cern libraries, geneva cm-p00096357 cern/fc/3078/draft

CERN LIBRARIES, GENEVA

CM-P00096357

CERN/FC/3078/Draft Original: English 22 July 1987

ORGANISATION EUROPÉENNE POUR LA RECHERCHE NUCLÉAIRE

CERN EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH

FINANCE COMMITTEE

Two-hundred-and-seventeenth Meeting

Geneva - 17 June 1987

DRAFT MINUTES*

* These Draft Minutes are circulated without having been seen by the Chairman of the Finance Committee, but with his consent.

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CERN/FC/3078/Draft

DRAFT MINUTES

The Finance Committee was composed of the following:

Chairman: Mr J. Bezemer Netherlands

Members : Mr G. Birbaum Austria Dr F. Koch Dr J. Spalek

Mr P. Levaux Belgium Mrs M.J. Simoen

Mrs B. Sode-Mogensen Denmark Dr O.B. Nielsen Prof. H.H. Andersen

Prof. P. Petiau France Mr H.H. Lejeune Mr H. Ladsous

Dr C. Patermann Germany (Fed. Rep. of) Greece

Dr M. Gigliarelli Fiumi Italy Prof. M. Dardo

Dr G. Nieuwpoort Netherlands

Prof. A. Graue Norway Dr L. Westgaard Mr T. Hildan

Prof. J. Gago Portugal Mr A. Oliveira Mr J. Figueira

Dr L.A. Dominguez Sol Spain

Dr B. Brandt Sweden Prof. P. Carlson Prof. I. Otterlund

H.E. Mr E. Andres Switzerland Mr B. Ecoffey Mr A. Augustin Mr W. Frei

Dr D.V. Thomas United-Kingdom Mr M. Bowthorpe

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2 CERN/FC/3078/Draft

Also present:

Prof. W. Kummer President of Council

Prof. I. Mannelli Chairman of the Scientific

Policy Committee

Prof. J. Sacton Chairman of ECFA

Mr B.B.J. Gemmel External Auditor

Mr H.S. Beuker External Auditor

CERN Officials:

Prof. H. Schopper Director-General

Directors:

Dr G. Brianti Technical Director

Dr R.F. Heyn Director of Administration

Prof. R. Klapisch Director of Research

Mr J.A. Martinez Director of Human Resources

Prof. E. Picasso Director and LEP Project Leader

Dr J.J. Thresher Director of Research

The Division Leaders and Staff concerned.

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The CHAIRMAN welcomed Dr Patermann (Federal Republic of Germany) Professor Otterlund (Sweden), Mr Ladsous (France) and Dr Spalek, the successor to Dr Koch on the Austrian Delegation, all attending for the first time. He also welcomed Professor Kouyoumzelis of Greece, who was attending the meeting in a semi-official capacity.

He wanted to thank Dr Koch for his good work at the Finance Committee in the past few years and to congratulate him on taking-up his new post in Frankfurt.

1. APPROVAL OF THE DRAFT MINUTES OF THE TWO-HUNDRED-AND-SIXTEENTH MEETING (Item 1 of the Agenda) (CERN/FC/3059/Draft, CERN/FC/3059/Draft/Add. and CERN/FC/3059/Draft/Corr.)

The CHAIRMAN first noted that the Minutes of the closed session at the two-hundred-and-fifteenth meeting of the Committee in February had been incorporated in the main Minutes of the meeting (document CERN/FC/3041).

With regard to the draft Minutes of the two-hundred-and-sixteenth meeting, on the proposal of Dr WESTGAARD, it was agreed to add, at the beginning of the fourth paragraph of his statement on p.16 of the Minutes, an additional sentence: "He then referred to the document 'Working Paper on CERN purchasing procedures', distributed through the Secretariat to the members of the Finance Committee in March 1986 and tabled again at the present meeting".

The Minutes of the Two-hundred-and-sixteenth Meeting, (CERN/FC/3059), as amended, were approved.

2. ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA (Item 2 of the Agenda) (CERN/FC/3060/Rev.)

The Agenda (CERN/FC/3060/Rev.) was adopted.

3. LONG-TERM PROGRAMME AND BUDGETS (Item 3 of the Agenda)

- The Scientific Activities of CERN and Budget Estimates for the years 1988-1991 (CERN/SPC/554-CERN/FC/3061)

The DIRECTOR-GENERAL noted that even within the constraints governing CERN every effort was being made to stay as flexible as possible and to adapt to the scientific needs and wishes of CERN users: There were more than 1200 physicists involved in the LEP machine and its experiments, some 300 in the proton-antiproton programme, and another 300 in LEAR. In the past few years the number of physicists working on the SPS fixed target programme had fallen

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from 1100 to 600 or so, and CERN calculations gave a figure of about 100 physicists working on the SC/Isolde programme, although other estimates gave perhaps twice as many.

The assumption with regard to the budget was still that it was kept constant and governed by the following factors: by the contributions from the 12 older Member States, which were not changing, and by the Spanish and Portuguese contributions, which were rising gradually, the latter to be partly incorporated in the budget and partly used to offset the contributions of the older Member States. Pending the recommendations of Professor Abragam's CERN Review Committee the assumption concerning trends in the numbers of personnel was that they were still those presented to Council two years previously.

LEP

Construction and conversion of the injector complex for LEP was advancing well: the whole chain of accelerators and storage rings was working well up to and including the PS, which had been refurbished and rebuilt and had had a problem-free start-up the previous week. Preparations were well in hand for converting the SPS in the course of 1987 to take electrons and positrons, and the whole system would be working and ready for use as soon as LEP was inaugurated. Machine components such as magnets and vacuum chambers were now arriving in large quantities and, together with the r.f. system, were ready for installation. The transition from civil engineering to machine installation had been marked by a ceremony two weeks before for the installation of the first magnet attended by the President of the Swiss Confederation, Pierre Aubert, and Prime Minister Jacques Chirac of France.

All 27 km of the LEP tunnel had now been excavated except for the last 200 metres around the geological fault at the foot of the Jura, at least 70 metres of which lay through good molasse rock. More than 100 metres of the troublesome sector had been dug using a new and slower but safer method of excavation, to prevent a repetition of the previous year's intrusion of water; the tunnel was being reinforced as work advanced, and when a fault was approached it was first of all grouted with concrete.

