Diversity and Conservation Status …..

Tri Atmoko, Nurul S. Lestari, & Lipu

93

Diversity and Conservation Status of Mammals in Labanan Research Forest,

East Kalimantan, Indonesia1

Tri Atmoko2, Nurul S. Lestari3, and Lipu4

ABSTRACT

With at least 225 species of mammalian, Borneo forest has important role for conserving mammals

diversity. Labanan research forest is one of the remaining ideal habitat for mammals. The ecosystem

was still relatively good and support mammals diversity. The objective of this study was to find out

the mammals diversity and its conservation status in Labanan research forest. Fourteen transects

were systematically arranged in the forest to observe mammals species. Large mammals were

observed through the automatic camera that was set at the side of animal trail. Meanwhile, bats and

small mammals (rodents and treeshrews) were captured using mist net and cage traps, respectively.

The results of this study found 41 species of mammals that included in 31 genera and 16 families.

Top five of mammals (except bats) base on relative of frequency are wild pig (Sus barbatus Müller),

mueller gibbon (Hylobates muelleri Martin), bornean yellow muntjac (Muntiacus atherodes Groves &

Grubb), sun bear (Helarctos malayanus Raffles), and sambar deer (Rusa unicolor Kerr). Bats species

were, dominated by Cynopterus brachyotis Müller, Rhinolophus borneensis Peters, Rhinolophus

arcuatus Peters, and Hipposideros cervinus Gould. Shannon diversity indices (H‘) of bats is 3,6. The

eleven out of 41 mammals species are protected by Indonesian Governman Law. Based on the IUCN

criteria, only sun bear included the endengered species, whereas 8 species are vulnerable. Both sun

bear and mueller gibbon are included in Appendix I CITES.

Keywords: Labanan research forest, mammal, bat, conservation status

I. INTRODUCTION

Kalimantan covered 73% of the great island of Borneo. It has rich fauna and share much of its

fauna with Asian mainland and the other Sunda Islands (MacKinnon et al., 1996). At least 225

1 This paper was presented in International Conference on Forest and Biodiversity, organized by Manado Forestry

Research Institute cooperated with Sam Ratulangi University, Secretariat of Forestry Research and Development Agency,

Global Environment Facility (GEF), Burung Indonesia, Government of North Sulawesi Province and SEAMEO BIOTROP.

Manado 5 July 2013

2 Institute of Research for Technology of Natural Resources Conservation

Jl. Soekarno-Hatta Km 38 Samboja Po.Box 578, Kalimantan Timur. e-mail: tri.atmoko@forda-mof.org 3 Dipterocarps Research Center

Jl. A. Wahab Syahrani No. 68 Sempaja, Samarinda, East Kalimantan 4 East Kalimantan Nature Conservation Agency

Jl. M.T. Haryono Kel. Air Putih Kode Pos 1601, Samarinda, East Kalimantan

94 International Conference on Forest and Biodiversity, 5 July 2013

species of mammals occur in Borneo and 44 species out of that number are endemic to the island

(MacKinnon et al., 1996; Payne et al., 2000). Mammals are a class of vertebrates, distinguished by

the possession of mammary glands in the female and in having hair on the body (Turner, 2004).

Commonly, there are two classification of mammalian known, namely large mammals and small

mammals. Its categorization is not based on taxonomy. The large mammals considered to refer to

any assemblage of mammal species whose individual live weights more than 5 kg when adult

(Stoddart, 1979). Literature on diversity of mammals in Indonesia, especially Kalimantan is limited

yet. Most of research on mammals in Kalimantan still refer to Payne et al. (1985) (translate to

Indonesian in 2000).

Labanan research forest is one of 33 research forest under the management of Forest Research

and Development Agency, Ministry of Forestry, located in Berau, East Kalimantan. It was declared as

KHDTK (Kawasan Hutan Dengan Tujuan Khusus) for research based on Decree of the Minister of

Forestry No. 121/Menhut-II/2007. Several research focused on sylviculture have been conducting in

this area, that is SILIN (Silvikultur Intensif) and STREK (Silvicultural Technique for Regeneration of

Logged Over Area in East Kalimantan) Project. However, study related wildlife, particularly mammals

have not been carried out yet. Research regarding animals need to be encouraged to enhance the

function of Labanan research forest as a research site. This study aimed to find out mammals species

in Labanan research forest and its conservation status. It can be used as initials information to

support further animals study in Labanan research forest.

II. METHOD

A. Study site

The research was conducted in Labanan Research Forest, locatedat Berau District, East

Kalimantan, Indonesia (117O10‘–117O15‘E and 1O52‘-1O57‘N) (Figure 1). The site is topographically

variable, comprised of flat, ridges, and limestone hills, with altitude from 125 m asl to 275 m asl.

