing of business plan, submitting Papers to government to get assistance to return etc.
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The Company Gadhia Solar has become a brand name and one of the success story in Solar field and they have undertaken prestigious projects like supplying of Solar Steam Cooking Systems with the one at Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam being the Worlds largest cooking 30, 000 meals with steam generated by Solar energy.
Eco Center lCNEER conducted training program in Feb. 2002 in cooperation with Gujarat Energy Development Agency {GEDA) and Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources and invited about 17 industries and transferred technology to the industries so that the Solar Concentrators can be manufactured, installed and maintenance can be undertaken locally so that maximum value addition takes place at local level and also the buyer gets the benefit of better price and services
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INTERACTIVE SESSION
Mr. Deepak Gadhia
Q, What is cost of solar steam cookers of large capacity
A, The cost of solar steam cooking system of 1000 meals per. day is about Rs. 12 Lacs.
Q. Does not the government give subsidy for these systems?
A. MNES gives 50% of the systems cost as subsidy of on submission specific project proposals.
Q, What are the advantages of solar concentrator technologies?
A. They are commercially viable. They can be used for many other purposes like
drying, 'povyer generating. Solar concentrators perform more efficiently with the increase in'temperatures whereas SPV module will lose efficiency at higher temperature.
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SESSION IV
SOLAR DRYING TECH'APOLOGIES
Introduction of Solar Drying Technologies
Dr, M. Ramakrishna Rao
Commercialization of Solar Drying Technologies
Sri. -Sitaramaiah
INTRODUCTION OF SOLAR DRYING TECHNOLOGIES
Dr. Nl. Rarnakrishna Rao
INTRODUCTION
Solar thermal energy applications have become popular and commercially viable. The applications are in the form of Solar Hot Water Systems, Solar Cookers, Solar desalination devices, solar stills etc,
Now solar drying technology has entered into food processing industry at micro level in
rural areas Food Processing Industry is declared as a priority sector by Government of India and many incentives are announced to promote the industry.
The national policy envisages the processing of 15 lakhs tones of food products in the year 2001 - 2002. 00t of the installed capacity 22 lakhs tones of horticultural produce. The current status of the industry is given below in the table.
Table - 1: Current status in Food Processing Industry
InstaHeti capacity
Currently processed food
2001 — 2002 target
FPO ficensed. units .
Cottage industry share
22 lakhs toms
9 hkhs tons
l5 lakhs tolls
From the table-1 it can be seen that nearly 70% of the industry is in cottage sector. The large scale processing Industry is few hundred units only. These statistics are only from the organized industry. The FPQ (Fruit product order} licensed units are only 4, 300 in the entire country-Let us look at the processing of horticulture products such as fruits and vegetables. Hardly 2% of the country's produce is processed whereas countries like Thailand, Philippines, USA process more than 70% of their produce.
General Secretary, SEED, Hyderabad
The fruits and vegetables are processed in the form of RTS beverages (27%), fruit pulps (22. 5%), pickles, preserves and chutneys (11%), frozen fruits and vegetables (19, 36%), tomato products (8. 05%), jams/squashes (7, 45%), canned fruits and vegetables (3, 69%), fruit juice (3. 28%), dehydrated fruits (2. 2%) and vegetables, fruit juice concentrate (0. 95%) and others (4, 49%). The fruit pulp and RTS Beverages constitute 50% and dehydrated products constitute only 2. 22% (ie) 33, 000 tons per annum.
2. CURRENT PRACTICES - DEHYDRATION
The cottage industry in urban, semi urban undertake the processing of the dehydrated veg-tables and fruits many times more than the Government data indicates. Qf course this is being done in traditional practice of open sun drying which is unclean and unhygienic from any standards of safe food. It is needless to say that open sun drying has no quality control and collects contarninants like filth from birds and rodents, dust, dirt, and dead insects etc.
The only clean and hygienic dehydrated food items could be processed in electrical/diesel large scale dryers. They require a huge quantities of raw material regularly to keep going the factories. In . a small land, holding economy in agriculture, the assured supply of quality of horticulture products ia:difficult. As a result the industry is not growing. , fast as expected. In addition the industry is capital intensive and energy intensive. The cost of processing is high in view of increased power tariff.
WHAT IS FPO?
Food processing industry should get Fruit Products Order (FPO) licence for processing fruits and vegetables from Government of India.
The FPO mainly stipulates the sanitary and hygienic requirements. It prescribes the condi- tions such as premises. , clean, lighted and ventilated, flyproof doors and windows, efficient drainage and adequate provision of waste disposal, sanitary place and clean surroundings. The other requirements are water of high quality; necessary manufacturing equipment, clean cooking arrangements and space according to category.
GLOBILISATION AFFECT ON SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY
Small Scale Industrial Development Bank of India in its study report of 2001 says 'VJ'TO Agreements will affect seriously 20 categories of small scale industries out of which 10 belonging to food processing area. The hygienic and cleanliness standards in these industries are not to the international standards. It is not easy to maintain these standards in small scale industries in the food processing area as they can not afford to maintain them. As a result they can not export food products".
In this context, the solar drying technology offers an alternative with zero energy cost and processes the vegetables and fruits in a clean, hygienic and sanitary conditions of international standards.
3. ALATERNATIVE - SOLAR POWERED SOLAR AIR DRYER
The Sofar Powered Solar Air Dryers described in this paper is new and innovative technology basing on blending Solar Thermal and Solar Photovoltaic Technologies. This is
65
designed and developed by R 8 D team headed by Prof. M, Ramakrishna Rao of Society for Energy, Environment and Development (SEED) with the grants sanctioned by UNDP and DST and commercialized in our country for the first time with the financial assistance from REPSO,
The application for Patent is pending.
PRINCIPLE OF DRYER
The solar radiation passes through the transparent glass window, located on the top of the cabinet, which is oriented to south with a tilt equal to latitude to collect maximum solar radia- tion. The cabinet is made of anti-corrosive material and of modular nature to meet the varying sizes and loading capacities of food products, ranging from 8 kgs to 50 kgs and above.
The ambient air enters from the bottom of the cabinet and gets heated up with solar radiation incident from the top window. The heat ene'rgy is trapped in the cabinet and heats up the air. As result the wave length of solar radiation shifts to infrared region, causing green house effect. The hot air passes through the trays, carries the moisture from the product to the space below the glass. Then it is exhausted by Solar Photovoltaic fans. The forced circulation of air in the cabinet is achieved through this solar fan. The electrical heaters are provided as standby to meet any exigencies on non-sunny days. The figure -1 illustrates the SOLAR POWERED SOLAR AIR DRYER-SDM-50. It has capacity to evaporate 15 kgs of water per day from the processing food and maximum loading capacity of 50 kgs of wet products.
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SPEClAL FEATURS OF THIS TECHNOLOGY
The special features of these solar dryers are;
~ The temperatures achieved in the cabinet are in the range of 40-65 C on clear sunny
days.
~ The temperature difference between the ambient and inside cabinet is 15 to 30'C on
good sunny days.
~ The moisture control in the product is achieved by the regulation of drying time, basing
on the intensity of solar radiation,
~ Thermostat control at set temperature in mixed solar and electrical mode.
~ Closed or mesh trays are provided for easy loading and unloading of product,
Solar PV fan for air circulation.
A special glass. filter is provided to cut off U. V radiation and reduce the solar intensity for special appfications
~ A clean and hygienically prepared product, meeting the cleanliness specifications of ASTA of USA and other countries, is processed in these dryers.
These dryers are modular and to scalability of the design to any size of demand. The solar drying process has the following advantages:
~ Zero Energy cost
~ Moisture control Export quality
~ Income generation
~ Self employment
Sizes for small farmer to commercial production
5. SOLAR DEHYDRATiON PROCESS
For the last two years, an intensive work has been done in drying fruits, vegetables, green leaf vegetables, forest produce like Gum. karaya and spices etc in the Solar Powered Solar Dryers. This work was taken up to see the effectiveness of these dryers on dehydration of variety of products. Dehydration process requires pretreatments, addition of chemicals for shelf life, fast drying and moisture control etc.
67
Table -2: Data on solar dehydrated food products
DATA ON SOLAR DEHYDRATION OF FRUITS, VEGETABLES, GREEN LEAFY
VEGETABLES, FOREST PRODUCE, SPICES, FOOD ITEMS
Sl. No
FR 1
2.
VE 8. 9. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Product
UITS Mango Bar (10mm thickness) PineappleBar(10mm thickness Papaya Bar(10mm
Guava Bar(10mm
Grapes Sapota Slices Sapota Bar (10mm 6ETAB LES Potatoes Donda Carrot Tomato Mushrooms
Bittergourd
Onion Amchur powder
Coconut
Drying Time(hrs)
20 20
20 35 25 8
20
4 19 10 10 12 6 18 7 5
Yield(%)
45 45
45 45 20 27 36
30 30 15 10 15 11 17 10 5
Ambient Temp.
40 30
30 31 31 34 34
31 31 31 33 33 26 31 31
31
Cabinet Temp
65 51
51
48 53 49 42
50 51 51 60 50 42 51 60 50
GR 17. 18. 19, 20.
22. 23. 24.
EEN I EAFY Curry leaves Spinach leaves Fenugreek leaves Tamarind leaves Gogu leaves
Mint leaves Drumstick leaves Coriender leaves
8 15 6 12 15 5
5. 5 6
35 8 13 11 16 17 15 12
29 29. 27 29 30 29 29 30
55 55 40 55 55 55 55 51
SPI CES 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.
Ginger powder
Mango Ginger Garlic Powder Red Chillies
Green chillies
20 10 4 15 6
15 16 33 34 12
31 26 26 32 40
50 40 45 56 25
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30. Pepper FOREST
34 30
31 32 33 34
35. 36.
Karaya Gum
Karakkaya
S uganda pala(Budipalaga Alovera
Amia
Honey
19 44. 5 26 9
6. 5
30» 47 --"
26. 5 2. 8
32 91. 5
35 29 29 33
31 39
58 44 62 49
50 65
MED I CINAL8 HERBAI PRO D UCTS 37 38 39
Rosem cry Spirulina Powder
Tuiasi leaves
30 18 12
32 25 31
58 60 50
FOO D ITEMS 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. CH 45. 46.
Maida
Vermicelli
Noodles Pickled Chillies
Fish
EMICAL POWDER Silicon Carbide Cellulose
4 4 4
. 24 8
96 35 77 25. 40
80 50
32 31 28 31 28
. 31 32
56 49 44 49 52
60 60
6. PROCESS FOR DE8YDRATION
Brief description of process for dehydration of some products with necessary pretreatrnents are given below as examples.
Mango bars (jelly)
Process: Take Mango pulp, preferably Thotapuri, add 50% Sugar, add Citric acid and mix it well with mango pulp, add Potassium metabi sulphide (KMS) and then proceed to spread the pulp in
layers in closed trays of solar dryer. Each layer will take one day to dry and after three composite layers, stop the drying. Cut them into required sizes and pack them well. The cabinet temperature is maintained 40 - 60 C and takes 20 hours to form 12 mm thick bar.
Mango-guava bars(jelly)
Process: Prepare the mango pulp or ready made pulp add 20% Guava pulp, 50% sugar, citric acid and mix it well and add additives KMS and colour and essence. Spread 3 thin layers on a consecutive 3 days as in Mango bar in solar dryer trays, Cut the composite layers. Pack the pieces in the polyethylene covers.
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Ginger
India is the largest producer of ginger in the world, Ginger is used extensively to flavour various kinds of food preparation like bread, cakes, cookies pies, puddings and beverages. It
is a constituent of many spice mixture and is used in ayurvedic medicines also,
Dehydrated and ground ginger is more convenient to use than fresh and whole ginger. Dehydrated ginger powder can be stored for longer periods without deterioration. Thus dehydrated ground ginger is finding increasing applications in various fields.
The ginger is first soaked in water overnight. Then they are thoroughly washed in water. After thoroughly cleaning, the outer skin is removed carefully with a split of bamboo knife/wooden scrapers to preserve the pleasing aroma in dried ginger. The scraped ginger is cut into small pieces and spread in a tray at a rate of 5kg/sqm in solar dryer. This process can be continued for 2 sunny days (16 hrs ) in a solar dryer, The dried ginger is again ground into
powder form and is well packed in a suitable HDPE pouches.
The initial moisture content of ginger was about 80. 9% and the final moisture content should be 4% or less. The yield of dry ginger should be 16-25% of wet weight.
Desiccated coconut, , ';
Process: Select. fresh matured coconut and dehusked and deshelled, Wash the pared of kernel ball in fresh water to remove invert sugars, Cut into small pieces (1 cm cubes) Calculate the net weight of the product. Blanch coconut pieces with steam for 20 minutes, Smash the pieces into small bits. Spread the pieces on a muslin cloth over mesh tray to a depth of 6 mm and dry them in dryer. Periodically turn the product for uniform drying.
Continue the process till the moisture is 2 - 3 percent. The yield is 51 - 52% by weight,
GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES:
Mint leaves
The dried mint powder is used in food preparation and for medicinal and cosmetic applications. It is used extensively to flavour foods. The initial moisture content of mint was about 85%. For preservation and to improve the storage conditions, the final:moisture content should be 4% or less and the yield is 17% by weight,
Proceess: Matured mint leaves are washed and balanched at 90 'c for 1 minute with addition of magnesium oxide to retain colour and nutritional values. It is then spread in a tray at a rate of 3 Kg/sqm. and dried in solar dryer for 12 hours. The dried leaves are then ground into powder and packed in a HDPE pouches of suitable thickness. The moisture content is reduced to less than 4% and the yield is 17%.
Curry leaves
Process: The matured curry leaves are taken out from the stem and washed. The washed curry leaves are blanched with magnesium oxide 0. 1% for 1 minute at 90'c and spread in a tray at a rate of 6 kg/sqm. After drying for 8 hours the leaves are ground into powder and packed in a HDPE pouches.
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Carrot
One of the vegetable products dried in Solar Dryer is Carrot in the form of cubes and shreds. The initial moisture content of Carrot was 86. 0 % and the final moisture content should be less then 4% for preservation and long shelf life. (Total yield is 15 — 18 percent of original weight).
"
Process: Generally large Carrots, high in solids but free from woody fiber carrots should be selected for dehydration. Clean/wash them, peel and slice into pieces or shreds. The sliced pieces are then blanched in 2% salt solution for 3 - 4 minutes at 93 c. Then soak them in 2% starch solution for 15 minutes. The blanched Carrots are then dried in trays in solar dryer. The time taken to reach 4 percent moisture content is 10 — 12 hours on good sunny day (I -1" days). After removing from the dryer, the dehydrated Carrots are packed and sealed in
high density polyethylene pouches.
These are few examples of drying procedures of vegetables, spices and fruits. By intensive research and by the cooperation of food processing technologies, we standardized the drying techniques in our solar dryers.
The rural women, including tribal women can carry all these operations easily with
products grown in their'villages, thus involving in modern food processing technology,
QUALITYPRODUCT
The pilot production of mango bar/jelly in the solar dryer has given an excellent quality product. It is not only hygienically processed but also saved of drying time over open sun
drying.
Sensory evaluation tests were conducted at P. O. Center of Home Science, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad on three samples including our sample from different processing methods.
Table - 3: Sensory Evaluation of Mango Bar samples
5 points formula
Samples of Mango Bars
Colour Appearance Texture Taste Flavor Overall Acceptability
1. Open sun Drying
2. Solar drying
3. Electrical
Tunnel drying
2. 42
4. 50
2. 75
4. 50
4. 25
4, 00
4. 5
4. 67
4. 58
4. 42
3. 25
3. 83
3. 17
3. 17
3. 92
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lt is seen from the table-3 that solar dried sample is, superior one and got highest score for overall acceptability
7. 100 SOLAR DRYERS INSTALLATION
The technology has good response from various quarters ihcluding Government agencies and private entrepreneurs.
50 commercial model solar dryers are installed for processing of mango bar, leafy vegetable powders in Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Tamilnadu, Kerala, Orissa, Andaman, and West Bengal. And more about 50 commercial model solar dryers are being installed. These units are backed up with after sales services, training programmes and technical know how of processing from
DRDA-VELUGU, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh has procured 25nos. of commercial model solar dryers SDM-50 and 25nos of Demonstration model dryers for self-groups. These dryers are in and around Vijayawada
50 Demonstration model solar dryers-SDM-8 are sold to various organizations (NGOs and Government agencies). These dryers are for the purpose of demonstration, research, and development.
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DEHYDRATION OF FOREST PRODUCE
INTRODUCTION:
With advent of Solar Powered Solar Air Dryer invention by Society for Energy, Environment and Development (SEED), dehydration of vegetables, fruits, forest produce, spices, medicinal and herbal products and many other products has become more practical and realistic. The investment and expenditure for small scale production will be minimal as the technology does not require any fuel/power.
Gum Karaya, Sugandhapala, Mango, Pepper, Ginger are the income generating items for livelihood of tribals,
The lush forests and hills are lovely homes for tribals, who lead a simple life in harmony with nature. There is a rich variety of produce available in these remote forests. The products like Gum Karaya, Sugandapala, Mango etc provide income generation and help their livelihood.
Even though Girijan Cooperative Corporation (GCC) is helping the tribal people in
marketing their produce, the tribals lag behind in application of science and technology due to lack of education facilities. Advanced techniques of food processing and food processing of forest produce are not known to them.
Drying is a very" common method of processing of forest produce and occupies the major operation of many items, the tribals collect. Dehydration process in a scientific manner will not only fetch the higher income, but also enhances the shelf life of the products.
The forest produce can be categorized in to
i) Gums/ Resins/Starch items like Gum Karaya, Gum Oilbanurn, Gum Tiruman, Cleaning Nuts, Tamarind Seeds etc.
ii) Food items like Turmeric, Cashew, Honey, Dry Chil lies, various types of Beans etc,
iii) Body care and cleaning Cosmetic Items: Soapnuts, Sheekakai, etc.
iv) Oil Seeds: Neern, Kusum Seed, Niger Seed
v) Medicinal Items: Pippala Modi, Karakkayalu
vi) Medicinal Herbs: Vasa, Palasha, Pippali, Madukapami, Sugandapala, Aswagandha, Tippa Teega.
vii) Aromatic/ Health care: Tulasi, Honey, Kumari, Sarpagandha etc. viii) Others: Adda Leaves, Marking Nuts, Annatto Seed etc.
ix) Spices: Mango, Gi iger, Pepper, etc.
x) Fruits: Mango {both green and ripe), Amia, Pineapple, instant apple
xi) Honey
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IDENTIFICATION OF FOOD ITEMS FOR SOLAR DEHYDRATION PROCESS:
Many of the items mentioned above have greater demand in export market, lt is
every body's wish to consume any item processed under clean and hygienic conditions from health point of view, The process techniques followed by tribals are unscientific and unhygienic.
Some of the items that need immediate attention for solar processing are
i) Gumkarya
ii) Amia
iii) Sugandapala iv) Honey
v) Karakaya
vi) Mango (Amchur)
vii) Ginger
It is essential to examine how these items are dried and in what form they are traditionally processed. These items are sold thru Girijan Cooperative Corporation, All most all the items are dried in open sun and most of them without pretreatments and half dried i: form.
1, GUMKARAYA (Sterculia urens): lt is an edible gum obtained from trees. The annual production in Andhra Pradesh is 1000 tonnes and 10000 families are living on tapping this
gum all selling it to Girijan Cooperative Corporation in semi dried form by open sun drying. This gum is tapped from Tapasvi tree by giving cuts to the tree. Later the material is processed.
TAPASYI TREE
OPEN DRYING OF GUM
The moisture content in the gum is not totally removed by open sundrying. The gum is further dried in electrical dryers at GCC godowns. In open drying, the gum will attract the dirt and dust which is unhygienic since Further it is a slow process, the discoloration of white gum into dark brown colour, thhj the diffusion process. This result is poor quality gum which is sold at half the price of product to GCC at Rs. 50A per Kg while good quality will fetch Rs. 100-120 per Kg, The moisture is removed in electrical oven to approximation, This gum is tapped from the Thapasvi tree, cultivated in Srisailam, MahaboobNagar), Bhadrachalam (Khammam) Rampachodavaram (East Godavari) forest areas: This is available throughout year except in
rainy season.
1. Uses: The superior gum is used in Ice creams, Pharmaceuticals, food, textile, cosmetic Industries, paper, varnishes, inks, rubber, linoleum, oil clothes, paper coatings, polishes, in oil drlllings etc.
2. Amia (Emblica OfficmaJis): This fruit is abundantly available in the forests. The fresh fruit is used ~n pickles and in Ayurvedic medicines. The fruit in dried form is extensively used for hair oil and cosmetics. The dried fruit also soaked. in sugar syrup and is sold as Amala murba. In view of its great demand from Dabar Company's, the fruit is cultivated in horticulture gardens and hybrid varieties are also grown. The current drying practices are open sun drying.
3. Sugandapala (Hemidesmus Indlcus): This is available as tubers, It is root substitute for smilax SP (Sugandandhi Pala) demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, alexipharmic, in loss of appe tite and disinclination for food, fever, leucorrhea, skin diseases, syphilis, scorpion sting snake bite etc. The semidried raw material is sold by tribals for Rs. 10-15 at village level and affer processing it is solar for Rs. 70per kg in processing form in domestic and export market
Now a days, the dried roots in the form of flakes and powder is increasingly used as spice for enriching the tea flavour, Open sun drying is the practice followed in forest areas. The solar dryer will give final product to tribals with little training, thus gives high income.
4. Honey: The collection of honey is one of the important occupations for tribals. After collecting the honey, it is to be dried to moisture content of 19% and Hydro methyle furfural
(HMF) content from 25% for superior quality honey. Honey produced from forest flower is called forest honey.
In 2003, GCC procured 1, 00, 794 Kgs and 2004 it procured 1, 21akhs Kgs from Adilabad, Chittor, Cuddapah, Nellore, Srikakulam, East Godavari, Vizag, Vijayanagaram dists and sold. The procurement price from tribals is Rs. 80/-, GCC after processing it is Rs. I40/-
and the retail price is Rs. 180/-
Conventionally the honey is dried with heat after preliminary cleaning and drying in the open sun that is done by tnbal farmers. The moisture control of the honey, is done in the GCC with hot water circulated through a jacket surrounding the drum while honey is continuously stirred inside the drum at a temperature of 65'C to bring down the moisture content to 19%-22% from 25-30%. But due to heating over 35'C HMF will increase which is not desirable for superior quality honey.
Solar drying will give the desired results.
5. Anichur (Raw Mango dried powder/pieces): In forests, the mango trees are grown by themselves as wild trees. They are grown many years and yields many types of raw mangoes and fruits. Since they' are not of hybrid fruits and they are not meant for table fruits, the raw mangoes will go waste in summer season without utilization for processing because of having no knowledge of preservation and processing.
They can be gainfully commercialized by food processing technology by tribals. They I
could be processed in the form of powder, which is known as amchur and widely popular in
cooking and as substitute to tamarind. This process is greatly exploited in urban areas and Mango orchards. The raw mangoes are available plenty in forests without cost and value addition is to be done by solar drying.
6. Karkayalu (Myrobalans): This is produced in Andhra Pradesh forests. The annual pro- curement is 2000tones. This nut is extensively used in Ayurvedic medicines, tanning industry and good quality nuts for purification of water and in kalankari printing. The drying of these nuts takes a longer time by open sun drying and they are dryed in dusty atmosphere.
7. Ginger: This belongs to spices family and it is being cultivated in hilly areas of forests. Because favorable weather conditions, it is grown well and the crop is also. remuneration. This has great demand and it is cultivated in the plains too.
This is exported to other countries as a dried ginger or in powder form for cooking purposes. This has a wide export market.
Sun drying is not desirable as it collects dust and dirt from the open sun drying. The experimentation data of the above-mentioned products of processed forest produce is given in the table below.
76
The table clearly shows the possibility and feasibility of drying them in solar dryers in a cost effective way and with zero energy cost.
Sl. No
FOR 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 8.
Product
E S T PRODUCE
Karaya Gum
Kara kkaya
Sugandapala(Budipal Alovera Amia
Honey
Amchur powder
Ginger powder
Drying Time(hrs)
19 44. 5 26
6. 5 5. 5 ?
20
Yield(%)
30 47
26. 5 2. 8 32
91, 5
15
Ambient Temp.
35 29 29 33 31 39 31 31
Cabinet Temp.
58 44 62 49 50 65 60 50
77
COMMERCIALIZATION OF SOLAR DRYING TECHNOLOGIES
Sri. M. Sitaramaiah
Introduction:
Any commercial organization has to set certain objectives unto itself to be purposeful in the
areas it want to flourish. They cover
a) What is the Capital needed
b) How much time does it take to reach break-even level?
c) How much return can be expected
d) What could'be the replacement time for the basic assets utilized in the business?
e) In the ever-changing world, what steps are needed to function Economically?
f) How to estimate the increasing expenditure and how to meet them?
g) Who could be the competitors in the field of activity? How is their progress? And
what strategies are needed to be ahead of them?
