energy crisis

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PAKISTAN NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

PAKISTAN NATIONAL ASSEMBLY:

The National Assembly of Pakistan is the country's sovereign legislative body. It embodies the will of the people to let them be governed under the democratic, multi-party Federal Parliamentary System. The National Assembly makes laws for the Federation in respect of the powers enumerated in the Federal Legislative list. Through its debates, adjournment motion, question hour and Standing Committees, the National Assembly keeps as check over the Executive and ensures that the government functions within the parameters set out in the Constitution and does not violate the fundamental rights of citizens. Only the National Assembly, through its Public Accounts Committee, scrutinizes public spending and exercises control of expenditure incurred by the government.

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a Federal State comprising four provinces of Baluchistan, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the Punjab and Sindh; Islamabad is the Federal Capital with Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). These federating units offer a lot of diversity and variety in terms of languages, levels of social and economic development, population density and climatic conditions. The Members of the National Assembly are to be elected by direct and free vote in accordance with law.

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Topic Area A: Energy Crisis

Introduction:

Energy is the life blood of socioeconomic development. The use of energy has greatly evolved over the past century. A range of human activities including accommodation, trade and commerce, industry, transportation and agriculture have mostly become dependent on energy. Pakistan a country still on the road of progress has faced a severe energy crisis in the past 2 decades. There has been an enormous increase in the demand of energy as a result of industrial development and population growth, in comparison to enhancement in energy production. Supply of energy is, therefore, far less than the actual demand, resultantly crisis has emerged. An energy crisis can be defined as any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an economy. This is both slowing the pace of economic activity and causing public unrest with prolonged outages of electricity and gas. Pakistan is currently facing up to 18 hours of electricity outage a day and 2 days of Gas outage a week, is expected to face more if not dealt with in time.

Background:Pakistan has been facing an unprecedented energy crisis since the last few years. The problem becomes more severe during summers. Initially, during the peak crisis there was a power outage of 3-4 hours daily but it keep on increasing as the demand of electricity rises. According to the reports of Wapda, the electricity need of Pakistan increases more rapidly than it can be generated which cause a major increase in the duration of load shedding. The exact rate of demand and supply is given in the figure below:

The rate of supply diminishes due to the lack of Government interest in establishing new resources for the power generation. The last effort regarding this was made during the second government of Benazir Bhutto when some independent power plants were set up. Had they not been setup then we would have had a much bigger crisis with life almost coming to a standstill. General Musharraf (R) after

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becoming Chief Executive used to talk about building dams especially Kalabagh Dam. This was one of the many promises he failed to keep. Even after that very few power plants have been set up to meet the demand for electricity and in a sense no actual effort for the electricity generation has been made since 1970s, that is when Tarbela and Mangla dams were put into operation and other dams, including Kalabagh, were actively pursued. When things start getting out of control, haphazard and quick-fix measures were sought. A typical example is the Independent Power Producers (IPPs) saga of the 1990s. In an attempt to avert an approaching energy crisis, as a result of negligible capacity addition during the 1980s and the early 1990s, the regime in 1993-94 decided to go for thermal generation through the IPPs. Undoubtedly, the IPPs provided a very healthy contribution at the supply end, enhancing power generation capacity by more than 5000MW but the effort did not meet the actual requirement of the cheap electricity for the country.

The last few years provide a perfect example of failure to make a timely response to the growing energy needs. A threefold increase in energy demand over the last two decades has been responded to with an ill-proportioned increment at the supply end. Consequently, with the advent of 2008 the gap between demand and supply grew to 4,500MW indicating a 40% deficit of electricity. The prevalent energy crisis has not appeared overnight — the omens were evident for a number of years but the authorities failed to react in time. Senior WAPDA officials claim that in 2002 the government was officially warned about the approaching electricity crisis and was asked to take immediate measures to enhance generation capacity. The timely warning failed to receive any appreciation. The attitude of the relevant authorities has thus indirectly contributed to the growth of the dire crisis.