The octants between Access Points 1 and 2 and 1 and 8 had been handed over to CERN by the civil engineers several months previously, and progress had been made in installing infrastructure: cooling and ventilation, lifts in the various shafts and the monorail in the tunnel; while installation of machine components would start soon.

There had been no change in the budget forecasts since the previous year as there was still uncertainty about the cost of the remaining tunnelling and the outcome of the arbitration procedure. Until excavation was finished and the first octant had been installed, which should happen in a few months, it would of course be impossible to finalize the timetable, though it was still expected that the start-up of LEP would take place in late spring of 1989.

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So far as installation of the LEP experiments was concerned, the collaboration from outside institutions in helping to provide the various components was working impressively. Many national laboratories and universities were engaged in the effort and large items were arriving, such as the superconducting coil for the ALEPH experiment built at Saclay, which had been delivered the previous week. A second superconducting coil built by the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory was under test. Installation of the infrastructure in the experimental halls was moving ahead and the experiments themselves would begin to be installed toward the end of 1987 or early the following year.

It was planned to start up the machine and have it run in by the second half of 1989. The latter part of 1989 would be used by the machine people to learn how to operate the machine and by those on the experiments to learn how to manipulate the beams. The first years of exploitation would be 1990 and 1991 and funds for operation were being earmarked.

With regard to computing as the Committee was already aware, computing power at CERN could now be upgraded enough to satisfy most needs, in particular with the Cray X-MP/48, due to arrive in October.

Proton-antiproton collisions in the SPS

It was hoped to increase the number of antiprotons available by at least a factor of 10 when the second accumulator ring, ACOL, came on stream in the summer of 1987. With ACOL it should be possible to increase the number of collisions, keeping that part of the programme competitive with a similar machine at Fermilab which had twice the energy and had just started up. It was planned to have an initial run in November when UA2, one of the major experiments, would take data, and a longer run of 3000 hours in 1988 with both UA1 and UA2, the two experiments being upgraded to handle the higher collision rates. The year 1988 was the last before LEP came into operation and the most important one for competition with Fermilab.

The programme would be reviewed by the various committees in 1989-1990 to establish whether it was competitive with the Tevatron and how it should be continued. So far no major funding was projected for further upgrading to provide another generation of experiments.

SPS fixed-target programme

The programme had been cut back in the past few years; the number of physicists working on it had fallen from 1100 in 1983 to 600 in 1986. However, discussions at various committees and with the users had revealed a growing interest in reviving fixed-target work, a fact that was reflected in the document under consideration. It was important to know whether the fixed-target programme was competitive

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with the similar programme at Fermilab, where about twice the energy was available. However, it had been decided that a small number of high-quality experiments could be conducted, benefiting from the very good beam qualities available at CERN.

The programme on relativistic light ions was also considered to be of great interest. The effort demonstrated CERN's flexibility: the idea of accelerating such ions was relatively new but there had been a highly successful first oxygen-ion run in December 1986, using a source built at GSI in Darmstadt in collaboration with Berkeley that had accelerated particles to 3.2 TeV, the highest particle energies ever achieved. The aim was to examine a new state of nuclear matter, the so-called quark-gluon plasma, and the necessary temperatures seemed to have been achieved to produce the phase transition, a kind of melting of the nucleons inside the nucleus; but so far there were no indications that phase transition would really take place. In the wake of the successful oxygen run, a run using sulphur ions had been planned for December 1987. The activities were considered pilot experiments and would be reviewed in 1988, but CERN was the only facility in the world capable of performing them. They aroused strong interest, especially the possibility of accelerating lead ions, a somewhat larger project that would cost some 25 million Swiss francs. If funds were brought in from the nuclear physics community, perhaps a special programme would be feasible.

Finally,test beams for detector development and calibration formed an important part of the programme,since CERN was the only laboratory where high-energy hadron beams could be produced. Test beams were not only being produced for UA1 and LEP, but also for experiments at HERA and in the Gran Sasso. Half the beams produced were being used for tests, procedures that demanded much manpower, involving as they did the frequent replacement of components.

LEAR

Still the only facility of its kind in the world, LEAR also stood to gain from the higher intensities to be obtained from ACOL and was a programme that should be continued. To save money, three of the major experiments under construction (CP violation, Obelix and Crystal Barrel) were using existing magnets from other experiments at CERN or from other laboratories in France. The fourth, Jetset, would be installed later. There were also a number of smaller experiments.

SC

The oldest machine at CERN, it was running more or less exclusively to service the isotope separator ISOLDE. A new isotope separator, ISOLDE 3, had come into operation. It was believed that the programme should continue with an unchanged budget; all other programmes such as those in nuclear physics and elementary particle physics at the SC had been stopped since they could be done better on other machines.

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Future of non-LEP programmes

If the programme of CERN were limited to the four LEP experiments it would be very narrow and would not meet the needs of its large user community. However, since the non-LEP experiments were smaller and of shorter duration, they could not be so easily planned ahead as those of LEP; two of the experimental committees, the SPSC and PSCC, had set up working groups to examine the future of their respective programmes and report back by early September. A number of interesting physics domains had already been identified, and discussions had been held on which accelerators were the most suitable for carrying out the experiments concerned. Those of greatest value were the fixed-target beams at the SPS for relativistic ions and associated activities, but there was also a possibility of other machines in Europe such as a European Hadron Facility, a super-LEAR, and various versions of an electron-positron collider.

In the past year, three new elements had been introduced into CERN's programme: the upgrading of LEP to its design energy, an increase of funds for research and development for accelerator technology and research and development for detector technology.