Let us discuss some of these aspects in relation to the villages and village Economy since it is very backbone of the economic growth of our country. We know that the real assets of the country are the villages and the financial panning at the village level is sound, our country move forward economically with ease and confidence. If the village economy is not taken care of, there is no alternative for the villager except to desert the villages and literally convert them into deserts and migrate to. the towns; thus becoming. a burden to the urban economy at the cost of a disaster to the village economy,
It is very essential that the cultivator should concentrate on the agricultural activity send the products as raw material and food material to the cities and towns. It is more essential that village industries are encouraged so that semi-finished products in certain areas and finished products in some other areas can also be exported to the cities on one side and quality to control even to the other countries as well. If we accept this line of thinking, certain questions do crop Up.
SEED, Hyderabad
Some of them are
1)
2)
3)
What sort of tools is needed to start village industries?
Which raw material can be processed at that level?
How to train the people who have to involve in such activities?
4) How to market the products?
5) How to get the energy? Which even today is scare in rural areas and the cost is
exorbitant if the power is the energy to be used.
3)
4)
Let us find answers to these questions.
1} The tools to be used should be sturdy, easy to be operated and should
last longer. It should be possible to repair the tools then and there.
2) The raw material used should be that which should not get spoiled either
in transit or by retention for a reasonable period.
The processing should be simpie which a common villager can understand.
The village development organization and the Government should come forward to establish distribution agencies.
5) One cannot afford to use power as energy but prefer solar energy both from the cost factor. and availability. factor.
The best answer for this is the SOLAR DRYER developed by Society for Energy, Environment and Development (SEED) under the leadership of Prof. M. Ramakrishna Rao. It would be shocking to leam that nearly 30% to 40% of the fruits and vegetables grown in rural areas get spoiled either due to lack of transport, lack of storage facilities or abundance of production. If
only the excess can be stored and processed properly there is an automatic activity and employment at the village level and excellent returns as well.
79
MOVING AHEAD
Panel Discussions on Developing a Training Curriculum Development
Moderator— Mr. Sriram Raju
Panelists— Dr. Vithal Rajan
Sri. C. S. Y. S. Rao
Sri. Sharad Saxena
Sri. Syed Zaheed
Dr. M. Ramakrishna Rao
Sri. Deepak Ghadia
80
MOVING 4HEAD
Mr. $rlrama Raju
This State level consultation meet organized today, 17'" December 2004 is the first step of the Renewable Energy project being implemented by SRT Rural lnstiture 8 YES Campaign. The main focus of this meet is to build the capacity of the youth to be entrepreneurs in the . field of renewable energy and secondly to develop human resource for efficient implementation of the renewable energy programmes.
To identify manpower requirement in the areas-
Research 5 Development Design of systems Manufacturing of products Publicity 8 Awareness activities Installation of systems Servicing of systems
To identify the skills for performing the above-mentioned activities at-
Scientists / Research Scholars Engineers Technicians Skilled worker Semi skilled workers Helpers
To design training courses with appropriate curriculum and develop manpower to bridge the activities.
To identify the institutes for conducting these training courses.
To develop the infrastructure facilities required for the training programmes.
To identify the faculty and expert resource persons for efficient training and develop the best Human resources.
The present infrastructure facilities are being established at SRT Rural Institute, with the funding from UNIDO.
Hyderabad is the centre for-
~ R 8D Institutes like BHEL RBD, Electronic Testing 8 Developing Centres (ETDC).
~ Good SPV Manufacturing units with capacity to produce best quality components to meet international standards. To facilitate the trainees to Visit and have first hand knowledge about manufacturing processes and machinery,
~ Best resource persons with enormous experience and technical knowledge will
benefit the trainees. Invited speakers shalt appraise the trainees about the best manufacturing units and the latest renovations available.
~ Reputed NGO's are promoting these technologies at grass root levels.
The Role of Stakeholders
~ MNES: Issue of policy guidelines, Central Financial Assistance provisions, technical specifications for the devices.
IRDEA: Promoting business development activities, financing for the project.
~ State Nodal Agencies (SNAs): preparation of project reports for different locations, organizing awareness progammes, identifying sources of supply, streamling identifying NGO'S, SHGs, entrepreneurs to involve in project implementation, organizing trainers/ training prograrnmes, and monitoring project implementation.
~ NGOs Assist consultants in field survey, identify youth for involving them in
various field level activities, organize awareness programmes, organize training
progammes to local youth, conduct impact studies.
~ Self Help Groups: Select suitable gadgets for each house-. hold, organize group meeting and explain about the renewable energy devices suitability, coordinate in
mobilization of financial contributions from individual group members and also liaison with Financial Institutions for getting soft loans; Andhra Pradesh has a well- organized set up of SHGs. To maintain independent bank accounts and each member contributes one rupee per day for this deposit. The government supports with a matching grant for their account. SHGs use the reserves in their account to purchase some of the required equipment. They treat withdrawal as a loan to be repaid and their account thereby functions as revolving capital.
Entrepreneurs: Get trained in all the maintenance and operations of renewable energy gadgets, establish service centers for attending to the servicing of these systems, keep stock of good quality spare parts whenever required, enter into maintenance contracts, coordinate with the SHGs and other agencies in supply of raw — material and collection of processed material in activities relating to food processing using solar driers, marketing of processed products tike Mango bars, leaf powder ginger powder etc, and forest produce like Gumkariya, Arnchoor and medicinal plants.
82
YES Academy Office at Hyderabad shall coordinate the activities. Making use of these infrastructure facilities and upgrading the facilities from time to time, the Renewable energy technologies centre can be promoted to achieve the YES Campaign objectives of 6ES.
These goals can be achieved by bringing together all stakeholders, conducive policies from central 8 state Governments and involving the rural development, rural electricity corporations social welfare and tribal welfare departments to adopt these green energy technologies for improving the standard of living and also creating employment opportunities.
Panel Discussions on Training Curriculum Development
Dr. Vithal Rajan, Chairman, Governing body of Confederation of Voluntary Associations, suggested that training may be done in phases focusing on these four areas.
& Training to disseminate information and create awareness in rural
communities.
& Training in maintenance of the Renewable Energy equipments installed in the villages.
On the job education / capacity building on service and maintenance leading to effective maintanance monitoring 8 inspection of Renewable Energy equipment with replacement of parts once in three months.
Up gradation of the technology by replacing the old, Renewable Energy equipment with the upgraded systems from the market. The old Renewable Energy equipment may be utilized at new location where Renewable Energy Technology is not yet introduced.
'
He also suggested training of Self Help Group's in assembly of Renewable Energy equipments and training of youth groups in developing business enterprises -of small
components used in the Renewable Energy equipments.
Sri. C. S. Y. S Rao, MD of Photon Energy Systems, also proposed the same points about the training. of man power for manufacture and maintenance of Renewable Energy equipments/Systems.
He further suggested training in establishing centralized charging facility for Photo voltaic lanterns so that these lanterns may be rented within their community for usage. He stressed on the National aspect of the training programme rather than restricting to our state.
Sri. Sharad Saxena, CEO, Photon Energy Systems, elaborated on the role of enterprise development programme(EDP) training to be an important part of the training curriculum.
Connecting of the trained youth to financial institutions and industries to be given
importance. He suggested the formation of the Battery Banks as enterprises at the village level. These battery banks may provide minor services of -Voltage Checking, Fitting, Soldering and Plumbing.
83
His proposal of taking into consideration the requirements of the Renewable Energy equipment manufacturers. In the training curriculum was appreciated by all present. These trained youth will immediately be—
Absorbed by the Renewable Energy Industry
They shall service and maintained the equipment at grass root. level thus increasing credibility of the manufacturers.
They shall also market the equipments for the manufacturers.
He emphasized on the availability of the facilities for Module Production and Lantern production in Renewable Energy establishment at SRT RURAL INSTITUTE.
Sri. Syed Zaheed, a young entrepreneur running a Adtiya Solar shop at Prakasham District informed to the participants about the difficulties faced by the rural community in lack of maintenance of the installed Renewable Energy Equipments. The villagers lost the trust in
the Renewable Energy Equipment due to this. He stressed on the training of youth to disseminate knowledge and correct information about Renewable Energy Products. due to lack of prompt after sales services S. P. V technologies are not getting popularized
Dr. M. Ramakrishnh Rao, General Secty, SEED, focused on training of the SHG's for food processing which kill help to get absorbed in the service and commercial sectors, The tribals will be able to double their income by being trained in this technology for the forest produce. like gumkaraya, amia, amchur which are available in this areas and get value addition. He informed the audience about the curriculum on drying technologies already available with their organization. The curriculum aims at a food certificate for export for the trainees.
Sri. Deepak Ghadia, Ghadia Solar Energy Systems Pvt Ltd, concluded the discussion by summarized the points under SWOT analysis-
Strengthen the field of Renewable Energy Technology to reach out to the world by - disseminatiori of Renewable Energy information.
Our Weakness lies in the lack of awareness in this technology.
Opportunities galore in this sector for enterprise development as well as employment in marketing installation and maintenance.
Threat- as China is already moving fast into the field of Renewable Energy products, we need to accelerate our work.
Mr. Srinivas Murthy, Deputy Manager, Bharath Electronics Limited, submitted a training
module on after sale support and stressed on the need of Private sector and NGO's to jointly fund youth enterprises to have Visible impact in this field.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Energy and Water are the most important challenges facing India and other countries the
world over during this century. Energy is an engine for growth and is linked with all aspects
of development, poverty alleviation and improvement of quality of life. Rural development
can be attained by meeting the energy access challenge with a focus on harnessing
renewable energy sources by promoting local energy entrepreneurs, generating locai.
employment, enhancing local purchasing power, empowering local communities especially
youth, establishing financial mechanisms and strengthening policies and regulatory systems
to expand
The general consensus that emerged during the session was—
k Awareness to. be increased regarding entrepreneurship and enterprise development c'
prospects in renewable energy as an option for self-sustenance among youth at rural
-levels through effective coordination between all the. stakeholders by networking with
key players in the field of renewable energy. Establish connectivity through an
appropriate communication strategy between urban and rural India so as to bridge
the gap. Interaction and linkage of youth entrepreneurs with other stakeholders has
to be established.
k' One important constraint in renewable energy is the lack of trained /skilled
manpower to manage equipment and appliances. Training and Capacity building has
to receive attention in our policies and programmes A hands on training in installation
and maintenance of the Renewable Energy equipment is a must in the training
curriculum. The curriculum should have a session on information about upgraded
Renewable Energy Technologies available in the market today.
Entrepreneurship Development Program to be a part of the training curriculum.
Most of the entrepreneurial endeavors in Renewable Energy sector are donor driven
which raises serious concerns regarding the sustainability of the projects once the
grant ceases to exist. The main barriers in popularizing the concept of renewable 85
energy enterprises seem to be the high upfront costs in the rural scenario due to lack
of basic infrastructure such as transport, communication, skilled personnel, etc. If the
eriergy supply is made more profitable, more suppliers will enter the market, thereby—
meeting the growing demand. This trend is likely to bring down the price. They have
to focus on removing constraints to the exploitation of Renewable Energy.
Private sector participation is essential if renewable energy has to make an impact
on the youth enterprises, Firstly, the needs of the manufacturing units have to be
incorporated in the training modules. Secondly a direct linkage for employment at the
end of the training should be established. Private sector would be vital as it would
provide technical support and help design business plans.
Youth entrepreneurship ventures need follow-up support to make the business
sustainable. This support has to be from all stakeholders, micro credit organizations.
At rural levels Community or Panchayats should plan and implement projects !'
through the village youth.
Efforts should be made towards motivating and driving the youth to take up the new
challenges of renewable energy enterprise development .
YES Networks implementing organizations of YES Campaign play a major role in
' this field. YES Campaign has a strategy comprising of codifications of best practices
and dissemination of the same through YES Networks. Success stories from other
YES Networks are to be a part of the-Curriculum so as to motivate youth towards
enterprise development leading to self-reliance. All capacity. . builders could be
centrally linked to an R&D center, which informs about technology up gradations.
Various youth organizations apart from YES networks will need to be organized into
mobile user groups who will form the nucleus for capacity building and awareness
initiatives. Technical institutes at district levels may be used for partnership where
renewable energy training can be imparted, SRT Rural Institute and YES campaign
is an example of this.
86
Access to finance seems to be the main constraint for the renewable energy market
development. There has to be a direct connection between the funding agency and
the producers of energy. integrated strategies may be developed by partnering with
MarIufacturers, NGO's and Funding Agencies to implement Renewable Energy . '. 1
initiatives for sustainable livelihoods for youth.
Benefits and advantages of entrepreneurship and enterprise development should be
incorporated in the education curricula.
Policy makers have to be active and innovative in providing appropriate institutional
framework with a focus on removing restrictions and allowing free funds only then
Development avenues that provide Job opportunities will grow on a sustainable basis
Incentives must be given to youth for technology development and for efforts aiming
at development of masses.
To initiate pilot projects with identified villages in Andhra Pradesh to replicate models
like Smokeless village of Bysanivaripalle in Chittor district and SPV lanterns in
Karimnagar, Arith financial support as well as guidance,
There is a need to repackage the renewable energies choices at the prices that
provide power at the option and affordable level. of. the local user.
87
~tk nfl«::
Inauguration by Hon Minster for Rural Development From Right: Mr. D. Srinivas, Won. Minister, Rural Development Prof. M. N. Reddy, Chairman, SRT RURAL INSTITUTE Mr. MA Kareem ED, Panchayath Raj Mr. D. Srinivas, Hon. Minister, Rural Development Mr. P. K Joseph, Reg. Coordinator, YES Campaign, EDC Mrs. A. Akheel, Project Coordinator, YES Campaign, EDC Inaugural Address by Prof. M. N. Reddy, Chairman, SRTRI
!«
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9
l&yj' j) ,
'. I'«!, :;, : ««;:;!! I!t!!!a«i!! fm'pf«jiiibit:8« """ '8 . -VNIIIOI~&~I~
Panel Discussion on Curriculum Development: From Left:
Dr. Vithal Rajan, Member, Governing body of COVA Sri. C. S. Y. S. Rao, MD, Photon Energy Systems Sri. Sharad Saxena, CEO, Photon Energy Systems Sri. Syed Zaheed, Youth Entrepreneur, Adithya Solar Shop Dr. M. Ramakrishna Rao, General Secretary, SEED Sri. Deepak Ghadia, MD, Ghadia Solar Energy Systems Pvt Ltd
88
Annexure -I
SOLAR ENERGY"IN INDIA - BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
India has large potential for Renewable Energy (RE), an estimated aggregate of over 100, 000 MW. ln addition, the scope for generating power and thermal application using Solar Energy (since most parts of the country receive sunlight almost throughout the year) is huge. However, only a fraction of the aggregate potential in renewable, and particularly solar energy, has been utilized so far.
The current focus in the RE sector is to accelerate commercialization of various technologies and ensure wide scale application of renewable energy sources in the vast rural areas of India. Encouraging results is being observed due to application of the present policy, , "
The indian Renewable Energy Program covers all major Renewable Energy Sources of interest-to us such as Biogas, Improved Cooking Stoves, Biomass, Solar Energy, Wind Energy, and Small hydro. About 3000 MW of renewable power generation capacity has been set up in the country. Today, india has the largest decentralized solar energy programme in the world. A substantial manufacturing base has been created in the field of solar energy both solar Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal. However, much more could be done in this area, A massive employment generation programme (may be for 1 million youths) could be launched in the country particularly keeping in view the Government . commitment to provide electricity to all by the year 2012. We should remember that half a billion people in our country do not have electricity and Solar Energy especially Solar Photovoltaic can play a major role in respect of providing electricity to them.
Project Opportunities in Renewable Energy
The projects that can be implemented using RET's can address one or more of the following areas:
~ Rural house-hold electrification Solar home systems, small-scale wind and family-sized hydropower schemes can
. provide electricity for lighting and low power appliances such as a radio or a cooling fan. Families can also use portable solar lanterns with a fluorescent lamp, which provides better lighting than kerosene lamps or candles.
~ Energy for Education and Health Health centers can use solar photovoltaic (PV) or wind power to generate electricity for the refrigeration of medical supplies, lighting, equipment sterilization and telecommunications. Affordable clean energy supports better education. Basic facilities such as lighting, computers and audio-visual equipment can make a huge difference in schools that previously had unreliable, little or no power.
Source: Indian Perspective, YFS Campaign publication
9l
~ Grid feeding/Isolated minigrids
Wind farms, small-scale hydropower, biomass, geothermal and other renewable
energy technologies are cheaper than conventional alternatives in many
situations. These renewable technologies can be connected either to small local
mini grids or to a national grid for demand side management and peak shaving
options.
~ Water Rural communities can use solar photovoltaic or wind powered equipment to
pump water for drinking, livestock and in some cases irrigation. Renewable
energy can also power water purification systems to make clean drinking water.
~ Cooking Biomass (such as wood, straw and animal dung) and biogas (principally methane
from composting) provide the cheapest option for cooking in many rural areas and some rural communities are successfully using solar cookers. Millions of households now use improved cook stoves, which consume much less fuel.
~ Agricultural and Commercial Small-scale hydropower provides direct mechanical power for processing agricultural crops such as grains. Water mills are still an important part of many
rural economies. Solar photovoltaic systems can support income-generating
applications such as evening lighting in shops and charging batteries for local
people. Solar drying plays an important role in rural agro processing. Solar water
distillation is of growing importance, particularly in places where global warming is
exacerbating the problem of sea water contaminating fresh water supplies,
SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC
India receives about 300 clear sunny days in a year. This is equal to over 5, 000 trillion kwh/year, which is far more than the total energy consumption of the country in a year. The daily average solar energy incident over India varies from 4-7 kwh/m2 depending
upon location. The solar energy can be directly converted into electricity through solar photovoltaic cell. The history takes us back over 150 years where, in "1839, Edmund
Bacquerel observed that 'electrical currents arose from certain light-induced chemical reaction'. The development of the first solid state devices in the late forties. then paved the
way to the announcement of a Silicon Solar Celt with 6 percent efficiency (1954) - the first
usable Solar Cell. Solar Cell did not have to wait long to find application. The year 1958 witnessed the launch of Vanguard 1, the first satellite to use electricity from the Sun. Today, the direct conversion of light into electricity, on photovoltaic, is becoming accepted as an
important form of power generation.
Employment Opportunity
The photovoltaic is now being used at large scale for the interest of the common
people, SPV systems have found applications from households, agriculture,
telecommunications, defense and railways among others. In the last two decades, the cost of PV has gone down by more than 10 times, increasing accessibility for dispersed rural
application. At the same time, the cost of diesel and kerosene oil has gone up by rri'or'e than
10 times, Costs of PV are expected to reduce further thus creating more potential. It is in
this context; that Solar PV street lighting systems and Solar Power Plants are becoming popular day by day, The demand is increasing. It is estimated that India alone wi[I need 100, 000 Solar Home Lighting Systems every year from 2004. In addition, requirements of solar streetlights, solar lanterns etc, are also huge. Along with the supply of the system there will be also a huge demand of manpower in the service sector for maintenance of the systems.
The cost of 100, 000 Solar Home Lighting Systems alone works out to be Rs. 150 crores. '. If we consider other items, the business opportunity in this sector will cross Rs. 300 crores every year. In the service sector also there will be a substantial fund flow now from
the user side. In view of positive impact on environment and also in view of the fact that
village electrification is asocial responsibility, IVINES Govt. of India provides subsidy to the Solar PV programme. The level of subsidy varies from 50 percent to 75 percent. In the light
of the above, all over India a major programme has been launched by all the State Nodal
Agencies to promote Solar Horne Lighting Systems, Solar Lanterns, Solar Street Lights and Small Power Plants. Obviously, a huge business opportunity is likely to be created. In the State of West Bengal already more than 25 small units have been. set up in. the areas, of manufacturing-of solar PV devices for domestic uses and side-by-side. more than one 1000 micro level entrepreneurs are working in the field for installation and, servicing of Soiar Photovoltaic Devices. However, a conductive State Policy is required to be introduced to attract more rural youth to do business in the renewable energy service sector.
93
Annexure-II
RESOURCES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
At the global level, over 85 % of the energy production from renewable energy takes place in the industrialized countries. This does appear as a somewhat inconsistent situation, considering that developing countries have a much larger potential for renewable like wind, biomass, hydrotidal and solar energy than industrialized countries. What prevents the adoption of such renewable in developing countries is the lack of resources. The skills and capacities that play a crucial role in the implementation of Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) include:
Financial: Availability of funds through credit schemes is one of the essential resources for implementatio'n of RETs. Micro credit schemes for renewable energy have been initiated in
quite a few instances in the past, Renewable energy projects of multilateral and bilateral donors assist in developing related markets in developing countries. , However, attention must be paid to the sustainability and repllcability of these projects. The implementation of the Kyoto flexibility mechanisms like Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) could represent a strong incentive for further mobilization of private capital for renewable energy projects in
developing countriqs. Tax relief, concessionary grants and subsidies are important resources in those developing countries that can afford these measures.
institutional: Renewable energy has to be integrated into energy policies. Energy markets should be opened to provide Independent Power Producers (IPPs) with the possibility to invest in such power projects. There also have to be clear legal guidelines for the production and feed-in of electricity from renewable. energy sources, in order to create security for private sector investment. Whenever possible, these projects should, be given preference over conventional energy projects. Renewable energy can play a major role; especially in the context of rural electrification, NGOs, businesses, or government agencies that promote renewable energy constitute an important resource. Examples inciude the India Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) and the Indian Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES), the Centre for the Development of Renewable Energies (CDER) in Morocco, the Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association (CREIA), and the Egyptian New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA). Diffusion of renewable energy also depends on functioning markets.
Technological: Technological resources are generally difficult to create through human intervention. Solar insulation, wind regimes, availability of biomass or water at a given location are some factors which cannot be influenced through government policy. However, the technological potential of renewable energies in developing countries is very high. Effective technical and quality standards for such technologies are needed and govemrnents and the private sector play a major role in defining them. Renewable energy technologies should also be adapted to match the needs and the socio-cultural backgrounds of useis.
Source: Promoting Entrepreneurshipin Renewable Energy, YES Campaign publication
94
~ Supportive: Other supportive resources required include a population that is aware and informed about the benefits and risks of renewable energy technology, a private sector that has access to adequate information on the market potential, skilled technicians, and a government that is open to the utilization of renewable energy in the context of its energy policy. These conditions can be created through information campaigns, and through lobbying by NGOs and renewable energy business associations. Organizations that provide related consultancy and advice also play an'important role. Integration of RETs into the national education system and the promotion of scientific studies which measure the potential for renewable energy will accelerate implementation of such technology.
Role of Policy Makers and Private Sector Most of the barriers for implementation and commercialization of renewable energy
technologies can be overcome through well-designed and effectively implemented public policies, including research, development and demonstration, financing and financial incentives, pricing and market reform, voluntary agreements, regulations and market obligations, information dissemination and training, procurement initiatives, capacity building, planning techniques, etc. A combination of policies is often needed to overcome the barriers to greater renewable energy use in any location, Based on the various case studies and experiences, the following initiatives have been envisaged for policy makers and the private sector in promoting RETs:
~ High-level government commitment for sustaining policies and prograrnmes in the long term wherein'such support will also provide legitimacy for new technologies and encourage investment from the private sector.
involvement of the private sector in production, marketing and adoption of RETs, creating a market environment for innovation and competition.
~ Transformation of markets, integrating policies into market transformation strategies.
Keeping the policies in place for a decade or more in order to ensure market development, and revising and updating policies as appropriate.
~ Pricing of energy in ways that stimulate greater adoption of renewable.
Taxing fossil fuels, based on their adverse environmental and social impact, with some of the tax revenues supporting RETs.
~ Enacting regulations or market obligations to stimulate widespread adoption of RETs.
~ Providing education and training to increase awareness and improve know-how related to RETs.
~ Capacities building in public sector to implement effective policies and programmes, and train and support the businesses that manufacture, market, install and service RE systems.
Technical and Financial Support in RE Sector
Technical Support
Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
The Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH is an international cooperation enterprise for sustainable development with worldwide operations. It provides viable, forward-looking solutions for political, economic, ecological and social development in a globalised world. GTZ promotes complex reforms and change processes, often working under difficult conditions. Its corporate objective is to improve people's living
conditions on a sustainable basis. The development projects supported by GTZ cover a wide spectrum of thematic areas and tasks, Within the framework of international
cooperation, GTZ undertakes technical cooperation tasks. GTZ's work encompasses not only
the dissemination of technical knowledge, but also the transfer of organisational and business- related know-how.
The International Solar Energy Society (ISES)
ISES is a multi-faceted, global membership organisation. With its long history, and the extensive technical and scientific expertise provided by its members, the Society is a modern, future-oriented NGO. ISES has been serving the needs of the renewable energy community since its founding in 1954. A UN-accredited NGO with a presence in more than 50 countries, the Society supports its members in the advancement of renewable energy technology, implementation and education all over the world.
Membership of ISES gives a broad spectrum of services, activities, networks and support mechanisms. A tailored package of professional services is enhanced by global interaction, rapid access to information, concrete projects and a community of like-minded individuals. Reaching out to all areas of sustainability and energy supply, ISES contributes to sustainable development, a safe environment, scientific responsibility and economic prosperity.
ISES aims to: ~ Encourage the use and acceptance of RETs. ~ Nurture a global community of industry, individuals and institutions in support of
renewable energy.
~ Create International structures to facilitate cooperation and exchange.
~ Build and distribute publications for various target groups to support the dissemination of RETs.
~ Bring together industry, science and politics at workshops, conferences and summits on renewable energy.
~ Advise governments and organisations in policy, implementation and sustainability of renewable energy activities worldwide.