Gas Shortfall:

In Pakistan, a severe gas crisis is also fast approaching. For the last fifty Years the country has enjoyed a supply of gas from local resources to meet the demands of the national gas pipelines network that reaches about 20% of households and a considerable degree of industrial and commercial consumers. This indigenous supply of cheap gas has greatly helped industrial and economic activities to flourish. However, the demand and supply situation has been changed from affluence to deficiency. Reports show that after 2006 the country has entered in to the deficiency phase. According to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources, during 2007-08 the Production of gas increased from 3837 to 3973 million cubic feet per day recording a growth of 2.6% but the at the same, the growth in Consumption increased by 4.4% which out placed the growth in production of the gas. As for the shortfall is concerned, gas load shedding and supply cuts have been quite common practices. During the winter season, it affected almost all sectors including domestic, industrial and commercial. The severity of the issue can be measured from the government’s decision in November 2009 to impose a two-day per weak load shedding on industries and CNG stations from November 2009 to March 2010. If, this trend continued and the government failed to check the very crisis immediately, urgently and effectively reports suggests that by 2030 , the gap between the demand and supply is likely to increase by eight times , as indicated below,

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According to the energy information administration Pakistan’s natural gas reserves in 2007, were about 28000 billion cubic feet. Keeping in view the consumption level of the same year, the reservoirs are said to last for twenty one years. However, if growth in the demand remainedcontinued at this rate, the reserves are expected to be exhausted even more quickly.

Measures Taken:

In the back-drop of the imminent Gas crisis, Pakistan has been exploring options for Gas import. In this regard, three different options have been brought under Consideration over the years which are as follows. Natural Gas pipeline from Turkmenistan to Pakistan through

∑ Afghanistan TAP. Natural gas pipeline from Qatar to Pakistan through Oman.∑ Natural Gas pipeline from Iran to Pakistan(Ipi)∑ Qatar Pakistan Gas Pipe Line: On 17 July 2004, the Government of Pakistan signed a

memorandum of understanding (MOU) with crescent Petroleum, regarding a plan to build an undersea Pipeline from Qatar, the country with world’s third largest proved Gas reserves. There was an option to extend this line to India. This would tie up with the Qatar-UAE-Oman Dolphin project (which aimed to create a Gas pipeline network connecting the three Gulf Countries) and would run 1,225 km under the sea to Pakistan, probably Gawadar, at a cost of 10 billion. However, though Exxon Mobile is said to be interested, the cost look too high now for immediate viability.

∑ Natural Gas pipeline from Turkmenistan to Pakistan through Afghanistan (TAP): There is a potential for reviving the TAP Project which would terminate at Gawader and possibly a complementary road link to Heart in Afghanistan. After the fall of Taliban in 2001 momentum returned to the Trans Afghan project. In 2003, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) initiated a feasibility study, which envisaged the TAP as a natural Gas transmission pipeline of about 1700Km to Gas transport about 30 Billion centimeter of Gas annually from Daulatabad Gas field in South East Turkmenistan to Consumers in Afghanistan, Pakistan and possibly India. The cost of the reborn project was estimated at about 3.3 billion. Plans for the TAP pipeline include various routes. For example, one from Daulatabad to Mazar-e-Sharif, Kabul, Peshawar and Lahore, a total of 1860km. Another from the same point to Heart, Kandhar and Quetta at a length of 1860km. An MOU was

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signed in 2006 for Turkmenistan to supply 32.7bcm per year of Gas to Pakistan over 30 years and both India and China have expressed interest in extensions. But there have been no further Developments over these options. The greatest hurdle to the pipeline from Turkmenistan is the volatile geo political situation in Afghanistan. More over there are also issues with regard to the price of Gas. However, the Iran pipeline proposal has matured and is expected to be almost materialized in the recent future.

∑ The Iran-Pakistan-India Pipeline: The Iran pipeline proposal was matured in 2005. The idea for the Iran-Pakistan pipeline project was originally conceived in 1995 as Iran-Pakistan-India (IPI) pipeline. Its total length was to 2700km with 1100km, 1000km and 600km long sections in Iran, Pakistan and India respectively. However, after thirteen years India finally decided to quit the project in 2008. Talks between Pakistan Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz and Murli Deora , the Indian Minister of Oil; and Gas led to a tentative new formula where by Pakistan would sell gas directly to India at the border, rather than act as the transit Country for Iran- India sales. Thus, in 2009, Pakistan and Iran finally signed the initial agreement to start working on the project by 2010. That would take about five years to complete. Pakistan aims to capitalize the gas imported through these pipelines for the usage of power generation and heavy industries. This is a very beneficial development but the project may not be completed successfully for a number of reason such as volatile geo-political situation in the region, pressure on Pakistan from western countries in general and US in particular not to involve in economic and strategic ties with Iran and doubt on the Consistency of policies on both sides particularly at the Pakistani end. It is however hoped that policy maker will do their best to materialize the Iran- Pakistan pipeline project in the best national interest of Pakistan.