Annual precipitation was 2.012 mm. Monthly rainfall fluctuated from 4,9 mm in June to 140,1 mm in

February. The rainfall data were recorded from the Kalimarau meteorological station located

approximately 60 km from the site. The habitat types of this site consist of early secondary forest

(34,42%), old secondary forest (29,86%), primary forest (4,10%), and swamp (0,12%) (Suryanto et

al., 2010). Common tree genera in the site are Shorea spp, Dipterocarpus spp., and Dryobalanops

spp. (Lestari et al., 2013).

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Tri Atmoko, Nurul S. Lestari, & Lipu

95

Figure 1. Map of study site

B. Materials and Equipments

The equipments used for this research were binocular, Busnell camera-traps, DSLR camera, GPS

Garmin CSx 60, mist nets, cages traps, bat pockets, field guides of mammal and bat (van Strien,

1983; Payne et al., 2000; Suyanto, 2001; Struebig & Sujarwo, 2006). Materials in this research were

salted fish and bananas.

C. Methods

The research was carried out in July-August 2012 and March-April 2013. This area has been

separated into western and eastern side by the road of Samarinda-Berau. Observation in 2012 was

conducted in ± 3.400 ha of western side and 2013 was in ± 4.550 ha of eastern side.

Preliminary activities was set up 14 transect observation along the 5-7 km in the Labanan

research forest. Seven transects were systematically arranged in the west and east side. The

distance between transect was 1 km.

Animal with more than 5 kg weights were categorized as large mammals (Stoddart, 1979).

However, in this research we classified ordo of Artiodactyla, Carnivora, and Primates into large

mammals, while Scandentia, Rodentia and Chiroptera were categorized as small mammals and bats.

We used these kind of classification due to taxonomic consistency. Large mammals were observed

using direct and indirect encounter technicques. We did direct observation using rapid assessment

method (Bismark, 2011). The observer walk slowly in both inside and outside transect and record all

mammals species found. Indirect observation was conducted based on the discovered of mammals

footprint, scratches, wallows, former hair, former bite, nests, and vocalization.

96 International Conference on Forest and Biodiversity, 5 July 2013

In 2013, 6 camera-traps were set at study site.. It was all set up along the trails where

frequently passed by the animal. When the animal passed in front of the camera, the camera system

took photograph or video automatically. Camera-trapping is an effective way to provide information

about the presence of both diurnal and nocturnal mammals.

Small mammals were observed by the trapping method. Twenty traps were placed along the

transect. Salted fish and bananas were placed inside the trap as bait. Bats were captured using mist

nets installed in the forest hallways and ex skidding road. In 2012, 4 mist nets were positioned in 6

locations. We also did bats observation in the lime cave. In 2013, ten mist nets were set up in 4

location. For each location, mist net were installed for 3-4 nights.

C. Data Analysis

Red list data book IUCN (http://www.iucnredlist.org/), Appendix CITES

(http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/species.html), and Indonesian Governman Law (PP No. 7 1999

tentang pengawetan jenis tumbuhan dan satwa) were used to determine the conservation status of

mammal species. Bats diversity was calculated using Shannon-Wiener Index (Krebs, 1989). The

existence frequency was estimated to calculate the relative frequency of the mammals at the site

(adapted from Bismark, 2011):

Relative frequency (%) =

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Large mammals

A total of 16 large mammals species of from 13 generas and 7 families were recorded in Labanan

research forest. Seven out of 16 large mammals are endemic of Borneo, namely Muntiacus

atherodes, Tupaia montana, Petaurillus emiliae, Callosciurus orestes, Presbytis rubicunda,

Presbytis frontata, and Hylobates muelleri. Large mammals species of Labanan research forest are

presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Large mammals species of Labanan research forest

Ordo Familly No Species Observed Relative

frequency (%)

Artiodactyla Suidae 1 Sus barbatus footprint, nest,

camera trap

100,00

Cervidae 2 Muntiacus atherodes footprint, camera

trap, direct

observation

50,00

3 Rusa unicolor footprint,

vocalization

28,57

Trangulidae 4 Trangulus napu footprint, capture,

camera trap

28,57

5 Trangulus javanicus footprint, camera Share with T. napu

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97

Ordo Familly No Species Observed Relative

frequency (%)