96
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI): The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) is a dynamic and flexible organisation
with a global vision;and a local focus. It was established in 1974. A unique developing- country institution, TERI is deeply committed to every aspect of sustainable development. From providing environment-friendly solutions to rural energy problems to helping shape
. the development of the Indian oil and gas sector, from tackling global climate change issues across many continents to enhancing forest conservation efforts among local communities, from advancing solutions to growing urban transport and air pollution problems to promoting energy efficiency in the indian industry, the emphasis has always been on finding innovative solutions to make the world a better place to live in,
United Nations Industrial Organisation (UNIDO):
The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) helps developing countries and countries with economies in transition in their fight against marginalisation in today's globalised world. It mobilises knowledge, skills, information and technology to promote productive employment, a competitive economy and a sound environment. UNIDO generates and disseminates knowledge relating to industrial matters and provides a platform for the various actors in the public and private sectors, civil society organisations and the policy- making community in general to enhance cooperation, establish dialogue and develop partnerships in order to address the challenges ahead. UNIDO designs, and . implements programmes to support the industrial development efforts of its Clients. It also offers tailor-made specialised support for programme development. During 2003, UNIDO's technical cooperation programmes and projects totalled some US$94. 6 million. New project approvals in 2003 amounted to about US$844 million. Technical cooperation is funded mainly through voluntary contributions from donor countries and institutions, as well as:by the United Nations Development Programme, the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol, the Global Environment Facility and the Common Fund for Commodities. Under its new approach, where integrated programmes are the main instrument for the delivery of technical cooperation, 51 programmes are in
place and most are in operation. Of'the US$146. 7 million already committed, 40% has been allocated to Africa, 20% to the Arab region and 40% to central and eastern Europe, Asia and Latin America.
FUNDING SUPPORT
Basel Agency for Sustainable Energy (BASE):
BASE is a non-profit foundation and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) collaborating centre, which aims to mobilise investment in energy efficiency and renewable energy. BASE helps to build strategic partnerships between entrepreneurs and investors to finance sustainable energy in developing and industrialised countries. The services of BASE include:
~ Serves as an information clearinghouse and communication centre in the field of financing sustainable energy,
~ Acts as an independent broker to help project developers access funding and help investors identify profitable investment opportunities.
~ Provides a platform for entrepreneurs and investors to build partnerships.
~ Promotes innovative financing instruments.
~ Develops practical tools to facilitate investment in sustainable energy
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Photovoltaic Market Transformation initiative (PVMTI)
The Photovoltaic Market Transformation Initiative (PVMTI) is an initiative of the International Finance Corporation and the Global Environment Facility, which aims to promote the sustainable commercialization of PV technology in the developing world by providirig'eexamples of successful and replicable business models that can be financed on a--'-"
commercial basis. Since its launch in June 1998, PVMTI has committed more than US$19 million to nine projects in India, Kenya and Morocco and is in the process of finalizing
additional projects for the remaining US$6 million available.
The PV market in India is characterized by:
~ An unacceptably high incidence of system failure in the field;
~ Inadequate marketing, distribution, customer support and after sales service, attributable to private sector markets being suppressed by subsidy programmes; A
general lack of consumer awareness of PV technology and its benefits;
~ Dependence on end-user subsidy;
~ Underdeveloped availability of consumer finance, which is crucial to make solar home systems affordable.
The PVMTI programme aims to build up financing, distribution and service capability of the PV systems. This will be achieved through the provision of finance for sustainable and
replicable commercial business models, the financing of business plans with commercial loans
at below-market terms or with partial guarantees or equity instruments, and the provision of technical assistance to PV businesses on planning, financing operations and technology. The cost of the action is 30m USD, of which USD 15m are intended for investment in India.
Triodos Renewable Energy for Development Fund (TREDF)
Tnodos Renewable Energy for Development Fund provides finance and business development support, to promote accessibility of energy in developing. countries. The Fund
focuses on renewable solutions with the ultimate objective to contribute to the quality of life of the poor, while simultaneously working at a cleaner world. The Fund can serve entrepreneurs who provide renewable energy solutions to unelectrified communities, for
instance in rural areas. Funding is also provided to institutions that provide finance to the end-
users, for instance solar home systems.
The Fund finances businesses that distribute and/or use the following technologies:
~ Solar (photovoltaic and thermal) systems
~ Small-scale wind turbines
~ Biomass ~ Small-scale hydro
~ Hybrid technology solutions
The Fund finances the following types of organisations and companies:
~ Financial institutions, such as micro finance institutions and lease companies that provide
finance to end-users, for example for solar home systems.
~ Trade channels: finance to allow local manufacturers and importers/wholesalers to
finance their purchase of components and renewable energy equipment.
~ Distributors and retailers who distribute energy services or sell (renewable energy) equipment to end-users, for instance through networks of local agents.
~ Project developers who focus on bringing power production capacity to underserved and/or off grid areas
Department for International Development (DFID):
The Department for International Development (DFID), UK was established in 1997, as the successor to the Overseas Development Administration, previously part of the Foreign 8
Commonwealth Office (FCO). DFID's overall aim is to reduce global poverty and promote . sustainable development, in particular through achieving the Millennium Development Goals. DFID's assistance is concentrated in the poorest countries of sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, but
a'iso contributes to poverty reduction and sustainable development in middle-income
countries, including Pose in Latin America and Eastern Europe. DFID works in partnership
with governments committed to the Millennium Development Goals, with civil society, the private sector and the research community. It also works with multilateral institutions,
induding the World Bank, United Nations agencies, and the'European Commission,
Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP):
The Global -Village Energy Partnership brings together developing and -industrialised
country governments, public and private organisations, multilateral institutions, consumers and others in an effort to ensure access to modem energy services by the poor.
Through networking it aims to help reduce poverty and enhance economic and social development for millions around the world. Its work is phased out into a 10-year
"implementation based" programme. The Partnership's objectives are to:
Catalyse country commitments to village energy programmes and guide policies ;, and investment in this area.
~ Bridge the gap between investors, entrepreneurs and energy users in the design, installation and operation of replicable energy poverty projects.
~ Facilitate policy and market regulatory frameworks to scale up the availability of energy services.
~ Serve as a marketplace for information and best practices on the effective development and implementation of energy-poverty projects i programmes.
The Global Village Energy Partnership builds on existing experience and adds value to the work of its individual partners. The Partnership will help achieve the internationally recognised Millennium Development Goals. It will also address gender issues in order to reduce health and environmental hazards and increase social and economic welfare,
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): UNDP helps countries strengthen their capacity to address challenges in the energy
and environment sectors at global, national and community levels, identifying and sharing best practices, providing innovative policy advice and linking partners through pilot projects that help poor people build sustainable livelihoods.
UNDP's Energy and Environment Practice works in six priority areas:
~ Frameworks and strategies for sustainable development. ~ Effective water governance ~ Access to sustainable energy services ~ Sustainable land management to combat desertification and land degradation ~ Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity ~ National/Sectoral policy and planning to control emissions of ODS and POPs
Infrastructure for Renewable Energy Development
Although ene'rgy can contribute to sustainable development, its performance in this respect will depend on many factors, which include attitudes and behavior, information and technologies, the availability of finance and supporting institutions, and, in particular, policies and policy frameworks that encourage change in the desired direction. The broad strategies for encouraging sustainable energy systems are straightforward. But achieving them will require, wide acknowledgement of the challenges and stronger commitment to specific policies. The strategies are largely aimed at harnessing market efficiencies to the goal of sustainable development and using additional measures to speed up innovation, overcome obstacles and market imperfections, and protect important public benefits. An energy system comprises an energy supply sector and the end-use technology needed to provide energy services.
The energy supply sector involves complex processes for extracting energy resources (such as coal or oil), for converting these into more desirable and suitable forms of energy (such as electricity or gasoline), and for delivering energy to places where demand exists. The end-use part of the system transforms this energy into energy services (such as . illumination or mobility). Energy services are the result of a combination of technology, infrastructure (capital), labour (know-how), materials, and energy carriers.
The structure and size of the energy system are driven by the demand for energy services. Energy services, in turn, are determined by driving forces, induding;
~ Economic structure, economic activity, income levels and distribution, access to capital, relative prices, and market conditions.
~ Demographics such as population, age distribution, labour force participation rate, family sizes, and degree of urbanization.
~ Geography, including climatic conditions and distances between major metropolitan
centres.
~ Technology base, age of existing infrastructure, level of innovation, access to research and development, technical skills, and technology diffusion.
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~ Natural resource endowment and access to indigenous energy resources.
~ Lifestyles, settlement patterns, mobility, individual and social preferences, and cultural
mores.
~ Policy factors that influence economic trends, energy, the environment, standards and codes, subsidies, and social welfare.
~ Laws, institutions, and regulations.
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Annexure-III
PROJECTS tN THE NEWS
Central aid for providing solar energy to villages
The Hindu Business Line, 26 April 2003
At present Andhra Pradesh has an installed capacity of 450 MW of alternate energy sources, the Minister for Power, Coal and Boilers, Mr K Subba Rayudu said, while
inaugurating a two-day National Workshop on Solar Drying Technologies and their
Applications in india, organized by the Society for Energy, Environment and Development,
The Minister said promotion of solar dryers, especially in the small-scale industries, which are involved in the processing of fruits, herbs, spices and various agricultural
products, for improving the quality aspects would be taken up on a large-scale. The MNES (Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources) has also decided to promote the use of solar drying in the country during the Tenth Plan. Commercial scale solar drying projects would
be eligible tor soft loans through the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency. Further, loans through banks to farmers and small enterprises who wish to acquire solar drying systems would be organized, the Minister of State fur Non-conventional Energy Sources, Mr. M. Kannappan said.
Solar-powered phone services in Andhra Pradesh
The Hindu, 11' June 2002
A combination of two technologies - solar power and SATs (very small aperture satellite systems) — is bringing the telephone to hundreds of villages in Andhra Pradesh. The pilot scheme of 1000 VSATs to wire villages of the Pederu district about 150 km from
Vishakhapatnam is being implemented by MCL Comnet, the telecom arm of the largest Indian IT company, using technology sourced from the Israel-based satellite. communication
leader, Gilat. The satellite terminals are mounted on poles with solar panels, batteries, and
lightning arresters. A full charge provides 72 hour backup.
SEED develops solar dryer to enhance shelf life of produce.
The Financial Press, Commodity Watch, 1' September 2001
To mitigate and bring down the dehydrating costs, Myderabad-based SEED (Society for Energy, Environment and Development) has developed a new kind of solar dryer,
Depending on the capacity, the solar dryer will cost between Rs. 14000 and Rs. 70000. This process of dehydration will enhance the shelf life of produce by about six months, Prof. M
Ramakrishna Rao of SEED said. The project was assisted by the UNDP, MNES sanctioned one demonstration project by granting subsidy to 50 no's of SDM-50 model driers.
Source: Tel Newswire, Library
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According to industry estimates, not even one per cent of agri-products exported use value-'added techniques such as that of dehydrating products, which have tremendous demand in unmarked countries like Europe, the Middle-East, and South East Asian
countries. 'In India, the conventional form of drying for removal of the moisture content in
any'of the produce is either by open drying under the sun or heating in large ovens, which
is not accepted by western countries due to unhygienic conditions, he explained. Solar powered solar drier designed and developed by Prof, Rao and having applied for a patent, the solar powered solar dryer is useful in retaining essences of harticultural products. The newly developed solar dryer has an electrical backup that allows its use even during the rainy season, when the processing of gum karaya, mushrooms, vegetables, sea foods takes place. [By B V Mahaiakshmi
Solar power, wind energy projects to generate 250 MW electricity
The Hindustan Times, 02 September 2001
In the late 1990s, Rajasthan faced a huge shortage of power. The problem was compounded by the fact that Rajasthan has almost negligible source of caal and gas, required for generation of power. That is when the government decided ta look at alternative sources of power generation. The first step in the direction of tapping alternative sources like wind energy and solar power for producing electricity was taken with the formulation of a policy for non-conventional energy sources. The resuits started trickling in
despite some initial hiccups.
In 2000, overcoming its inability to provide soft loans promised as incentive to entrepreneurs, the RSPCL, the government's corporate commercial arm for taking up non-
-conventional energy projects, succeeded in attracting IPPs for generating electricity fram
wind. After successfully installing wind energy generators in August 1999 on a trial basis at a demonstration farm in Jaisalmer, the RSPCL had invited bids from IPPs to generate 100 MW of electricity from winds in Barmer, Chittargarh, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, and Sikar Udaipur districts. The RSPCL is also planning a unique 140 MW power plant at Mathania in
Jodhpur. Though power is being generated ail over the world by harnessing solar and thermal power, this is for the first time that power would be generated by combining the two.
The Rs. 8720-million project has already received commitment of financial assistance from funding agencies and the state and central governments, including 49 million dollars as grant from the GEF.
NABARD move to fund geo-thermal projects
The Hindu Business Line, 08 September 200 t
NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) is weighing the possibility of assisting projects, which use geo-thermal energy, through its Rural Infrastructure Development Fund. There is also a pian to fund separate projects for exploitation of geo-thermal energy. Stating that the capital cost for producing 1 MW of hydel
power was around Rs. 70 million, he said thermal energy, the cheapest so far, required only an investment of around Rs. 45 million. According to him the most of the non-conventional energy sources, cost more. A study recently conducted by the Ministry af Science and
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Technology and the indian institute of Technology, Powai has identified a long geo-thermal
belt starting from Gujarat, and stretching through Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh,
Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal and the northeastern states, The CES (Centre for Earth'Sciences) is in negotiation with a number of private entrepreneurs for the geo-thermal
energy projects in Gujarat. NABARD is also in touch with several state governments for implementation of geo-thermal project's. We plan to make a presentation to the West Bengal government shortly in association with CES on the concept; Dr T R K Rao, Chief, General Manager, NABARD, said. [By Jayanta Mallick]
Project report for Bengal tidal power plant ready
The Hindu Business Line, 13 Sepfembei 2001
The DPR (detailed project report) for India's first tidal power project is ready. The project is slated to come up in Durgaduani creek in the Sundarbans in West Bengal. The DPR for the Rs, 310 million project has been prepared by the city-based Development Consultants Ltd, Informed sources told Business Line that the economic viability of the 3, 6 MW project has been established. The capital cost of the project works out to a little over Rs 80 million per MW (against the Rs 45 million for ther mal projects). The cost would be shared by the MNES and the WBREDA (West Bengal Renewable Energy Development
Agency). This DPR follows a study carried out jointly by the WBREDA and the National
Institute of Oceanoglraphy in 1995. In india, the Gulf of Kutch and Cambay in Gujarat and the Sundarbans in West Bengal are the only two areas so far identiTied as potential sites for generating tidal power. Tidal wave works by harnessing the difference in water surface caused by tides, This differential is uti/ized by operating a hydraulic turbine. It is a renewable source, pollution-free and it replaces fossil fuels. However, views are divided on its environmental impact. Some say that caution needs to be exercised while harnessing this form of power, It can disturb marine life and thereby the livelihoods of those dependent on it, like fishermen. Some feel the advantages outweigh the disadvantages and the water reserves 'built to harness this power can become a reserve for water birds, fish, and vegetables. [By Indrani Dutta]
Waste to generate power
The Pioneer, 12 February 2002
TIFAC (technology Information Forecasting and Assessment Council) has evolved a technology by which power plants can be run on solid fuel derived from processing the municipal solid wastes. In this direction, a 6. 6-MW power plant will be integrated with the municipal solid waste processing plant commissioned in Hyderabad. The project is
expected to cost about Rs. 280 million and completed in about a year, chairman, TIFAC, Mr.
R. Chidarnbaram said launching the 14'" TIFAC Day on 11'" February.
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Annexure-IV
SUCCESSFUL RENEWABLE ENERGY INITIATIVES
Tirupati Project:
The Project of Tirumal Tirupati Devasthanam was conceived in the year 2000.
On average 70, 000 people visit Tirumal every day and 30, 000 pilgrim take prasad at Annadanarn Complex.
Before isntalaltion of Solar Steam cooking System the meal was being prepared by steam being generated in oil firted boiler by burning LDO/ Diesel, Approx 1000 Itr of diesel per day was being burnt every day to generate the steam.
The Project Cost of the System that consisted of 106 Scheffler Concentrator to generate steam was fond to be Rs 110 Lacs. The saving due to instaialtion of Solar System was found to be 400 ltr of diesel per day
Ministry of Non Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) sanctioned Rs 47. 75 Lacs as finiancial support through Non Conventional Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh (NEDCAP) and TTTD invested Rs 63. 25 Lacs.
Similar projects but of Srnailer sizes have been installed at other places in Andhra Pradesh.
a} Rishi Valley School, Madanapally and b) Sanghi Industries for its Sanghi Employee Welfare Association (SEWA) run Cantten.
The system is to cook for 500 students/ employees and consists of 10 Scheffier Concentrators arranged in 5 pairs.
The cost of project is Rs 11 Lacs where MNES again through NEDCAP gave financial
support under its demo scheme gave Rs 5. 5 Lacs and the saving for each of the system per day is approx 90-Itrs diesel per day.
Besides saving valuable fuel the System also protects environment by reducing co2 a major contributor of green house gases leading to global warming,
Theseinifiatives lists out a fear projects found reported on the internet and excludes those discussed in the state consulatation-presentations
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A little village in the sun
COOKERS ALQ THE WAY: On a street in Bysanivaripalle in Andhra Pradesh.
TIRUPATI, JAN. 6. Here is a bright little village in Andhra Pradesh that is all solar and smoke-free — the first of its kind in the country.
8ysanivaripalle, 125 km northwest of Tirupati, has 36 families. Their main means of livelihood is sericulture. The eco-conscious residents of the electrified village went in for the first biogas plant in the region two decades ago. The officials of the Non-Conventional Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh (NEDCAP) did not need to put in
much effort to motivate them to go solar.
Intersol, an Austrian non-governmental organisation, sponsored the provision of "Sk- 'l4" cookers here last year. Gadhia Solar, a Valsad-based environmental body that imports, supplies and installs them, executed the job. lt is the single largest-cluster of cookers that Gadhia Solar has installed anywhere. A group of 'schoolchildren from Austria visited the village last year to witness the project.
''With 23 biogas plants and 26 solar cookers, we do not have to use a matchstick, "
says Sadananda Reddy, a progressive sericulturist who was honoured by the Karnataka Government recently for his top quality cocoons,
Apart from preparing rice, the solar cookers are used to fry chips, roast peanuts and make traditional Andhra sweets.
http://wvnv. fhehindu. corn/2005/01/07/
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Eyeing sales in the nearby Madanapalle town, a few enterprising people are baking cakes and biscuits too.
The physically challenged local washer man has stopped buying coal: he keeps his traditional iron on the cooker and takes it out burning hot in 10 minutes before he flattens creases into a starchy crisp.
C, +
Says Papulamma, who cooks midday meals for 48 children in the village school: "No
need to go to the forest anymore to fetch firewood. I cook the meal in less than two hours and avoid coughing, and burning in the eyes. " To counter the harsh sunrays, NEDCAP has provided the women sunglasses.
The village saves 72 tones of firewood, or 5, 832 kg of LPG, cutting carbon dioxide emissions to the tune of 104 tones a year, according to Jagadeeswar Reddy, NEDCAP's district manager.
The village has come in for praise from the developer of the Sk-14 cooker, Dieter Seifert of Germany. In an e-mail message, he says: "There may be places where there are more number of solar cookers, but 1 have never come across an entire village using just solar cookers and biogas, which makes it a smoke-free village in the real sense. "
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India: Green Business Center
In November 2003, the U. S. Green Business Council awarded the Green Business Center (GBC) building in Hyderabad, India its Leadership in Environment and Energy Design (LEED) 2. 0 Platinum award. LEED is a voluntary, consensus-based national standard for developing high-performance, sustainable buildings. The GBC is the first building in the world to receive the Platinum LEEQ award, making it the most environmentally advanced building in the world.
introduction
Energy resources are an essential component of a healthy economy. The ever- growing demand for energy and the threat of depleting available fossil fuels have competed mankind to look at alternate energy sources. In this context, renewable energy will have a major role to play in complementing the conventional energy sources available. This will contribute to the extension of the life of fossil fuels, ultimately leading to sustainabie development.
The shift towards renewable energy will get a major fillip in the coming years since only a fraction of the available renewable energy potential has been tapped. India has taken a proactive role in adoptinq the various renewable energy technologies. This will throw up mega business opportunities for the manufacturers of renewable energy equipment and financial institutions. The major advantages of power generation through renewable energy technologies are the following:
~ No atmospheric pollution - does not add to the atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Land productivity remains intact.
~ Ocean 8 fresh waters are not contaminated
The following are the renewable Energy installations in the Green Business Center to achieve 10% power generation from Renewable Energy sources.
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Source Units installed
Windfarms
Windpumps
NIW
Nos
557
3289
Hydro u to 3
Biomass Gasifiers
Solar PV
MW
X106
I&W
122
2. 12
ln view of these benefits, power generation through renewabte sources can aptly be called as "GREEN POWER".
Objective
The core objective of GBC is to make the world a better place to iive in. by providing world-class 'green' services. The centre will promote 'green' concepts leading to higher efficiency, equitable growth and sustainabie development.
The Permanent Technology Centre, is the first of its kind in the country for displaying Green products/technologies which contribute to resource conservation, a better environment and thus a greener, cleaner and healthier future.
Permanent Technology Centre is host to a range of green products including intelligent building management systems, Iow emissive carpets, energy efficient pumping and lighting systems, water efficient fixtures, high efficiency glass, eco friendly furniture and white goods.
Results: The project has resulted in the creation of a dynamic, world-class center of
excellence for environmentally sustainable business and business solutions to environmental problems. The new Green Business Center is already having a significant impact-on the design and construction of new buildings in India, both through its conferences and promotion of LEED rating as well as through the demonstration of green building . techniques in its own building, The center is expanding its programs to include critical environmental issues such as agricultural energy and water efficiency, and is progressing toward financial viability.
Development Impact The GBC is already having a nation-wide impact on the attitudes of the business community toward building environmentally more responsible buildings and through its recent Green Business Summit, is beginning to influence industry opinions regarding corporate environmental responsibility, The GBC's energy audit program aiso continues to make steady progress in improving the energy efficiency of Indian industries. Other programs are too new to assess their impact but can be expected to be as successful as the other GBC programs. Overall, the GBC provides a model to other states in India, as well as other countries, of a successful effort to promote business solutions to environmental problems.
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Renewable Energy - Capitalizing on the SUn
Youth Ied Renewable Energy Enterprise
K4::„y, l"j'"':: Having completed her college education in &"':. '::e4'Social Work, Michelle Chawla always dreamt of
becoming a social entrepreneur, Though being predominantly from an urban upbringing, she chose to move to a farm in Sogve village in Dahanu taluka. Gradually she got involved in the environmental struggles in the area and initiated work with the women and outh of the villa e - in the y g areas of food processing (sun drying chikoos
, =-;:&', ::"' (sapotas), making chikoo powder, etc. ) promoting traditional warli paintings and related products. The philosophical vision of the proposed enterprise is
deeply rooted in the struggle for an equitable and just society. As a youth she believed in
contributing her share to protect the environment as she says "As environ mental ism takes on several shades globally, for us here in the South environmental protection is intimately linked to survival and is fundamentally a conf li ct of inappropriate and unjust utilization of natural resources".
With this background, Michelle, decided to launch a Renewable Energy Enterprise - SOGVE to empower the youth in their communities to gain access to an ardently fought over resource - energy - and propagate it to the whole community. It was an attempt at supporting those very communities who are the vanguards of the environment, but left at the fringes of society and to empower them to become self sufficient in their energy-electricity needs.
Michelle Chawla launched her Renewable Energy enterprise in the ecologically fragile Dahanu region, in Maharashtra, India, which has accumulated an economic and infrastructure backlog despite being in the middle of the industrialized West coast of India. The majority tribal population of the region has been facing adverse environmental impacts without having their due share in the general prosperity, Dahanu is home to the indigenous Warli-tribe, who constitute 65 percent of the total population. Even though the. , Warlis are the original settlers of the region, historically they have faced oppression and are now a marginalized community in the region - with little access to resources like land, water or electricity. A large number of Warli tribal households have reduced to becoming "electricity thieves" just to fulfill their basic requirement of power due to economic and bureaucratic difficulties in getting a legitimate access to the grid. As a result, of the 65 per cent tribal
population, not more than 5 per cent have a registered electricity connection. Moreover, the protracted imbalance in the electricity demand and supply regime inevitably favours urban areas, resulting in inadequate and irregular supply even if connected to the grid. In addition, Dahanu is home to a large fishing community, small and marginal farmers as well as large orchard owners. They also have their distinct needs for alternative energy. Against this vast potential for decentralized and alternative sources of energy, there is a general lack of exposure to alternatives. In fact, there is no single outlet for solar energy based applications in the 200 kilometers belt.
Source: YES Networks /ndia Report, YES Campaign Publication
I IO
Achievements of the project so far ~ SOGVE's is now geared to become a full
fledged solar center, with prominent space in the semi-urban area of Dahanu.
~ The development of a SOLAR DRYER is an enormous contribution to the renewable energy movement. With this they can experiment further with new cost effective products and new applications for Renewable Energy. The Solar Dryer is a tool for communities to process their own produce and with the value addition, get a better market price for the goods.
~ Awareness Workshop held in Solar Shop. There is much more curiosity regarding solar applications in the community. Several people visit the shop just to see how the soiar applications work.