∑ LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS: It seems that imported natural gas through Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) may be the fastest way end the gas shortfall in the country. Construction of a 700 Km long gas pipeline has started from Qatar through Pakistan to China. It is thought that this project will help to end the energy crisis.

Electricity production in Pakistan:

The power sector was restructured in 1998 with the creation of Pakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO). Water and Power Development Authority’s (WAPDA) has been structured into distinct corporate entities comprising of 4 GENCOs, 10 DISCOs and one Transco (NTDC). These 10 DISCOs are responsible for distribution to the end users. KESC meets its overall demand with its own generation plus purchase from NTDC, IPPs and from Karachi Nuclear Power Plant. The current structure of the power sector is:

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Current Electricity production sources:

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Potential of electricity production in Pakistan:

WE are fortunate to live in a country that offers us a multitude of natural resources yet to be harnessed for their entire potential. Arguably the most important of these, with reference to the present atrocious energy crisis and the intensifying effects of climate change, are the renewable sources of energy.

The Pakistan Council for Renewable Energy (PCRET) has already undertaken some groundbreaking work in this regard by researching the potential of renewable sources of energy for commercial and personal use through localized design and development principles.

Pakistan can encourage banking sector to finance individual homes to shift to renewable. It will save trillions being lost to corruption, line loses, administrative cost and maintenance. Specially, Punjab government needs to spearhead the drive to adopt renewable energy as the most populous province and support agri-sector. Renewable energy can be used to reduce Pakistan’s ever increasing $10bn annual fuel imports. By adopting mass transport, Pakistan can cut diesel fuel imports, which reportedly constitutes 80 per cent of total national fuel import. It can help Pakistan fight poverty, generate millions of jobs, end privatization of national silver and bring more than $100bn annually in foreign direct investments (FDIs).Renewable energy can save our future generations from being unemployed. Our leaders need to use renewable energy to educate and employ youth, attract billions of dollars in FDIs and revive and sustain economy.

Wind Energy:Pakistan has been gifted with an immense wind resource. Pakistan can have wind energy on lines of China to generate 20,000MW. The Ghoro-Keti Bandar Wind Corridor spreading 60 km along the coastline of Sindh province and more than 170 KM deep towards the land alone has a potential to generate more than 60,000 MW of electricity. Alternative Energy Development Board has approachedrelevant forums to install wind masts in Baluchistan and other parts of the country. Currently only 6MW electricity through wind is being generated in Pakistan. Wind energy is an ideal renewable energy because it is a pollution-free, infinitely sustainable form of energy, it doesn’t require fuel, it doesn’t create greenhouse gasses it doesn’t produce toxic or radioactive waste and most importantly it can be produced at cheap rates.

Solar Energy:Pakistan has a potential of generating 100,000MW electricity through solar system. Baluchistan and parts of Sindh have great solar potential, having scattered habitat and ample sunshine. But the number of solar panels installed there are very few. Some important advantages which favor the use of solar energy use in Pakistan include low operational and maintenance cost and environment friendly dimensions. The PML-N has recently installed a 100 MW solar plant

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named as Qaid-e-Azam power plant. Still more serious efforts can be made to produce electricity through solar energy at cheap rates.

Coal:The process of converting coal into product gas underground can be a good alternate source of energy. Through this the underground deposit of coal is treated with controlled fire. Gradually the coal turns into gas. The largest coal reserves of Pakistan exist in Thar which are about 175 Billion Tons or 850 Trillion Cubic feet. A pilot project has been completed for the generation of 100MW electricity. Although the project has certain complications but they can be overcome by the allocation of needed funds according to the Thar Coal Underground Gasification Project sources. Currently Pakistan is producing only 2.27 % of its electricity from coal. Besides Thar coal the sources of coal are present in Punjab, Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhawa and Azad Kashmir. Coal Power Generation would cost PKR 5.67 per Unit.