Upgradinq of LEP

The ultimate LEP design capacity was of 100 GeV per beam. It was not surprising that at the ECFA workshop at Aachen on physics at high energies, physicists had shown an interest in going to higher energies, and it was fortunately inherent in an e+e- machine like LEP that the upgrading from its initial energy of 55-60 GeV could be done in stages. LEP would be upgraded in at least three stages, with a review of the situation after each stage. Initially there would be two accelerating stations, in Straight Sections 2 and 6, where copper cavities would be installed to compensate for synchrotron losses. On both sides of the intersection point at the centre of the straight sections, there were focusing elements to squeeze the beams together and maximize the number of collisions possible. In the lattice of the machine there were several cells, four on each side being filled with copper cavities and three cells being initially empty. At least two of the latter could be filled with additional accelerating cavities. For some time a group at CERN and groups at other laboratories had been working on the development of superconducting cavities based on niobium, and the time now seemed to be ripe for having them produced by industry. A logical first stage would be to fill the empty cells in Straight Section 2 with 32 superconducting cavities, which would cost 28 million Swiss francs and would raise the energy to 67 GeV by 1991. The same thing could be done in Straight Section 6, which could push the energy level to 77 GeV by 1992. If the superconducting cavities met expectations, it would be possible to replace all the copper cavities with superconducting cavities. That would bring the machine up to 92-95 GeV, well above the W-pair production threshold of 83 GeV, the region where physicists wanted to concentrate their efforts. The

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machine had been so designed as to make it easy to replace the system at minimum cost; for example, by using the same frequency for both copper and superconducting cavities the power supplies, klystrons, waveguides and ancillary equipment could be used with either copper or superconducting cavities. Alternatively, it would be possible to open up additional accelerating regions in Straight Sections 4 and 8, which would involve more civil-engineering work, although it would be better to invest in new accelerating technologies. It might also be possible to use the new "warm" superconductors to plate cavities on the inside.

Research and development for accelerator technology

In line with the strong recommendation of the Long-Range Planning Committee, the main emphasis would be on the development of superconducting magnets for the highest possible fields, i.e. of about 10 Tesla, which were of interest in connection with the possibility of installing a hadron collider in the LEP tunnel. Allowance had been made for such an option ever since its earliest designs, by making its cross-section wide enough for installation of the second machine. The LRPC would recommend to Council that such a facility was technically and financially realistic. The idea should also be considered in a wider context, and so some development work was being conducted on linear electron colliders and other new methods of acceleration.

Research and development for detector technology

The discussions of the LRPC had shown that if higher energies were sought a great deal of work was also needed on the development of detectors: new types were needed because the number of collisions fell by the square of the energy, so that if energy was increased by a factor of 10 the number of collisions had to be increased by a factor of 100 to discover the same number of interesting events. Fortunately, the previous year Council had approved the special programme known as LAA, which was already under way; on 22 June there would be an open meeting at which outside ideas for incorporation in LAA would also be discussed and which would produce a more detailed programme.

The future of high-energy physics

It was important to understand the direction in which high-energy physics was moving. The prospect of world particle physics being limited to one giant accelerator was still a long way off. The present need was for complementary machines providing collisions between protons and protons, electrons and positrons, and hybrid electron-proton colliders. In the past few years the energy jumps for successive generations of machines had been of factors of 1.5 - 3. In the pp colliders, a large hadron collider in the LEP tunnel with an energy of 10 TeV would represent a factor of 10 increase in energy levels over the 1 TeV Tevatron. The SSC in the United States with its

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energy of 20 TeV seemed to be too big a step by comparison with Tevatron and too small a step by comparison with the LHC. It would have seemed more reasonable to proceed from Tevatron to LHC, and from LHC to a machine with an energy level of 50 TeV or higher, quite a feasible project from the machine point of view. Thus, if the SSC was delayed or upgraded to a much higher energy, the two steps would seem to be much more complementary. A similar notion applied to e e" colliders though for technical reasons the steps were somewhat smaller: from PETRA and PEP to Tristan the factor was 1.5, from Tristan to LEP there was a factor of 3 increase, and the technically very difficult linear colliders that would follow might be more powerful by a factor of 5. In the longer-term future people were dreaming of 1-2 TeV linear colliders.

It was not true that high-energy physics was coming to an end, or that it was impossible to proceed to the next step at reasonable effort and cost. The so-called "conventional" colliders, which actually implied revolutionary changes such as superconductors, would meet needs for another 20-25 years. Only then would completely new principles of acceleration be required, for which some people were already producing ideas.

Budget

So far as non-recurrent investments were concerned (See Table 1), funds would begin to be allocated for LEP completion from 1988 onwards, in a rising curve that would reach 31 million Swiss francs in 1991 and 81 million in 1992. Research and development for accelerator development would also rise, from an initial 3 million Swiss francs in 1986 to 15 million in 1991 and 21 million in 1992. Funds for non-LEP programmes(coming under "Other Experiments" in Table 1) would fall to 5 million Swiss francs in 1989 but then show a symbolic increase to reach 8 million Swiss francs in 1991.

The present budget discussion was formally concerned with the period 1988-1991(see Table 2). Since the findings of the CERN Review Committee would be presented to Council only the next day, the personnel budget had been drawn up in the light of the personnel plan approved in 1985 which aimed at reducing staff. The main reason it showed a rise was the Pension Fund. The materials budget was more or less constant. Apart from the gradual increase in the contributions from Portugal, the transitional period for the admission of Spain would end in 1989, when it would have to pay its full contribution for the first time. The estimate for true income was rather low and quite uncertain because of the cash-flow problems during the next few years, but should begin to improve again after 1990.

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Table 1

Non-recurrent Investments

86 87 88 89 90 91 92 |

LEP Exper. 17 41 40 14 4 4 4

Other Exp. 12 12 7 5 6 8 8

Computing 9 7 5 6 7 7 7

Accel. 1 1 1 4 3 3 5

Consolid. 5 5 5 5 11 15 15

Infrast. 3

1 1 3 3 3 4

R+D 3 4 6 9 11 15 21 (SC cavities.SC magnets.other accel. R+D)

Total 50 71 65 46 45 55 64)

in addition

LEP completion 2 5 10 31 81

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Table 2

CERN Budget 1986/92

1986 87 88 89 90 91 92

Personnel 369 377 382 390 395 395 3 9 5 * )

Material 396 395 400 401 401 401 401

Total 765 772 782 794 796 796 796

Contributions

12Mem.St. 720 736 735 735 734 734 734

Spanish 29 31 40 51 51 51 51

Portugse 1 2 2 3 4 4

True income 8 4 5 6 7 7 7

Comp.income 8

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The CHAIRMAN noted that the plan appeared to take into account the discussions at previous meetings of the Finance Committee.