~ Road Show from village to village, (covered 10 villages)
~ SOLAR LIBRARY~; Installed and has bee operational since May.
~ With the installation and use of the Solar Library by the community members, Sogve's hopes to spread more such Solar Libraries to other parts of Dahanu, for instance in Tribal schools, community centres where all the members of the community can come to one place and charge their lanterns.
~ There is an . increased awareness about the potential of Solar energy and its efficiency. There existed a feeling that most of these things never work, but there is an increasing sense that there is a good potential,
Greater awareness and engagement of youth in climate change issues and the need to promote renewable energies. The awareness road show has been of great help in propagating the concept of renewables, While there is still resistance to the use of renewables, for instance it makes more economic and environmental sense to use a Solar Box cooker for cooking rather that firewood. Yet it is not very easy to convince communities to do so.
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Large Scale Commercialization of PV through Marketing Of Solar Mini Lanterns in. Rural Regions
Introduction
lt is reported, time and again, that there are about 2 billion people in the world who have no access to grid electricity and depend on kerosene for their basic lighting needs, even in the dawn of 21 ' century! Further, the World Bank estimates that over 800 million
women and children, breathing kerosene fumes is as harmful as inhaling the smoke from two packs of cigarettes a day. The question now is that why PV'industry, so far, has not been able to capitalize this great socio-economic opportunity?
While all the PV companies and institutions worldwide boast of the suitability of PV technology for rural electriTication in deve'loping countries, very few have started their marketing and product approach from the realities of the rural households in developing countries. Instead, the PV community has defined standardized products and dissemination approaches that did not fit with rural realities and have massively failed to deliver sustainable results, The rural households need products that are of reasonable quality for a reasonable price. and can be obtained through a distribution network within their reach. As for lighting this me+'ns that they need a small lighting device, at an affordable cost to meet, at least, their basic lighting needs. While there are no unsolvable technical barriers to the widespread use of PV, it is time, now, for us to shift our focus on large-scale commercialization of low power lighting for the households in far-flung rural regions. lt is
this urgent need of providing safe and affordable lighting to the needy mass led to the successful development and commercialization of an appropriate, mass marketable solar mini lamp by NEST, christened Aishwarya'M. The youth in the rural regions would form an excellent candidate for large-scale commercialization of solar lighting.
This paper describes the success story of a planned implementation of commercialization activities of solar mini lamps in a massive scale. The response and the results attributed to the widespread sales of the appropriately and adequately designed solar mini lamp have been overwhelming. The successful development and marketing of a reliable and affordable solar mini lamp, underlines the need for. realistic end-user oriented strategies to accelerate the commercialization of PV technology, in a very large scale, if we want to maintain the promise to eventually reach the most of 2 billion needy people worldwide. This paper also demonstrates how a product with small solar power requirement can sell on its own, without the support of subsidies and world funding bodies as guardians when rural actors, such as the youth, involve in marketing.
Microsoft is the brilliant example'of how 'technology' and 'commercialization' go hand in hand; irrespective of the bugs in the software and no matter how many versions they keep adding! Taking the above note to solar photovoltaic (PV) technology, we lag far behind in applying the techniques of commercialization to the technology for the benefit of the people and the technology itself.
Source: indian perspective, YES Campaign pubiication
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It may be said that a technology that fails to serve the needs of the common people should be discarded. In other words, a technology that has hit the road should accelerate with the speed of the traffic. While 'traffic' symbolizes the dynamics of commercialization, it's detrimental to the 'technology' if it does not catch up with the speed of the traffic. The slower the commercialization greater is the damage to the technology! While solar PV technology has no un-solvable technical barriers to the widespread deployment of its applications, the rate at which it is spreading is rather disappointing.
It is our experience that the small solar PV systems are more appropriate and easy for large-scale commercialization of the otherwise much pampered solar PV technology.
Let's note the following observations that are made time and again by people across the world:
~ Solar PV technology can never, at least, at present, be a substitute to the conventional energy technologies as PV systems depend on storage batteries, which are definitely weak, compared to solar'modules. While we can certainly avoid these short-life batteries by generating power during day and feed the same to the main grid, we reduce the PV techno!ogy ta a, parasitic position. That too, . on technologies. those, which are non- renewable, fossil fuel based and polluting!
~ Solar PV is the only conventional energy technology that can power the satellites so far!
~ Solar PV systems are quite expensive when compared to their conventional counterparts. (As a matter of fact, it's not correct to make such a comparison). Larger the PV systems, they-are! unaffordable to the individuals to own the systems. Also, such large power plants are associated with the transmission and distributive mechanisms, which work against the unique merits of PV, viz. , modularity, generation of electricity at the point of use, decentralization and so on.
From the above observations, it is evident that the solar PV technology, by and large, is a winner when it comes to serving certain specific hi-tech or inappropriate applications. In a three decade -plus I commercial journey of PV technology, "its'share of electricity generation is less than 1 percent of the total energy generated in the world today! Billions of dollars have been spent on the commercialization of I solar PV technology, but only to reach the rich people by and large. Or, to power the remote resorts! for too long, PV seems to have occupied the top-heavy class position. isn't it time, now, to take PV to the mass, . although through small solar power applications?
It's ironical that when we are boasting of the technological pursuits in the 21'" century, there are over 2 billion people in the world who have no access to electricity, even to meet their basic minimum lighting! needs. The scientists, technoiogists and engineers in
the field of solar PV need to stop and think to I proceed towards providing solar PV power to the really needy people, whose best known sources of energy are: wood, kerosene, batteries etc. After all, what they require is very small power for their frail-power households.
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These households need small power but in a very large scale. It means a Iot of business and a socio-economic thrust.
Yes, the power lies in being small! Small can really be powerful and ultimately big,
We found that millions of household's world over may be provided solar mini lanterns to replace their kerosene wick lamps. It's important to note that the kerosene lamps give very
poor light besides being the source of hazardous fumes.
Photograph of typical kerosene wick lamp used in rural poor households
It's estimated by World Bank that 800 million women and children inhaling kerosene fumes is as harmful as smoking two packs of cigarettes a day, In the first place, if we are providing the soIar lamps, which give same or marginally higher light output, the purpose is greatly served. Such a solar lamp would meet the budget of the rural households. When
we replace these smoky and open flames kerosene lamps the benefits are many:
~ Affordable and appropriate modern light is made available to the millions of
households, which may have to wait for another 100 years to have an access to
electricity,
~ Elimination of health risk and fire hazard from the open flame kerosene lamps, which are
invariably used in the thatched huts.
~ Demonstration of solar PV technology's true strength in serving the really needy
people and thereby reaching the far-flung rural regions.
~ Widespread awareness about the solar PV technology. With relatively low cost solar
lamps that are so affordable and useful it is easy to have wider reach,
~ Meightened socio-economic impact. While we provide the clean and modern
technology to the marginalized people, there will be tremendous balancing of power
distribution on the national grids whereby the necessity to draw expensive power
lines to the remote rural regions is avoided.
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!t's a big business for the PV industry! A solar mini lamp with a meager 3W solar
panel per household means 1000 MW of solar modules (for 2 billion people without
electricity, 6 persons per household). At the present annual rate of world's module
shipment (500MW), it is two full years' production of all the companies' world over!
Solar mini lamp:
A handy solar lantern that employs 3/5W high efficiency compact fluorescent lamp
(CFL), 6 volts 4 Amp-hour sealed maintenance-free lead acid battery, an efficient charge
controller/inverter circuit and 6 volts 3, 0W crystalline/thin film solar pane!. The solar lamp
provides a light output over 65 lurnens, which is 2-3 times of those varieties of kerosene
wick lamps. Besides providing clean and hazard-free light, these solar mini lamps give
much brighter light output than the kerosene lamps. The unique features of these solar
mini lamps are that they are appropriate, affordable, light-weight (hence truly portable),
and mass marketable.
What makes these solar mini lamps unique is that their affordability with regard to
the repla'cement' of much cheaper (both in terms of quality and price) kerosene lamps. /'
. There are solar lanterns, which are already in use for several years, especially, similar to
those designed and promoted by India's Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources
(MNES). These bulky and over-designed solar lanterns are so costly, even with subsidy
(now removed!), to the common people that they found such lanterns are not at all
affordable (see figure 2), For the past 20 years, the Indian PV industry as a whole could
sell, just about 500, 000 solar. lanterns„which. is a miniscule figure compared to the vast
requirement in the rural regions. About 100 million Indian families use kerosene lamps for
their lighting purpose. In case if the Ministry were to promote solar mini lanterns, such as Aishwarya'~, most of the kerosene lamps in the ruraI households would have been
replaced with solar lanterns by now!
Lightweight Masa INarketability
The solar mini lamps may come as boon with their mass marketability in the subsidy- stricken slow promotional approaches. In fact, the prolonged subsidy programs have l&ad
very detrimental impact that the solar systems are meant to be sold only under subsidy program. This led to the dampening of solar market as a whole. Unlike conventional
energy distribution mechanism, the solar energy did not get the right national policy to distribute the power without the consumer getting into the unwanted comparison of power source and price. The authors do not wish to elaborate on this aspect due to lack of space.
Owing to their affordability and usefulness in the far-flung rural households, the solar mini lamps find quick acceptance. In the first place, solar mini lamps become the appropriate substitute for the existing kerosene lamps. And these solar lamps fit the budget of the poor households in the developing and under developed countries.
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Marketing Models
The solar mini lanterns are sold at different levels and with varieties of approaches, While the solar mini lamps are targeted for the households who have no access to electricity and who depend on kerosene wick lamps these lamps come handy as an excellent emergency lamps in case of the power cuts in the urban and semi-urban areas. When large numbers of these lanterns are sold in the direct market in towns and cities, there will be a growing awareness about the solar gadgets among the urbanites. It is important to note that the solar lamps are made available in direct market like any other electronic item such as TV, fridge etc.
A tribal woman showing solar mini lamp in a village of Andhra Pradesh, India
There are effective approaches that are adopted to sell the solar mini lamps to the rural poor households besides direct sales. Firstly, the Non Government Organizations (NGOs) who work
on grassroots levels, where the rural youth take active participation, play a major role in
distributing the solar lamps to the rural households. As these NGOs are committed to the social work they are able to promote. the solar lamps effectively by providing better service back up.
Secondly, small entrepreneurs are recruited in the districts and towns as dealers and sub dealers to sell the lanterns in villages. These dealers are appointed through advertisements in the popular local dailies of the districts and towns. As a case, which has been successfully being implemented in major parts of India; these advertisements provide an excellent means to popularize the solar lantern brand, like any other commercial brand. There are over 603 districts in all Indian states. It may not be difficult to sell, at least, an average of 15 solar lamps per month, per district, to begin with. This means, a staggering sale of 108, 540 solar lamps per year!
Thirdly, solar mini lamps are marketed using some innovative methods:
Our experience shows that the above middle-class people are more willing to pay for
the solar lanterns in the regions where acute power cut is found. In order to reach the really
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needy people, such as those who use kerosene wick lamps, NGOs and cooperative
societies are approached.
Children studying in a town using solar mini iantern.
Now, their eyes do nof burn and they have no fear of fire hazard
They are'the most suitable agencies blended with socio-economic objectives.
NGOs woik at the grass root levels and hence they play a major roie in the-
~ ' Distribution channel of solar mini lanterns to the far-flung rural regions. As NGOs
are
~ Generally non-profit organizations, the solar lanterns distributed through them will
be even more affordable to the poor households.
lt is important that the really needy rural people get the solar mini lamps. These
needy people are those who use the kerosene lamps, and they cannot make down
payment for the solar lanterns even if they are of lowest cost. In order to provide
solar lanterns to these poor people, the landlords in the villages are approached to
buy the lanterns and provide the same to the laborers on easy installments. The
landlords shall recover the amount on weekly or monthly basis as the case may
be.
~ Cooperative societies are also found to be an excellent means of distributing the
solar lanterns to the rural folks based on daily/weekly collections,
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Conclusions
While Solar PV technology has ~merged as the most popular technology in the renewable energy sector, it has suffered the speed with which it should have attained. Solar mini lamps, such as Aishwarya™, emerge as an excellent alternative to the large-scale commercialization of solar PV technology, as the penetration into the market is easy owing to the affordability of these solar mini lamps.
Solar mini lamps form the chief candidates to bring the socio-economic thrust due to the
difference they bring to the lives of the people in the developing and under developed countries in
providing affordable, clean and hazard-free solar mini lamps.
Besides the contribution to the widespread awareness of solar PV technology, the solar
mini lamps provide an excellent opportunity to make it a really big PV business.
i@ass utilization d'f SPV Lanterns: Success Story in Karimnagar District:
ln the year 2001 a special programme christened "Chandrakanthi" was launched by
the district administration in Karimnagar district of Andhra Pradesh with an aim to supply
1 Lac solar PV Lanterns in rural areas,
The main objectives of this program were
o To reduce monthly electricity bills for the rural households
o To provide reliable source of power
o To provide mobile lighting system
o To enable students to study by providing them uninterrupted lighting
0 To provide pollution - free clean lighting
Extensive field demonstration programmes were organised to educate the rural
masses covering atl parts of the districts. This resulted in creation of the demand for
more than 1 Lac SPY lanterns within a short period.
About 20, 000 Nos. of SPV lanterns were supplied with financial incentives from
MNES in the form of subsidy and under World Bank lease finance scheme through
IREDA.
These SPV lanterns are being used by individual households, mobile petty vendors,
small shopkeepers, and farmers in agricultural fields. These systems effectively replaced
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the kerosene lamps, petromox lamps in addition to the saving of conventional electricity
consumption:.
Subsequently due to withdrawal of both the schemes by MMES and World Bank the rural people could not purchase these lanterns, To overcome this problem, SPV lanterns with few changes in technical configurations are designed to reduce the cost to affordable level of rural people. The manufacturers are continuing supplies under direct marketing approach.
This show cases the potential for SPV lanterns in one district of Andhra Pradesh Replication of this kind of exercise in other areas will help in
Conservation of fossil fuels and conventional electricity
Creating rural youth employment
Promoting environment - friendly technology Besides achieving the above-mentioned objectives the major benefit-was that it
created lot of employment for the youth and also they were exposed to these unique emerging technologies, As this technology facilitates decentralized energy generation and
Source: Indian perspective, YES Campaign publication
. , utilization, trades employments in. rural areas, also preventing migration of youth to urban areas new era of Solar Energy emerges to fulfill the energy needs of future generations and also creation of clean and green environment.
Sofar Photovoltaic pump sets for agriculture-
Solar PV water pumping is perhaps the most relevant of all renewable energy applications in an agrarian country like India for it not only improves the quality of life of the small farmers but also results in [he generation of agricultural wealth, This is one application where the involvement of youth is important. India has more than 5000 solar PV . . water pumping, systems in India under the National and World Bank programmes- about. 82% being of the DC surface suction type, 2% DC submersible, 3% DC floating type and 33% of the ac submersible type.
While there have been success stories in many States, we report a success story in the State of Andhra Pradesh where about 120 DC floating pump systems were installed under, the
World Bank SPV market development programme during 1998-2000. We wish to highlight the
participation of the younger generation — the youth of A. P. - in this programm in terms of:
~ Surveying of wells in consultation with the State Ground water Department and
concomitant interaction with the villagers and farmers
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~ Explaining the benefits of solar pumping to the small farmers and explaining the
financial engineering involved to make the system available to the farmer at about 30%
of the cost of the system
~ ' ln'teracting with financial intermediaries and Government Departments '(Social
Welfare, Tribal Welfare, Tricor), at the Headquarters and districts, to elicit financial
support for the small farmers.
~ Help in site preparation and installation.
~ Building up a veritable service network with involvement of local NGOs.
~ Regular field visits and obtaining feedback to improve the product/system/network
functioning
~ Helping in collection of rentals, upfront payment etc
~ Training of villagers and technicians as a two-tier structure.
The active youth participants
The programme. involved the installation of 120 numbers of PV powered DC floating pump
systems in the districts of Mahabubnagar, Prakasam, Nellore and Chittoor of Andhra Pradesh.
The implementers of the programme were M/s Polyene Film Industries, Hyderabad / Chennai .
The PV modules used were mainly amorphous silicon modules on glass substrate and, to
lesser extent, poly-silicon modules. The mounting structure comprised one or two RCC pillars
that supported an alurninium superstructure carrying the PV modules. Single axis manual
tracking was possible in the east-west direction. The pump was a single-stage centrifugal
pump coupled to a permanent magnet DC motor. The unit floats in water (motor on top) with
the help of an HMHDPE float filled with poly-urethane foam.
The active youth participants were drawn from technicians and. supervisors from M/s
Polyene Film Industry (Hyderabad and Chennai), NGO organizations - Think Soft, Ankuram
and SPEAK Indian An NGO group under Mr Shamir at Nellore, SELCO (for the
Karnataka installations) and Winrock international india, Wll (studies), village technicians
etc. Studies conducted at various points of time ( one to two years after installation) by
Wll, 'APTransco and NABARD have revealed that the farmers have been able to grow
. additional crops in typically. . 3 and in some cases 5 acres of land and their income levels
have increased. Without an integrated, holistic approach, conceived by M/s PFl and
executed by the youth irnplernenters drawn from different players/stakeholders, such an
initiative would not have been possible. This has encouraged the powers that be
(NEDCAP, AP Govt) to actively consider the installation of 100, 000 solar pumps in a 10
year time frame.
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SOLAR ENERGY AND ElVIPLOYMENT GENERATlON
india, as a country, understood the relevance of Non-conventional Energy Sources for national development, since decades. Words were translated into action, when the Government created a Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources in 1982 and later
upgraded it to an independent Ministry for Non-conventional Energy Sources. Every Government, henceforth, has budgeted a relatively large financial outlay for the promotion
of non-conventional energy sources in the country. However, while a lot of discussions and
deliberations have taken place regarding renewable technologies, their relevance and
benefits, the potential in general and solar energy in particular as a source of economic activity has never been properly highlighted. Solar Energy as a source for employment creation, income generation and entrepreneurship:was never discussed in-depth or given
the importance that it deserved. The fact that solar energy has the potential to increase employment and incomes in the rural areas is evident from the success of rural service companies like SELCO, which has proved that sustainable businesses could be created in
rural areas.
The use of renewable energy creates income in many ways, Renewable energies create numerous service related jobs in the rural. areas; thus creating opportunities at the local level. Local level jobs are hardly created in the production and transmission of conventional energy sources. ln addition, since renewable energy does not use any imported resource, the income generated out of the business is mostly available in the. local area itself. Solar energy business also has the tremendous potential to create many rura(
entrepreneurs.
This paper attempts at using a couple of case studies from SELCO's experience in the solar business to further highlight the advantages as mentioned above.
Source: inChan perspective, YE Campaign publicatron
The light providers of Kundapur
In a small coastal town in Karnataka, c'lose to the bus stand and on the national
highway are situated a row of vendors selling fruits, flowers, srIacks, tea and an assortment
of other products. These vendors function out of small wooden sheds with asbestos sheet roofs. These sheds are temporary and can be dismantled and reinstalled at a different
location in short notice. These vendors are notable to avail of an electricity connection from
the utilities since they were listed as nomadic and the utility was uncertain of recovering the
dues from these vendors. Existence of such barriers prevented the shop owners from
getting regular grid electricity. However, come dusk and the shops all light up with bright
compact solar fluorescent lamps, thanks to Mr. Prasad, the light seller, a solar light
entrepreneur of Kundapur.
Mr. Prasad, seeing the vendors struggling with kerosene lamps had an idea. He
decided that instead of the polluting petrornax lamps, if the vendors were given solar lights,
they would be able to have safe and reliable lighting. The vendors will also be able to avoid
the heat and the'fumes of petromax lamps, which were affecting the health of the vendors
and also induced a'smell on the vegetables and fruits, however, these vendors could neither
afford to buy the lights nor get a lamp for them. He, thus, devised the scheme whereby he
would only sell the light to the vendor thereby earning him the nickname, the light provider
of Kundapur and became an entrepreneur,
Prasad and SELCO together designed a system, which would best suit the
requirement that he had] He, then, approached a not-for-profit company based in
Bangalore by name, Small Scale Sustainable Infrastructure Development Fund (S'IDF). With the partial financial guarantee provided by S IDFoutB their Entrepreneur
Development Fund, he then approached his bank for a loan to buy a solar powered!
charging station. With the loan, he purchased a small solar power plant with thirty batteries,
the required controllers and cables for charging the batteries. He also sold to the vendors
directly, a single light each! and a fixed length of cable.
Prasad rents a charged battery to the vendors for Rs, 10 (the same amount that they
were paying for the kerosene that they bought in the 'black-market') for powering the light
for a period of four hours each night. He transports the batteries to the vendor each
evening at about 6:00 p. m. and picks back [he batteries from the vendors at about 10:00 pro each night and collects the rent amount. During the day, he; charges the batteries from
the solar power plant.
Prasad now earns an amount of Rs. 300 per day or Rs. 9, 000 per month. After paying
his expenses and repayment of bank loan of Rs. 2400 per month, he takes horne about
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Rs. 2, 447 per month. Once the loan is repaid his take home will go up to Rs. 4, 800 for two
hours of work per day. During the day, he still-works at the cycle shop where he was
previously employed.
Sujith's Shoes - The Bare-foot Technicians of SELCO
Sujith, a 23-year old young man in Kushalnagar in Karnataka is out of his house
before the cockcrows in the morning. Sitting on his trusted, second-hand 'Hero-Puch' he
is off to a nearby Tibetan settlement where he has to service about 20 solar streetlights
installed in a monastery there. Sujith is an employee of SELCO, a solar service company
selling and servicing solar equipment in Kamataka. Playfully called as the 'bare-foot
technicians of SELCO', more than a 100 youngsters like Sujith now work for SELCO,
selling and servicing solar lighting systems all over rural Karnataka.
When SELCO entered the business of providing reliable solar lights in India, SELCO realized that the key to a successful business was to provide door-step service to the customers. This'would give confidence in the potential customer's about'the technology and
about the fact that unlike previous systems sellers, a SELCO solar system would be backed
by after-sales service. Thus, SELCO promised customers that service would be provided - — within-24-hours;-However-, SELCO-also realized that the cost of providing service. to remote
customers would be high. This realization paved the way for employing local youth to
provide service to customers in the local areas. These youth were identified from local
youth working in bicycle service shops or small electrical gadgets service centers and
then employed by SELCO on a contract. basis. These youth also became the first point for complaint for the customer, These support persons were trained by SELCO in providing
service as well as basic fault finding measures. SELCO would pay these youth a contracted price per service "call made. ln addition, these youth would get a steady payment from SELCO for providing service for systems that 'are under warranty and for
systems wherein the customer had opted for an annual maintenance contract {AMC) with the
company. "ln addition, these service-technicians would also get a. commission. from SELCO for spares that they sold to customers and for new inquiries generated by them. Many of these. part time technicians joined SELCO as the company grew. Today Sujith (who used to work in an electronics service center near Mangalore as a helper) is a senior technician
of SELCO and is responsible to ensure that more than 500 SELCO systems installed in and
around Kushalnagar work satisfactorily. This bare-foot technician of SELCO proudly wears shoes bought with his own salary!
The basket weaver's of Pavur
Sheila, a small tribal girl in Pavur, a village on the border of Kerala and Karnataka looks up
at theSumo passing in front of her small house. Sitting in the Sumo is a young urbanite who
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puts his head out and says, "Hi!" Pat comes the reply from Sheila, "Hi!, how are you".
Surprised that a tribal girl in-a remote hamlet in Kerala can speak in English! Well, Sheila
studies in an English medium school in the nearby town of Manjeshwar. Her father, an
uneducated tribal, who weaves baskets out of reeds and roots collected in the nearby forest
ensured that his children got what he, as a youngster missed out, a good education. He sent
both his children to a good school so that they would not have to earn a living out of selling
reed baskets. But then how could he afford to educate 2 children — well that's empowerment
with solar power.
ln Pavur, a small village on the border of Kerala and Karnataka, 120 scheduled caste and scheduled tribe families eked a meager living as farm labourers and doing small labour
jobs. They augmented this income by weaving baskets with reeds that the womenfolk
collected from the nearby forests, after returning from the farms, However, the local church in
Pavur run by Fr. Thomas Myladoor, decided that in order to better the lives of these
impoverished tribals, some income generation activities needed to be adopted. . Since the
skill that they had, was of basket weaving, Fr. Myladoor decided that what these tribals
required was an. avenue to sell these baskets at a reasonable price. Fr. Myladoor and the
others in the church helped the tribals in forming a basket marketing cooperative society to
help sell the baskets. However, Fr. Myladoor soon realized that the tribals were able to
weave only one basket everyday since they were able to work only up to sunset as they
did not have lights in their house. He realized that the income of each family cou)d be raised
only if they were able to get lights in their homes to extend their working hours by a few
hours. However, he also knew that these tribals would never be able to afford power from
either the grid, which was most unreliable or from non-conventional sources like solar power,
which was beyond their reach. He then approached SELCO and explained the problem to
SELCO. SELCO then impressed upon Fr. Myladoor as to how he could start a small
revolving fund called the. 'solar-basket fund' with which all the families could be provided with
2 lights on a gradual basis. Fr. Myladoor with the help of the REPSO office of Winrock
international started a revolving fund to help the poor tribal families buy solar systems. The
initial fund'helped 60 families buy Solar Lighting systems. The repayment of these families to
the fund came'from additional baskets that they were able to weave, thanks to the solar
lights. Today six years after Fr. Myladoor started the basket fund, all 120 tribal households
have solar lights in their house. Many of the tribal families have constructed pucca houses.
ln addition, tribal children like Sheila have started going to school as they can study in the
evenings and their parents can afford the cost of sending them to school, thanks to
additional earnings that the solar lights have brought in. In addition, the health af the families
have become much better as they do not have to breathe in the kerosene fumes, thereby
reducing the medical costs and hence increasing the disposable incomes.