trap

Carnivora Ursidae 6 Helarctos malayanus scratch, nest 35,71

Viverridae 7 Arctogalidia trivirgata camera trap 14,29

8 Viverra tangalunga direct observation 7,14

9 Paguma larvata direct observation 7,14

10 Arctictis binturong camera trap 7,14

11 Hemigalus derbyanus camera trap 7,14

Primate Hylobatidae 12 Hylobates muelleri direct

observation,

vocalization

64,29

Cercopithecidae 13 Presbytis rubicunda direct observation 28,57

14 Presbytis frontata direct observation 14,29

15 Macaca fascicularis direct observation 14,29

16 Macaca nemestrina camera trap 7,14

Labanan research forest with its dense vegetation, is a potential habitat for mammals. However,

it is quite difficult for observer to see the animal directly in the forest. The terrestrial mammals in

particular are very wary to human activities and some of them are partly or wholly nocturnal. Setting

up camera-trap in the field is the most effective way to record them. Camera-traping is an ideal

system to collect some basic information on a range of elusive large mammals and does so with

minimal impact on the community that is being studied (Griffiths & Schaik, 1993). The mammals

species which was found captured by camera trap namely small-toothed palm civet (Arctogalidia

trivirgata), binturong (Arctictis binturong), banded palm civet (Hemigalus derbyanus), and pig-tail

macaque (Macaca nemestrina).

Bearded pig is a dominated large mammals in Labanan research forest. Many wallows, nest, and

footprints of this species were found in all transects. Adult females build nest in the place where

they giving birth. The nest are made of saplings and shrubs which have been bitten and broken then

piled up on the ground. The piglets remain in the nest for ten days before following the mother

(Knibbe, 2000). Some of the new nests were found in March 2013 but didn‘t find any in 2012, so we

supposed that the breeding season of bearded pig is in February to March.

Sun bear is a shy, secretive animal and live in dense forest. It is almost impossible to study them

through direct observation. The evidence of Sun bear occurrence in the study site based on the

finding of both their nest and scratchs in the trees. Nest of sun bear was found in the tree of

Dacryodes rugosa approximately 15 meters above the ground. Sun bear‘s nest is similar to

orangutan‘s. It was composed by broken fragment of twigs while orangutan‘s nests neatly arranged

by branch folds. We found 11 trees with sun bear‘s scratch. The characteristics of those trees were

98 International Conference on Forest and Biodiversity, 5 July 2013

almost similar. They had a cavity with shattered entrance. We were certain that it is containing some

bee nest as their food.

Malayan sun bears are omnivores and known as consumers of bees nests (honey), invertebrates

and fruits (Payne et al., 2000; McConkey & Galetti, 1999). Invertebrates which was the feed of sun

bear are termites (Isoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), and beetle larvae (Coleoptera) (Wong et al., 2002).

They also eat various kind of fruits such as Canarium pilosum, Erycibe maingayi, Ficus consociate

(McConkey & Galetti, 1999). The figs (Ficus sp.) are the most common fruit consumed (Wong et al.,

2002). McConkey and Galetti (1999) explained that sun bear are important seed dispersers as well,

depending on the species consumed, the number of seeds ingested and the deposition site.

Primate group in Labanan research forest was dominated by Mueller gibbon. This animals was

recognized by direct sighting and its vocalizations. All gibbon species are known to produce great call

(Geissmann & Nijman, 2006) which can be heard further than two kilometers (Nijman, 2001). Great

calls in gibbon are thought to function as territory defense as well as to strengthen the pair bond

(Gittins & Raemaekers, 1980; Rowe, 1996; Cheyne et al., 2008). Previous studies to determine the

animal location based on gibbon call using triangulation method by multiple listening sites (Rinaldi,

1998; Nijman & Menken, 2005; Cheyne et al., 2008; Hamard et al., 2010). Meanwhile single listening

site was conducted in this study using "Sight 'n Go" facility from GPS. We recorded mueller gibbon

sing in early morning at 6.30 am and sometimes still can be heard until 10.30 am. Reichard (1998)

reported that male and female white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) sing coordinated, which mostly

occur from about 7.00–11.00 am, whereas according to Gittins and Raemaekers (1980) the animal

sing at 06.00 am until 13.00 pm and once in 14.00 pm.

Labanan research forest composed by several forest formation (early secondary forest, old

secondary forest, and primary forest) and there are still many large diameter trees with high canopy.

Vertical stratification is ideal conditions to support the gibbons and other animals activities and provide

their food resources. Gibbon is arboreal lesser apes (Rowe, 1996; Nijman et al., 2008), prefer high

canopy levels to its activity (MacKinnon & MacKinnon, 1980), and cannot survive in the absence of

closed-canopy forest (Nijman et al., 2008). Hypothesized by Hamard et al. (2010) suggested that that

canopy cover and tree height will be positively correlated with gibbon density.

