coal, oil and gas, and industrial and metallic
TRANSCRIPT
VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCESPUBLICATION 114
COAL, OIL AND GAS, AND INDUSTRIAL AND METALLICMINBRALS TNDUSTRTES rN VrRGrNrAn 1988-1989
Palmer C. Sweet
COMMOT{WEALTH OF VIRGINIA
DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINERALS AND ENERGYDIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
Robert C. Milici, State Geologist
CHARLOTTES VILLE, VIRGIMAr99l
VIRGIMA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCESPUBLICATION 114
COAL, OIL AND GAS, AND INDUSTRIAL AND METALLICMINERALS INDUSTRIES IN VIRGINIA, 1988.I.989
Palmer C. Sweet
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINERALS AND ENERGYDIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
Robert C. Milici, State Geologist
CHARLOTTES VILLE, VIRGINIA1991
DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINERALS AND ENERGYRICHMOND, VIRGINIAO. Gene Dishner, Director
Copyright 1991, Commonwealth of Virginia
Portions of this publication may be quoted if credit is given to the Virginia Division of Mineral Resources.
CONTENTS
IntroductionPage
1
1988
1989
ILLUSTRATIONS
PlateCoal, oil and gas fields, and indusrial and metallic minerals industries map, Virginia ...... In pocket
Figure
2.3. View from southwest of Willis
TABLES
Summary of metal,/nonmetal mining and quarrying, 1988 2Mineral production in Virginia, 1989 @reliminary) .......... 3
Summary of metafnonmetal mining and quarrying, 1989 4Summary of coal mine production in Virginia, 1988.......... .... 5
Summary of coal mining in Virginia, by coal bed, 1988 6Summary of coal employment in Virginia, 1988 ............ 7
Oil production by field and company, 1988 ......... 8Natural gas production by company in each county, 1988 ............ 8Gas wellsNaturalReported estimated reserves
Summary of coal mine production in Virginia, 1989 18
Summary of coal mining in Virginia, by coal bed, 1989 19
Summary of coal employment in Virginia, 1989 ............ 20
Oil production by field and company, 1989.......... 2lNatural gas production by company in each county, 1989 ............ 2l
Page
9t213
l4l515
1616
1.
2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.t2.13.14.15.16.t7.18.19.20.2r.22.
COAL, OIL AND GAS, AND INDUSTRHL AND METALLICMINERALS INDUSTRIES IN VIRGINIA, 1988.1989
Palmer C. Sweet
INTRODUCTION
The total value of mineralproduction in Virginiain 1988was 2. 12- billion dollars (Table I ). About 1.58-billion dollarsresulted from coal sales and about 42-million dollars werefrom the sale of petroleum and natural gas. The remaining498-million dollars were from production of industrial rocksand minerals (Table 2). This represents an increase of morethan 11l-million dollars (about 5.5Vo) for 1988, when com-pared with 1987 statistics. Crushed stone production was upmore than 9 percent and coal production was up almost 2percent. On the decline were natural gas, 4.5 percent, andclays, which were down more than l0 percent from theprevious year.
The number of producers, amount of production, andnumber of processing plants remained stable during the yearfor cement, feldspar, gem stones, gypsum, indusrial sand,iron-oxide pigments, kyanite, ornamental aggregate, sandand gravel, and vermiculite.
The total value of Virginia's mineral production in 1989was 2.18- billion dollars (Table 3): 1.62-billion dollars fromcoal and almost 40- million dollars from petroleum andnatural gas. The remaining 520. 1- million dollan of nonfuelproduction were from a variety of industrial rocks and min-erals (Table 4). The leading increase in nonfuel mineral pro-duction (25-million dollan; 5.1 Vo) was in lime production(I4 Vo over 1988) and crushed stone (6 7o over 1988).
Virginia led the nation in the production of kyanite, wasthe only producer of feldspar, marketed as "Virginia aplite,"and was one of three states mining vermiculite. Severalmineral commodities - lithium carbonate, magnetite, manga-nese, mica, perlite, and phosphate rock were imported forprocessing.
1988
COALI
A record 46,3&,97 short tons (Iable 1) of coal wereproduced from the southwest Virginia coalfields in Buchanan,Dickenson, Lee, Russell, Scott, Tazewell, andWiseCountiesfrom approximately 543 surface and underground mines.Tables 5 through 7 provide production data by county andcoal bed, and employment statistics. Table 8 provides coalmine fatal- accident data. The majority of the bituminouscoal from the southwest fields was produced from the Poca-hontas No. 3 coal bed. Included in this production lotal are5553 short tons of semi-anthracite coal produced from twoadditional surface mines in the Valley Coal field, Montgom-ery County.
Coal from Virginia is used for metallurgical purposes,elecrical power generation (steam coal), indusEial purposes,and residential heating. A large percentage of Virginia coalis confiacted for export to overseas markets. The coal isexported ttrough the ports in the l{ampton Roads area inVirginia and at Wilmington in North Carolina.
Table 1. Mineral production in Virgini4 1988r
Mineral CommodityValue
Quantity (thousands)
Clays-thousand short tons- 1,113
Coal(bituminous)2 ($34lton)--do- 46,365Qem s6nss- NALime-thousand short tons- 74LNatural Gasz ($2.23110S cu. ft.)
-million gu$ig feel- 18,683
Petroleum (crude)2 ($ 13.95Db1.)
-42-gaTlonbarels- 24952Sand and gravel
--+housand short tons- 12,55IStone:Crushed# 66,000Dimension_----__----do- 10
Combined value of cement, clay(fuller's earth), feldspar, gypsum,industrial sand and gravel, iron-oxidepigments((crude), kyanite, sulfur,vermiculite- xx 81,830
Total xx $2,118,448
NA Not available. XX Not applicable.I Production as measured by mine shipments, sales, or mar-ketable production (including consumption by producers) -from U.S. Bureau of Mines.2 Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy
OIL AND GAS'
Crude oilproduction totaled 24,952bmels in 1988, a46percent increase over the 1987 production of 17,141 barrels.Production was by 12 companies from 54 wells in three fields(Ben Hur, Rose Hill, and Roaring Fork) (table 9). Theaverage price paid by refineries for Virginia oil in 1988 was13.95 dollars per barrel.
$ 6,6141,576,398
2033,875
4r,63
348
48,100
326,7n2,900
r' Information supplied by Division of Mines, 219 Wood Avenue, Big Stone Gap, Virginia242l9.a Information supplied by Division of Gas and Oil, P. O. Box 1416, Abingdon, Virginia 24210.
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Table 3.nary).
Mineral production in Virginia, 1989r (prelimi-
MineralCommodityValue
Quantity (thousands)
Clays-ftousand shsrt t0n5- 1,038Coal (bituminous)'? ($37ton)--do- 43,855Qsrn stsns5- NALime-thousand short tons- 807Natural Gas'z ($2.19/1000 cu. ft.)
- million cubic feet-- I7,935Petroleum (crude)2 ($ 18. l7lBbl.)
- 42-gallonbarrels
- 2127I
Sand and gravel
-thousand shert t6ns- 12,5m
Stone:crushed_{o_ 66,300Dimension-short,tons- 8,548
Combined value of cement, clay(fuller's eailh), feldspar, gypsum,indusrial sand and gravel, iron-oxide
pigments (crude), kyanite, sulfur,yffrnisullrc- XX 79494
Total xx $2,t82,391
NA Not available. XX Not applicable.I Production as measured by mine shipments, sales, or mar-ketable production (including consumption by producers) -from U.S. Bureau of Mines.2 Virginia Depafiment of Mines, Minerals and Energy
Natural gasproductionin 1988 was 18,682,530 Mcf (oneMcf equals 1000 cubic feet) from 728 wells in Buchanan,Dickenson, Russell, Scott, Tazewell, Washington, and WiseCounties (Table 1 0). This refl ects a decline of 4 percent fromthe 1 987 record production of 19,520,312 Mcf. The averageprice paid to Virginia's 18 natural gas producers in 1988 was2.23 dollars per Mcf.
DRILLING ACTIVITY
In 1988, a total of 45 wells were drilled in Virginia; thisrepresents a 12 percent decrease from the 5l wells drilled in1987. The total footage &illed in 1987 was213,527 (Table11). The average depth for the 14 exploratory wells was4322feetand the average depth for the 31 developmental wells was4963 feet. Eight of the exploratory wells were completed asproducers, and 30 of the developmental wells were success-ful. Thirty-seven wells were completed as gas wells, and onewas completed as an oil well QE-162). Tables 12 through 14provide data on company delivery of gas to pipelines, re-serves of gas, and 1988 well-completion data.