Hydroelectric Energy:The total hydroelectric potential in the country has not been fully investigated, but conservatively estimated to be 45000MV. This consists of all sizes of hydropower plants, including storage-based and high-head schemes on mountainous streams in the north and low head, run of the river plants on rivers and canals in the southern plains.Pakistan has an installed hydroelectric capacity of 5,928 MV of large plants, 437 MV of medium, and 253 MV of small to micro plants, mostly in the northern parts of the country. This amounts to 6,608 MW of total capacity, or less than 15% of the identified potential. Gilgit-Baltistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhawa have maximum hydroelectricity resources as compared to anywhere in the country, which is because of mountainous landscape and widely scattered population. A large number of micro hydro power station units have been installed in the area. Electricity production through hydel cost 1.2 rupees/ unitThe Major hydro – electricity sites are:

∑ Diamir Basha Dam 4500 MW∑ Bunji 7100 MW∑ Munda 740 MW∑ Akhori 600 MW∑ Kurram Tangi 83.4 MW∑ Other small and medium sized projects: 22,986 MW∑ Total Potential 31,000 MW∑ Total estimated investment: 60 billion US$

KALABAGH DAM:Kala Bagh Dam is the most important project that must be completed to overcome the energy as well as water crises of Pakistan. It was to be completely functional in 1986 at a cost of 6 Billion but was never constructed and now if it is to be constructed it cost a price of 600 Billion.

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The project has its too much importance for the future of Pakistan but is under high political monopoly.

Causes for the Energy Crisis:

Lack of interest of previous governments:The energy crisis is a self-inflicted problem that has been allowed to reach stormy proportions

even though the country lacked neither energy resources nor the opportunities to exploit them meaningfully. Amongst the greatest tragedies the sector has suffered were the lack of vision and the unwillingness to shoulder responsibility of governments and political leaderships. An examination of the country's energy history shows that other than the regimes of the '60s and '70s, none did justice to this important sector. The track record of governments over the past three decades has by and large been disappointing since they tended to rely on makeshift arrangements instead of working on long-term, goal-oriented projects. Even in the few cases where farsighted policies were formulated, the resolve to ensure their implementation was simply not in evidence.

AGING OF THE EQUIPMENTOne very important reason attributed to this energy shortage is the aging of the generating equipment which could not develop the electricity as per the design requirement. This is the responsibility of continuous updating the equipment and keeping the high standard of maintenance. A serious thought should be given for general overhaul and maintenance of existing equipment to keep them in good working order.

WASTAGE OF ENERGYNo serious thought is being given to utilize the energy at the optimum level. A new culture need to develop to conserve energy. Some times on government level illiteracy is blamed for the failure of the energy conservation program, this is not true. Maximum energy is consumed by elite class which has all the resources of knowledge and communication. But for their own luxury they themselves ignore the problem. Government should seriously embark on energy conservation program. Some actions have been taken by Punjab government but they are insufficient.

CIRCULAR DEBT:The primary reasons for the circular debt being accumulated are:

∑ Difference between the actual cost of providing electricity in relation to revenues realized by the power distribution companies (DISCOs)

∑ Insufficient payments by DISCOs to Central Power Purchasing Agency (CPPA) due to poor revenue collection

∑ Delays in tariff determination & fuel price fixation∑ Delayed payments by ministry of finance

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∑ Transmission & distribution losses∑ Stay orders granted by courts on fuel price adjustment charges∑ Unfavorable generation mix of the GENCOs∑ Governments neglect in promoting demand-supply management, energy efficiency &

renewable energy resources∑ Improper payment arrears settlement and the need for enforceable authority of CPPA

to collect due payments from DISCOsThe increased dependence on expensive, thermal oil power generation has also given rise to