Mrs SODE-MOGENSEN said that because of the worrying increase in staff costs the Danish Delegation was very happy that paragraphs 12.3 and 12.4 of the document indicated that CERN was trying to improve the picture of staff breakdown by activities, and she looked forward to the results of that effort.

With regard to the upgrading of LEP, her Delegation could support the start of preparations for contracts and prototypes for superconducting cavities. However, LEP upgrading had not yet been discussed with her country's authorities and her Delegation would therefore have to reserve its position for the years 1989 and onwards.

Finally, the research and development work being conducted was, in her Delegation's view, a very important part of CERN's activities and should therefore be supported.

Professor CARLSON said that his Delegation was also appreciative of the funds being allocated to research and development, and agreed with the Director-General's statement that CERN needed a broad long-term programme.

He wished to know whether the future cost of data communications had been taken into account in calculating the budget for computing (paragraph 14.7). For example the EARN service was free for the moment but there might be some costs in coming years.

Dr THRESHER replied that results from an investigation into the costs of EARN would be known within the next six to 12 months. In the long term, a substantial external data communications system would be required. If EARN continued along its present lines, it would offer a very cost-effective option.

In answer to another question from Professor CARLSON concerning future support in the form of subsistence allowances and allied matters for small university groups coming to CERN, the DIRECTOR-GENERAL said that despite all the cuts so far, the Associates and Fellows programme had even been slightly increased. However, to make it possible to accept more people from the outside the Organization was trying to get Associates to obtain at least part of their salaries from their home universities, with CERN providing an additional amount so that they could afford to live when they came to the Laboratory. Whatever was saved would be used for other Fellows.

Professor KLAPISCH added that CERN had been forced to reckon with the fact that Fellows who normally came to the Laboratory for one year with a possible extension for a second year sometimes had to stay on slightly longer. In order to stay within a constant budget the Theory Division had therefore been forced to reduce slightly the number of Fellows it took in.

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Professor PETIAU asked whether the first part of the document could not in future include figures for the year immediately preceding the years covered under the Bannier procedure, to use as a yardstick.

Though the document could not take any account of the CERN Review Committee's findings, which would not be submitted in final form until December, its figures on personnel policy would probably have to be revised in the fairly short-term future.

Colleagues in the French financial administration were also concerned at CERN's cash-flow problems and would like to have seen a table showing how the situation was developing. They wished to be assured that the problem was not going to persist.

Dr THOMAS said that his Delegation agreed with the remarks of the French Delegation and, even more importantly, felt it was wrong for the available funds not to match the programme set out in the text. If the Organization were allocated only the funds shown it would be unable to carry out the programme described and would need to amend both it and the personnel allocations. The document should have set out the resources required to implement the programme described for a particular year, and the shortfall between the resources available and the funds required. Any extra funds needed to carry out the programme in that year should also have been clearly indicated. That would have made it possible for the Finance Committee and Council to look for additional resources, from loans or in other ways.

The DIRECTOR-GENERAL pointed out that the whole programme was based on the assumption that the funds available would be those contained in the document, which was based on the principle of constant contributions. The only problem was the short-term cashflow situation; additional resources should not be necessary.

Obviously, the document could have included more detailed information on the Organization's available resources but, as its title suggested, it described CERN's scientific activities in relation to its budget. By tradition, questions of available funds would be dealt with in the budget paper itself.

In answer to another question from Professor PETIAU on the way CERN intended to oversee the working of the LAA, Dr THRESHER pointed out that it would be managed by Professor Zichichi as project leader. As it was not an experiment it would not be subject to the reviews usual for experiments; instead the project leader would be guided by a scientific and technical advisory board consisting of ten members, divided equally between physicists from outside and from inside CERN. Those from inside included himself and the two deputies to the project leader. The board would carefully examine the proposed programme and the new ideas being put forward for joining it, and make recommendations to the project leader who would then submit the detailed programme for the project to the Research Board for approval.

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In answer to a question from the CHAIRMAN on the possibility of circulating the Memorandum of Understanding to members of the Finance Committee, the DIRECTOR-GENERAL said that those who wanted copies could easily be given them.

Ambassador ANDRES expressed the hope that the original estimate of 890 million Swiss francs for LEP construction given in paragraph 13.6 in 1981 prices, corresponding to a total in 1987 prices of a little over a thousand million, would not be exceeded. Despite the provisions for contingencies, the cash-flow problems and a few remaining uncertainties, the parameters should be the final ones and hold good until the inauguration of the machine. The document covered the final run-up to the completion of LEP, so that any recommendations made now were bound to affect the final shape of LEP. The Committee could make its recommendations to Council with a clear conscience given the Director-General's assurances that the figures were the fruit of a serious in-depth analysis of the situation.

With regard to paragraph 12.2, he would like to know the composition of the 110 staff who were leaving the Organization. It seemed that those leaving the Organization's employment sometimes reappeared under service contracts.

The DIRECTOR-GENERAL pointed out that for many years some service personnel had belonged to the CERN staff and some had worked for outside contractors. On personnel questions, Table II on page 31 of the document showed staff costs by activities, and Graph 1 on page 26 showed the person-years distribution for the different activities.

In reply to Dr PATERMANN who asked what would happen to the amounts of 180 million Swiss francs allocated to LEP upgrading after its completion, he pointed out that a large proportion of CERN finances had been shifted from operations to investment, in order to keep the building of the machine within a constant budget. When the first stage of LEP was finished, a large fraction of available resources would be switched to operation of LEP and spare parts, another large part would be spent on its upgrading, and a third portion on the consolidation and refurbishing of other machines, buildings and installations on the CERN sites that had been postponed during the years when savings were being made for the LEP programme. A fourth portion would be invested in research and development, while funds would also have to be allocated to such matters as repayment of the debt to the ACOL project and of advances from Member States.

In reply to a question from Dr PATERMANN as to whether an American export licence would definitely be received for the purchase of the Cray X-MP/48, he said that CERN was still negotiating with the firm and indirectly with the United States Government. It was a delicate and still unsolved problem, because the United States had placed restrictions on the use of the computer by physicists from certain non-Member States.