BUCHANAN COI.JNTY
Ashland Exploration ddlled three developmental wellsin the Glick field. Total footage drilled for the three success-
ful wells was 14,007.
DICKENSON COI.]NTY
EREX,Inc. drilled 17 successful developmental wells inthe Nora field. Total footage drilled was 83,333. Oneexploratory well was abandonedafterthedrill string was lostin the hole at a depth of 2691feet.
There were two exploratory wells drilled to the LowerPennsylvanian-age coal seams in the Nora field. The wellswerc completed in the deep unminable coal seams thatunderlie this area. Total footage driUed for both wells was4884. After ttre wells were stimulated, pumps were installedto de-water the coal seam. Based on the data from these threewells, coal-bed methane development appears to have poten-tial in the coal bearing regions of Virginia. This resource maymake a significant contribution to Virginia's energy development.
LEE COI.JNTY
Penn VirginiaResources expanded its exploration in theRose Hill disrict of Lee County. A five-well programresulted in one oil well, two gas wells, and two dry holes.Total footage drilled was 19,347.
PULASKI COUNTY
Valley Basin Gas Association continued to explore thecoal-bed methane potential of the "Valley Coal beds" nearRadford, Virginia. The two wells drilled totaled 9500 feetand were abandoned after evaluation.
SCOTT COUNTY
Penn Virginia Resources drilled four developmentalwells and one exploratory well in the Scott County portion ofthe Early Grove field. Of the four developmental wells, threewere successfully completed and one was a dry hole. Totalfootage drilled for the developmental wells, including the dryhole, was 17,025. The exploralory well reached a depttr of6300 feet and was plugged after evaluation.
WASHINGTON COUNTY
One successful developmental well was drilled in theWashington County section of the Early Grove fieldby PennVirginia Resources. Total depth of this well was 4519 feet.
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VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
Table 8. Fatal accidents in coal mines. 1988.
20 to 3031 t0 4041 to 60
Total Years Mining Experience:
Field CompanyProducng Wells
Number Bbls.
Table 10. Natural gas production by company in each county,1988.
County CompanyNumber Volume
of Wells Produced(Mcf)J02
BUCHANANAshland ExplorationBereaOil & GasCabot Oil & GasCities Service (Oxy)Columbia GasNRMP&SPanther Creek Ltd-Peake Operating
TotalDICKENSON
ANR ProductionColumbia GasW. E. ElliouEREXPine Mountain
TotalRUSSELL
Pine MountainSCOT'I
Penn Virginia Res.TAZEWELL
Columbia GasConsol RayR&B PetroleumScott Oil & GasCNGD
TotalWASHINGTON
Penn Virginia Res.WISE
588,129612231228623'3p'2
1,882,43954,9029,86815,al55,681
2,722,549
8,75277\r5A36439
8,659,9547s28s
9,551,580
202ss
367 2s6
187,660225230
34,15648,r96
4,309499,550
40277
4969,U6511,257
5.481.103
18,682,530
1,787.681,830.m2,905.m
25.001,143.85
299.W1369.01
197.00408.00
2l3s;t4
134.009,244.521,857.M
306.83909.00
24,952.U
442II
986621
16r
6
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183
728
,,
322
2959
340
1I
t2
6l422I
25
BEN HURAPACO PetroleumBen HurEastern StatesMountain EmpirePenn Virginia ResourcesRaintreeSouthern ExplorationStonewall GasWittoil & Gas
ANREREX
Total552I23
Table 11. Gas wells and footage drilled, 1988.
County No. Fooage No. Footage Foocage DrilledROARING FORK
ANR Production 26
ROSE HILLEastern StatesPenn Virginia ResourceshideOilSovereignStonewall Gas
TOTALS
I7
1
1
2
Buchanan 0Dickenson 3I.e,e, 5Pulaski 2Scort IWashington 0Wise j
t4307 L4,W783,333 90,908
0 t9,y70 9,500
t7,w5 23,3254,519 4,519
34.138 5r.921
t53,022 2t3,5n
07,575
19,3479,5006,300
0r7.783
60,505
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PUBLICATION 114
Buchanan 161 34,685211
Dickenson 3q 72,114,554
Lee
Russell | 64,325
Scott 12 2,481,197
Tazewell 25 2,043,597
Washingtcr 6 296,943
Wise 183 67,041,008
Table 12. Nau,ral gas delivery to pipelines, 1988 (gas in
Company First Second Third Fourth TotalCdubirNemdRorw 2,4753'A4 2i337,638 r,550,169 1,65482E 8pr9B39
C@li&td Gs Sulply 2l6il65 172935 1E4,694 183.198 757 593
EstTm.NrturalGarCo. 3,014,809 4LL2'Ofi 1,888,36.1 2,$l,nZ 9,ffi915
TOTAL 5J06,878 4,6?2,@1 3SB4O 4,47131t8 r8,4U,*7
Table 13. Reported estimated reserves of natural gas.
County
PRODUCINGWELLS SHUT-INWELIS TOTALRemaining Remaining Remaining
Reserves Resewes Reserves
Number (Mcf) Number (Mcf) Number (Mcfl
TOTAL 728 r78J26,835 68
1,560,000 t76 36,245,211
3,113,789 35r 75,228343
1,443,558 14 1,443,558
100,000 2 l&,325414,000 t7 2,895J97
25 2,M3,59',1
310,n9 8 ffi7,M23,356,000 2U3 103n N8
t0,29'1,46 796 189,V24,301
WISE COUNTY
ANR Production Co. drilled one successful develop-mental well in the Coeburn field. Total depth was 5040 feet.
EREX,Inc. drilled two successful developmental wellsin the Coeburn field. Total footage drilled was 10,952 feet.
Amvest Oil and Gas began an exploration program in anew field near Wise, Virginia. There were three successfulwildcats and three successful off-set wells drilled in 1988.Total footage drilled was 17,783 for the exploratory wells and18,146 for the developmental wells.
PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
In Buchanan County, ColumbiaGas Corp. constructed afeeder line ofI25 feet oftwo-inch and 225 feet offour-inchdiameter pipe to connect one well to its existing pipeline.
In Dickenson County, EREX, Inc. constructed U,35Ifeet of two-inch,1325 feet of ttrree-inch, 3799 feet of four-inch and I 182 feet of twelve-inch diameter pipe to connect 20wells within the Nora field.
Penn Virginia Resources added 8228 feet of four-inchand 2980 feet of two inch pipe in Scott County with 1 500 feetof two-inch pipe added in Washington County to connectthree wells to its existing system in the Early Grove field.
In Wise County, ANR Production Co. constructed148, 125 feet of six-inch, 926 feetof eight-inch, and2924 feetof four-inch diameter pipe to connect four wells in the High
Knob fietd to its present system. In addition, 25,480 feet ofpipeline constructed of two-inch diameter plastic pipe was
laid to conduct a deliverability test for four ANR ProductionCo. wells that are near theNora field.
EREX, Inc. lard36 A94 feet of four-inch, I I ,3 17 feet ofthree-inch, and 5364 feet of two-inch diameter pipe to con-nect the six wells in ttre Coeburn field to its present pipelinesystem.
INDUSTRIAL AND METALLIC COMMODITIES
CEMENT
Three companies, one each in Waren and BotetourtCounties and in ttre City of Chesapeake, produce cement inVirginia. Riverton Corporation in Warren County produces
masonry cement at their plant north of FrontRoyal (Figure l).There, crushed limeslone @dinburg Formation) is calcined,hydrated, and mixed with portland cement from out-of-statesources. Sales are made obuilding supply dealers in Virginiaand surrounding states. Roanoke Cement Company operatesa plant in western Botetourt County. The facility manufac-
turesportlandcementfrom locally mined limestone and shaleand iron scalefromRoanokeElectric Steel Company. Burnedcalcium and iron aluminate clinker is manufactured in fivecoal-fired kilns an$ gound into cemenl Three-fourths of thecement is sold to ready-mix companies. LaFarge CalciumAluminate, Inc. operates a cement manufacturing plant in theCity of Chesapeake. Cement clinker is imported, ground, andmade into six types of calcium aluminate cement at thefacility. The advantages of this cement include rapid harden-ing, resistance [o wear and corrosion, and the capacity to be
used under a wide range of temperatures.