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Today the 120 tribal households are ready to join the mainstream society in every
possible way, thanks to the vision of a person like Fr. Myladaor and the empowerment
they got from solar power!
The potential of renewable energies in general and solar energy in particular as a source of economic activity and employment has been amply proved by the Prasads, the
bare-foot technicians of SELCO and the tribals of Pavur. The rural areas of India have the
potential for thousands of such Prasads, the bare foot technicians of SELCO and the
tribals of Pavur to use solar systems to increase employment and incomes. Renewable
Energy offers a complete answer to the problems of unemployment and Iow levels of entrepreneurship in our rural areas. It also provides a solution to rural India's bane viz. , the
migration of our rural youth to urban areas. Our combined efforts must focus on its
mobilization along with its effective and efficient application, Only in this manner, our
nation can enjoy lasting and undisturbed economic development.
Status of Renewable Energy in India
India now ranks as "wind superpower" with an installed power. capacity of 1, 167 MW. About 5 billion units of wind — produced electricity have been fed into the-national grid so far.
India is blessed with an abundance of sunlight, water and biomass. Vigorous efforts of the past two decades are now bearing fruit as people from all walks of life are more of the benefits of renewable energy. Especially decentralized energy. India has the world's largest program'for renewable energy.
The Government of India created the Department of Non — conventional Energy Sources ( DNES) in 1982. In 1992 a full- fledged Ministry of Non — conventional Energy sources (MNES) was established under the overal! charge of the Prime Minister. The range of activities that MNES is responsible for covers:
- Promotion of renewable energy technologies (RETs); - Creation of an environment conducive to promotion of RETs and their commercialization; - Renewable energy resource assessment: - Research and development; - Demonstration; - Extension; and - Production of biogas units, solar thermal devices, SPV, cooks stoves, wind and small
hydropower units.
Wind power
india now ranks as a "wind superpower" with and installed wind power capacity of 1, 167 MW. About 5 billion units of wind- produced electricity have been fed into the national grid so far. In progress is a wind resource assessment program, wind monitoring, and wind
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mapping covering 800 stations in 24 states through 193 wind monitoring stations.
Altogether, . '~3 states of India have a net potential of about 45, 000 MW of wind power.
Solar Energy
Solar water heaters have been the most popular renewable energy gadgets this far, and
SPV for decentralized power supply is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas. More than 700, 000 PV systems generating 44 MW have been installed ail over INDIA.
Under the water-pumping program, more than 3, 000 systems have been installed so far. The market for solar lighting and solar pumping is far from saturated. Solar drying also offers good prospects in food, agriculture and chemical drying applications.
SPY System I
The market segment and usage of SPV lighting, solar lanterns, and water pumping for
irrigation. Over 17- grid interactive SPV generating more than 3, 400 KW are in operation in
eight states of India. As the demand for power grows exponentially, and conventional fuel-
based power-generating capacity grows arithmetically, SPV- based power generation can
be an important source of meeting the expected shortfall. Especially in rural, far — flung
areas where the. like hood of drawing conventional electric cables is remote, SPV power
generation is the vest alternative.
Solar Cookers
The Government of India has been promoting box type, solar cookers with subsidies since a long time in though hope of saving fuel and meeting the needs of the rural and urban
populace. There are community cookers and large parabolic reflector- based systems in
operation in some places but solar cookers, as a whole, have not found widespread
acceptance and popularity as hoped for. A lot of educating and pushing will have to be put
in before solar cookers are made in indispensable part of each household (at least in rural
and semi- urban areas). Solar cookers using parabolic reflectors or multiple mirrors which
result in faster cooking of food would be more welcome than the single reflector box design, feel some observes and users of the box cookers.
Solar Water Heaters
A Conservative estimate of solar water heating systems installed in the country is over 475, 000 sq m of conventional flat plate collectors. Those who have apparently benefited
from solar water heaters so far include cooperative dairies. Guest houses, hotels charitable
institutions, chemical and process units, hostels, hospitals, textile mills, process houses, and some individuals, in fact, in India, solar water heaters are the most popular of all
renewable energy devices.
Swamy Ramananda Tirtha Rural Institute
Innovation in smaller technologies for sustainable development of rural people.
& Towards Holistic Training
Technologies Thrust
Smaller technologies for sustainable development
Life-long learning
. ~ Profile-The Institute takes it as a smaller. step towards realizing Mahatma Gandhi's dream of making rural India the focal point for holistic development.
~ Development Rural Entrepreneurship-Rural relevant management training is provided for youth and women to generating self-employment opportunities.
~ Outreach--A unique mix of personalized training, audiovisual aids and programmes is being planned to empower rural people in extension mode.
~ Sustainable Smaller Technologies- The proposed for or Technology Transfer lab 'to land will be "Technology" and transferring house" for the benefit of rural people.
~ Ernpowering Rural People- Entrepreneurs translate innovations and empower the talent of rural people into successful new enterprises.
~ Promoting Renewable Energy Technologies- In partnership with YES Campaign training rural youth as Renewable Energy Entrepreneurs.
127
Youth Employment Summit (YES) Campaign, Education Development Center, inc. , USA
Youth Employment Summit (YES) Campaign is an international project of Education Development Center, Inc. , (EDC Inc. ) USA. EDC Inc. , a not-for-profit organization, set up in 1958, that currently
manages over 325 projects globally. The Youth Employment Summit 2002 (YES 2002), held in
September 2002 in Alexandria, Egypt, attended by over 1600 delegates from 120 countries, launched a decade long campaign of action to promote employment and livelihood for young
people all over the world. The YES Campaign (2002-2012) was launched under the banner of the 6 'E' s:
~ Employability ~ Employment Creation ~ Equity ~ Entrepreneurship ~ Environmental Sustainability ~ Empowerment.
Through the YES Academy International being set up in partnership with the Directorate of Youth
Services, Government of Andhra Pradesh, the YES Campaign is in the process of starting several projects in sectors such as Renewable Energy, Water and Sanitation, Information and communication Technologies, on Farm and Off Farm Activities and HIV and AIDS around the world.
The YES Campaign manages the global Campaign through its programs in the following areas:
The Campaign is currently, working globally- from Zambia to Honduras, from India to Georgia; with its presence in over 69 countries
through its well networked YES Country Networks. YES Campaign supports the country efforts for youth employment by focusing on
three key strategies: Outreach and engagement, Knowledge building and Capacity building. To know more about our work please
128
"Enhancing Employment Opportunities for Rural Youth based on Renewable Energy Technologies"
A joint project of YES Campaign and SRT Rural Institute
Funded by UNIDO
e ey~ovee ling
Q ci re p a'jg n
YES Campaign, Education Development Center, Inc 55 Chapel Street, Newton, MA 02458-1060, USA Telephone: 001-6176182734 Fax: 001-6176182937 ~ i I: ~d*. Website: www. esweb. or
Swamy Ramananda Tirtha Rural Institute Jalalpur Village, Pochampally Mandal, Andhra Pradesh, India Telephone: 91-08685-223222, 223258, 223349 Fax: 91-08685-222880 Email: swam ramananda ruralinstitute ahoo. co. in
Campaign
Swamy Ramananda Tirtha Rural Institute Education Development Center Inc.
TRAINING CURRICULUM
"SPV LIGHTING SYSTEMS"
Developed Under Project' on
"ENHANCING EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES BASED ON RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES FOR YOUTH IN INDIA"
Sponsored by
FOREWORD
Energy is one of the basic ingredients for human survival and sustenance, World over, we are in
desperate need for clean and reliable supplies of energy to meet the daily requirements of the poorest
people. There is a lack of access to essential services due to absence of energy. The absence of lighting
limits productivity at work and acts as a constraint for self-advancement. Unclean water and fuel create
hazardous health and environmental impact, cause health hazards and effects the envirorunent and
ecosystem adversely.
With the growing realization that Renewable Energy Technologies will play a vital role in future, YES Campaign has partnered with SRTRI to implement the UNH30 project on, "Enhancing Employment
Opportunities Based On Renewable Energy Technologies I'or Youth In India". SRTRI has set up a
Solar Laboratory and training courses in renewable energy technologies are being organised aiming at
training a cadre of youth — men and women as entrepreneurs . They are being trained to set up Energy
enterprises to harness the potential of renewable energy for enhancing job opportunities in rural areas,
Considering the significance of Renewable Energy, Swamy Ramananda Thirtha Rural Institute has
established the Renewable Energy Training Centre as apart of "Center for Transfer of Technology- Lab to Land". This 'technology needs to be taken to the grass root levels. Services are required by users
of Renewable Energy gadgets, in maintenance of the system. Though the technologies are proven to be
successful but due to the 'lack of service facility to the customers it is creating adverse impact on
popularizing these technologies. With this aim this institute has started a training program for building
the capacity of youth in Renewable Energy Technologies.
The major challenge in. utilizing the Renewable Energy Technologies is the cost effectiveness of currently available technologies and to develop new ones. In view of the growing crisis in Energy sector
and depletion of fossil fuels and growing demand for the conventional energy, developing new
technologies by intensifying R& D effort in reducing the cost of modules to affordable levels assume
greater significance. As such SRTRI envisages to undertake well-defined R & D programs with practical
applications, innovations and enterprises in future. This shall boost the growth of Renewable Energy
industry, which would enhance employment opportunities. Support for Renewable Energy has been
building across Governments, Multi lateral organizations, Industries, and Non Governmental
organizations (NGO's) towards an economically, environmentally and socially sustainable development
in rural areas.
Prof. M N. Reddy Chairman Seamy Ramananda Tirtha Rural Institute
~Messa e
Recognising the key role that Renewable Energy technologies play in promoting livelihood opportunities and employment for youth in rural areas, the YES Campaign, Education Development Center Inc. in partnership with S R T Rural Institute (SRTRI) initiated a partnership project pn "Renewable Energy Technologies for promoting youth livelihoods " in Andhra Pradesh.
Youth emp1oyment Suminit Campaign is a decade long Campaign launched in Alexandria in response to the enormous youth employment challenge facing most countries and affecting millions of young people around the world. The YES Campaign has successfully created a platform for young people to contribute to their countries and communities with a new found hope, vision and purpose. We believe that skilled and empowered youth will become productive citizens in this challenging and evolving world of work. The YES Campaign brings together diverse stakeholders to work collaboratively in taking actions that result in productive and sustainable employment for youth.
I take this opportunity to express my appreciation to Prof M. N. Reddy, Chairman, SRTRI, a man of vision, with dedication and commitment in empowering youth, for partnering with us to set up the first of its kind Renewab)e Energy Training Centre at SRTRI. This partnership has resulted in setting up the
training centre that houses three Solar Labs - Solar Photovoltaic, Solar Thermal and Solar Drying. This project has been supported by UNIDO and we sincerely thank the officials particularly, Mr. Pradeep Monga, for the financial support in setting up this training centre to harness the potential of renewable
energy technologies, Mr Sriram Raju for establishing the laboratory and organising the training course at SRTRI.
An appropriate Skill Training CiuTiculum had been developed and the first batch of 70 trainees is expected to benefit from this curriculiUn and complete their training shortly, This has been developed as a result of a muliti-stakeholder's consultative meeting, taking inputs from various training agencies, private sector businesses in Renewable energy sector, youth and committed individuals who have been instrumental in popularising and sustaining this project. I extend my gratitude to all of them. I thank the YES Networks AP for taking this project to the grass root level by creating awareness of renewable energy technologies among youth and motivating them to enrol for this course to develop their skills in
manufacturing, installing and servicing of renewable energy equipments. YES Country Networks — an
innovative youth led local in&astructure to promote youth employment is probably the most youth focused initiative of recent times.
I wish every success to this project to train several thousands of youth to be empowered as renewable
energy technicians and service providers in rural communities to provide alternative and environmentally sustainable forms of energy.
Ms Poonam Ahluwalia, Executive Director, YES Campaign, Boston, USA
ACKNOWLF. DGKMENT
Training in Renewable Energy SPY Systems, Entrepreneurship and Personality Development is being
organized to build the capacity of youth at rural level, The program is aimed to train youth from rural
areas of Andhra Pradesh,
We are grateful to YES Campaign for facilitating this training program and our gratitude to UNIDO for
their financial contribution in establishing the Renewable Energy Solar Photo Yoltaic Laboratory, thus
building the capacity of this institute and for supporting this training program.
We are thankful to the Ministry of Rura1 Development and Ministry of Youth Services for taking this
initiative to train rural youth in their residential Rural Institute.
We thank the YES Networks Andhra Pradesh for their role in building awareness among youth at rural r'
levels, motivating them and guiding them to be a part of this training program.
The inputs provided by M/s Shell Renewable, M/s Photon Energy Systems, BHEL, M/s Exide Batteries,
M/s Noble Energy Systems, M/s Arvind Micro Electronics towards designing the training curriculum is
highly appreciated.
We thank all the Faculty members for sharing their experiences and all those whose contribution has
made this training program a grand success,
Sri. M. X. Reddy Chairman, SRTRI Nalgonda District A. P, India.
I
Table of Contents
Sl. No CHAPTERS Pa eNo 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF SOLAR ENERGY
NON-SOLAR ELECRIC APPLICATIONS COMMON USES OF SOLAR ELECTRICITY
4 SOLAR CELL MODULES BATTERIES
6 CHARGE CONTROLERS OND LOAD MANGEMENT
LAMPS AND APPLIANCES WIRING k FITTING
9 INSTALLING SOLAR ELECTRIC SYSTEMS
10 15 17 19 23
31 35 40
10 MAINTENANCE AND SERVIC1NG OF SOLAR ELECTRIC SYSTEMS 49
ENTREPMNEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
Module-I Module-II Module-III Module-IV
ENTREPRENEURSHIP - NATURE AND CONCEPT MICRO-ENTERPRISE PROMOTION AND MANAGEMENT
MANAGING THE MARKETS ACCOUNTING AND COST MEASUREMENT
57 69 74 76
SUCCESSFUL PROJECTS FACULTY PROFILES PHOTOGRAPHS
85 86
INTRODUCTION AND ORIENTATION
Energy, Economy, Environment and Employment are the four critical areas governing the development
of any nation. The per capita energy consumption is an index of development. The per capita energy
consumption is very low in developing countries compared to the developed countries.
At present we are meeting our energy needs with conventional po~er sources. Disadvantages associated
in utilising the conventional energy sources are—
These resources are limited and cannot meet our growing energy demand, i. e. petroleum
products are expected to be exhausted within 3 to 4 decades. Coal may be available for
another 150 to 200 years. Emission of G. H. G. in power generation process resulting in environment pollution.
Centralised power generation results in high transmission and distribution losses.
Realising these threats, Govt. of India formed a separate Ministry exclusively to develop and promote
renewable energy sources i, e. Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources,
Advantages of Renewable Energy
Energy utilization process is environmentally benign,
The resources in exhaustive,
The resources are locally available.
The power generation units are modular.
Transmission and distribution losses are minimum.
Developed Renewable Energy Technologies
Solar Energy—
Solar Photovoltaic Technology Solar Thermal Technology Solar Passive Architechue
Wind Energy — Bio Energy—
Energy Rom woody biomass
Energy Rom agro residues
Cogeneration
Energy from waste—
Municipal solid waste,
Industrial waste like poultry litter
Mini Micro Hydel Power Energizing Renewable Energy Technologies—
Fuel cell technology Wave energy Ocean thermal energy Geo thernial energy
Out of the above, solar energy plays predominant role as it is locally available in most of the areas with
an intensity of 5 to 7 Kwh/sq. mtr. /day for 300 days in a year. Conversion and utilization is very simple
and convenient and silent.
Best suitable for conservation of conventional energy,
Application of Solar Knergy
Solar Photovoltaic, %'echnology
Solar energy is converted into electrical energy and utilized for—
Lighting Water pumping Village electrification Telecommunication systems Railway signalling Road traffic signalling, and so on
Solar Thermal Technology
Heat energy from solar radiation is directly utilize for—
Water heating
Cooking Drying Power generation Water desalination
Solar Passive Architecture
Incorporation of solar passive architecture features in buildings helps in—
Reduces 30% of conventional energy consumption.
Comfort living conditions.
Potential and Prospectus
Most of the energy needs in rural sector and to some extent in urban areas can be conveniently
met with solar energy source.
We can electrify remote villages. We can create income generation activities for rm al youth.
We can create smokeless villages with solar cookers and biogas in rural areas.
We can improve the standard of living in rural areas.
Govt. PrograInInes and Policies
Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Govt, of India is actively involved in promoting
of renewable energy technologies by—
Formulating technology-wise scheme which are being implemented at State level through
Nodal Agencies and Reputed N. G. Os, Publicity through print media, electronic media, hoardings, etc. Establishing of renewable energy education parks,
Establishing of Aditya Solar Shops involving Private entrepreneurs.
Organizing seminars and workshops. Providing Financial support to R k, D activities.
Providing soA loans to manufacturers, power project developers, and equipment users
through its financing agencies, i. e, Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency
(IREDA).
State Governments are also providing incentives policy support to promote these technologies, In
Andhra Pradesh the State Government has—
Exempted sales tax for renewable energy product. Providing subsidy for SPV Pump sets. State Government issued orders making use of solar water heating system as mandatory
in all finictional buildings. Government also issued orders to introduce SPV street lighting systems in Municipal
Future of Renewable
Govt; of India declared that 10% of the power is to be generated from Renewable Energy sources by 2012 with the increase in volume production the cost of SPV modules is expected to be reduced considerably and make this technology to commercially viable.
Solar thermal technologies have already reacted commercially viable State and are becoming popular.
With available better R k D support the technologies will further improve performance wise, cost wise
creating enormous potential for these systems.
Youth Employment Opportunities
The activities involved in promoting the use of solar energy equipment are—
Establishing more number of inanufacturing units.
Assembling of systems and installation at sites. Establishing service centers to cater to after sales service, Devel'6ping marketing network like Aditya Solar Shops. Establishing income generation units particularly for self help groups women,
Migration of youth from rural to urban is also one of the serious concern to realise. It is high time the need for development of concentrative power generator creating income generation activities in rural
areas the only solution for development of rural areas, To achieve this goal the activation to be taken us
are Educative the rural people about the available R. E Technologies for sustainable
development Creating micro finance of mechanism to unable rural people to fro cure R, E, Equipment Creating self employment schemes under R. E tech Creating income generation schemes for youth particularly rural women To train youth accomplish all the alone mentioned activities to choose their option and
settle in the rural areas.
Need of the hour
We are burning whatever is available on our planet and the day may not be far off, we will be left with
nothing to burn, We are observing the changes taking place in the nature.
Global warning. Holes in ozone layer caused due to G. H. G. einissions. Natural disasters like Tsunami.
So all of us should take care to protect our planet earth as we belong to this earth. But'this earth does not
belong to us and it is possible only through renewable energy sources.
1. Fundamentals of Solar Ener
The tiny fraction of suns energy that reaches the Earth is thousands of times more than enough to
provide all our energy needs, We can collect energy from Sun directly for heating, drying, cooking,
distilling, and raising steam and electricity. Thousands use solar water heaters and electric systems
because they are reliable and economical.
10
CONVERTING SOLAR ENERGY
Solar energy is radiation. Solar energy can be directly transformed in to three useful forms: Chemical heat or electrical energy, Solar energy arrives at the edge of the earth's atmosphere at the rate of about 13SO watts per square meter, This is referred to as solar constant. Solar irradiance refers to the power received per unit area from the sun in watts per square meter (W/sq. m)
Ener and ower conce ts:
~Ener: Energy is referred to as the ability to do the work. )Vurr hours (ttr)r) are a convenient way of measuring electrical energy. Electric power companies measure the amount of energy supplied to the customers in KiloN)att hours (KP'h).
Ener conversions: watt hours x 1000 = kilowatt horns
Kilowatt bours x 1000 = Megawatt hours
Mega joules /3. 6 = kilowatt hours r,
'
= Peak sun hours
Langleys x 0, 0116 = kilowatt hours = Peak sun hours
Power: power is the rate at which energy is supplied, measured in watts.
Power conversion: Watt / 746 = Horse power Watts x 1000 = kilowatts
Kilowatts x 1000 = Megawatts
Eigure 2. Solar irradiance over time on a flat surface (watts)) sq. meter)
Actual Irradiance Curve
Solar irradiance
(Watts per square meter}
! !
Peak Hours
Y im g
Insulation:
the equivalent number of hours each day when solar
Irradiance averages 1000 W/sq. m
Kilowatt-hours per square meter per day of solar insolation.
Insulation or incident solar radiation is a measure of the solar energy received on a specified area over a
specific period of time. It is measured in kilowatt-hours per square merte per day, (Kwh/sq. m per day)
* Peak sun hours
* When planning a solar system you will need to estimate the amount of solar radiation your site
receives over the year.
Figure 3. Angle betN een the module and the Sun
2. NON-SOLAR ELECRIC APPLICATIONS
Solar water heater: A solar water heater consists of glass-covered panels with dark colored pipes inside. Water (or heat
transfer fluid) flows though the pipes, is warmed by the sun, and stored in insulated tanks for use in
washing, bathing k, food processing. Flat plate collectors absorb the solar radiation, transform it in to
heat energy, and conduct the heat in to cold water that fiows through the collectors in the pipes. Storage tanks insulate the hot water until it is needed,
I'ig 4. Elat plate collector Fig 5. Solar water heating system
Solar cookers: Solar energy concentrates and collects solar energy as heat for preparing food.
~Even though they cannot provide complete replacement for other fuels, solar cookers provide an
important alternative for institutions, commercial groups and families in sunny areas,
Figure 6. Solar cookers
Concentrating Type
~KNcienc Efficiency is the ratiy:of output energy to input energy. The input energy is the energy received from the
sun by the modules and collectors. The output energy is the electricity available for lights and appliances
(with solar electricity) and heating (with solar thermal)
Solar Kqnipment and Approximate Efficiencies
Application
Solar Water Heater
Type of Technology
Flat Plate Collector Heat 40 — 70 % Output Approximate Efficiency
Solar Cooker Concentrator type Box Type
Heat Heat
50 — 70 % 30 — 70 %
Solar Drier
Amorphous PV Module
Flat Plate Collector
Amorphous Silicon
Heat
Electricity
25 — 50'io
3 — 7%
Crystalline PV module
Crystalline Silicon Electricity 10 — 15 %
16
3. COMMON USES OF SOLAR ELECTRICITY
Home lighting, television, Tape recorder, Radios and small appliances. Small industries and institutions
Telecommunications Heal& center vaccine refrigeration
Water pumping Electric fencing and other uses.
Figure 7. Uses of solar electricity (lighting fencing, mater pumping)
figure 8. Components of solar electric Module
Wiring k Fittings
gd'P jjl~ ~
&P~'gp/
Controller
Lamps
Advanta es of solar electrici Disadvanta es of solar electrici
~ Consumes no fuel. ~ They produce electricity quietly
without exhaust or pollutants. ~ Where there is no mains power it is
ustly cheaper to power lights, small
tools, stereo systems and TVs with solar energy than it is to power them with dry cells, lead-acid batteries or generators.
~ Solar electricity systems can be easily expanded by adding more modules and batteries.
~ Risk of electric shock is small, Fire risks are lo~er,
~ Imtial cost is high, ~ The performance of the systems
depends on quality of batteries available.
~ Appliances and lamps, which run on low voltage, are not as ready available.
There is a lack of trained technicians. ~ Poorly designed systems are sometimes
installed, which are reflecting badly on solar electric technology.
4. SOLAR CELL MODULKS
Photo Electric Effect:
Solar electricity is the direct conversion of sunlight into electricity. Sunrays are composed of millions of energy particles called protons. when a photon of sufficient energy strikes a silicon atom in a solar cell,
it knocks the outer most silicon electron out of its orbit around the nucleus, freeing it to move across the
cells electric field. Once the electrons cross the fieId, they cannot move back, If load is connected
between the negative and positive side of the cell, the electrons flow as current, Thus, solar energy ( in
the form of photos) continuously dislodges silicon electrons from their orbital and "pushes" the electrons
through the wires. More intense sunlight gives a stronger current.
Figure 9. Photo Electric Effect
t r'
Silicon solar cell
Load L
Negative contact
Flovr of electrons
Solar cells & Cell Technolo: Solar cells proauce electricity when placed in sunlight, If a cell is
properly protected behind the glass, it should last for more than 20 years. Several varieties of silicon-
type solar cells are available, made from mono crystalline, poly crystalline and amorphous silicon. ~ Solar cells are connected in series to increase the voltage. Arrangements of many solar cells wired in
series, seded between glass and plastic, and supported inside a metal frame are called solar cell
modules, Groups of modules mounted together are called arrays,
Fig 10. Various types of crystalline solar cells.
Fig 11. Celis modules and arrays.