In reply to a question from Dr PATERMANN on the upgrading of LEP, he pointed out that work was due to begin in 1988 with an

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allocation of 2 million Swiss francs. The discrepancy between the figure of 28 million Swiss francs for the period 1988-1991 given in the first paragraph on page 17 of the document and the total of 48 million francs in the table in the middle of the page was due to the overlap between the first and second stages of LEP upgrading. While the first 32 cavities would be installed continuously, the next set of 32 would require negotiations with industry because from the manufacturers standpoint it was important for manufacture of the cavities to proceed steadily without a gap in production. It was,hoped that LEP energy would be raised to 77 GeV in the second stage and 93 GeV in the third stage. It was still difficult to state how the third stage would be reached but the two stages would also overlap.

Dr PATERMANN noted that if the CERN Review Committee's findings were accepted by CERN they would have an impact on the Organization's finances, and the Finance Committee would then have to decide what to do about their budgetary implications under the constraints of the Bannier procedure, which he felt should be adhered to irrespective of the conclusions of the Review Committee.

Professor KUMMER said he wished to support the statement of the German Delegation; from the viewpoint of Council it was important for the normal Bannier procedure to be followed. If the conclusions of the CERN Review Committee were implemented corrections might be needed, but it would be important for any such changes to be made in an orderly fashion and the Bannier procedure would be the best way of doing so.

Dr THOMAS stated that since the findings of the CERN Review Committee were bound to lead to considerable changes in the Long-term Programme and budgets document, now before the Finance Committee, his Delegation would abstain from any budget proposal vote at the present meeting.

The Finance Committee decided to recommend Council to approve document CERN/SPC/554-CERN/FC/3061 according to the Bannier procedure. The United Kingdom abstained while Denmark reserved its position for the years 1989 and onwards.

The meeting adjourned at 11.40 a.m. and resumed at 12.10 noon.

- Cash flow: Authorization of a loan

The DIRECTOR-GENERAL said that, as he had announced last year, depending on the development of contracts and contributions of the Member States, advanced contributions and/or short term loans might be necessary in 1987 for the LEP project to cover the Organization's cashflow problems. In that context, in December 1986, the Council had approved the following recommendations of the Finance Committee:

"The Finance Committee unanimously recommends to Council to authorize the CERN Management to resort, for LEP expenditures in budget-year 1987, to either advanced contributions and/or

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short-term loans up to 187 MSF; it being noted that already 30 MSF of that amount are secured as advanced contributions for 1990 and 1991; and it being understood that the Finance Committee will be asked for approval on each such loan which may be needed, including its duration. (document CERN/FC/2997/Draft 2/Add.)

Taking into account the financial position of the Organization at the end of May and projections to the end of the year, he wished to ask the Committee's approval to borrow the missing funds from banks, in the form of overdrafts and short-term loans during the period October/November 1987 to the end of January 1988 (the usual time of receipt of contributions from Member States). The amount needed was estimated at between 100 and 150 million Swiss francs as mentioned last year. The exact amount would depend on whether contributions were paid regularly; he also appealed to Member States to consider advancing contributions in the second half of 1987. Obviously, any advanced 1988 contributions received from Member States during the second half of this year would reduce the amount to be borrowed. Interest payable to banks would be covered through the Special Reserve Account, as mentioned in the 1986 annual accounts. He would report the position in October and, if it had not been necessary to take out a loan by then, he would ask for approval again.

In reply to a question from Mr BIRBAUM, he said that the Council had fixed an upper limit of 187 million Swiss francs on such loans. In the event, it was unlikely that a loan of more than 150 million Swiss francs would be needed.

In reply to a question from Dr PATERMANN, Dr HEYN, referring to document CERN/FC/3068, urged all Delegations to make every effort to pay their contributions due on 1 July 1987 punctually. That would of course help to reduce the duration of any loans taken out; and in that connection he wished to thank the Austrian, Danish, Netherlands and United Kingdom Delegations for having paid their contributions in full. The outstanding Greek contributions for 1986 were covered by an agreement between CERN and Greece and payments were on schedule.

The Finance Committee approved the request made by the Director-General that the Organization take out a short-term bank loan in the course of 1987. The Management would report further details to the Committee at its October 1987 meeting.

- Preliminary Information on the Cost-Variation Index and True Income for 1988 (CERN/FC/3045)

The Finance Committee took note of document CERN/FC/3045.

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4. CONTRACT ADJUDICATIONS (Item 4 of the Agenda)

- Proposal for the Award of a Contract for the Civil Engineering Work on 16 LEP Surface Buildings (Sixth Section of the surface buildings) (CERN/FC/3069)(Confidential)

The Finance Committee unanimously approved the proposal set out in document CERN/FC/3069.

- Proposal for an Increase in the Amount Authorized for the LEP Underground Civil-Engineering Work at the Foot of the Jura (CERN/FC/3070)(Confidential)

Following a remark from Professor CARLSON the last line of the cover page of the English version was amended to read "65 000 000 Swiss francs."

Ambassador ANDRES said that, as a general point, his Delegation wished to express its concern that, as Annex II to document CERN/FC/3059 showed, tenders made in reply to CERN calls for tenders had dropped from 44% of those sent out in 1984 to 23% in 1986. The proportion of firms which did not reply at all had increased from 28% in 1984 to 46% in 1986. It would be useful if ways and means of making tendering more attractive could be looked at. It was also important that firms should not feel discouraged when they failed to win a contract; nor should they receive too many calls for tender - perhaps such measures would also help bidders from countries at some distance from Geneva.

With reference to the proposals set out in document CERN/FC/3070, he wished to pay tribute to the competence of the CERN staff responsible for the LEP civil engineering for their success despite the difficulties encountered. The Swiss Delegation was aware that it was a matter for congratulation that cost overruns were not considerably higher than they were. Indeed, they would have been if the tunnel had not been relocated so that there was only a small section lying under the Jura with its difficult geological problems. Nonetheless, he would be grateful to have more details on the rescheduling and the change in excavation techniques (see paragraphs 8 and 11 of document CERN/FC/3070).