B. Small Mammals and Bats

A total of 25 species of small mammals from 9 genera and 18 families were found during the

study and 16 species out of it were bats. Bat species diversity index (H‘) in Labanan Research Forest

is 3,60, higher than study in undisturbed forest (Medelline et al., 2000) and forest fragment (Calouro

et al., 2010) that is more less 2,50 and 2,09, respectively. Generally, small mammals are important to

maintain forest ecosystem health. Bats are useful as indicators of disturbance conditions in

neotropical rainforests (Medellin et al., 2000), important pollinators and controlling insects (MacKinnon

et al., 1996; Primack & Corlett, 2005). Rodents and other small mammals play important role of seed

dispersal and food sources for raptor, carnivorous, and reptiles. List of small mammals and bats in

Labanan Resaerch Forest are presented in Table 2.

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Tri Atmoko, Nurul S. Lestari, & Lipu

99

Table 2. List of small mammals and bats in Labanan Research Forest

Ordo Familly No Species Observation

Scandentia Tupaiidae 1 Tupaia montana direct observation

Rodentia Muridae 2 Sundamys muelleri captured

3 Maxomys rajah captured

Sciuridae 4 Ratufa affinis direct observation

5 Petaurillus emiliae captured

6 Callosciurus orestes direct observation

7 Rhinosciurus laticaudatus direct observation

8 Exilisciurus exilis direct observation

Hystricidae 9 Hystrix brachyuran camera-trap, direct

observation

Chiroptera Pteropodidae 10 Chironax melanocephalus captured

11 Cynopterus brachyotis captured

12 Balionycteris maculate captured

13 Penthetor lucasi captured

14 Macroglossus minimus captured

Rhinolophidae 15 Rhinolophus arcuatus captured

16 Rhinolophus creaghi captured

17 Rhinolophus acuminatus captured

18 Rhinolophus affinis captured

19 Rhinolophus borneensis captured

Hipposideridae 20 Hipposideros galeritus captured

21 Hipposideros diadema captured

22 Hipposideros cervinus captured

23 Hipposideros larvatus captured

Emballonuridae 24 Emballonura alecto captured

Molossidae 25 Tadarida mops captured

C. Conservation status

Based on the IUCN criteria, sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) is endengered species, while 8, 3,

25, 3, and 1 species are vulnerable, near threatened, least concern, data deficiency and not included

in the IUCN list, respectively. According to CITES, 2 species (4,8%) included in Appendix I, ie sun bear

and mueller gibbon (Hylobates muelleri), while 7 species (17,1%) included in Appendix II. Under

Indonesia Government Law, 11 species (26,8%) categorized as protected species (Figure 2).

Conservation status of mammals in Labanan Research Forest are presented in Appendix 1.

100 International Conference on Forest and Biodiversity, 5 July 2013

Figure 2. Conservation status of mammals in Labanan research forest by IUCN (En=endangered,

Vu=Vulnerable, NT=Near threatened, LC=Least Concern, DD=Data deficiency), CITES (App I=Appendix I, App I=Appendix II), and PP 07 (Protected by Indonesian Government Law).

Sun bear and mueller gibbon are protected by IUCN, CITES, and Government Law. Despite

population data of sun bear is lacking, rapid loss of habitat is strong evidence declining of animals

population (Fredriksson et al., 2008). Several threats to sun bears are habitat destruction, commercial

hunting as pets and traditional Chinese medicine (Fredriksson et al., 2008), forest fires, and killing

bears to preventing damage to crops (Fredriksson, 2005). Mueller gibbon is considered as

endangered based on the estimation that more than 50% of the population have been reduced over

the last 45 years, habitat loss, hunting and wildlife trade and for human consumption (Geissmann &

Nijman, 2008).

Hunting and habitat disturbance are main threats to mammals species in Labanan research

forest. Sus barbatus, Muntiacus atherodes, Rusa unicolor, Trangulus napu and Trangulus javanicus

are the most common species hunted by local people. They use trap and air rifle to catch the animal.

Land occupancy is also occuring in this area. It happens due to lack of understanding of local people

who consider that Labanan research forest can be inhabited. Conservation action plan is urgently

required to protect the wildlife from population depletion.

IV. CONCLUSION

At least 41 species of mammals were found in the Labanan research forest. This results is the

initial data, thus further study on mammals species is still needed to be conducted. The presence of

arboreal primates indicate Labanan Research Forest has good forest condition with tall trees and

canopy continuity. Forest protection efforts in this site should be improved to support wildlife

conservation.