Figure 1. Bagging plant for masonry cement at RivertonCorporation, Riverton, Warren County.
CLAY MATERIALS
Residual and ransported clay, weathered phyllite andschist, and shale are used as raw material to produce almostone-halfbillion bricks in Virginia annually when all the
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PUBLICATION I14
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Table 12. Nanral gas delivery no pipelines, 1988 (gas inMcf).
QUARTERSFirst Second Third Fourth Total
Knob field to its present system. In addition, 25,480 feet ofpipeline construc0ed of two-inch diameter plastic pipe was
laid to conduct a deliverability test for four ANR ProductionCo. wells that are near the Nora field.
EREX, Inc. laid 36,494 feet of four-inch, 11,317 feet ofthree-inch, and 5364 feet of two-inch diameter pipe to con-nect the six wells in the Coeburn field to its present pipelinesystem.
INDUSTRIAL AND METALLIC COMMODITIES
CEMENT
Three companies, one each in Waren and BotetourtCounties and in the City of Chesapeake, produce cement inVirginia. Riverton Corporation in Warren County produces
masonry cement at their plant north of Front Royal @gure 1 ).There, crushed limestone @dinburg Formation) is calcined,hydrated, and mixed with podand cement from out-of-statesources. Sales are made to building supply dealers in Virginiaand surrounding states. Roanoke Cement Company operatesa plant in western Botetourt County. The facility manufac-tures portland cement from locally mined limestone and shaleand fuon scalefrom RoanokeElectric Steel Company. Burnedcalcium and iron aluminate clinker is manufactured in fivecoal-fired kilns an$ ground into cement. Three-fourths of thecement is sold to ready-mix companies. LaFarge CalciumAluminate, Inc. operates a cement manufacturing plant in theCity of Chesapeake. Cementclinker is imported, ground, andmade into six types of calcium aluminate cement at thefacility. The advantages of this cement include rapid harden-ing, resistance to wear and conosion, and the capacity to beused under a wide range of temperatures.
Figure 1. Bagging plant for masonry cement at RivertonCorporation, Riverton, Warren County.
CLAY MATERIALS
Residual and ransported clay, weathered phyllite andschist, and shale are used as raw material !o produce almostone-halfbillion bricks in Virginia annually when all the
CduebiANmrlRormr \{153M \337,6X 1.550,169 1.656,823 8,01999
C@li&bdce SuFly 2l6il65 L729X 184,694 183,198 75,59t
EotTrm.NanrrlGacCo. 3p14,809 ZLl2,On 1,888,36't 2$3l:ll2 9,646,ns
TOTAL 5J06,878 4,622,6L 35B,BO 4,{lr7 LSl2/.,gl
Table 13. Reported estimated resewes of natural gas.
County
PRODUCINGWELLS SHUT-INWELIS TOTALRemaining Remaining Remaining
Reserves Resewes Reserves
Number (McO Numbet (Md) Number (McQ
Buchanan
Dickenson
l:,eRussell
Scott
Tazewell
Washingtcr
Wise
TOTAL
161 34,685,21t 15
3Q 72,tt4,554 l lt4
| 64,325 It2 2,48t,t97 5
25 2,043,597
6 296,943 2
183 67,041,008 20
728 178J26,835 68
1,560,000 176 36,245,2t1
3,r 13J89 35t 75,228,343
r,443,558 t4 1,443558
100,000 2 1&,325414,000 r7 2,895,197
25 2,043,597
310,119 8 6cfl,062
3,356,000 203 70,397,N8
to,297,46 796 189,424,301
WISE COUNTY
ANR Production Co. ddlled one successful develop-mental well in the Coeburn field. Total depth was 5040 feet.
EREX,Inc. drilled two successful developmental wellsin the Coeburn field. Total footage drilled was 10,952 feet.
Amvest Oil and Gas began an exploration program in anew field near Wise, Virginia. There were three successfulwildcats and three successful off-set wells drilled in 1988.Total footagedrilledwas 17,783 for the exploratory wellsand18,146 for the developmental wells.
PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
In Buchanan County, ColumbiaGas Corp. constructed afeeder line of 125 feet of two-inch and, 225 feet of four-inchdiameter pipe to connect one well to its existing pipeline.
In Dickenson County, EREX, Inc. constructed 24,35Ifeet of two-inch, 1325 feet of three-inch,3'199 feet of four-inch and 1182 feet of twelve-inch diameterpipe to connect20wells within the Nora field.
Penn Virginia Resources added 8228 feet of four-inchand2980 feetof two-inch pipein ScottCounty with 1500 feetof two-inch pipe added in Washington County to connectthree wells to its existing system in the Early Grove field.
In Wise County, ANR Production Co. constructedI 4 8, 1 25 feet of six-inch, 926 feet of eight-inch, and 2924 feetof four-inch diameter pipe to connect four wells in the High
VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
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T2 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
plants arc operating at full capacity. The clay-materialindustry in the western part of the state mines Paleozoic-ageshale, with the primary end product being face brick. Face-brick producers in the cenlral-b-eastern part of Virginia mineTriassic-age shale and clay residuum in Orange and PrinceWilliam Counties and hecambrian-age schist and residualand Eansported clay in Amherst, Brunswick, Chesterfield,Greensville, and Henrico Counties.
Lightweight aggegate is produced in Botetourt, Buck-ingham, and Pittsylvania Counties. Weblite Corporation inBotetourt County mines shale from the Rome Formation toproduce lighnveight aggregate by the sintering process, usingsemi-anthracite wasie coal from Montgomery County to firethe kilns. They utilize about 100 tons of coal per day to yielda lightweight-product having a weight as low as 31 lbff forparticle sizes of 5/L6 to 3/4 inches. Solite Corporation innorthern Buckingham County uses the Arvonia Slate !oproduce lightweight aggregate. Triassic-age shale is usedbyVirginia Solite Company southwest of Danville, PittsylvaniaCounty, to obtain a similar product.
Clay from ttre Cold Springkaolin deposit in southqNternAugusta County is utilized intermittently by James RiverLimestone Company, Inc. to mix with crushed dolomite attheir operation near Buchanan, Botetourt County to producevarious grades of filler material and as an ingredient in whitecement.
BennettMineral Company in theWalkerton areaof Kingand Queen County in eastern Virginia mines and processesmontmorillonite clay to produce an industrial and sanitaryabsorbent. The facility uses wood wastes as a plant fuel to drythe clay in a roary kiln.
FELDSPAR
The Feldspar Corporation operates a mine and plant nearMontpelier in Hanover County in east-central Virginia andproduces a material marketed as "Virginia aplite," which issold to the glass industry. The "aplite" improves the work-ability of the molten glass and imparts a chemical stability tothe finished glassware. Feldspar is mined from medium- tocoarse-grained meta-anorthosite by open pit methods. Therock is trucked to tlre plant adjacent to the mine for crushing,grinding, classifying, and drying (Figure 2). After thisprocessing, the aplite is stored in silos. Clay minerals areremoved by gravity concentration. The heavy minerals in thefeldspar (ilmenite, rutile, and sphene) are removed by elec-trostatic processing and magnets. These minerals were stock-piled until the early 1980s but are currently being placed insettling ponds. The processed feldspar is shipped by truckand rail to markets in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, andIndiana.
Clay and silt, with a high percentage of kaolinite andmica, has accumulated in settling ponds. This "tailings"waste material was evaluated in themid- 1960s and wasfoundto be suitable for use in face brick and drain tile; the materialfires dark brown to gray. Fines may have potential as a fluxmaterial for the brick industry. About 75,000 to 100,000 tonsof this material are added to settling ponds per year.
Feldspar in Amherst County is marketed as aggregate by
the W. W. Boxley Company, Blue Ridge Stone Corporation,Piney River Quarry. The fines that result from the crushingof feldspar are stockpiled. Feldspar has been mined fromseveral pegmatite bodies in the Piedmont province in the past,
including those in Amelia and Bedford Counties.
Figure 2. hocessing plant for glass-grade feldspar at TheFeldspar Corporation, Montpelier, Ilanover County.
GEMSTONES
Mines and collectors in Virginia gener:rted an estimatedvalue of $20,000 of narural gem stones in 1988. The More-field pegmatite in Amelia County is open to the public for col-lecting on a fee basis by Piedmont Mining Company; thecompany also mines and sells "hand picked" mica. Blue-gr@n amazonstone, beryl, topaz, tanr4lite, tourmaline, andzircon are some of the minerals found in the pegmatite.