Mr LAPORTE explained that, at the outset, completion of tunnelling had been scheduled for the beginning of 1986. During 1985 and in 1986 seven geological problems had been encountered followed by a very serious problem of water inflow into the tunnel behind the boring machine. As a result of the experience gained, it was decided that it would be appropriate to change the tunnelling method in the remaining 200 m still to be bored, 70 m of which would be through the

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molasse and would not be problematic. At the current rate of progress, it could be estimated that tunnelling would be completed in November 1987. In order to make up for the 18 months delay it was hoped to be able to speed up the installation time, which had originally been set at one year. To that end, and with the cooperation of the Commune of Crozet, the Crozet emergency shaft was being used for installation work.

In reply to questions from Dr NIEUWPOORT and the CHAIRMAN with reference to paragraphs 4 and 7 of document CERN/FC/3070, he said that the contract with the consortium was based on unit prices. However, it was clear that, during a work stoppage due to geological problems, the consortium required remuneration. In such cases site expenditure, including wages and materials, was calculated during the stoppage and negotiations were held to determine the cost.

Dr LAZANSKI added that the initial contract price of 38 million Swiss francs had been an estimate, since the contract also made express provision for any unexpected events. Should any such events occur, claims were submitted by the contractor and negotiated between the parties. CERN had managed to reduce most of the contractor's initial claims in the present case.

As it was not feasible to anticipate problems of a geological nature when drawing up a contract, CERN had asked the Finance Committee to authorize expenditure on the contract up to 50 million Swiss francs to cover contingencies. In the event, the latter would total about 15 million more than that amount. A full account of all expenditures would be given once the contract had ended.

In reply to a question from the CHAIRMAN, he said that it was highly unlikely that the consortium would make any further claims beyond the amounts now being asked for in the Management's proposal.

In reply to a question from Mr BOWTHORPE, he explained that, in addition to the approximately 7.5 million Swiss francs extra cost of the geological accident referred to in paragraph 9 of document CERN/FC/3070, a similar sum would be required to pay for the change in excavation techniques. Together with a reserve for contingencies this totalled 15 million Swiss francs.


- Proposal to take UP a Contractual Option for the Supply of the Control Systems for the Cryogenic Installations in the SPS North and West Experimental Areas (CERN/FC/3071)(Confidential)


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- Proposal for the Addition of Amendments to the Contracts for the Supply of Alumina High-Voltage Feedthroughs and Stainless Steel Boxes for Experiment UA1 (CERN/FC/2996/Add.- CERN/FC/3014/Add.) (Confidential)

In reply to questions from Mr BOWTHORPE concerning the likelihood that recourse would be made to the option available, Professor KLAPISCH said that the production schedule of the bouchon boxes had been delayed by about two weeks. Mass production was expected to accelerate from July until it reached about 4000 boxes per month from August 1987 onwards. Consequently, a review had been held in view of the project's deadlines and it was felt that production of 5000 boxes per month would be required to meet them. Calorstat was therefore considering ways to do that by increasing shifts and so on. He was unable to say at present whether it would be necessary to exercise the option. Nor was it certain that it would be practicable, since a second set of equipment might be difficult to procure quickly. In that context the Committee was being asked to give the Management the necessary authorization so that, should the option need to be exercised, no time would be lost. Once full-scale production was under way, firmer information would be available.

In reply to a question from the CHAIRMAN, he explained that for the UA1 upgrade an amount of 25.8 million Swiss francs had been authorized in 1984. In view of changes in the proposed upgrade, including the farming out of some work to industry, a detailed review of the project and its cost had been held about two months ago. The total cost now amounted to 28.3 million Swiss francs at 1987 prices which corresponded closely to the original estimate indexed for cost variations, although the cost was now more clearly defined since about 90% of the work was based on tenders. In order to contain costs he had asked the collaboration to introduce staging of improvements and to drop some very desirable options. In budget terms, 15.4 million Swiss francs had been allocated for the programme and a further 900 000 Swiss francs was available from the Common Fund. A total of 15.2 million Swiss francs had been committed so far with the result that, even including the option, the project was well within the budget.

In reply to a remark from the CHAIRMAN, he said that in fact it could be said that the upgrade was a very ambitious programme and was progressing better now than one year ago.

The Finance Committee unanimously approved the proposal set out in document CERN/FC/2996/Add. - CERN/FC/3014/Add.

- Proposal to Place. Without Competitive Tendering, a Contract for an Upgrade to the Channels and Peripheral Eguipment of the IBM 3090-200 Computer (CERN/FC/3073)(Confidential)


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- Proposal to Place. Conditionally and Without Competitive Tendering, a Contract for the Upgrading of Part of CERN's Stock of Heavy Water (CERN/FC/3075)(Confidential)

In reply to questions from Mr BOWTHORPE and the CHAIRMAN, Professor KLAPISCH said that the cost of storing heavy water was negligible. A market existed for heavy water though it was very limited and experience had shown that it was important to offer a purified product in order to be able to sell it in a competitive tendering procedure. So far CERN had sold 12.6 tonnes to the Korean Energy Power Corporation for 187 US dollars per kg. Since it was likely that KEPCO would launch another call for tenders for about 15 tonnes of heavy water in the near future, it would be appropriate if authorization was given to upgrade the material in good time.

Profesor PETIAU remarked that the CERN heavy water, containing no tritium, was very rare and it might be useful to store it at CERN for possible future use rather than selling it, particularly since it would not cost much to store.


- Information on the Expenditure in Excess of the Approved Amount of the Contract for the Civil Engineering Work on Reception Building No. 33 (CERN/FC/3077)

In reply to a question from Mrs SODE-MOGENSEN, Dr HEYN explained that the problems in laying the foundations, referred to in paragraph 3 of document CERN/FC/3077, related to the fact that the building was built on a slope and also that very bad weather conditions had prevailed during the construction period. Extra precautions had therefore proved necessary.

The Finance Committee took note of the information given in document CERN/FC/3077.

The meeting was adjourned at 1.15 p.m. and resumed at 2.55 p.m.