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101

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are most grateful to Dr. Rufiie, Director of Dipterocarps Research Center for his support to

this study. We also would like to thank Suryanto, S.Hut., M.Si and team member of Labanan

biodiversity exploration for their help during the field work.

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104 International Conference on Forest and Biodiversity, 5 July 2013

Appendix 1. Conservation status of mammals in Labanan research forest

No Species English name

Conservation status*

IUCN CITES PP No 7

1 Muntiacus atherodes Groves &

Grubb

Bornean Yellow Muntjac Least

Concern

- Protected

2 Rusa unicolor Kerr Sambar Deer Vulnerable - Protected

3 Sus barbatus Müller Bearded Pig Vulnerable - -

4 Tragulus napu F. Cuvier Greather mouse-deer - - Protected

5 Tragulus javanicus Osbeck Lesser Mouse-Deer Data

Deficient

- Protected

6 Helarctos malayanus Raffles Sun Bear Vulnerable App. I Protected

7 Viverra tangalunga Gray Malay Civet Least

Concern

- -

8 Paguma larvata C. E. H. Smith Masked Palm Civet Least

Concern

- -

9 Arctictis binturong Raffles Binturong Vulnerable - Protected

10 Hemigalus derbyanus Gray Banded Palm Civet Vulnerable App II -

11 Arctogalidia trivirgata Gray Small-toothed Palm Civet Least

Concern

- -

12 Tupaia Montana Thomas Mountain Treeshrew Least

Concern

App II -

13 Sundamys muelleri Jentink Muller‘s Rat Least

Concern

- -

14 Maxomys rajah Thomas Brown Spiny Rat Vulnerable - -

15 Ratufa affinis Raffles Giant Squirrel Near

Threatened

App II Protected

16 Petaurillus emiliae Thomas Lesser Pigmy Flying Squirrel Data

Deficient

- -

17 Callosciurus orestes Thomas Bornean Black-banded

Squirrel

Least

Concern

- -

18 Rhinosciurus laticaudatus Müller Shrew-faced Ground

Squirrel

Near

Threatened

- -

19 Exilisciurus exilis Müller Plain Pigmy Squirrel Data

Deficient

- -

20 Hystrix brachyuran Linnaeus Common Porcupine Least

Concern

- Protected

21 Presbytis rubicunda Müller Maroon Langur Least

Concern

App II Protected

22 Presbytis frontata Müller White-fronted Langur Vulnerable App II Protected

23 Macaca fascicularis Raffles Long-tailed Macaque Least

Concern

App II -

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No Species English name

Conservation status*

IUCN CITES PP No 7

24 Macaca nemestrina Linnaeus Pig-tailed macaque Vulnerable App II -

25 Hylobates muelleri Martin Mueller Gibbon Endangered App I Protected

26 Chironax melanocephalus

Temminck

Black-capped Fruit Bat Least

Concern

- -

27 Cynopterus brachyotis Müller Short-nosed Fruit Bat Least

Concern

- -

28 Balionycteris maculate Thomas Spotted-winged Fruit Bat Least

Concern

- -

29 Penthetor lucasi Dobson Dusky Fruit Bat Least

Concern

- -

30 Macroglossus minimus É.

Geoffroy

Long-tongued Nectar Bat Least

Concern

- -

31 Rhinolophus arcuatus Peters Arcuate Horseshoe Bat Least

Concern

- -

32 Rhinolophus creaghi Thomas Creagh‘s Horseshoe Bat Least

Concern

- -

33 Rhinolophus acuminatus Peters Acuminate Horseshoe Bat Least

Concern

- -

34 Rhinolophus affinis Horsfield Intermadiate Horseshoe Bat Least

Concern

- -

35 Rhinolophus borneensis Peters Bornean Horseshoe Bat Least

Concern

- -

36 Hipposideros galeritus Cantor Cantor‘s Roundleaf Bat Least

Concern

- -

37 Hipposideros diadema Geoffroy Diadem Roundleaf Bat Least

Concern

- -

38 Hipposideros cervinus Gould Fawn Roundleaf Bat Least

Concern

- -

39 Hipposideros larvatus Horsfield Intermediate Roundleaf Bat Least

Concern

- -

40 Emballonura alecto Eydoux &

Gervais

Greater Sheath-tailed Bat Least

Concern

- -

41 Tadarida mops de Blainville Sunda Free-tailed Bat Near

Threatened

- -

*Sources: IUCN : http://www.iucnredlist.org/; CITES : http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/species.html; PP No. 7 : Indonesian Government Law (Peraturan Pemerintah No. 7 tahun 1999

tentang pengawetan jenis tumbuhan dan satwa).

106 International Conference on Forest and Biodiversity, 5 July 2013