the phenomenon of circular debt in the energy sector, in terms of which slippages in bill payments (particularly on the part of public institutions) trigger off a chain of delayed payments for imported furnace oil, natural gas or other inputs to the thermal generation system, which in turn hamper the operation of the power plants and result in less than optimum capacity usage. As of the end of July 2013 the circular debt had increased to almost $5 billion, and was being cited as a significant drag on the power sector and a key factor impeding the efficient operation of independent power producers (IPPs). The new government that came to power in June 2013 cited the retirement of the circular debt as a priority, and within five weeks of taking office announced that it had taken measures to deal with the issue. The debt was cleared by paying Rs. 161 billion in cash to IPPs, issuing Pakistan investment bonds to public sector entities responsible for oil and gas exploration and the marketing of petroleum products, and making “non-cash payments” to the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA – the country’s largest power supply utility) and the National Transmission and Distribution Company (NTDC). Questions were raised regarding the government’s ability to raise funds for the payments to IPPs in particular (as these were cash payments), but the finance minister claimed that the monies were put together through cuts in non-salary expenditure in some sectors, by raising money from national savings schemes and by taking loans from domestic banks. Until more detailed economic data is available, it will not be clear what the government did to raise money for the retirement of the debt. But each of the measures cited by the minister has longer-term implications – from an increase in the domestic debt burden to the curtailment of essential expenditure on services. Nevertheless, there is little doubt that the previous government’s inaction on the debt was costing the economy dearly, and the issue had to be tackled head on. The government now needs to start looking at the larger structural problem i.e. that on average power costs about Rs. 15 per unit to generate, while end users pay Rs. 12. Unless this fundamental issue of energy bills not covering costs is addressed, the debt will rear its head again, and sooner rather than later.

Government’s dependence on IPP’s: The IPP’s at current are responsible to provide electricity to half of our country. As the Govt. did not pay their debt so now they are charging or demanding higher per unit prices from the consumers. This hike in electricity prices is affecting not only our local industries and homes but

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is also affecting our exports of manufacturing goods. The govt. must intervene and pay out the circular debt. Or provide subsidy on electricity.

Transmission Line Losses and Electricity TheftAnother major reason of the energy crisis is the wastage of energy through technical issues and the theft of electricity. Wasting electricity is caused by leaving things on when they are not in use. This means leaving on lights and fans when we are not in the room or leaving the TV on or plugged into the mains supply when we are not in the house. Electricity is also lost due to technical issues and long transmission lines. This problem can be countered by the use of high voltages and many other techniques. Electricity theft is common in several parts of the world including Pakistan. It causes huge financial losses and costs billions of rupees to Pakistan. The problem has several aspects including socio-economic, political, environmental and psychological backgrounds of the people of the country. This theft is one of the major reasons of shortage of electricity in the country and the reason for prolonged power outages. It is duty of the management (WAPDA and K-Electric) to overpower the electricity theft, which is being carried out on a massive scale. Electricity theft, in general, occurs due to joint corruption done by the utility employees and consumers. Electricity theft can take place through a number of ways. Electric companies charge electricity on the basis of meter readings at the consumers’ edge so as to allow for a reduction in the bill. The government should not show any tolerance for electricity theft and related crimes. The major causes of theft of electricity are inefficiency, ineffective accountability, corruption in state departments and political instability. There are several ways of stealing electricity. Several people illegally put wires into a power supply or hook up a line that has been disconnected or tamper with a meter to avoid recording electricity usage and hence, the financial cost. Several people lose their lives in stealing electricity due to inexperience and electric shocks. Many people carry deadly risks to their own lives. Major theft crimes occur due to several reasons including meter tampering, bypassing meters and tapping power lines. Pakistan lost Rs.90 billion in electricity theft and line losses during the last five years i.e. 2009-2013. According to Abid Sher Ali, the State Minister for Power and Water, 98% electricity is stolen from the constituency of Faryal Talpur, the sister of ex-president Asif Ali Zardari. In a Press Conference, he said that most electricity is stolen in Sukkur division, which is in Sindh. He further stated that the recovery of debt, in relation to electricity, is less than 40%. The only way to get rid of the menace of electricity theft is to show zero tolerance and strict punishment for the criminals. Pakistan lost nearly Rs. 90 billion during the last five years in electricity theft and line losses. The figures below show the losses faced by different Discos:

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PRIVATIZATION:

The Government of Pakistan has embarked on a fresh programme of privatisation of state owned enterprises and properties for reducing public sector debts and fiscal deficits. The government expects that the privatisation process will increase the efficiency of all economic sectors by invoking private sector's technical competence.