19
Cells, Modules and arrays
PPWg
Monocrystaline cells
Monocrysraline Cell
I
I
/y
Solar cell Module
20
The peak po~er rating of modules (Wp) is the amount of electric power it will produce at noon on
a sunny day when it is facing directly towards the sun, under standard test conditions.
Modules almost always produce less power then their rated peak power in field conditions.
Out ut of solar Cell Modules: The out put of the module changes depending on
Amount of solar radiation.
Angle of the module with respect to sun.
Temperature of the module. Voltage at which the load (or battery) is drawing power from the module,
The I-v curve: * The I-V curve describes fhe operating characteristics of each module or solar
cell, Ise, the short circuit current, measured in full sunlight, when an ammeter is attached to the positive and negative leads of the module. Voc, the open circuit voltage, is the voltage measured, under full
sunlight when a voltmeter is attached to the positive and negative leads of the module. Solar cell module
is very much governed by the intensity of the solar radiation on a module.
Fig 12. The I-V curve
Battery charging range
Fig 13. Effects of radiation intensity on module output
Dead iSC Short Circuit current
Fully charged
Pm Maximum power point
VOC Open circuit voltage
Higher Solar intensity
Lower solar intensity
Volts 0
(Atcell temperature of 25 c)
Higher module output Lower module
output
Crystalline module output decreases as the temperature rises. Solar electric devices have a lower
output, as they get hotter.
21
Fig 14. Effects of temperature on "module output dc I-V curve"
60'c
low Temperature 25 c
Higher temperature
Higher output Solar Cell Module Lower Output
Solar cell
module
i50'o C i3 aajia '
t
~"
6
volfaga (voBs)
Shading of a single cell of a module will considerably lower its output. Modules should be chosen according to the energy required of the system load,
Expected output of the module = Operating current at load (amps) X peak sun hours.
(Amp Hours)
22
5. BATTKMES
Solar cell modules generate electricity only when the sun is shining. Electric charge generated
dIning the day should be stored to be available at night.
A battery is like a tank for electric energy. It is impossible to remove more energy from the
battery then was put in by charging.
Good batteries are expensive, but worth. the investment,
I'ig 15. Energy input from the solar module must balance the energy output to the load.
Solar ell module
Load
ENERGY INPUT
ENERGY OUTPUT
The solar array produces an electric charge as long as the sun is shining. The charge traves
through wires in to the battery where it is converted to stored chemical energy,
No matter what type the batteries are, they will eventually wear out and need to be replaced. Find
out how long battery is expected to last from the supplier.
Batteries need to be maintained. Keep them clean and, especially when solar array is undersized,
take them for boosting when they have been deeply discharged.
BATTERY PRINCIPLES AND OPERATION:
As a battery is charged, electric energy is stored as chemical energy with in the cells. When the
battery is being discharged (i. e. when it is connected in circuit with a load), stored chemical energy is
being removed from the battery and converted to electrical energy.
Chemical e uation for Lead-Acid batte char e and dischar e:
Pb + pb02 + 2H2$04 & = & 2Pb$04+ 2H20 &= Charge
Discharge =&
Lead-acid Batteries:
You should never remove all of the energy from the lead acid battery, as this will damage its plates. Only when 30% of the energy is utilized from the battery per cycle the life will go up to 1500 cycles.
Fig 16 Parts of the Lead — acid Battery
Post
Lead-acid Batte Hazards:
If acid is splashed in to the eyes, rinse the eye with clean water.
If acid gets splashed on the bare skin, wash it immediately with plenty of water. Batteries give off explosive hydrogen gas, Do not smoke or carry open flames in battery storage room; Batteries contain a large amount of energy that can cause an explosion or fire if the battery terminals are accidentally shorted. Make sure nothing can accidentally be placed across the terminals,
Deep discharge batteries are preferred for solar electric systeins because more energy can be taken out. The amount of energy that a battery can store is called its capacity, and is indicate in AMP Hours AH)
NB: amp hours arc not a measure of energy — to convert amp hours to watt-hours, multiply by the battery voltage.
Char e and dischar e:
Q (Amount of charge in ainp hours) = I (charging'current in amps) X T (time in hours) Some energy is always lost in charging and discharging process as heat, Depending on the type of battery and its age, the energy lost is between 10- 30% for Lead — acid batteries,
Batteries should not be charged at a current that is higher than one tenth of their rated capacity,
Fig 17. Charge, Discharge and Cycling
* A cycle is one charge period followed
by one discharge period
* State of charge is the measare of energy remaining in the battery Cl-IARGE takes
place when
electricity is
being supplied to and stored in the
battery
DlSCHARGE takes place when
electricity is
being consumed
by the load
Measurin state of char e:
It is possible to accurately measure the state of charge using the voltmeter {which measures the voltage
of the battery and the cells) or hydrometer {which meastues the thickness of the sulphuric acid in each
cell), The state of charge is checked to determine whether the battery has been discharged too much, and
to determine the condition of the individual cells. Each battery in a solar electric system should ideally
have its state of charge checked at least once every two months, When measuring state of charge, check
the electrolyte level in each cell to make sure that it has not fallen too low due to gassing. The level
should be well above the plates.
25
Measurin state of char e with a voltmeter:
1, Disconnect the battery from the load and solar charge, If the battery was being charged (or Discharged), wait at least 20 minutes to allow the cell voltages to srablise before taking p measurement. If you measure write away, the reading will be inaccurate.
2. Connect the voltmeter's leads to the positive and negative terminals of the battery. Read the voltage on the voltmeter and compare it to the reading on a state of charge table.
Measurin state of char e with a H drometer:
l. Draw sulphuric acid p into a hydrometer. 2. Read the specific gravity of the cell from
the scale floating, 3. Consult a state of charge Vs specific
gravity table to determine the SOC
Niitc ot C44rec
i *-, j j
Sy«& iTj&. M»i' i%i:4iov~J ticks)
'I g,
Deep cycle batteries should not regularly be discharged below 40'/o
state of charge.
Self — Dischar e:
Self — discharge occurs because of reactions within the cells of a battery,
Lead — acid batteries should not be left standing uncharged for long periods of time.
Self char e: Self-discharge occurs because of reactions within the cells of the battery
~ Lead- acid batteries should not be left standing uncharged for long periods of time.
To avoid self-discharge Store the battery off the Aoor in a wooden battery box or non-metallic tray, Keep the top surface of the battery clean. Keep the terminal clean and greased. *Automotive batteries are not the best choice of energy storage for solar lighting systems. ~Give battery occasional equalising charges to bring it toa high state of charge and to mix up its electrolyte.
26
Managing and Maintaining Batteries Maintainin Batteries:
Depending on the type, batteries will last between 2 to 10 years or longer if they are properly installed, maintained and managed.
Tasks involved in maintainin batteries:
Regular checking of state of charge. Checking electrolyte levels in each cell. Cleaning the top of the battery. Cleaning terminals and contacts. Giving the battery occasional charges to mix up the electrolyte.
* pntting a new battery in parallel together with an old battery will prevent the new battery from getting fully char'ged.
6. CHARGE CONTROLKRS OND LOAD MANGEMKNT
Charge controllers manage the electrical power produced by the modules, protect the batteries,
and act as a connection point for all the system components.
Fig 18. Role of a charge controller in energy management
Sehr cell Monde
Cb Ng& cOlltl'OH&l*
j'
Bette&y
Every system, at the least, should contain the properly installed junction box with fuses.
THE CHARGE CONTROLLER:
The charge controller or regulator
1. Provides a central point for connecting the load, the module and the battery.
2, It manages the system so that the harvested electricity is effectively used, and so that
components (especially batteries and lighting) are protected form damage due to
overcharge, deep discharge and changing voltage levels.
3, It allows the end user to monitor the system.
28
Power Mana ement:
The solar charge LED diode indicates whether a current is flowing from the solar array to the battery.
The low battery LED notifies the user that the battery is in a low state of charge.
The battery full LED tells the user that the battery is fully charged, Disconnect voltage is commonly sct
between 11, 1V — 11. 9 V on commercially available controllers.
Over charge Protection:
Charge regulation with this feature prevents the array from overcharging the battery.
Other Feature. "
Load timers are switches that connect and disconnect loads after a certain amount of time. They
automatically turn loads ON, limit the amount of time that the loads are kept ON, and prevent abuse of the battery, For example, in a school, a load timer might switch classroom lights so that they come ON at
sunset, stay ON, for three hours before automatically being turned OFF,
Blocking diodes prevent current from flowing from the batteries to the solar cell module when the
modules are not producing current at night. A blocking diode is like a one-way gate that allows current
to enter the battery from the module but does not allow it to flow back.
Choosing Charge Controllers:
Charge controllers are rated according to the input current from the module. For example, a Samp unit will accept a maximum charge of 5 amps from the module.
Figure 19. A Module Charge Controller
Sst4 Chassis ba4icator US
Samer' Adl ~ies LXD
30
7. LAMPS AND APPLIANCES
Normal 240 V AC light fixtures and appliances cannot be directly connected in 12 or 24 volt solar
electric system. Instead, special types of lamps and appliances must be chosen. Efficient low voltage de
fluorescent or halogen-type lamps are normally used in small solar lighting systems.
LIGHTING PRINCIPLES:
The amount of visible light is measured in lumens (lm), A hurricane lantern produces about 100 lumens
An 8 watt fluorescent lamp produces 240 lumens,
1. Efficacy tells how much light a lamp produces per watt of electric power it consumes.
2. Most solar electric lighting systems choose Auorescent lamps in places where light is
required for lengthy periods of time.
Fluorescent Lam s and Ballast Inverters:
When operated on direct ctuYent, all fiuorescent lamps require a bullast inverter to modify the power.
Ballas/ inverter converts direct current into alternating current, and transforms the battery voltage from
12 or 24 to 70 — 100 volts. Similarly, ballast inverters raise the frequency of the current, and they may
contain a special circuit, which helps the lamp start, Ballast inverters may be damaged by low battery
voltage.
I'inure 20 Fluorescent lamp: Parts and Fittings
Banen. Type Qusrescent 4my
4&--=
Fewer lech t'Heels
Sex mhheat eknh
Performance of Typical 12 volt Lamps
Lamp Type Rated Watts (W) Light output Lumens(lm)
Efficacy(lm/W) Lifetime (Hours)
Incandescent Globe
Incandescent Globe
Batten-type Fluorescent
(with ballast) Batten-type Fluorescent
(with ballast) Batten-type Fluorescent
(with ballast)
15'
25
13
135
225
340
715
315
42
55
45
1000
1000
5000
5000
10000
Figure 21 'PL'- Type Fluorescent lamp fitting. ) stiiy~
Although compact 'PL'- type lamps are more expensive, they
are worth the extra cost in terms of better light output.
The 'compact' or 'PL-type' fluorescent, lamp which has a tube bent in a shape is more efficient.
Using the principles of reflection, it is possible to make much more effective use of light sources.
Reflector Fittings;
Reflector fittings are shiny materials used to reflect light to the areas where it is needed.
Figure 22. Reflectors direct light to the place whereitis needed. Rsdlec&r
Sl&l@
Power conditioning units (PCU's) convert DC power in to a form suitable for high voltage AC loads, such as colour TV, Videos and refrigerators.
'p L %JI TT 'Cl \'Vlllkltt 1Htg LElll'Lde~ Power conditioning units (PCUs) convert DC power in to a form suitable for high voltage AC loads.
In the process of converting AC to DC, inverters use up by energy, They are typically about 85% (or less) efficient in converting power.
Rooms freshly painted with white paint are much better than the rooms with dark or unpainted walls.
Figure 23. Classroom lighting.
Fluorescent lamps fitted with reflectors provide a much brighter hght for study than incandescent lamps,
c
ReSac&r 8hgtknge
C
5] %M& pain&4'waHs
Approximate po~er and energy requirements of appliances for household use
Appliance
14" BEcW TV
& Radio
Cassette player
Fan
Typical Daily Usa ctime
2hours
3 hours
2 hours
Continuous
Power ratmg watts) 15-33
3-30
10-40
60
Daily energy . Use (watt hours)
30-66
9-90
20-80
1440
Notes
Power draw
depends on volume setting
Power draw
depends on volume setting
8. WIRING dt, FITTING Figure 24
( ~ & ~ ~ ~ St
To make efficient use of the energy collected by the modules and stored in batteries, you must choose cable and fittings carefully.
&g a g~W'
HOUSE WIRING CABLE:
240 VOLT AC systems normally distribute power using wiring cables with a cross sectional area of 1 or 1. 5 sq. mm, but this wire is norinally too small for solar electric systems. Low voltage systems in small house holds normally use cable of at least 2. 5
sq. mm. The black wire servers as the negative 'earth' and the red wire as the positive 'live' wire.
Figure 25 Niring cable
C
In solar electric systems, multi- standard wire should be used instead of single standard
wire. When wire pass underground or up outside walls, they should be run through
conduit, a plastic pipe used for enclosing electric wire.
SWITCHES SOCKETS AND FUSES:
Switches are used to turn lainps and appliances ON and OFF.
Figure 26 Standard switch
Standard light switches are sized at 3 and 5 amps,
Sockets: Sockets (power outlets) are devices in to which the plug is inserted to access power for an appliance. Standard 240 V AC sockets with switches are
commonly used in small solar electric systems,
Figure 27 Dc Socket Figure 28 Cartridge-type fuses
Fuses are devices placed in the circuit between the battery and the load to prevent
damage from high current to appliances, modules and charge control circuit.
When a short circuit occurs, the fuse "blows"(i, e, a strip of wire inside melts) and opens
the circuit so that the current cannot Aow. Once the fuse has blown, the cause of high
current should be investigated and repaired before replacing the fuse with a new one of - the same size.
Sizing fuses; Fuses are sized to 'blow' when the current is 20% greater then the
maximum expected current in the circuit. More system problems are caused by bad connections then by failure of the equipment itself.
To calculate the re uired fuse size:
If a 12 V system includes a 15 W television and three 8 watt lamps, then the maximum
power is 39 watts,
15 W+ 8W+ 8W+ 8W = 39W
3. 9 amps
Divide the power by the system voltage (12 volts) 39 W / 12 W + 3. 9amps
Increase this figure by 20 % 3, 25 amps X 1, 2
37
ln the above model of circuit, a 4 amp fuse should be used.
Makin Connections:
Neat wiring not only looks better, it is easier to service and less likely to get tangled,
or crossed and shorted.
Figure Z9 connector strips
1. Use connector strips. 2. Prepare wire ends careFully.
3. Use weather — proof boxes and conduit when connecting wires outdoors.
4. Avoid twisting wires around terminal connection in the battery, module and
control. Inspect all connections after installing.
5. Be neat in wiring.
Karthing the systems:
Earth wires protect against electric shocks to people and against damage to the
system from lighting. They are commonly attached from the metal casings of appliances
or modules to a rod driven in to the grotutd.
Earthing systems below 50 %p is not necessary because the loads of the small solar electric systems are low voltage and do not carry high enough currents to necessitate earthing. Larger loads should always bee earthed.
Figure30 Earthing the array
~ rerm&ah
38
Earthing wires allow the electrical energy from lighting to pass in to the ground with out damaging the model, controller or loads,
Wire size, voltage drops k. and maximum wire runs:
The size of a wire determinates the amount of current that can pass through it. If the wire cross section is not large enough to support the current, a voltage drop will occur over the length of the cable. This may damage or cause poor performance in lamps 4 appliances.
As with water pipes, cables with large cross-sectional area allow more current to flow then those with small cross sectionals.
Figure 3i Large eire sizes carry more current
POWER = VOLTAGE X CURRENT PVatts) (Volts) (imps)
Voltage drop is a loss of voltage due to resistance in long runs of cable.
When it isn't necessary to calculate voltage drop:
In very small systems, all connections can safely be made using 2. S sq. mm wiring cable if all three of the following conditions are true.
1. No wire run is more than 16 meter long, 2. The model is rated at 40 Wp or below. 3. No wire carries a current greater then 4 amp.
!ncreasing system voltage decreases voltage drop in long runs,
39
OHMS LAW: Voltage drop Current X Resistance
Total resistance
(Ohms)
Resistance factor (K) X (Ohms/Meter)
length of cable (Meter)
9. INSTALLING SOLAR ELECTRIC SYSTEMS
Figure 3Z it&st'allafion
re cM *
L
~ I PIAP
STAGES IN INSTALLATION 8r, COMMISSIONING
1. SITK SELECTION 2. MATERIAL INSPECTION 3. CIVIL FOUNDATION %'ORK 4. STRUCTURE ASSKMBLY 5. ARRAY MOUNTING (MODULE ASSEMBLY) 6. ELECTRICAL %IRING (AIRWAY) 7. PUMP ASSEMBLY 8. EARTHING 9. INSPECTION OF KLKCTRICAL PARAMETERS 10. PRIMING 11. COMMISSIONING WATER OUTPUT
40
12. MEASUREMENTS ELECTRICAL 0VTPUT 23. DOCUMENTATION
Recommended instaBation procedure:
1, Make sure that all equipment is on site. 2, Lay cables to loads. Attach lamps and sockets. 3. Locate site for solar modules, lay cables and install array. 4. Locate site for battery„ lay cables and install. 5. Locate site for controller, lay cables and install. 6. Complete the final connection sequence and commission systems.
WARNINC: Do not connect cables to the nodules, controller s or batteries until the final connection sequence.
Figure 33 Digital multi meter Digital multi-meters and volt meters are extremely useful tools for the
installation and, maintenance of the solar electric systems.
~ Voltmeter is essential when checking for broken wires (continuity), insulation, resistance, polarity and when measuring voltage of modules and batteries.
~ Use the proper tool for the job
Recommended tools for Solar Electric Installation
Crimp
Name of the Tool Usage
Attaching ring and spade terminals to wires
12 V Disordering iron Connecting wires to terminal s, fixing electrical
parts
Screw Drivers (Star k Flat bladed) Tightening screws and terminals
Hydro Meter Measuring batteries state of charge
12 V Drills and Bitts {Hand Drill) Drilling holes for various purpose
Digital Multi meter
Measuring Tape
Pencil & Paper
Hack Saw
Utility Knife
Aire cutter & stripper
Torch
Pliers
Spanner
Hammer
Extension Cord
Inclinometer & Compass
Product literature for system
components
Roll punch / Jumper
Funnel & plastic tubing gaggles
Testing . . . . . . . . . . voltage, module power etc,
Measuring distance and marking wire clip
placement
Taking notes on measurement
Cutting metal frames
Various cutting jobs
Preparing cables
Laying wires in dark places (ceiling), for working
aAer dark
Holding bolts and nuts during tightening
Tightening battery terminals
Various construction tasks
Smoothing rough surfaces after cutting
Running power from batteries to tools
Fixing the angle of Solar modules
Source of reference information
Punching holes in walls
Filling batteries
Digital multi meters allow measurements of current. Make sure to be familiar with the use of voltmeter, as a mistake could damage the meter.
42
Safeta
Solar electric systems have a good record for safety. Never the less instiller should be
aware that the equipment that they are working with, has a potential to cause serious
injuries if safety standards are not observed,
To avoid shock risks
Use insulated tools
Keep loose cables and metals tools away
Always be aware of possible shocks &om modules and batteries and take steps to
avoid them.
Battery acid is extremely corrosive. It can destroy clothes, burn skin or cause
blindness if it comes in contact with the eyes. Use the funnel to avoid splashing
when filling cells. Always keep fresh water avai/able to rinse spilled acid off clothes, hands 8r, eyes. Batteries are heavy carrying them up right, from the bottom or by the handles
provided,
Make sure that batteries are located in a ventilated space. Do not smoke near
batteries. , :
Be awake of electrical charging battery. ! f accidentally shocked, there is a
possibility of explosion or electrical shock.
Modules are expensive and potential breakable.
Transport with care, Be aware of shocks when wiring and installing modules. Several modules in
serial parallel are more dangerous,
First aid kit should be on the site during ay installation.
- Use a circuit diagram, for example, a school lighting system is to be expanded later, a
circuit diagram will enable electrician to quickly understand how the system is wired.
Follow established cabling color codes.
Label cables during work.
Always double check polarity when wiring.
Earth modules, &ames and loads,
43
Figure 34 Circuit diagram used by electrician to plan wire layout.
f~(l I
if) ' l. ' ~e Mo( bsrw rtost
Swl&M
Volta@ drop will occur mere ever there are poor connections, so all connections should be as tight and secure as possible.
Low volta e wirin ractice
When preparing cables ~ Cut the extra amount of insulation required from the end of the wire,
Twist the wire strands before inserting. them. into connector. strips. When laying cables
~ Use correctly sized connector strips for joining cables, ~ Never allow 'twist' connections between cables as they are likely to come apart
or cause a voltage drop. ~ When tightening screws in connector strips and terminals, turn the screw until it
is tight enough, but not so tight that it cuts the wire, ~ Locate all connections so that they are accessible.
" Choose module's mounting locations and the method of mounting during planning stages.
Figure 35 Crimping tools are special type of pliers used for making electrical connections. They securely attach 'ring ' and 'spade '
type connectors to the end of the ~iring cable, by punching (i. e. crimping) the metal connector collar tightly around the end of the wire. Ring or spade- type connectors attach more securely to terminals than wires,
. 44
Use a crimping tool if one is available. Clip cables neatly to the wall, or run cables in the
conduit that is properly fixed to the wall. When positioning switches and sockets, consider needs of the users. When laying conduit outdoors, make sure it is supported.
Make sure controller and junction box are sealed, as insects like spiders and wasps use
such boxes as homes!
Mounting solar modules:
Solar modules~should be mounted in a place where they receive a maximum of solar
radiation, and where they will not be overheated, or covered with dust. They should be
located as close as possible to the batteries and control, and also the place should be safe
from vandalism and theft.
Care must be taken when transporting modules. The backside of the modules especially
should be protected during travel or work. Even if one cell is broken, the module will be
ruined.
Figure 36 Module side. Do not place a &nodule, where it is obstructed by any kind of shade like trees.
4- NO
Fixed mounts must be rigid, fiat and well ventilated. They must also be strong enough to with stand the strongest expected winds in the location, with out bending and breaking.
45
Wiring the Modules:
~ Use properly sized cable. ~ Earth the entire array. ~ Wire the junction box carefully, Make sure that the junction boxes are well—
sealed to prevent corrosion.
Figure 37 Backside of module showing leads from junction box
Figure 38 Modules charging batteries in parallel and series.
Figure 38 shows two 10Wp amorphous modules wired in parallel and series to charge a 12 volt battery and 24 volts system respectively.
Batte and collector installations:
Choosing battery location: The battery should be located as close as possible to the
array to reduce voltage drop. Ventilation: The battery room should have some sort of opening, for air to enter and
leave. Temperature: The battery should be placed in a location were the temperatures do not
go too high.
46
Battery Boxes: Batteries should not be kept ion the floor, as this will increase their self
discharge rates.
Figure 39 Battery Box Figure 40 Batteiy should be located in a well Ventilated place.
Security and safety: The battery should be located at a place were it is secure and not
likely to be stolen. However, the place should be accessible for easy state of charge measurement and cleaning.
WARNING: Solar electric equipment is expensive; damage to the equipment can be prevented by the following procedures and the equipment manufacturer's instructions.
TESTING AND FINAL CONNECTION:
AN ELECTRICAL TECHNICIAN PROP ERKY TRADED AND
EXPERIENCED WITH SOLAR ELECTRIC S YSTEMS SHOULD MAKE THE TESTS AND FINAL CONNECTIONS.
In ail case thefollow the manufacturer 's installation instructions for modules,
controllers and inverters,
Final connections:
~ Connect the wtrers Born the battery to the charge controller. ~ Connect and check the load,
~ Connect the fluorescent lamps. ~ Connect the Solar cell module(s). ~ And at last a visual inspection.
During the installation process, person responsible for managing the system must be informed about the simple steps of proper maintenance.
Use Trainin:
Maintenance routine
The following questions are to be answered for expected service operation and schedule. Which parts were out and how are they replaced? What spare are required? Where are they available?
'" What are the records to be tnaintained?
Records should be kept about the age and condition of the batteries, the place of purchase of the system components, and the electrical details of the system (i. e, circuit diagram)
What to do incase of breakdown. The customer should know whom to contact in case of a problem that cannot be solved at the site.
There should be some kind of regular contact (at least annually) behveen the customer and the sales agent or installer.
10. MAINTENANCE AND SERVICING OF SOLAR KLKCTRIC SYSTEMS
Routine maintenance: A properly installed solar electric system requires very little maintenance, The best
maintenance practice is to make regular inspections of the equipment (especially
batteries and modules), to make sure things are kept clean, and all electrical contacts are
tight.
Useful tools and materials for maintenance of Solar Electric Systems
Name of the Tool
Hydrometer
Voltmeter
Adjustable spanners
Distilled water ( Rain water)
Petroleum jelly
Baking Soda
Spare switches
Spare tube and globes
Spare fuses (of the proper size)
Extra screws and wires
Usage
Measuring battery and cell state of charge
Measuring state of charge k checking wiring
Tightening loose connections
Replenishing battery electrolyte
Protecting battery terminals
Neutralising spilled battery acid
Repairing broken switches
Replacing burned out lamps
Replacing blown fuses
Replacing stripped or worn screws and wires
BATTERYMAINTENANCE'
Cleaning:
~ Carry the battery outside when cleaning it to avoid spilling acid. Keep plenty of water nearby to rinse the spills.
Turn OFF or disconnect the Solar charge. ~ Disconnect the battery from the leads, and remove the terminals from the post.