Hopkins Enterprises opened a fee basis collecting operationin Parick County in southern Virginia. Staurolite crystals(fairystone crosses) are the main interest of collectors at thissite.
GYPSUM
U.S. Gypsum Company operates a mine and plant in the
southwestern part of the state and a processing plant inNorfolk. The underground mine is located at Locust Cove,Smyth County. The Locust Cove mine is a slope-entry,multilevel operation. Isolated masses of gypsum in theMaccrady Formation are mined by a modified stoping sys-tem. The gypsum is trucked to their processing plant located
at Plasterco, near Saltville, in adjacent Washington County.The Plasterco plant manufactures wallboard that is used inconstruction.
The Norfolk plant processes crude gypsum from NovaScotia to produce wallboard and other gypsum-based prod-ucts. The plant also produces a fertilizer (land plaster) for thepeanut industry. The Norfolk facility receives a few ship-ments of anhydrite from Nova Scotia for sale to cementmanufacturers. The anhydrite is used as a source of sulfur inproducing cement clinker.
t2 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
plants are operating at full capacity. The clay-materialindustry in the western part of the state mines Paleozoic-ageshale, with the primary end product being face brick. Face-brickproducers in the central-to-eastern part of Virginia mineTriassic-age shale and clay residuum in Orange and PrinceWilliam Counties and Precambrian-age schist and residualand ransported clay in Amherst, Brunswick, Chesterfield,Greensville, and Henrico Counties.
Lighnveight aggegate is produced in Botetourt, Buck-ingham, and Pittsylvania Counties. Weblite Corporation inBotetout County mines shale from the Rome Formation toproduce lightweight aggregate by the sintering process, usingsemi-anthracite waste coal from Montgomery County to firethe kilns. They utilize about 100 tons of coal per day to yielda lightweight-product having a weight as low as 31 lbft3 forparticle sizes of 5/16 to 3/4 inches. Solite Corporation innorthern Buckingham County uses the Arvonia Slate toproduce lightweight aggregate. Triassic-age shale is used byVirginia Solite Company southwest of Danville, PitsylvaniaCounty, lo obtain a similar product.
Clay from the Cold Spring kaolin deposit in southeasternAugusta County is utilized intermittently by James RiverLimestone Company, Inc. to mix with crushed dolomite attheir operation near Buchanan, Botetourt County to producevarious grades of filler material and as an ingtedient in whitecement.
BennettMineral Company in theWalkeron areaofKingand Queen County in eastern Virginia mines and processes
montmorillonite clay to produce an industrial and sanitaryabsorbent. The facility uses wood wastes as a plant fuel o drythe clay in a rotary kiln.
FELDSPAR
The Feldspar Corporation operates a mine andplant nearMontpelier in Hanover County in east-central Virginia andproduces a material marketed as "Virginia aplite," which issold to the glass industry. The "aplite" improves the work-ability of the molten glass and imparts a chemical stability tothe finished glassware. Feldspar is mined from medium- !ocoarse-grained meta-anorthosite by open pit methods. Therock is trucked to the plant adjacent to the mine for crushing,grinding, classifying, and drying @gure 2). After thisprocessing, the aplite is slored in silos. Clay minerals areremovedby gravity concentration. The heavy minerals in thefeldspar (ilmenite, rutile, and sphene) are removed by elec-trostatic processing and magnets. These minerals were stock-piled until the early 1980s but are currently being placed insettling ponds. The processed feldspar is shipped by truckand rail to markets in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, andIndiana.
Clay and silt, with a high percentage of kaolinite andmica, has accumulated in settling ponds. This "tailings"waste material was eval uated in the m id- 1 960s and was foundto be suitable for use in face brick and drain tile; the materialfires dark brown to gray. Fines may have potential as a fluxmaterial for the brick industry. About 75,000 to 100,000 tonsof this material are added [o settling ponds per year.
Feldspar in Amherst County is marketed as aggregate by
theW. W. Boxley Company, BlueRidge Stone Corporation,Piney River Quarry. The fines that result from the crushingof feldspar are stockpiled. Feldspar has been mined fromseveral pegmatite bodies in the Piedmontprovince in the past"
including those in Amelia and Bedford Counties.
Figure 2. Processing plant for glass-grade feldspar at TheFeldspar Corporation, Montpeter, Ilanover County.
GEM STONES
Mines and collectors in Virginiagenerated an estimatedvalue of $20,000 of natural gem stones in 1988. The More-field pegmatite in Amelia County is open to the public for col-lecting on a fee basis by Piedmont Mining Company; the
company also mines and sells "hand picked" mica. Blue-grer,n anuonstone, beryl, topaz, tantalite, tourmaline, andzircon are some of the minerals found in the pegmatite.
Hopkins Enterprises opened a fee basis collecting operationin Parick County in southern Virginia. Staurolite crystals(fairystone crosses) are the main interest of collectors at thissite.
GYPSUM
U.S. Gypsum Company operates a mine and plant in thesouthwestern part of the state and a processing plant inNorfolk. The underground mine is located at Locust Cove,Smyth County. The Locust Cove mine is a slope-entry,multilevel operation. Isolated masses of gypsum in theMaccrady Formation are mined by a modified stoping sys-tem. The gypsum is trucked [o tfreir processing plant located
at Plasterco, near Saltville, in adjacent Washington County.The Plasterco plant manufactures wallboard that is used inconstruction.
The Norfolk plant processes crude gypsum from NovaScotia to produce wallboard and other gypsum-based prod-ucts. The plant also produces a fertilizer (land plaster) for thepeanut industry. The Norfolk facility receives a few ship-ments of anhydrite from Nova Scotia for sale !o cementmanufacturers. The anhydrite is used as a source of sulfur inproducing cement clinker.
PUBLICATION 114 r3
IRON-OXIDE PIGMENTS
Virginia is one of four states that produce natural iron-oxidepigments. Hoover Color Corporation inPulaski Countyproduces ocher, umber, and sienna. The company is the onlyoperation in ttre United States producing sienna. Raw mate-rials are mined by open pit methods from deposits near thecontact of the Erwin Formation with the overlying ShadyDolomite. Deposits, which may be associated with Cam-brian-agegossans, are concentrated in pockets with insolubleclay and iron oxide. Some iron is also concentrated byprecipitation from groundwater. The raw material is fuckedto the company plant at Hiwassee where it is pulverized,dried, ground, air separated, blended, and packaged prior toshipping. The finished product, used as a coloring agent in avariety of products, is shipped throughout the United States
and to Canada and Mexico. Virginia Earth Pigments Com-pany mines a small quantity of iron oxide from the BrubakerNo. 1 mine in southeastern Wythe County. The majority ofthis material is sold to Hoover Color Corporation.
Blue Ridge Talc Company, Inc. imports crude iron-oxide pigments from a supplier near the Great Lakes. Thepigments are ground and calcined for use in pains andfertilizers and for cement and mortar coloring. Their marketsare both domestic and foreign.
KYANITE
Kyanite, an aluminum silicate, was first produced inPrince Edward County in the 1920s. Since September, 1986,Virginia is the only state producing kyanite. The majority ofthe world'skyanite is producedby Kyanite Mining Corpora-tion from theirdepositin Buckingham County. Thecompanyproduces a concentrate grade with a maximum of 61.8 per-cent alumina and a minimum iron content of 0.15 percent.Calcined kyanite is converted to mullite at temperaturesgreater than 3000 degrees Fahrenheil The mullite is a super-duty refractory with apyrometric cone equivalentof 36 to 37.Products, which are sold in 35,48, 100,200, and 325 meshsizes, are used in the refracory, ceramic, glass, metallurgical,and foundry industries. Mullite aids ceramics and glass toresist cracking, warping, slagging, and deforming from hightemperatures.
Kyanite Mining Corporation operates two surface minesand processing plants in central Buckingham County, one atWillis Mountain and one at East Ridge @gure 3). Kyanite-bearing quartzite is quanied from open pits, run throughprimary crushers, a log washer to remove clay, and onto theclassifiers to remove kyanite. The material then passes
through a rod mill which reduces it to a minus 35-mesh size,and then through froth flotation cells where the kyanite isskimmed off. The kyanite is de-watered and dried; the hightemperature of the drier converts the sulfide minerals that arepresent in the quartzite to oxides. Pynte is converted toferrous iron oxide (FerQ or magnetile, which is then re-moved by magnetic separators and stockpiled.