5. ACCOUNTS FOR 1986, (Item 5 of the Agenda) - Accounts for the Financial Year 1986

(Document without reference)

- Auditor's Report for the Financial Year 1986 (CERN/FC/3062)

- Auditor's Report for the Financial Year 1986 - Comments by the Management (CERN/FC/3063)

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- Auditors' Report for the Financial Year 1986 - Recommendations by the Finance Committee (CERN/FC/3076/Draft)

Mr GEMMEL,introducing his report, said that the Auditors had evaluated the recommendations of the Finance Committee in the light of the special meeting the previous year at which they had discussed with interested members of the Finance Committee and CERN Management some of the items in their report for the financial year 1985. They considered such meetings very useful and had been glad of the similar discussion the previous day. The draft recommendations in document CERN/FC/3076/Draft reflected the most important aspects of their audit findings.

The CHAIRMAN noted that the document was the result of the previous day's unofficial meeting between the CERN Management, the auditors and a number of interested delegations. An effort had been made to review the various points made in the Auditors Report, the comments by the Management and so forth, and to draft recommendations that might be conveyed to Council.

The DIRECTOR-GENERAL said he saw no reason to contest the recommendations contained in the document.

Mr BIRBAUM suggested that Recommendation 2 on page 1 of the document should be amended to read: "The Finance Committee takes note of the fact that, as long as the financial consequences of the claims made by the EUROLEP Consortium are unknown, there remains one important element of uncertainty in the real financial position of the Organization. The Finance Committee appreciates the regular reporting by the Management on an annual basis in the autumn.

The Finance Committee, on the basis of relevant information given by the Management, fully supports the Management's decision to contest the validity of any claims made by EUROLEP."

It was so agreed.

Dr PATERMANN asked for proper attention to maintenance and repairs to the site, to machinery and to other installations. He thought the Management was too casual about the present state of affairs, with its acceptance of an element of risk. If only to avoid any accusations of negligence should an accident occur, Recommendation 4 should be expanded to include a request to the Management to identify clearly the most necessary repairs, to calculate their cost and to work out priorities. The urgency of so doing should be stressed in Council. It would be quite reasonable to approach the financial authorities in Member States for such funds in the coming years, since after 30 years of existence it was natural for the Organization to have to refurbish its site, infrastructure and installations. To that end the first sentence of Recommendation 4 should have added to it the words: "particularly taking into account the recommendations of the Auditors in Chapter 8 of their report."

It was so agreed.

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Dr HEYN, acknpwledging the need for extensive maintenance and repairs on the CERN sites, welcomed the recommendation in its amended form, saying that though the Management had decided to continue its site-maintenance policy for the years of LEP construction, it was nevertheless preparing for the repairs requested by the German Delegation. To that end a task force had been set up in an effort to do the most urgent repairs, but at the same time to keep costs below a certain financial ceiling.

Ambassador ANDRES, referring to Recommendation 5, said that all were aware of the accommodation problem, both in relation to the tightness of the housing situation in the Canton of Geneva and to problems in finding housing for people across the border in France. There seemed no possibility of miracles and the situation was likely to persist for some time, but the Swiss authorities were always ready, as he was sure their French counterparts were, to discuss the matter with CERN and to try to find long-term solutions. Although the Fondation immobilière pour les organisations internationales dealt mainly with the sites for the offices of organizations, both at Cantonal and Federal level much importance was attached to dealing with the problem.

Professor PETIAU said that his Delegation too was very concerned about the difficulties of finding housing in the area. Considerable efforts had been made by the French authorities in the past few years to help in finding accommodation. Three hundred apartments had been financed out of public housing funds to try to improve the situation in the Pays de Gex, but he did not see any prospect of miracles either.

Dr PATERMANN, seconded by Dr GIGLIARELLI-FIUMI, proposed that the last sentence of Recommendation 6 be deleted, since it was important to distinguish between the recommendations of the Auditors' Report and the findings of the CERN Review Committee.

It was so agreed.

The CHAIRMAN pointed out that Recommendation 7 related to the problem of non-reciprocity in relation to visits by scientists from non-Member States.

The Finance Committee took note of documents CERN/FC/3062 and CERN/FC/3063 and of the observations made during the discussion and decided to recommend Council to approve the Accounts for the Financial Year 1986, together with the Committee's recommendations given in in document CERN/FC/3076.

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6. CERN PENSION FUND (Item 6 of the Agenda)

- Reduction Factors for the Pensions of Newly Recruited CERN Staff - Report bv the Chairman of CCEC (CERN/1657-CERN/FC/3074)

Dr GIGLIARELLI-FIUMI introduced the document.

Speaking on behalf of the Staff Association, Mr PINEY said that since 1981 the Association had taken part in the work of the Tripartite Working Group on Pensions and, like most Delegations, had supported the conclusions of the Third Report by its Chairman, Dr Gigliarelli-Fiumi. In October 1985 the CERN Council had accepted the recommendations of the Finance Committee amending the conclusions of the Third Report and proposing the principle of the reintroduction of reduction factors between 60 and 65 years of age for newly recruited staff. The Association disapproved of this approach, which jeopardized carefully considered recommendations that had been discussed at length by a tripartite body. With regard to the introduction of reduction factors between 60 and 65, it should be recalled they had been abolished in 1976 at the wish of a majority of delegations of the Member States who sought an alignment of CERN benefits with those of the Co-ordinated Organizations. That provision was still an important element in the,benefits applied by the Co-ordinated Organizations. The change in question had been connected with other alterations less favourable to the staff; for example, the number of years needed to obtain a full pension had risen from 33 to 35 years, the annual accumulation rate which made it possible after ten years to obtain a pension of 37% of the basic salary had been reduced to 20%, the retirement age for women had risen from 62 to 65. The members of staff most seriously affected by the reintroduction of reduction factors would be those who were recruited young, i.e. those from Grades 2 to 8. They would have been members of the Pension Fund for 35 years well before they reached 65, but would not retire if reduction factors were reintroduced because if they did their pensions would be greatly diminished.

In line with the mandate given it by Council, the Tripartite Group had entirely revised the rules of the Pension Fund by comparison with the selected reference organizations, the Services Industriels de Genève and the Co-ordinated Organizations. The proposal to introduce actuarial factors, or to return to the factors applying before 1976, failed to respect the consistent approach developed in the past six years and would lead the way to endless argument. It should be noted that the two latter proposals, actuarial reduction factors and a return to those in force before 1976, still further reduced the pensions before 60 years of age, which was not in accordance with the mandate given by the CERN Council to CCEC, which provided for a technical report on the application of the measure for the pensions of staff between 60 and 65 years of age.