I Make an annual system check to look for problems. These include checks for
tree growth that has shaded your modules, birds nest in you module junction
boxes, and other unexpected problems.
~ Clean the top and outside of the battery with water, (make sure that water do not
enter in to the cells) ~ Clean terminals and posts until they are shiny. If the terminals are corded (i. e. if
they are covered with white powder), clean them carefully using a solution of baking soda. and water,
~ Replace the clean terminals and tighten bolts. Apply petroleum jelly or grease to
comecte'd terminals.
Give your battery an equalizing charge once every few months, preferably during
cloudy weather.
Checking and topping up electrolyte level (once a month)
Remove the cap of each cell one at a time and check the level of the electrolyte.
Acid should not be less then 2cm low from the top of the battery,
~ If the electrolyte level is down, add de-ionised or distilled water to full.
~ Do not add acid or tap water to batteries.
Checking state of charge (once a month or as required)
~ Solar modules must be kept clean to produce maximum power, Run a fmger
along the top of the module to check for dust.
~ Clean modules with water and if necessary, mild soap may be used. Wipe the
glass with your hands, a sponge, or a soA cloth.
Checking connections (every 2-3 months)
~ Inspect the junction box on the back of each module to make sure that the wiring
is tight.
50
%'IRING AND CONTROL:
If wiring is done properly during the time of installation, there should be no wiring
problems for the lifetime of the system,
Inspecting wiring, fuses, indicator lamps and switches (yearly once)
~ Check the tightness of all the connector strips. Make sure that no bare wire is
visible. ~ inspect system wire runs for breaks, cracks in the installation,
~ Check switches to make sure they are operating properly. ~ Check for blown fuses, and replace it with a new one of the same size. ~ Check the indicator lamps on the control. The solar charge indicator should come
ON when the sun is up. If it is not ON, ckeck to see if the batteries are being charged. Check whether the other LED indicator lamps are working(i. e. battery full and low voltage), check grounding,
You should operate the loads as efficiently as possible on a daily basis.
Lamps and other loads:
~ Clean lamps, reflectors and fixtures once every few months. Dust and dirt will
reduce lamp output as much as 20'/0.
~ Check for blackening tubes in fluorescent fixtures. Replace blackened or blinking tubes.
POWER AND ENKRGY
Voltage. "- It is a potential difference between two ends of a charged conductor. We can draw an analogy between the term "voltage" and water pressure. Water held behind a large dam has tremendous pressure but no forward movement of water. An electrical system with high voltage potential means that electrons in the components and wires have stored "Pressure" and is cable of doing work if released. Unit of measurement for Voltages "Volt". Symbolically represented as 'V'
Current:-Flow of Electrons is called current . The unit of measure for electrical current
is the "ampere" or just "amp". The symbol for current is 'I'
Power:- Power is the rate of doing work Power (Electricity) = Current X Voltage
The unit of measure for power is watt. The power increase by increasing either by current or voltage. The symbol for power is 'W'
Energy:- Energy is the amount of work that is done during a specific period of time.
The rate of doing work (power) must be multiplied by the time to give amount of work.
Amount = Rate X Time Energy= Power X Time
= Current X Voltage X Time.
The unit of measure of electrical energy is watt-hour or Kilowatt- hour (KWh)
System Records and Manuals:
~ Large installation systems work better when someone is given the job of maintaining the system and keeping records up to date. This information
includes. ~ Circuit diagrams and maps showing the location of the batteries,
loads, wire runs, junction boxes and cables,
Manuals, warranties and manufacture's specifications for system
components, ~ Records of battery state of charge 4 history, installation dates,
repairs, equipment replacement and system maintenance.
Trouble Shooting:
~ The first thing to do is do not panic. Check for basic problems first.
~ What was the weather like for the weeks before the problem? Has the weather '
been cloudy? ~ Is the system new? Do the owners know hoe to use it and maintain properly?
~ What is the type, condition and age of the battery?
~ Are all the fuses and circuit breakers okay? ~ Are all the wires connected securely? Are there any corroded wires? Is there any
place where the wire is likely to be broken? ~ Are the modules dusty? Are they shaded?
If the syst' em failure occurs, check for basic problems first.
TROUBLE SHOOTING GUIDE
Problem Batter state of charge is low
Battery low indicator comes ori, low voltage disconnect turns OFF load, or battery state of charge is constantly below 1 l. 5 volts
Cause ~ There is no Solar charge ~ Battery acid low ~ Bad connection to
control terminals ~ Defective (bad) battery
or cell
~ Loose or corroded battery terminal.
~ Dusty modules ~ Blown fuse ~ Overuse of system
How to fix ~ Check anf fix
connections to module ~ Add distill water to cells ~ check for broken wires or
loose connections ~ Check state of charge of
each cell. lf there is a significant di fference between cells, replace or repair.
~ Clean and tighten battery terminals
~ Clean modules ~ See "blown fuse" section
below ~ Leave appliances and
lamps "OFF" for a week to allow recharging or recharge battery other means.
~ Battery will not accept charge
~ Voltage drop between module and battery is too high
~ Defective controller
~ Find out age and history of the battery. Replace if old.
~ Check voltage drop. Replace cable with large diameter if required.
Check operation of controller wit dealer. Replace or repair if necessary
Trouble shootin contu. . . No Solar Charge Solar charge indicator does not light up during the day. There is no current in wires
from the module.
~ Short circuit along wires
to modules ~ Loose connection in
wires connecting battery
to the control ~ Blown fuse ~ Thick coating of soot or
dust on module
~ Locate and repair short circuit
~ Locate and repair loose connections
See" blown fuse" below
Clean module with water and soft cloth
Appliances or lamps do not work
One or more appliances fails to come ON when connected.
~ Broken module
Lamps ~ Bad tube or globe ~ Bad ballast inverter ~ Bad connection in wire ~ Switch is "OFF" ~ Tubes or globes have
very short life times
Appliances
~ Check for broken cells, broken glass, or poor connection inside the
module. Replace solar cell module
Lamps ~ Replace with new tube
or globe ~ Replace ballast inverter
with new one
Locate broken or loose wire and repair
~ Turns switch "ON"
Check voltage of systems: too low or too high?
(voltage is always lower when load is ON) Appliances
Blown Fuse
%hen the fuse is removed, the wire inside is broken.
~ Bad connection in wire ~ Switch is "OFF" ~ Bad socket ~ Broken appliance
~ Short circuit along wire to Solar cell module
battery or load ~ Fuse was too small ~ Lightning or power
surge
Locate broken or loose wire and repair
Tum switch "ON"
Check socket, If bad
replace, check fuse in
the socket
Try appliance where
there is a good power
supply, Replace or repair
Locate and repair short circuit
Use fuse 20% larger than combined power of loads
Replace fuse
54
SOLDERING
Soldering is a process by which we make a joint between two metals, components or wires so as to enable the electric current to pass through. This we can call it a soldering
joint. There are 3 basic requirements for soldering Heat, Solder, and Flux,
Heat: - The required heat to melt the soldier and to make a joint is obtained by soldering
irons. Soldering irons are identified by their wattage, Eg:- 15W 25W 3SW 100W . sometime temperature controlled irons also are used in electronic systems for
precession works.
Solder: It is an alloy made of 60% tin and 40% lead. Sometimes it can be 63% Tin and
37% I. ead. Solder melts at about 180 degree Centigrade Temperature. Single core and
multi core solders are available. Flux is also added in the core of the solder wires.
Flux: Flux is an chemical agent which help to make the solder joint proper and perfect.
Functions: removes undesirable dust particles from surfaces before soldering. Prevents oxidation of thy molten solder and joint after soldering.
Type of fluxes: Inorganic, organic (Water soluble) Organic resin based (Alcohol soluble)
Types of soldering
~ Hand soldering ~ Machine soldering ~ . Dip soldering
Drag soldering ~ Wave soldering
In electronic Manufacturing Industries soldering job is widely adopted. A good soldered
joint should last for 20 or more years,
A ood soldered oint characteristics
1. Good wetting angle 2. Good coverage of joint 3. Filling of holes to laid down requirements 4. 3oint should be shining.
A bad oint can be identified b visual ins ection.
~ A bad joint is a bad joint ~ Wetting angle not accurate ~ Blow holes in the joint
Dry joint ~ Filling of holes improper
A bad solder joint needs to be corrected reworked and also to be re inspected which is time consuming and expensive. Therefore soldering job is a technique and it is to be mastered through practice,
KNTREPRENKURSHIP DKVKI. OPMKNT PROGRAMME
Module — I
KNTREPRENEURSHIP - NATURE AND CONCEPT
Introduction
An urge to exercise power over things and objects persists among all human beings. The urge may vary in degree from person to person. This urge is an intrinsic quality of an entrepreneur, Sociologists consider him as a sensitive energiser - in the moderiiisation of societies, The psychologists look upon him as an "entrepreneurial man", his motivations and aspirations as conducive to development. Political scientists regard him as a leader of the system. To economists, he is a harbinger of economic growth. In all, he combines entrepreneurial drive with leadership and innovativeness.
In any country, the live force of an economy is its humane resource, Whatever the business an individual starts, is an outcome of his/her entrepreneurial venture. In general, entrepreneur is basically a constant searcher of new and innovative things. He is the exploiter of every opportunity of creative things and turns out to be a beneficiary to society of his innovative and creative activities/ventures,
Who is an Entre reneur?
Entrepreneur is defined by the economist Joseph Schumpeter as "one who innovates (navakalpanalu), raises money, assembles inputs, chooses managers and sets the commercial organisation going with his ability to identify them and opportunities which others are not able to identify and is able to fulfill such economic opportunities ",
Drucker defines entrepreneur as one "who always searches for change, responds to it, exploits it as an opportunity. Lntrepreneurs innovate, Innovation is a specific instrument of Entrepreneurship ",
The Entrepreneur is a critical factor in the socio-economic change. He is the key person who envisages iiew opportunities, new techniques, new lines of production, new products and coordinates all other activities. The Entrepreneur is one of the most important inputs in the economic development of a country or of regions within the country. He is the person who brings in overall change through innovation for the maximum social good. Entrepreneur is a visionary and an integrated man with outstanding leadership qualities,
Entre reneurshi
Entrepreneurship is an act of undertaking an activity by an individual or group of persons, which is innovative and risk bearing. All individuals have need for training, new recruits need induction into the rationale and objectives of their jobs, besides being trained in specific skills and routines. New professional staff may need to undergo additionally programmes of training to enable them to improve their professional qualifications, However, this phenomenon is not just limited to business alone, rather applicable in general walk of life of every individual.
S7
The four basic key elements involved in entrepreneurship are; innovation, risk-
taking, vision and organising skills. All the four elements are inter-related and form a continuous process in business. Entrepreneurial vision encompasses the relentless pursuit for operational excellence, innovative technology and being responsive to the
needs of the market place.
Goals of Entre reneurshi
The main goals of entrepreneurship are:
a Personal satisfaction - esteem and self-fulfilment b. Independence - to do things in their own way c Profits - to survive and grow in a business
The other goals of entrepreneurship are:
d. Power and respect e. Use of accumulated capital f. Application of skills and background g. Other rgiscellaneous reasons.
If self-help is the best help, then self-employment is the best form of employment; and entrepreneurship the most exciting among self-employment avenues.
Entre reneur Activities / I unctioas
Innovation, risk-taking and organisation as well as management of business are the three crucial functions of an entrepreneur. Innovation is the basic essence of an entrepreneur and assuming risk is inevitable in this regard, The success of an entrepreneur depends
upon his ability to handle these two aspects apart from organising and maintaining a business unit, The following are some of the important activities / functions to be undertaken by an entrepreneur for successful running of an enterprise,
~ Perception of market opportunities (novel or imitative)
~ Gaining command over scarce resources
~ Arranging the necessary inputs, resources and necessities
~ Establishing a smooth and effective internal organisational structure
~ Dealing with public bureaucracy as regards concessions, licenses, taxes, etc. ~ Raising necessary financial management and effective management of it. ~ Acquiring and overseeing assembly of the plant, machinery, etc. ~ Ensuring smooth and effective production function, including cost and quality
control through written records, standards, supervision, coordination of input-output process
~ Devising appropriate marketing strategies and launching the product
Maintaining smooth and harmonious customer and raw-material supplier relations
Making necessary changes in product and organisations aspects keeping the changing environment
Introducing new production techniques and product lines with a view of imprave productivity and market share
Entre reneurial Traits
The following are the basic traits of successful entrepreneurs;
1. Innovation: Innovation is generally the most distinctive entrepreneurial trait.
Entrepreneurs tend to tackle the unknown; they do things in new and different ways; they weave old ideas into new patterns; they offer mare solutions than the excuses.
2. Risk Taking: Any new business poses risks for entrepreneurs. They may succeed or they may fail, and they cannot foresee which it will be. For protection, entrepreneurs are likely to shun ventures in which the odds against. thein are high. At the same time, most entrepreneurs also shun a sure thing because the satisfaction would be too small
to justify the effort. Successful entrepreneurs tend ta launch ventures that fail between these two extremes.
3. Self-Confidence: Entrepreneurs believes in themselves. They have confidence that
they can outdo any one in their field. They tend not to accept the status quo, believing instead that can change the facts,
4. Hard work: Entrepreneurs basically are hard workers; few people in our saciety work harder than entrepreneurs. Driven by their desire to excel, entrepreneurs put in longer hours than many big business executives.
S. Goal Setting: Another important trait of entrepreneurs is goal setting. To entrepreneurs, merely choosing a new meaningful goal is self-renewing. Planning and
carrying out the steps needed to reach their goal are stimulating.
6. Accountability: Entrepreneurs generally want full credit for their success - or will assume full blanie for their failure
Module II
LEADERSHIP AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS
In this module, you are going to learn about leadership skills. Successful business
depends on effective leadership, Leadership skills should, therefore, be developed in
order to run a successful business,
Leadershi Skills
Leadership skills become the vehicle by which the leader achieves given objectives.
Leadership is, therefore, the active and dynamic process of applying those leadership
skills called for in given situations.
A leader should have the following skills;
Skill ¹ 1: Communication
Communication involves several factors; receiving, storing, retrieving, giving, and
interpreting iiiformation. It is important that members of a group communicate freely
with each other. Exchange of information often involves a "transaction, " a stimulus
followed by a response. It's important that these transactions be kept open or complementary.
Skills ¹ 2: Knowing and Using Resources
To establish or lead a group, you must know what you have to work with. Two types of resources can be used - those available to the group and those available from within the
groups own members.
Resources available to a group can come from literature and books, members of the
chartered organization, parents and friends of members, local businesses, community
organizations and services, and so on. An inventory of these outside resources is a valuable tool for the leader. A formaI listing might be helpful, but the same results often
can be obtained by simply asking the question, "What do I need and where can I get it?" The more people doing this type of thinking, the more resources will appear,
Skills ¹ 3: Understanding the Characteristics aud Needs of the Group and its
Members
Each member of a group has some important needs. At the basic level is the need for
food, water, shelter, and warmth, The next level involves the need for safety and
security. Next is the need for friends, association with others, interpersonal relationships,
order, and a feeling of belonging, At the fourth level, needs include recognition, self-
respect, independence, and esteem. The final level involves the need for self-fulfillment,
confidence, achievement, and growth to the individual's full potential.
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Recognizing these needs and how well they are met will often explain the characteristics
of the members of the group. If one level of needs has been some what met, then other
needs emerge as dominant.
Skill ¹ 4: Planning
Effective planning is usually the result of seven specific steps
1. Consider the task. This involves what has to be done, who does what, when, where,
and how,
2. Consider the resources. What time is available? What are the skills of the group?
What equipment and supplies aie needed and available? What other items should be
considered?
3, Consider alternatives. What happens if something goes wrong? What are the
emergency procedures? What is the alternate plan? Could there be an alternate plan be
better than the original plan?
4. Reach a decision. Who has the responsibility'? Is a poor decision better than no
decision? Is, no decision a decision? Is a group decision best? A decision usually is
needed at every step in the process.
5. Write down the plan. The act of writing down an action plan may cause it to be revised ar refined. The final plan might need considerable discussion,
6. Put the plan into action. All too often, great plans are formed but never followed,
7, Kvaluate. Evaluation must take place all during this process. As each step is taken, it
is evaluated against the previous steps to assure that the original task is still being
considered.
Skill ¹ 5: Controlling Group Performance
Controlling group performance is an important but often misunderstood function of leadership. To some, control implies that a whip-cracking boss is in charge, Co-opted
control is far more subtle.
A group needs control to keep its members moving in the same direction for best results.
If a plan is to be properly carried out, someone must direct the effort. Controlling is a function that the group consciously or unconsciously assigns to the leader in order to get
the job done. Skillful control is welcomed by the group.
Control of group performance involves six basic operations.
1. Observing. The leader should be in a position to see the group, communicate with its
members, and be available, but not appear to dominate. Coed work is praised.
Suggestions, rather than orders, are given for improvements.
2. instructing. The leader must often give instructions as the work proceeds and the
situation changes. The leader inust communicate well, apply the skiH of effective
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teaching, and allow members to use their own initiative. As long as the work is
progressing well, the leader should not intrude.
3. Helping. When a group has decided that it wants to perform a task, the leader must
help the members be successful. The leader does a good job personally, takes a positive
approach, and gives a helping hand when needed. Care is taken to see that an offer to
help is not implied criticism,
4. Inspecting. The leader must know what to expect to see. The leader should know the
plan and the skills involved, A checklist is valuable. If the work is not correct, the
worker is led to the proper performance of the task. Again, a positive approach with
helpful suggestions for improvement is vital.
5. Reacting. How the leader reacts to the efforts of the group is important. Praise the
person if the work is good, but the praise must be sincere. If the work is not correct, praise the parts that were done well and accept responsibility for work not done well.
React to the total job — do not focus on obvious weak points,
6. Setting the example. The most effective way of controlling group performance is the
personal example of the leader. How the leader observes, instructs, helps, inspects, and
reacts is vital.
Skill ¹ 6: Representing the Group
With knowledge of resources, skill in communicating, and an understanding of the characteristics and needs of the group and its members, the leader is prepared to
represent the group.
Some steps are involved in representation. Before representing the group, it is important
to get all of the facts available, decide on the nature of the situation, determine the
group's reaction, and make mental or written notes. When representing the group to a third party, it is vital to give the facts; give the group's reaction, feelings, and position; respect opinions of other groups dealing with the third party; consider personality
problems; and again make mental or written notes.
Then the third party's decision, attitude, or actions must be represented back to the
group. Here it is important to again present the facts, explain the decision, and
thoroughly represent the third party's attitude and opinion.
As a leader represents the group to the "outside world, " the group begins to develop its
own attitude, identity, and direction.
Skill ¹ 7: Kvaluating
When a program or project has been completed, it is important to find out how well the objectives-were met and if improvements can be inade for the future. An evaluation
should reflect two dimensions of the project — its effect on the total group and its effect on each individual member.
An evaluation as soon as an event or activity ends is a handy measure of the immediate reaction. Sometimes, however, a more valid evaluation can be made two to three weeks
following the event or activity. ln retrospect, the later evaluation may be more valid. It
also is less subject to the enthusiasm of the event and a natural desire to please (or condemn) the leadership.
Skills ¹ 8: Sharing Leadership
Much has been said or written on the styles of leadership and how they are applied in
given situations. Five styles of leadership generally are recognized,
1. Telling (or ordering). The leader alone identifies the problem, makes the decisions, and directs the activities. The style appears autocratic and may or may not involve the
opinions of the group members.
2. Persuading (or selling). In this style of leadership, the decision is still made by the
leader. Having made the decision, the leader must sell it to the group to get cooperation.
3. Consulting. Group members participate and provide input. The leader may suggest a tentative decision or plan and get the group's reaction. Having consulted the group, the-
leader still makes the final decision, usually based on group consensus, If consensus
cannot be reached, the group is encouraged to note and follow the desires of the
majority.
4. Delegating. The leader identifies the problem, sets certain guidelines, boundaries, or rules, and then turns the problem over to the group or one of its members. The leader
accepts the decision of the group if it falls within the boundaries and guidelines
established, While authority may be delegated, the responsibility must remain with the leader.
5. Joining. The leader steps down as leader and joins the group. The leader agrees in advance to abide by the group's decisions. It is important to remember that joining the
group is still leadership, Before deciding to use this style, the leader must carefully consider the resources of the group, and, if necessary, change to a more direct leadership
style.
No single leadership style is "best. " Each depends on the situation, experience of the
group members, and tasks to be done. As leadership styles move from telling to joining, the leader's authority appears to diminish and the group's participation increases, Selecting the appropriate style of leadership is an act of leadership based on the nature
of the situation and the ability and experience of the group members, Leadership is a dynamic process, varying from situation to situation with changes in leaders, followers,
goals, and circumstances.
Skills ¹ 9: Counseling
Counseling in one form or another goes on constantly as the leader works with the members of the group. Counseling can be used to encourage or reassure an individual, to
develop a more effective member of the group, or to help solve a specific problem, Counseling is helpful when a person needs encouragement, should have more information bearing on his or her task, needs help in interpreting facts, or is uncertain about what to do, or the leader feels the need to correct a situation,
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The counselor first must find out that there is, in fact, a need for counseling. The
counselor must recognize that no two counseling situations are alike and that each
person is different, and each problem is different. There are no part solutions,
There are six keys to good counseling,
l. Listen carefully. Give undivided attention to what the person is saying,
2. Ask yourself, "Do I understand what this person is trying to say?"
3, Summarize frequently to assure understanding, keep on the track, and check what is
being told.
4. Additional information might be all that is needed. The person might not have all of the facts, or might not know all of the resources available. The counselor must be sure to
give information, not advice.
5. The person must be encouraged to think of different ways of handling the problem.
The individual has the problem, has thought about it in greater detail than the counselor,
and might have arrived at a solution. He or she might only be seeking conhrmation of that solution. .
r 6, Above all, the counselor must not give advice, The objective of counseling is to lead
the individual to his or her own solution,
Skill ¹ 10: Leading by Example
The most persuasive leadership skill is the personal example of the leader. A good
leader sets a positive example in these ways:
1. Following instructions. Following instructions, obeying the law, and carrying out
tasks in the recommended manner points out that rules and procedures are important.
2. Trying hard. The leader must work as hard as — if not harder than-any member of the
group. Leadership by direction is not as effective as leadership by example,
3. Showing initiative. A good leader must do what has to be done without waiting to be
told or forced to act. An effective leader respects the good suggestions of the group
members and encourages each person to show initiative.
4. Acting with maturity. An effective leader shows good judgment. The group
members see that the leader's personal behavior is directed toward accomplishing the
task.
5. Knowing the job. Generally, a leader should have a mastery of the skills to be used.
If not, the leader must apply the resources of the group toward achieving the task,
6. Keeping a positive attitude. A positive attitude is vital as an example to group
members, The leader's personal frustration or discouragement should never be apparent.
Failure should be considered a potential learning experience, Enthusiasm is contagious,
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Role models are an important method in developing leadership. This applies not only to
adults, but also to youth leaders. Young people often will copy the actions and behaviors
of leaders they like and admire. They will literally walk, talk, and act as the example set
by the adult and other youth leaders.
Each of these skills functions well only when combined with the others to produce an
effective leadership style.
The roles of a leader
The roles of a good leader can be identified.
l. A good leader motivates 2. A good leader encourages
3. A good leader delegates
4. A good leader rewards
5. A good leader is objective
6. A good, leader gets the facts 7. A good leader takes action on the basis of facts
8. Acquiring the roles of a good leader
The Qualities of a Good Leader
The qualities of a good leader, which should be learnt or developed. These qualities
differ from one person to another. Day to day activities provide an opportunity to
develop or improve leadership qualities, Below are some of the qualities of a good leader,
«» Confidence
Courage
Decisiveness
«» Dependability
«» Good judgement
Sensibility/ Understanding
«» Loyalty
«» Enthusiasm
Patience
»»» Endurance
»»» lnltlatlve
Ability
Optimism
Willingness to accept criticism
«+ Objectivity
«Tolerance
Integrity
Communication Skills
Communication is becoming increasingly important for successful management of an
enterprise. It may be internal communication for employer — employee understanding or external communication with customers, promoters, suppliers or the community in
general. To an entrepreneur, communication with any of these groups is important as it
affects business. Entrepreneurial leaders, therefore, need communication skills from day
one.
Business communication
Communication is a process of sharing knowledge, information and ideas. Communication involves several factors: receiving, storing, retrieving, giving, and
interpreting information.
In the business world, communication may take a variety of forr. is, such as those
discussed below.
An order
A request or appeal
A piece of information
An instruction
A report
An advertisement
An invitation
A greeting
«+ A clarification
A reply or an enquiry
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Whatever may be the form, the purpose of is the same, that is, the message must get
across and must be understood by the recipient in the same way as has been conceived
by the entrepreneur who is the sender.
Why we communicate?
People communicate or pass information to another person in order to: Initiate action
Impart information, ideas, knowledge, beliefs, values and attitudes
Establish, acknowledge or maintain links
Learn about what others are doing
Information is received mainly through the following senses:
Hearing
Seeing
Feeling
Tasting, . and
Smelling.
Obviously we receive information by reading what is written (letters, telegraph, fax, and
increasingly nowadays e-mail), or listening to what is said — - on phone, radio and
television- and we often do a poor job of these.
We also receive powerful messages through facial expressions, body language, an
individual's general appearance, costume, and. so on. The more ways we use to gather
information, the better the information is received, understood and put to use.