The Willis Mountain plant processes tle raw kyanitewhich is then trucked to the EastRidge facility for calcining.Mullite is ground and bagged at the company's Dillwyn Plant
and raw kyanite is ground and bagged at Willis Mountain.Approximately 40 percent of the production is shipped
through the ports in the llampton Roads arqr to customersworldwide. The company also markets a by-product sand
obtained from the processing of kyanite. It is sold for golfcourse, masonry, and concrete sand and for other apptca-tions.
Figure 3. View from southwest side of Willis Mountain, site
of aKyanite Mining Corporation quarry andplant, Bucking-ham County.
LIME
Virginia's lime industry is located in Frederick, Giles,Shenandoah, and Warren Counties. Production in 1988 was
741,000 short tons valued at almost 34-million dollars. Innorthwestern Virginia, two companies, W. S. Frey Company,Inc. and Chemstone Corporation quarry and calcine the high-calcium New Market Limestone; Riverton Corporation inWarren County quarries and calcines limestone from theEdinburg Formation (Figure 4). Shenvalley Lime Corpora-tion in Stephens City, Frederick County purchases quicklimeand produces a hydrated lime. Two companies in western
Giles County (APG Lime Corporation and Virginia LimeCompany) operate underground mines in the Five OaksLimestone. Both companies calcine the Five Oaks Lime-stone in rotary kilns. Principal sales are to the paper and steelindustries.
Thepaper industry uses lime forregeneration of sodiumhydroxide and for the neutralization of sulfate water. Lime isused in iron fumaces !o remove impurities and to purifywater. During ttre last few years, lime has been used toneutralize acid mine water. It is used also for mason's lime,sewage treatment, and agricultural purposes.
LITHIUM
Cyprus Foote Mineral Company processes lithium car-bonate from brines in Nevada with calcium hydroxide fromvarious sources to produce lithium hydroxide at their Sun-
bright plant in Scott County. Lithium hydroxide is used in
PUBLICATION 114 13
IRON-OXIDE PIGMENTS
Virginia is one of four stat€s that produce natural iron-oxide pigments. Hoover Color Corporation inPulaski Countyproduces ocher, umber, and sienna. The company is the onlyoperation in theUnited States producing sienna. Raw mate-rials are mined by open pit methods from deposits near thecontact of the Erwin Formation with the overlying ShadyDolomite. Deposits, which may be associated with Cam-brian-age gossans, are concentrated in pockes with insolubleclay and iron oxide. Some iron is also concentrated byprecipitation from groundwater. The raw material is truckedto the company plant at Hiwassee where it is pulverized,dried, ground, air separated, blended, and packaged prior toshipping. The finished product, used as a coloring agent in avariety of products, is shipped throughout the United Statesand to Canada and Mexico. Virginia Earth Pigments Com-pany mines a small quantity of iron oxide from the BrubakerNo. I mine in southeastern Wythe County. The majority ofthis material is sold !o Hoover Color Corporation.
Blue Ridge Talc Company, Inc. imports crude iron-oxide pigments from a supplier near the Great Lakes. Thepigments are ground and calcined for use in pains andfertilizen and for cement and mortar coloring. Their markesare both domestic and foreign.
KYANITE
Kyanite, an aluminum silicate, was first produced inPrinceEdward County in the 1920s. Since September, 1986,Virginia is the only state producing kyanite. The majority ofthe world'skyanite is producedby Kyanite Mining Corpora-tion from theirdepositin Buckingham County. Thecompanyproduces a concentrate grade with a maximum of 61.8 per-cent alumina and a minimum iron content of 0.15 percent.Calcined kyanite is converted to mullite at temperaturesgreater than 3000 degrees Fahrenheil The mullite is a super-duty refractory with apyrometric cone equivalentof 36 to 37.Products, which are sold in 35, 48, 100, 200, and 325 meshsizes, are used in the refractory, ceramic, glass, metallurgical,and foundry industries. Mullite aids ceramics and glass toresist cracking, warping, slagging, and deforming from hightemperatures.
Kyanite Mining Corporation operates two surface minesand processing plans in central Buckingham County, one atWillis Mountain and one at East Ridge @gure 3). Kyanite-bearing quartzite is quanied from open pits, run throughprimary crushers, a log washer to remove clay, and onto theclassihers to remove kyanite. The material then passesthrough a rod mill which reduces it to a minus 35-mesh size,and then through froth flotation cells where the kyanite isskimmed off. The kyanite is de-watered and dried; the hightemperature of the drier converts the sulfide minerals that arepresent. in the quartzite to oxides. Pyrite is converted tofenous iron oxide (F"rQ) or magnetite, which is then re-moved by magnetic separators and stockpiled.
The Willis Mounlain plant processes the raw kyanitewhich is then trucked to the EastRidge facility for calcining.Mullite is groundandbaggedat thecompany's Dillwyn Plant
and raw kyanite is ground and bagged at Willis Mountain.Approximately 40 percent of the production is shipped
through the ports in the llampton Roads area to customersworldwide. The company also markets a by-product sandobained from the processing of kyanite. It is sold for golfcourse, masonry, and concrete sand and for other applica-tions.
Figure 3. View from southwest side of Willis Mountain, siteof a Kyanite Mining Corporation quarry and plant, Bucking-ham County.
LIME
Virginia's lime industry is located in Frederick, Giles,Shenandoah, and Warren Counties. hoduction in 1988 was741,000 short tons valued at almost 34-million dollars. Innorthwestern Virginia, two companies, W. S. Frey Company,Inc. and Chemstone Corporation quarry and calcine the high-calcium New ldarket Limestone; Riverton Corporation inWarren County quarries and calcines limestone from theEdinburg Formation @igure 4). Shenvalley Lime Corpora-tion in Stephens City, FrederickCounty purchases quicklimeand produces a hydrated lime. Two companies in westernGiles County (APG Lime Corporation and Virginia LimeCompany) operate underground mines in the Five OaksLimestone. Both companies calcine the Five Oaks Lime-stone inrotary kilns. Principal sales are !o thepaperand steelindustries.
The paper industry uses lime for regeneration of sodiumhydroxide and for the neutralization of sulfate water. Lime isused in iron fumaces to remove impurities and to purifywater. During the last few years, lime has been used toneutralize acid mine water. It is used also for mason's lime,sewage treatment, and agricultural purposes.
LITHIUM
Cyprus Foote Mineral Company processes lithium car-bonate from brines in Nevada with calcium hydroxide fromvarious sources to produce lithium hydroxide at their Sun-bright plant in Scott County. Lithium hydroxide is used in
T4 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
Figure 4. High-calcium lime is produced from a coal-firedrotary kiln at W.S. Frey Company, hc., Clearbrook, Freder-ick County.
multipurpose grease. In the past, limestone from an under-ground mine atthe Sunbrightsitewas utilized in the manufac-turing process anda calcium carbonateprecipitate was formedas a waste product. This material remains on the site and mayhave a potential use. The approximate analysis of the mate-rial is 43 to 50 percent CaCOr, 3 to 6 percent Ca(OQ' and 40to 48 percent F!O.
MAGNETITE
Reiss Viking Corporation in Tazewell County processesout-of-state magnetite for use in cleaning coal. The magnetiteis obtained from New York, with minor amounts beingimported. Magnetite is dried, gtound in a ball mill, classified,and graded by percentage of material passing a 325- meshsieve; grades produced are 40,70,90,96.5, and 99. Themagnetite is marketed in Virginia and Kentucky. In the coalcleaning process, magnetite is mixed with water to form aheavy-media slurry into which raw coal is fed. The heavierimpurities sink with the magnetite whereas the lighter coalfloats and is recovered. About two pounds of magnetite areused for every ton of coal that is cleaned.
MANGANESE
Eveready Battery Company, Inc. operates a manganeseprocessing facility in the City ofNewportNews. Manganeseore, imported from Mexico and Africa, is dried, crushed,ground, and shipped to other company facilities for use in themanufacture of batteries.
MICA
Asheville Mica Company and an affiliate, Mica Com-
pany of Canada, process mica at facilities in Newport News.The crude mica is imported from Madagascar and India.Asheville Mica Company produces fabricated plate-mica;Mica Company of Canada uses splittings from the Ashevilleoperations to produce reconstituted plate-mica. Mica hasbeen produced in the past from pegmatite bodies in severalcounties in Virginia, including Amelia, Henry, and Pow-hatan. Mica is mined and "hand picked" in Amelia County byPiedmont Mining Company.