CONSEQUENCES OF ENERGY CRISIS:i). Economic Factors: Energy is pivotal for running all other resources and crisis of energy directly influences all other sectors of the economy. The economic progress is hampered by decline in agricultural productivity as well as by halting in operations of industries. One important factor of lower GDP and inflation of commodity prices in recent years is attributed to shortfalls in energy supply.

ii). Agriculture Sector: Agricultural productivity of Pakistan is decreasing due to provision of energy for running tube wells, agricultural machinery and production of fertilizers and pesticides. Thus higher energy means higher agricultural productivity.

iii). Industrial Sector: Nearly all Industrial units are run with the energy and breakage in energy supply is having dire consequences on industrial growth. As a result of decline in energy supply, industrial units are not only being opened, but also the existing industrial units are gradually closing.

iv). Unemployment: By closure of industrial units and less agricultural productivity, new

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employment opportunities ceased to exist and already employed manpower is shredded by the employers to increase their profit ratios. Thus energy crisis contributes towards unemployment.

v). Social Issues: This factor is primarily related to the domestic usage of energy (cooking, heating and water provision). Load shedding cause unrest and frustration amongst the people and results in agitation against the government.

vi). Poverty: Declination in economic growth, lower agricultural productivity, unemployment and shackling industrial growth result in increasing poverty. Currently, around forty percent of our population is living beyond poverty line and this ratio is increasing day by day. Ample control of energy crisis will surely yield in curbing the menace of poverty.

FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN PAKISTAN’s ENERGY SECTOR:

CHINA: Ongoing projects include Karot, Taunsa, Kohalaand Bunjihydro-power Projects China has offered help in the construction of 50 MW wind power project in Jhampir(Sindh) that is to be completed in 2012 Moreover, China has planned to invest in 300 MW solar power projects in Pakistan.

INDIA: India has offered to provide Pakistan with 5,000 megawatt electricity to fulfill its energy requirements on an urgent basis regularly which could be transmitted through Punjab.

IRAN: 100 MW import project have been finalized and are ready for groundbreaking. Pakistan and Iran would move forward on import of 1,000 MW power project from Iran.

TAJAKISTAN: Central Asia South Asia (CASA-1000) is one of the biggest regional projects through which Tajikistan would export up to 1000 MW of electricity to Pakistan.

KAWAIT: Kuwait has extended $40 million to Pakistan for the construction of the de-sander, a vital part of the strategic $333.3 billion Neelum-Jhelum hydropower project. Upon its completion it will generate approximately 1,000 MW of electricity.

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QUESTIONS A RESOLUTION MUST ANSWER:

Note:The following questions/points can also be used by the committee as important issuesand subtopics to be discussed in the committee. These give a detailed framework of whatdebate is expected and it is expected that delegates will research well on these points.1. What measures can be taken to reduce the demand-supply gap? How can we dealwith the gap, given the present-day circumstances and status-quo? Similarly, which steps andpolicies need to be adopted to deal with this gap, considering the expected increase inpopulation and consequently, the demand?2. What policy needs to be adopted to deal with power outages in rural and urbanareas? Is load shedding a permanent problem or can efficient measures get rid of it in thefuture? ‘Important’ areas suffer less while rural areas are subject to the worst of unscheduled load shedding. How can we deal with this issue?3. One of the major reasons for the energy crisis is the wastage and theft of electricity.What steps need to be taken to prevent the wastage of electricity in grid stations,governmental offices and homes? What measures can be taken to deal with power thieves? Can a permanent policy be made for the crime of theft of electricity?4. Gas loadshedding is also common in Pakistan, especially in the winters. How can wedeal with this? What can we do to deal with the issue of gas shortage? How feasible canbe the use of newly discovered gas fields, considering the sustainable use of fossil fuels?How successful can be the development and use of LNG?5. What can be done to deal with the rising prices of oil and petroleum products? Howcan we reduce the influence of national and international factors on the prices of oil? How feasible can be the use of imported oil to counter the energy crisis and its effect on the economy?6. How can Pakistan develop renewable energy sources for power production, to dealwith the energy crisis? How can this done, considering the high cost of development andefficiency? 7. Can Pakistan change the ratio of the use of its energy sources? How successful can bethe use of hydropower as a major energy source? Should Pakistan construct more dams for power generation, considering the cost and geopolitical factors? Should Kalabagh Dam be built, considering the opposition? How far can its construction help to deal with the energy crisis?8. What wrong energy policies have been pursued in the past by civilian and militaryregimes? How far has their impact contributed to the current energy crisis? How can they be corrected?9. What type of energy policy should be followed by the Pakistani government? Privatization or Nationalization? How can these policies be designed so that the instability of the government does not affect the policy?

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energy crisis

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