Most people store the information they receive in their memories, The memory can be
supported with notes, sketches, written references, and similar techniques. Retrieving or
recalling information is important. It often is closely related to how the information is
stored. People known for outstanding memories have simply developed an effective
retrieval system. This can include memorizing using memory joggers, repeating the
information as it is received, taking notes, and skillful use of references.
Business communication skills
In order to send messages successfully, communication skills must be developed. These skills can be learned from practicing the application of a set of rules for effective communication. Below are the important skills essential for communication.
Ade uate understarrdin of the reci ient
The communicator or entrepreneur must appreciate that what is known to him may not
be known to the recipient. The terms, contents, and symbols used must be something
that the recipient will easily understand. It is the responsibility of the entrepreneur to
verify what is contained in the message before sending it.
Use of suitable lan ua e
In communication, language plays an important role. The language being referred to
here is not just international languages like English and French or local languages like
Bemba, Nyanja, Lozi and Tonga, but also the recipient's level of understanding of the
s~e language,
Ciaritl
Clear communication is essential, Avoid initials, acronyms, technical jargon, and
unfamiliar words in communicating with others, The use of various forms like figures,
illustrations, graphics, and so on, increases the value and effectiveness of communication.
Brevitr
A golden rule of effective commrmication is the brevity of the presentations. This is
important in both speech and writing. It is all the more important in the busy business
world today. Emphasis should be put on constructing short sentences and with the least
possible words without losing any important aspects of the original message,
Use of a ro riate media
There are a number of media available for communication. Selection of a single medium
or a combination of media appropriate to the target audience is important. The choice of the media may also depend on the quality, content and size of the message — which may
also necessitate reformulating the contents of the message depending on whether the
medium selected is a letter, fax, telegram, phone or e-mail.
A ro riate time
The effectiveness of communication is increased or reduced depending on the time and
occasion chosen for sharing the information. The entrepreneur has to be very. perceptive
to determine the time and occasion appropriate for sending the particular message. This
suggests the important of planning in advance in order to send regular messages such as
greetings and announcements.
These skills result in an effective transfer of information. Thus, the success of establishing and maintaining a group or selling your product or service will depend
largely on how well its members conununicate with each other and with those outside
the group.
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Module II Micro-Enter rise Promotion and Mana ement
introduction
India is a large country with a large population and under exploitation of both natural and human resources. On the one hand, we have abundant unskilled labour, extensive underemployment and mounting unemployment, and on the other, we suffer from scarcities of technical and skilled labour and from scarcities of enterprising and experienced entrepreneurs and managerial talents. The case for promoting small business enterprises in our country rests primarily on thc desire to honour this sacred commitment to build up a democratic society ensuring social justice, equality of opportunity, and decentralisation of economic wealth and power, Small business enterprises here, play a pivotal role by providing:
1. High employment opportunities at comparatively lower capital investment; 2. Scope for achieving regionally balanced economic growth; 3. Geographical diffusion of trade, industry and commerce; 4. Effective utilization of local resources, skills and entrepreneurship; 5. Opportunities for development of the attitudes of professional businessmen with a
sense of dedication to society, as distinct from self-seeking contrivers of deals; and 6. Decentralisation of economic wealth and power.
What is a Micro enterprise?
Micro enterprises are the small, informally organized businesses of resource poor households. At lO employees and beyond, and enterprise is considered to be a small business. The goals for micro enterprises are to increase income and assets, to improve skills and increase productivity, and to improve the micro entrepreneur's position in society, through increased income, and through involvement in associations and organizations.
Most micro enterprises are limited to selling their goods and services in local markets that are overly crowded, highly competitive, and characterized by low barriers to entry and correspondingly low profit margins. A common, fundamental need, therefore, is for improved access to new, more rapidly growing markets, In particular, micro enterprises need to be able to identify and access market niches in larger urban or export markets, either directly or through linkages with various types of intermediaries or larger enterprises,
Micro-Enter rise Promotion
In starting a new business, the pivotal step is to prepare a business plan. The following are the basic steps / issues to be observed in an enterprise promotion,
1. Business Plan Preparation:
Planning is really nothing more than decision-making - that is, deciding what to do,
how to do it, and when to do it. It is vital for business success. The important issues of a
business plan are:
a) Analyzing oneself: Analysis of personal strengths and weakness to undertake
a venture, keeping her/his interests, abilities, attitudes, resources, etc.
b) Choosing a Product or Service: a vital step for entrepreneurs to define their
business, Choosing a product or service forces entrepreneurs to look closely at
their own skills and at industry trends to see how well they mesh.
c) Researching Markets: marketing research is so crucial to the proper preparation of a business plan. This basically provides the potentiality and dynamics of product
or service to be offered, Typical marketing research process has four steps viz.
defining the need for facts; finding the facts; analyzing facts; and taking action.
d) Forecasting Sales and Revenues: after estimating market potential, entrepreneurs should estimate the percentage share of that market they can reasonably expect to gain.
e) Developing a Production Plan: this applies only to entrepreneurs who intend to manufacture a product. The decisions regarding the size of plant, technology, investment, production processes, etc, are defined.
f) Developing a Marketing Plan: this describes how the entrepreneurs plans to use the marketing tools such as - product portfolio, marketing channels,
price, advertisement, personal selling, sales promotion, etc.
In short, a business plan should answer such questions as these:
~ What do I want and what am I capable of doing? ~ What are the most workable ways of achieving my goals? ~ What can I expect in the future?
2. Project Report Preparation and Appraisal:
Having decided upon the product and organization, the entrepreneur has to put his
ideas and other information sought in black and white. This should be so well
presented that it provides all relevant information in reference to the project,
A project report should normally cover following points in detail.
1. Brief introduction of the proposed project. 2. Details of the organization and the promoters. 3. The product / service to be taken up. 4. Marketing and competition.
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5, Manufacturing process. 6. Machinery and other equipment. 7. Raw material. 8. Land and buildings. 9, Management of the firm. 10. Cost of the project, 11. Means of finance - working capital. 12. Profitability. 13. Repayment of loans. 14, Any other relevant details.
A final view on the proposal is taken which is based on combination of factors like technical, financial, commercial, managerial and operational. Weakness or deficiency in any project does not prepare a ground for its rejection but care is taken to initiate suitable action to minimize its impact on the project. Banks and financial institutions require to examine the viability of a project before deciding whether to provide financial assistance or not. The viability of a project depends on the technical feasibility, marketability of the products at a profitable price and management of the unit.
3. Resonrcing:
The implementation stage comprises all spadework. required to set up the business venture, This covers procurement of land, construction of buildings, erection of machinery, obtaining necessary licenses and registration of the enterprise, etc.
The resources, which have to arrange for, may be categorized as:
1. Physical Resources - such as premises, raw materials, tools, machinery, etc. 2. Technical Resources — such as technical know-how, technical facilities, etc. 3. Financial Resources - such as capital, working capital, overdraft facilities, etc. 4. Human Resources - such as managers, workers, etc, 5. Marketing Resources - such as dealers, wholesalers, salesmen, etc.
Micro-Ente rise Mana ement:
Management is a universal phenomenon. Its presence is felt in everybody's general walk of life. Skilful management is highly warranted to derive desired results everywhere, be it in clubs, fainilies, schools, sports teams, social functions and more so in business organizations, Lack of proper management invariably results in chaos, wastage of time, money and effort, defeating very purpose of business, be it on large- scale or micro level. The efficiency and productivity of a business entirely depends upon the quality of management. The very survival, growth and expansion of business activity, and in turn the growth of the economy, are the result of proper management of business,
The application of management principles to a micro enterprise is equally important, in fact more important, compared to any other scale of organization, For a micro entrepreneur, the survival of micro enterprise is basic livelihood. The reach and capacity of a micro entrepreneur in respect of resources is limited and relatively expensive. Any imbalance in managing these limited and scare resources will endanger the very survival of the business and thus his livelihood, Being micro in nature, the micro entrepreneur cannot distribute the task of management and thus cannot go in for
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specialization. The, the entire task of mobilizing, allocating, coordinating, directing and controlling the resources - both huinan and physical in a harmonized manner rests upon micro entrepreneur so as to achieve the desired result.
Meaaiii of Mana ement
The term management refers to the process of getting activities completed efficiently and effectively with and through other people, It is defined as the process by whicker a cooperative group directs actions towards common goals. This process invo'ives techniques by which a distinguishable group of people (managers) coordinates activities of other people. The process represents the functions or primary activities engaged in by managers, which are typically labeled planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.
Ob'ectives of Mana ement
Management as a process, involving the activities of managers, is directed towards
meeting the following general objectives:
l. Getting maximum results with minimum efforts: The main objective of management is to secure maximum output with minimum efforts and resourceg. Management is basically concerned with utilizing the human and material resources available to an enterprise for deriving the best results,
2. Increasing efficiency of factors of production: Through proper utilisation of various factors of production like capital and labour, management leads to avoidance of wastage of time, money and efforts.
3. Maximum prosperity for employers and employees: Management aims at securing maximum prosperity for the employers by generating high profits at least cost, It also aims at satisfying the employees by providing adequate remuneration and other benefits for their services.
4. Human betterment and socialjustice: Through increased productivity and
employment the management ensures a better life in human beings. It raises the standard of living and provides more leisure and amenities to people.
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Functions of Mana ement
As already stated, the process of management consists of a series of actions, which include
setting up the objectives and taking necessary steps to ensure that the objectives are achieved. The steps to be taken up may be referred to as the functions of management. To put it diAerent/y, the functions of management refer to the necessary actions to be observed and taken up to achieve the goals set up, It may be noted that these functions are interrelated and overlapping. The effectiveness of one function depends upon the proper framing and execution of other functions. Thus the management must ensure that aH these function are carried in close harmony of one another. For the purpose of understanding, the functions of management may be grouped under the following eight categories. These are:
1. Planning
2. Organising
3. Staffing
4. Directing
5. Motivating
6 Co-ordination
7. Communication
8. Controlling
Module III
Mana iu the Markets
Introduction
Marketing is the basic reason for the existence of a business organization. It works as the guide for all business / non-business organizations. It is a powerful mechanism, which alone can satisfy the needs and wants of consumers at the place and price they desire. The success of an enterprise depends largely on the effectiveness with which its marketing strategies are formulated and implemented, Marketing is said to be the eyes and ears of a business enterprise as it keeps the enterprise in close contact with its
economic, political, social and technological environment and informs it of events that
can influence its activities as per requirements of the market. Marketing helps in having a
good range of products in constant demand and suggests the scope for improving and
developing new products to satisfy the changing customer needs. Customer is the king of the market. Customers decide what products suit their needs. Therefore, it can be said that marketing satisfies the needs of customers by providing form utility, person utility, exchange utility, place utility and time utility.
Marketin Orientation
The first task of an entrepreneur is to make correct decisions regarding the kind of goods or services to be produced which can be sold to the customers. Marketing orientation refers to the process of seeing the market from customer point of view. In fact, the task of marketing starts with identification of customer needs and ends with creation and
delivery of customer satisfaction - by way of offering the right product or right service, in right time, at right price as demanded by the customer. Marketing orientation induces
thinking about customers and their needs, and assists in creating an appropriate product or service and also in selling it.
Study Customer's Needs and Wan Services
Provide them with Products and
The success of an entrepreneur lies upon his ability to sense the marketing opportunities
precisely and devise his marketing strategies as per the opportunities, The best way of sensing opportunities for new products / services is studying the benefits that people are
expecting out of the products or services rather than their physical / general features.
Apart from guiding the entire marketing exercise in right direction, the marketing
orientation enables an enterprise to realise its mission. Thus, the marketing orientation
rests on the right premise that entrepreneurs manufacture what they could sell to the
consumer, and not sell what they could inanufacture
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Market Assessment
The market is composed of a wide variety of custoiners with different backgrounds and spread over a wide geographical areas. At the first step, an entrepreneur is required to know the potential demand of the products or services that he wants to offer, $t may also be necessary to understand the nature and extent of competition in its marketing and the prevailing trade practices. Such efforts help assess the market. Depending upon several factors like the availability of resources, the scale of operation, and the impact on.
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Module IV
Accountin and Cost Measurement
Introduction
Accounting is as old as money itself, However, the act of accounting was not as developed as it is today because in the early stages of civilisation, the number of transactions to be recorded was so small that each businessman was able to record and check for himself all his transactions. Accounting has come to be recognised as tool for mastering the various economic problems that a business organisation may have to face. It systematically writes the economic history of the organisation. It provides information that can be drawn upon by those responsible for decisions affecting the organisation's future. This history is written mostly in quantitative terms.
Meanin of Accountin
The main purpose of accounting is three fold viz. , to ascertain profit or loss during a specified period, to show financial condition of the business on a particular date and to have control over the'firm's property, Such accounting records are required to be maintained to measure the iricome of the business and communicate the information so that internal and external parties of the business organisation may use it. Accounting is a discipline which records, classifies, summarises and interprets financial information about the activities of a concern.
American Accounting Association defines accounting as the process of identifying, measuring, and communicating the economic information to permit informed
judgements and decisions by users of theinformation.
Ob'ectives of Accountin
The following are the main objectives of accounting.
1. To keep systematic records: Accounting is done to keep a systematic record of financial transactions. In the absence of accounting, there would have been terrific burden on human memory, which in most cases would have been impossible to bear.
2. To protect business properties: Accounting data presents clear picture as to how much funds the business owe to proprietor and others, how much. funds it owns 6om other, and how much the business has in form of fixed assets, current assets, cash, stock, etc.
3. To ascertain the operational profit or loss: Accounting helps in ascertaining the net profit earned or loss suffered on account of carrying the business.
4 To ascertain the financial position of business: By preparing balance sheet business can know its financial position.
5. To facilitate rational decision-making: The success and growth of a business depends upon the wisdom to take timely and appropriate decisions, This important task is done with the information supplied by accounting about the business transactions,
Accountin E uation
According to Double Entry System, Accounting Equation represents the following.
Assets = Equities (or)
Assets = Liabilities + Capital
Capital = Assets - Liabilities
Busine Transaction
Journal Entry
Ledg Posting
Trial B ce Preparation
Preparation of fit and Loss Account
Preparatio of Balance Sheet
Presentation or Decision-Making
Princi les of Recordin
The art of recording business transactions under double entry system rests upon three accounts viz. personal, real and nominal. The details are as follows,
1. Personal Accounts: These accounts record a business's dealing with persons or firms,
2. Real Accounts: These accounts represent accounts o assets — may be short-term or long-term.
3. A'ominal Accounts: Accounts, which deal with expenses, incomes, profits, and losses, come under this category.
As already stated, as per double entry system every transaction will be recorded twice- which is known as the act of debiting and crediting the same transaction with equal amount in two different accounts.
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Rules of Double Entry
1, Personal Account
a Debit — the receiver
b. Credit — the giver
2. Real Account
a, Debit — what comes into the business
b, Credit — what goes out of the business
3. Nominal Account
a. Debit — all the expenses and losses
b. Credit — all the incomes and gains
Basic Terms of Accountin
1. Business Transaction: Any exchange of money or money's worth as goods and services between two parties.
2. Debtor, ' Debtor is a person who owes money; the amount due from him is called debt,
3. Creditor: A person to whom money is owing or payable is called a creditor.
4. Capital: Owner's financial interest or holding in the business,
5, Goods; Commodities, articles or merchandise in which the business deals.
6, Asset: Any physical thing or right owned that has a money value is an asset,
7, Equity: A claim, which can be enforced against the assets of the firm,
8. Liabihty: Equities of creditors,
S. Drawings: Amount or goods withdrawn by the owner fiom business.
10. Voucher: Any written document in support of a business transaction.
Books of Accounts
The following books are generally maintained under the system of double entry,
Journal (or) Subsidiary Books '
2, Ledger 3. Trail Balance 4. Profit and Loss Account 5. Balance Sheet
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Formats:
Journal
Date Particulars Ledger Folio
Debit Rs. Credit Rs.
*. Ledger Folio represents the page number of the account concerned in ledger
Dr Cr
Ledger (Name of Account)
Date Particulars J. F Amount Date Particulars J. F Amount
* J. F. — Journal Folio represents the page number ofj ournal regarding the account concerned.
Trail Balance of. . . . . . . . . . as on.
SNo, Name of Account Debit Balance Rs. Credit Balance Rs,
DDr Dr
Trading and Profit & Loss Account of for the year ended. . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . „. ,
Particular Amount Rs. Particulars Amount Rs.
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Balance Sheet of. . . ~. . . . . . . . . . as on„„. . . . . . . . . ,
LiabilitIes Capital Long Term liabilities:
Loan from bank Debentures Other long Term liabilities
Current Liabilities: Bills Payable Creditors Bank Overdraft Other current liabilites
Amount Rs. Assets Fixed Assets:
Land and Buildings Machinery and Plant Furniture and Fixtures Long- Term investments Motor Car, etc. Goodwill, Patents, etc.
Current Assets: Cash and Bank Balances Debtors
Stock in trade Prepaid Expenses
Amount Rs
Cost Measurement:
The amount of expenditure incurred to produce a product or deliver service is know as the cost of production / service, This information is a must for price fixation, which in
. turn. influences the sale volume. Therefore the ascertainment of the cost. of a product of service delivery is a pre-requisite for any decision-making, A separate branch of accounting known as Cost Accounting - basically deals with classifying, recording and appropriate allocation of expenditure for the determination of the costs of products or services. It includes the ascertainment of the cost of every order, job, contract, process, service or unit as may be appropriate. .
Mere knowledge of total cost cannot satisfy the needs of management, For proper control and managerial decisions, management is to be provided with necessary data to analyze and classify costs. For this purpose, the total cost is analyzed by elements of cost i. e. , by the nature of expenses, Strictly speaking, the elements of cost are three i. e. materials, labor and other expenses. These elements of cost are further analyzed into different elements as illustrated in the following chart:
Element of Cost
Materials Other
Expenses
Direct Indirect Direct
Indirect Direct Indirect
Overheads
Production Overhead
Administration Selling Overheads Overheads
Distribution Overheads
Direct Materials are those materials that can be identified in the product and can be conveniently measured and directly charged to the product,
Direct Labour is equal to all labour expenses incurred in producti on of a product.
Overheads are those expenses, which cannot be charged directly to a specific product, such as indirect materials, indirect labour, and other such indirect expenses.
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SPECIMEN COST SHEET OR STATKMEIVT OF COST
Direct Materials
Total Cost Rs.
Cost per unit Rs.
Direct Labour
Add: Works Overheads
Prime Cost
Add: Administration Overheads
Add:Selling and Distribution Overheads
Works Cost
Cost of Production
Total Cost or Cost of Sales
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The market assessment involves three major steps:
a. Analysis of demand b. Understanding the competitive situation; and c. Trade practices.
Marketin Se mentation
The market consists of a large number of individuals having different characteristics. They differ in their education, employment, income, status, preferences, likes, dislikes and opinions. Not all of them are the potential customers for a product, Market segmentation is the process of dividing the total market into certain sub groups, which represent common characteristics and needs, Through market segmentation, groups of customers are identified sharing some common characteristics and are considered as the target group or segment for the product.
Basis of Market Se mentation:
i. Geographic: Village, Town, Mandal, Region, State, Country, etc
ii. Demographic: Age, Sex, Income, Occupation, Education, etc.
iii. Psychographic: Attitude — such as conservative, liberal, radical, etc. ; Autonomy- such as independent, dependent, etc. ; 8'ork Orientation — such as hardworking, fun loving, etc.
lj.
The marketing mix describes the combination of the four basic inputs, which constitute the core of an enterprise's marketing system viz. , the product, place (distribution system), the price, and the promotional activities. The entire marketing activities revolve around these four basic aspects and success of a product / service entirely. depends on their proper formulation. These four aspects are popularly called as 4 Ps of Marketing. The decisions regarding marketing mix are the following.
Product-What decisions relate to product or service range
Price — What price should be set for each product / service Place - What channels of distribution are to be employed and what levels of service are appropriate Promotion - How to communicate with the target market and persuade the consumers concerned to buy
Successful Pro'ects
Chandrakanti Programme
Launched in Karimnagar District of Andhra Pradesh during 2001 for providing S. P. V. Lanterns in rural areas to replace kerosene lamps, petromax lamps, gas lamps and also to provide light during power cut timings. Demand for one-lakh solar lanterns was generated in just three months period from self-help group members.
Solar Steam Cooking System
World's largest solar steam cooking system was installed at Tirumala for Tirumala Tirupathi Devasthanam and it is ftmctioning since November 2002 and cooking 30, 000 meals every day.
Solar Water Heating System
Solar water heating system of 1, 25, 000 litres per day at 80' C capacity is working . for Godavari -Fertilizers and Chemicals Limited for their process of heating application since 8 years.
Solar Drying Systems
Solar powered cabinet model dryer developed by SEED, a Hyderabad based NGO are being used for food processing in rural areas to dry several food produces under most hygienic conditions with zero energy cost and at export quality standards.
Green Business Centre
The U. S, Green Business Council awarded the Green Business Center (GBC) building in Hyderabad, India its Leadership in Environment and Energy Design (LEED) 2, 0 Platinum award, LEED is a voluntary, consensus-based national standard for developing high-performance, sustainable buildings. The GBC is the first building in the world to receive the Platinum LEED award, making it the most environmentally advanced building in the world.
These are the few examples of successfully implemented solar energy technologies in the state of Andhra Pradesh
PROJECT FACULTY/CONSULTANT PROFILES
NIr. Sriram Raju is a Mechanical Engineer with an M Tech in Industrial engineering and
Management He brings a rich experience of 15years in AGRO Industries Corporation and 20 years in
Non Conventional Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh (NEDCAP). He has the Fellowship of Institute of Engineers and life membership in Indian Institute of Plant Engineers, He has been chosen
as a core group member of Energy Conservation Mission of Andhra Pradesh, Consultants to
Environment Protection Training Research Institute ( EPTRI ) Presently He is a consultant to SRTRI
for Renewable Energy technologies and the Secretary of Solar Energy Society of India (SESI-AP
Chapter), He is also serving as the Executive Director in Society for Environment and Energy
Development, He has been Instrumental in establishing the Renewable Energy Labs, designing the
training curriculum, and organizing the training programs at SRTRI.
Dr. D. Hanumantha Rao is a Doctorate in Commerce presently an Associate Professor at SRTRI, He
is richly experienced in Capacity Building of youth and Entrepreneurship Development Programs, He
has been a project leader and Field Investigator for a couple of projects undertaken by SRTRI. Some
of his financial Publications include Management Science and Managerial Economics & Financial
Accountancy for B. Tech. Students. His contribution to this training program on Entrepreneur
Development is vital for establishment and sustenance of an enterprise.
Mr. K. S. Rao is an'engineer in Electronics & Communication is an ex-serviceman from airforce
India has worked with ELMOT Engineering Company manufacturing Generators and Alternative
engines. Worked as a manager in photovoltaic industry RES ltd for 5 years. Imparted training courses
for DoT engineers on MAARS radio systems and also to many NODAL Agencies & officials on solar
applied systems, installations and maintenance. Well experienced on SPV systems about their practical
application installation, maintenaiice, servicing and customer support,
Mr. G. Nagesvvar Rao is an Engineer in Electronics & Mechanical has eight years experience in
Premier solar systems private Ltd, Service engineer & Installation of SPV home Lighting system,
street lighting system, power packs, SPV water pumping systems and Inverters, Production line in
solar modules making.
Project Coordinator- (YES) Mrs. Arshia Akheel has a Masters in Public Admin and Personnel
Management having 10 years experience in event management and training coordination, She is the
representative of Youth Employment Sununit Campaign, Education Development Centre Inc. , in
Andhra Pradesh. She has coordinated the initiation, launch and successful implementation of this
project.
Project Manager- (YES) Mr: P. K. Josepd has a Masters Degree in Development Economics and a
Management Degree in Human Resource Management. He is a youth enterprise development
specialist with over 14 years of national and international experience in project management in
development sector. His relevant skills and experience in urban & rural areas, include youth
entrepreneurship development, business mentoring, micro-finance, building private sector partnership
for small enterprise development, providing innovative business development services (BDS), building youth Networks and community based organizations. He also possesses vast experience in
event management and has been in to teaching, organizing scouting for boys and youth leadership
development.
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Trainin Manual Com iled B
Mr. SRIRAM RAJU
Dr. HANUMANTH RAO
Mr. K. S. RAO
Ms. ARSHIA AKHKKL
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Renewable Energy Training Centre, SRT Rural institute Hyderbad
Wff if
Mr, K. S. Rao, Faculty, Solar Photovoltaic Technology Dr. D, Hanmanth Rao, Faculty, Entrepreneurship Dev.
"Enhancing Employment Opportunities for Rural Youth based on Renewable Energy Technologies"
A joint project of YES Campaign and SRT RuraI Institute
Funded by UNIDO
e +q'le y me nz
Campaign.
YES Campaign, Education Development Center, inc 55 Chapel Street, Newton, MA 02458-1060, USA Telephone: 001-6176182734 Fax: 001-6176182937
k ~d Website: www. esweb. or
Swamy Ramananda Tirtha Rural Institute Jalalpur Village, Pochampally Mandal, Andhra Pradesh, India Telephone: 91-08685-223222, 223258, 223349 Fax: 91-08685-222880 EmaiL: swam rarnanadd ruralinstitute ahoo. co. in
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