ORNAMENTAL AGGREGATE
Dolomite and quartzite from Botetourt and RockbridgeCounties aremarketedas exposed-aggregate materials. Rockmaterials, such as black limestone @dinburg Formation)from the Valley and Ridge province and greenstone from thePiedmont province, have been used for terrazzo in the past.Exposaic Industries, Inc. in Spotsylvania County utilizes avariety of rock materials forexposed panels, including green-stone from Albemarle County and Triassic-age sandstonefrom Culpeper County.
Several rock types have been utilized for ornamentalaggegate in past yems. Vein quartz was quarried in Albe-marle, Buckingham, Fauquier, Fluvanna, Greene, and Rap-pahannock Counties, and quartz pebbles were extracted fromthe floodplain along ttre Mattaponi River in Caroline County.
PERLITE
Manville Sales Corporation operates a plant at Wood-stock in Shenandoah County to expandperlite (volcanic glasswith high water content and "onion-skin" appearance) ob-tained from Grants, New Mexico. Expanded perlite is usedin tle manufacture of roof insulation board, which is mar-keted throughout the eastem United States.
PHOSPHATEROCK
TexasGulf, Inc. ships phosphate rock from its Ire Creekoperation in North Carolina to Glade Spring, WashingtonCounty. It is then transported by truck to the Texasculf plantin Saltville, Smyth County. A coal-fired rotary kiln is used todefluorinate the phosphate rock. The product is marketed as
a poultry and animal feed supplement in the southern andmidwestern states.
SAND AND GRAVEL
CONSTRUCTION
Constuction sand and gravel producers accounted forthe majority of the l2.S-million short tons of material pro-duced in 1988. Sand and gravel is extracted from riverterraces and dredged from the rivers ofthe major drainages incentral and eastern Virginia. Large tonnages of construction
t4 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
Figure 4. High-calcium lime is produced from a coal-firedrotary kiln at W.S. Frey Company, hc., Clearbrook, Freder-ick County.
multipurpose grease. In the past, limestone from an under-ground mine atthe Sunbright site was utilized in the manufac-turin g process and a calcium carbonate precipitate was formedas a waste product. This material remains on the site and mayhave a potential use. The approximate analysis of the mate-rial
is 43 to 50 percent CaCOr, 3 to 6 percent Ca(Oe' and 40to 48 percent Hp.
MAGNETITE
ouisimand graded by percentage of material passing a 325- meshsieve; grades produced are 40, 70,90,96.5, and 99. Themagnetite is marketed in Virginia and Kentucky. In the coalcleaning process, magnetite is mixed with water to form aheavy-media slurry into which raw coal is fed. The heavierimpurities sink with the magnetite whereas ttre lighter coalfloats and is recovered. About two pounds of magnetite areused for every ton of coal that is cleaned.
MANGANESE
Eveready Battery Company, Inc. operates a manganeseprocessing facility in ttre City of NewportNews. Manganeseore, imported from Mexico and Africa, is dried, crushed,ground, and shipped to ottrer company facilities for use in tlremanufacture of batteries.
MICA
Asheville Mica Company and an affiliate, Mica Com-
pany of Canada, process mica at facilities in Newport News.The crude mica is imported from Madagascar and India.Asheville Mica Company produces fabricated plate-mica;Mica Company of Canada uses splittings from the Ashevilleoperations to produce reconstituted plate-mica. Mica hasbeen produced in the past from pegmatite bodies in severalcounties in Virginia, including Amelia, Henry, and Pow-hatan. Mica is mined and "hand picked" in Amelia County byPiedmont Mining Company.
ORNAMENTAL AGGREGATE
Dolomite and quartzite from Botetourt and RockbridgeCounties are marketed as exposed-aggregate materials. Rockmaterials, such as black limestone @dinburg Formation)from the Valley and Ridge province and greenstone from thePiedmont province, have been used for terrazzo in the past.Exposaic Industries, Inc. in Spotsylvania County utilizes avariety ofrock materials for exposed panels, including green-stone from Albemarle County and Triassic-age sandstonefrom Culpeper County.
Several rock types have been utilized for omamentalzryregate in past yean. Vein quartz was quarried in Albe-marle, Buckingham, Fauquier, Fluvanna, Greene, and Rap-pahannock Counties, and quartz pebbles were extracted fromthe fl ood plain along the Mattaponi River in Caroline Counry.
PERLITE
Manville Sales Coqporation operates a plant at Wood-stock in Shenandoah County to expand perlite (volcanic glasswith high water content and "onion-skin" appearance) ob-tained from Grants, New Mexico. Expanded perlite is usedin the manufacture of roof insulation board, which is mar-keted throughout the eastem United States.
PHOSPIIATE ROCK
TexasGulf, Inc. ships phosphate rock from its Lee Creekoperation in North Carolina to Glade Spring, WashingtonCounty. It is then transported by cruck to the TexasGulf plantin Saltville, Smyth County. A coal-fired rotary kiln is used todefluorinate the phosphate rock. The product is marketed asa poultry and animal feed supplement in the southern andmidwestern states.
SAND AND GRAVEL
CONSTRUCTION
Construction sand and gravel producers accounted forthe majority of the \2.5-million short tons of material prc-duced in 1988. Sand and gravel is extracted from riverterraces and dredged from the rivers of tlre major drainages incentral andeastern Virginia. Large tonnages of construction
PUBLICATION 114 15
sand and gBvel from an area southeast ofFredericksburg are
shipped by rail into the northern Virginia-Washington, D.C.market area., A large portion of ttre production by SadlerMaterials Corporation and Tarmac Virginia, Inc., both lo-cated near Richmond, is barged down the James River to theNorfolk area. Shipments are also made by rail and truck to thewestem part of ttre state. Construction sand (concrete andmasonry) is produced also from operations that crush andprocess sandstone. Sayers Sand Company in Smyth Countyproduces construction sand from the Erwin Formation.
INDUSTRIAL SAND
J.C. Jones Sand Company at Virginia Beach producesindustrial sand for use in foundry-casting applications and as
a traction medium. Traction sand is produced also in Dick-enson County by Howard L. Daniels Sand Company. Glasssand is produced by Unimin Corporation near Gore, Freder-ick County, from the Ridgeley Sandstone of Devonian age.
CED Process Minerals Inc., Gore, recrystallizes sand pur-chased from U.S. Silica in a rotary kiln to produce cristobal-ite. The product is marketed as a frne grit.
STONE
CRUSHED
Crushed limestone, dolomite, sandstone, quartzit€, gran-ite, gneiss, diabase, basalt, greenstone, amphibolite, slate,"Virginia aplite," and marble, valued at more than 326million dollars, were produced in Virginia in 1988. Virginiawas the fourttr leading producer of crushed stone in 1988,behind Pennsylvania, Florida, and Texas.
Limestone, dolomite, shale, and sandstone and quarlzil'eproducers are located in the Valley and Ridge and Plateauprovinces in the western part of the state (Figures 5 and 6).Principal end uses of these products are for roadstone, con-crete ag$egate, asphalt stone, and agricuhural applications.Mine safety dust (335,000 short lons in 1980) is produced insouthwest Virginia from limestone. The more recent produc-tion figures forsafety dusthavebeen combined with those foracid-water treatrnent material in the stone production total(Table | &2). Safety dust is used in coal mines to preventexplosions. The dust should contain less than 5 percent SiO2and l00percentshouldpass through20 mesh, with 70 percentpassing through minus 200 mesh. Finely-ground dolomiteand limestone is marketed also by several operations for useas a filler material.
Shale is excavated in Frederick and Rockingham Coun-ties for use as local roadstone and fill material. Sandstone andqtrartzita are quarried in Carroll, Culpeper, Pittsylvania,Rockbridge, and Wythe Counties for the production of road-stone, concrete aggregate, asphalt stone, and manufacturedfine aggregate.
Granite, gneiss, diabase, basalt, amphibolite, slate, andmarble are quarried in the cenral part of Virginia. Major usesof these materials are for roadstone, asphalt stone, and con-crete aggegate. Waste slate is crushed near Arvonia in
Buckingham County by Solite Corporation. Solite uses the
slate primarily for the production of lightweight ag$egate.Production of crushed slate, as a by-product of dimensionslate operations, increased as a result of local highway con-struction. Appomattox Lime CompanY, Inc. mines marble(Mr Athos Formation) near Oakville in Appomattox Countyfor agricultural lime.
Figure 5. Limestone crushing plant at C.S. Mundy Quanies,Inc., Broadway Plant, Rockingham County.
Figrue 6. Crushed slone is produced from basalt, as shown inthis highwall at the Vulcan Materials Company, Sanders
Quarry, Warrenton, Fauquier County.
Fines produced at granite quanies in the southern part ofVirginia have been used as a low-grade fertilizer in centralVirginia (D. Via, personal communication). Chemical analy-ses of granitic materials from Brunswick and NottowayCounties in the southern Piedmont province indicate IlO(potash) percentages are grcater than 10 percenl Potash
silicates (orthoclase feldspar) common in igneous and me[a-
morphic rocks release potassium upon weathering.
PUBLICATION 114 15
sand and gravel from an area southeast ofFredericksburg areshipped by rail into the northern Virginia-Washington, D.C.market area. A large portion of the production by SadlerMaterids Corporation and Tarmac Virginia, Inc., both lo-cated near Richmond, is barged down the James River to theNorfolk area. Shipments are also made by rail and truck to thewestern part of the state. Constmction sand (concrete andmasonry) is produced also from operations that crush andprocess sandstone. Sayers Sand Company in Smyth Countyproduces construction sand from the Erwin Formation.
INDUSTRIAL SAND
J.C. Jones Sand Company at Virginia Beach producesindustrial sand for use in foundry-casting applications and as
a traction medium. Traction sand is produced also in Dick-enson County by Howard L. Daniels Sand Company. Glasssand is produced by Unimin Corporation near Gore, Freder-ick County, from the Ridgeley Sandstone of Devonian age.CED Process Minerals Inc., Gore, recrystallizes sand pur-chased from U.S. Silica in a rotary kiln to produce cristobal-ite. The product is marketed as a frne grit.
STONE
CRUSHED
Crushed limestone, dolomite, sandstone, quartzite, gran-ite, gneiss, diabase, basalt, greenstone, amphibolite, slate,"Virginia aplite," and marble, valued at more than 326million dollars, were produced in Virginia in 1988. Virginiawas the fourth leading producer of crushed stone in 1988,behind Pennsylvania, Florida, and Texas.
Limestone, dolomite, shale, and sandstone and quartziteproducers are located in the Valley and Ridge and Plateauprovinces in ttre western part of the state (Figures 5 and 6).Principal end uses of these products are for roadstone, con-crete aggegate, asphalt stone, and agricultural applications.Mine safety dust (335,000 short tons in 1980) is produced insouttrwest Virginia from limestone. The more recent produc-tion figures for safety dust have been combined with those foracid-water Eeatment material in the stone production total(Table | &2). Safety dust is used in coal mines to preventexplosions. The dust should contain less than 5 percent SiO,and l00percentshouldpass through20mesh, with T0percentpassing through minus 200 mesh. Finely-gJound dolomiteand limestone is marketed also by several operations for useas a filler material.
Shale is excavated in Frederick and Rockingham Coun-ties for use as local roadstone and f,rll material. Sandstone andquartzite are quanied in Canoll, Culpeper, Pittsylvania,Rockbridge, and Wythe Counties for the production of road-stone, concrete aggl:e5aF., asphalt stone, and manufacturedfine aggregate.
Granite, gneiss, diabase, basalt" amphibolite, slate, andmarble are quarried in the cenral part of Virginia. Major uses
of these materials are for roadstone, asphalt stone, and con-crete aggegate. Waste slate is crushed near Arvonia in
Buckingham County by Solite Corporation. Solite uses theslate primarily for tlre production of lightweight aggtegata.Production of crushed slate, as a by-product of dimensionslate operations, increased as a result of local highway con-struction. Appomattox Lime Company, Inc. mines marble(Mr Attros Formation) near Oakville in Appomattox Countyfor agricultural lime.
Figure 5. Limestone crushing plant at C.S. Mundy Quarries,Inc., Broadway Plant, Rockingham County.
Figure 6. Crushed stone is produced from basalt, as shown inthis highwall at the Vulcan Materials Company, Sanders
Quarry, Warrenton, Fauquier County.
Fines produced at granite quarries in the southern part ofVirginia have been used as a low-grade fertilizer in centralVirginia (D. Via, personal communication). Chemical analy-ses of granitic materials from Brunswick and NottowayCounties in the southern Piedmont province indicate IlO(potash) percentages are grcater than 10 percenl Potashsilicates (orthoclase feldspar) common in igneous and meta-morphic rocks release potassium upon weathering.
L6 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
DIMENSION
Dimension stone production was valued at 2.9-milliondollars in 1988. Slate, diabase, quartzite, and soapstone werequarried in the Piedmont province; slate was the leading stonetype quarried, in terms of volume (cubic feet) and value.l,eSueur-Richmond Slate Corporation mines slato from twoquarries in the Arvonia area of Buckingham County (Figure7). Arvonia slate production dates from the late 1700s whenslate was quarried for use as roofing tile for the State Capitolin Richmond. Slate producers supply the building trade witha variety of products ranging from material for exteriorapplications, such as roofing tile and flooring, to interior usessuch as flooring, hearths, and sills. Diabase for use asmonumental stone is produced by Virginia Granite Companyin southern Culpeper County (Figure 8). Quartzite used asflagging material was extracted from two quarries by CarterStone Company in Campbell County, south of Lynchburg,and by Mower Quarries in Fauquier County, north of Warren-ton. The New Alberene Stone Company, Inc. is quarryingsoapstone from a quarry at Alberene and expects [o open anew quarry in late 1989. Their products include soapstonefireplaces, woodstoves, cooking ware, and other products ofsolid soapstone.
FigureT. Quarryingof dimension slateatLesueur-RichmondSlate Corporation, Arvonia, Buckingham Counry.
SULFUR
Elemental sulfur is recovered from hydrogen sulfide gasby the Claus process during crude-oil refining by Amoco OilCompany. The refinery is adjacent to the York River, nearYorktown. Crude oil is heated in a furnace and fed underpressure into a cylinder where it vaporizes, expands, and con-denses into liquid. Hydrogen sulfide is produced and isconverted into elemental sulfur. About 50 short tons of sulfurare produced per day and are marketed for use in fertilizer.
Figure 8. Diabase blocks for monumental stone, beingremoved at Virginia Granite Corporation, Buena, CulpeperCounty.
VERMICULITE
Virginia is one of three states in which vermiculite, ahydrated magnesium-iron-aluminum silicate, is mined.Virginia Vermiculite, Ltd. operates an open-pit mine andprocessing facility near Boswells Tavem in Louisa County.The vermiculite is mined with a backhoe and front-end loaderand transported by trucks to the adjacent plant where piecesgreater than four inches across are removed. They are washedand run through a rod mill to shear the vermiculite ttrin.Biotite, feldspar, and other impurities are removed by wash-ing over a riffle table. The vermiculite is further concentratedby flotation cells, dewatered, dried in a rotary kiln, andscreened to produce four basic sized products. Most of thecrude vermiculite is shipped by rail in unexfoliated form toNorth Carolina, West Virginia, Ohio, and other eastern states.Uses for the exfoliated material include packing, insulation,lightweight aggregate, and potting material.
16 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
DIMENSION
Dimension stone production was valued at 2.9-milliondollars in 1988. Slate, diabase, quartzite, and soapstone werequarried in thePiedmontprovince; slatewas the leading stonetype quarried, in terms of volume (cubic feet) and value.I-eSueur-Richmond Slate Corporation mines slate from twoquarries in the Arvonia area of Buckingham County (Figure7). Arvonia slate production dates from the late 1700s whenslate was quarried for use as roofing tile for the Sate Capitolin Richmond. Slate producers supply the building rade witha variety of products ranging from material for exteriorapplications, such as roof,rng tile and flooring, to interior usessuch as flooring, hearths, and sills. Diabase for use asmonumencal stone is produced by Virginia Granite Companyin southern Culpeper County (Figure 8). Quartzite used asflagging material was extracted from two quarries by CarterStone Company in Campbell County, south of Lynchburg,and by Mower Quarries in Fauquier County, north of Warren-
Figure 7. Quarrying of dimension slate at l.esueur-RichmondSlate Corporation, Arvonia, Buckingham County.
SULFUR
Elemental sulfur is recovercd from hydrogen sulfide gasby the Claus process during crude-oil refining by Amoco OilCompany. The refinery is adjacent to the York River, nearYorktown. Crude oil is heated in a furnace and fed underpressure into a cylinder where it vaporizes, expands, and con-denses into liquid. Hydrogen sulfide is produced and isconverted into elemenlal s ulfur. About 50 short tons of sulfurare produced per day and are marketed for use in fertilizer.
Figure 8. Diabase blocks for monumental stone, beingremoved at Virginia Granite Corporation, Buena, CulpeperCounty.
VERMICULITE
Virginia is one of three states in which vermiculite, ahydrated magnesium-iron-aluminum silicate, is mined.Virginia Vermiculite, Ltd. operates an open-pit mine andprocessing facility near Boswells Tavern in Louisa County.The vermiculite is mined with a backhoe and front-end loaderand transported by trucks to the adjacent plant where piecesgeat€r than four inches across are removed. They are washedand run through a rod mill to shear the vermiculite thin.Biotite, feldspar, and other impurities are removed by wash-ing over a riffle table. The vermiculite is further concentratedby flotation cells, dewatered, dried in a roary kiln, andscreened to produce four basic sized products. Most of thecrude vermiculite is shipped by rail in unexfoliated form toNorth Carolina, WestVirginia, Ohio, and ohereastern states.Uses for the exfoliated material include packing, insulation,lightweight aggrcgate, and potting material.
PUBLICATION 114 t7
1989
COAL3
A otal of 43,855,231 short tons (table 3) of coal wereproduced from the southwest Virginia coalfields (Plate 1) inBuchanan, Dickenson, Ire, Russell, Scott, Tazewell, andWise Counties from approximately 507 surface and under-ground mines. The majority of the bituminous coal from thesouthwest fields was produced from the Pocahontas No. 3coal bed. Included in this production total are 5008 short tonsof semi-anttrracite coal produced from two additional surfacemines in the Valley Coal field, Montgomery County. Tables15 through 18 provide production data by county and coalbed, employment statistics, and coal mine fatal-accident data.
OIL AND GAS4
Crude oil production totaled 21,271barrels in 1989, adecline of 15 percent from the 1988 production of 4,952barrels. Production was by nine companies from 43 wells inthree fields (Plate, Table l9). The average price paid byrefineries for Virginia oil in I 989 was I 8. I 7 dollars per barrel.
Natural gas production in 1989 was atotalof 17,935,376Mcf from 752 wells in Buchanan, Dickenson, Russell, Scott,Tazewell, Washington, and Wise Counties (Table 20). Thiswas a4 percentdeclinefrom the 1988 production of 18,682,530Mcf. The avenge price paid to Virginia gas producers in1989 was 2.19 dollars per Mcf.
DRILLING ACTIVITY
In 1989, a total of 40 wells (exploratory and develop-mental) were drilled in Virginia. This represents an 11percent decrease from the45 wells drilled in 1988. The totalfootage drilled in 1989 was 178,993 Clable 21). In 1989 theaverage depth for three exploratory wells was 6337 feet and4324 feet for the 37 developmental wells. Of the 40 wellsdrilled during 1989, 36 were completed as producers and fourwere dry holes. Table 22 provides I 989 well completion data.
BUCHANAN COUNTY
Edwards & Harding Petroleum Co. drilled four success-ful developmental wells in the Glickfield with atotal footageof 21,M9. CDG Development of Pikeville, Kentucky drilledto a depth of 189 feet before abandoning a developmentalwell in the Hurley field.
DICKENSON COI.JNTY
EREX, Inc. commenced development of the Nora Coal-bed Methane Gas field in 1989. A total of ll wells weredrilled as coal-bed methane (CBM) wells in two differentareas of Dickenson County. Total developmen[al fooAgedrilled for the eight conventional and I I coal-bed methane
wells was 66,535.EREX, Inc. drilled an exploratory well on the Sourwood
Mountain anticline in the eas0ern part of Dickenson County.Total depth was 5184 feet. The well was unsuccessful infinding gas in the conventional gas bearing zones of theMississippian-age formations and was plugged back; theysuccessfully tested a new Pennsylvanian-age coal seam.
LEE COI.JNTY
Penn Virginia Resources plugged and abandoned anexploratory well drilled to a depth of 369 feet. The well waslocated soutlt of the Rose Hill oil field.
SCOTT COI.JNTY
Adevelopmental well was completedin theEarly Grovegas field by Penn Virginia Resources. The total depth for thiswell was 4403 feet.
TAZEWELL COI.JNTY
EXCEL Energy drilled a successful developmental wellin the Berwind field. The total depth for this well was 5581feeL
WESTMORELAND COUNTY
Texaco drilled an exploratory well in the Taylorsvillebasin of eastern Virginia (Plate ). The well was plugged andabandoned after drilling into basement complex rock of anundetermined age. The total footage of tttis well was 10, 1 35.Seismic exploratory work has continued in the Taylorsvillebasin.
WISE COI.JNTY
ANR hoduction Co. successfully completed two wellsin the Roaring Fork field, three wells in the High Knob fieldand two wells in the Nora field. EREX, Inc. drilled twodevelopmental wells in the Coeburn field. Penn VirginiaResources plugged and abandoned a developmental well inthe Roaring Fork field that was purchased from ANR Produc-tion Co.
METALLIC COMMODITIES
The exploration for heavy minerals was continued byseveral companies in the southern Piedmont and westernCoastal Plain provinces of Virginia. Large acreages havebeen leased in Dinwiddie, Greensville, and Sussex Counties.Approximately 8-million tons of heavy minerals have beendiscovered. Ilmenite, leucoxene, rutile, and zircon comprisenearly 80 percent of the heavy-mineral concentrate; the valueof these minerals will be several billion dollars.
3' Information supplied by Division of Mines, 219 Wood Avenue, Big Stone Gap, Virginia U219.a' Information supplied by Division of Gas and Oil, P. O. Box 1416, Abingdon, Virginia 24210.
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Table 18. Fatal accidents in coal mines, 1989.
HaulagePrep PlantRibRollMaterialMachinery ........2
Occupation:
CompanyWells Volume
Producing Shut-in Bbls.
Table 20. Natural gas production by company in each county,
County Company(Mcfl
of Wells Produced
BUCHANANAshland ExplorationBerea Oil & GasCabotOil & GasColumbia GasEHPCNRMOxyUSAP&SPanther Creek Ltd.Peake Operating
TotalDICKENSON
ANR ProductionColumbia GasW. E. ElliottEREXPine Mountain
TotalRUSSELL
Pine MountainSCOTT
ANR ProductionPenn Virginia Resources
TotalTAZ.WELL
CNG DevelopmentColumbia GasConsol RayR&B PetroleumScottOil & Gas
TotalWASHINGTON
Penn Virginia ResourcesWISE
ANR ProductionEREX
Total
TOTAL
431
I101
341
621
163
,32,
3119
356
1
I13t4
1
613I2
24
567,1876ps712,393
2,M4,ffi2,4,II947,80510,7n37,5673rPez59,670
2,902p92
tr2,450792,944
3t,9077,257,370
115,5828,310253
16977
7280n4,6er81944
4,439183,481258,19833lss43,699
523,270
29,365
5lMls567 gLr
5.972.375
17,935,376
6
r70l8
!lt&
752BEN HUR
APACOPetroleumBen HurOilEastern Stat€sMountainEmpirePenn VirginiaResourcesSouthern ExplorationStonewall GasWitJOil & Gas
ROSE HILLPenn Virginia Res.Pride Oil CompanySovereignStonewall Gas
ROARING FORKANR Production
551
031
II
L t,324.270 2,041.000 2,M4.m1 0.002 t,g0/'.tL0 519.800 96.000 53.00
0 7300.680 1,830.69l 0.000 925.00
0 3.132.76
6 2r27r.30
Table 21. Gas wells and footage drilled, 1989.
Exploratory Development TotalCounty No. Footage No. Footage Footage Drilled
5l90II0
ll
2I02
2l
43
Buchanan 0 0Dickenson I 5,184Ire | 3592Scott 0 0Tazewell 0 0Westmorelandl 10,135Wise ! 0
Totals 3 19,011
21,2386,535
04Aot5,581
062225
2123871,7193,69241035,581
10,13562.225
178993TOTALS 37 159,982
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VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
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