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The Staff Association was aware of the need to stabilize the technical deficit at the very least. The majority of the Tripartite Working Group had proposed several measures to that end which had so far been only partly implemented. In 1975 it had been proposed to increase gradually the Organization's contributions to the Fund by annual steps of 0.5% of salaries, i.e. increasing its contributions by 2.5% after five years. So far there had only been an increase of 0.5%. The Group had also stressed that whenever the Organization wanted to introduce a measure that might affect the Fund's balance, it should pay into the Fund the actuarially determined cost of the measure. The two measures had the support of the majority of the Tripartite Working Group, while the reintroduction of reduction factors between 60 and 65 had been supported by only a minority of the Group.

Finally, the Staff Association could not support the institution of measures that harmed employment conditions and were bound to be prejudicial to the Organization's future. It drew the Finance Committee's attention to the fact and called on it to respect the principle of alignment with the reference organizations. It also requested that the recommendations for stabilizing the technical deficit proposed by the Tripartite Group be implemented in full.

Mr BIRBAUM, seconded by Ambassador ANDRES, advocated adoption of the fourth proposal. It represented a compromise, since it would align the reduction factors with the procedures used in the Co-ordinated Organizations. There was a direct clash between the Council decision to reintroduce reduction factors and the early departure scheme, which itself was due to be discussed by Committee of Council the next day. The conceptual incompatibility remained, even though the impact of the move lay far into the future.

Mr LEVAUX, seconded by Professor PETIAU, proposed the adoption of actuarially calculated reduction factors. At CCEC his Delegation had favoured them as leaving most room for manoeuvre, since irrespective of the findings of the CERN Review Committee a new way of determining personnel policy should be introduced. To take decisions immediately over staff to be recruited later, as a function of their pensions in 20 years time or more, and to tie the Organization's hands in the meantime seemed not to be very businesslike and would strengthen the criticisms that could be levelled against the way the Organization was managed. Actuarially calculated reduction factors would make it possible to cut the technical deficit considerably; present staff would not have their interests harmed in the slightest, and those staff whose interests could be affected did not yet exist.

Dr PATERMANN said that he supported the Belgian proposal. A technical deficit of 240 million Swiss francs that might rise still further could not be reduced by a measure that would net only 20 or 30 million francs. However, it was not really the right time to consider the matter, before the report of the CERN Review Committee had been discussed in the Committee of Council and before the final extent of the Organization's indebtedness to the Pension Fund, the

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impact of the Fourth Step and the consequences of the early departure scheme were known. Provision for all of them should be made as part of a consistent personnel policy for the future.

The Finance Committee took note of document CERN/1657-CERN/FC/3074 and decided to recommend Council to adopt solution (i) (actuarially calculated reduction factors) by 8 votes in favour (Belgium, Denmark, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom).

- The Technical Deficit of the CERN Pension Fund (CERN/FC/3024)

Following remarks by Dr THOMAS concerning the Committee's decision on this matter in December 1986 (see the Minutes of the Two-hundred-and-fourteenth Meeting, document CERN/FC/3028, p. 28) the Finance Committee decided to postpone consideration of document CERN/FC/3024 until its October 1987 meeting.

- Annual Report and Accounts of the CERN Pension Fund 1986 (CERN/1653-CERN/FC/3064)

Dr ZILVERSCHOON, introducing document CERN/1653-CERN/FC/3064, said that in view of the Committee's decisions, the horizon for the Pension Fund was not as bright as the picture at the front of the document would seem to imply. Whenever measures were proposed to reduce the Pension Fund's technical deficit the staff were always called upon to pay immediately, and in the case of the fourth step in the complementary pensions scheme the staff had paid an increase of 13% against the Organization's 3%, which included payments towards reducing the technical deficit. Whereas the Organization, which should also increase its contribution in steps, was now delaying consideration of increasing its contribution until later in the year.

The Finance Committee took note of document CERN/1653-CERN/FC/3064 and decided to recommend Council to approve the Annual Report and Accounts of the CERN Pension Fund 1986.

- Report on the Audit of the Accounts for the Financial Year 1986 CERN Pension Fund (CERN/FC/3065)

- Report on the Audit of the Accounts for the Financial Year 1986 CERN Pension Fund - Comments bv the Administration of the Fund (CERN/FC/3066)

Dr NIEUWPOORT said that, in view of the remarks made by the Auditors in their Report (see paragraph 9.2 of document CERN/FC/3065), it would be appropriate to consider employing a private investment

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group to manage the Pension Fund's investment portfolio. To that end it would be useful if the Management were to draft a call for tender which would form the basis for a contract.

Mr BOWTHORPE said that the United Kingdom was prepared to support such a step.

Dr ZILVERSCHOON said that before a tender procedure was opened a study would be needed. However, he welcomed any initiative on the part of the Member States to examine the Fund's investment policy as it was a sign of interest in the Fund's activities. It should be said, however, that on the basis of discussions with insurance companies in the past, it had become clear that the rate of return on investments which they could offer was below that expected of the Fund by the Council. Indeed a return of the level offered by outside companies implied that contribution rates would have to be in the region of 45% of pensionable salaries as opposed to the current 22% It might therefore be appropriate if the Council were to conduct a comparative study of the Fund's investments policy to satisfy itself that income was reasonable.

Mr LEVAUX said that it would be inappropriate to take action in respect of farming out the Fund to an investment institution until all aspects had been carefully considered, particularly as some discussion had already been held on the point.

The DIRECTOR-GENERAL added that a study had been made of the various possibilities of managing the Fund. Four options had emerged. One of these was on trial at the moment, with a professional investment expert from one of the major Swiss banks in charge of the portfolio. However, it would be premature to take immediate action since the CERN Review Committee would in all likelihood touch upon the subject in its report.

Professor PETIAU said that the French Delegation was very concerned about the state of the Pension Fund - among other points, because the cumulative average of the real total return in 1986 since 1956 was 2.36% (see p. 25 of document CERN/1653 - CERN/FC/3064), whereas the technical deficit was calculated on the basis of a real net return of 3.5%

Dr ZILVERSCHOON said that, on behalf of the Pensions Board and Administration of the Fund, he wished to thank the Auditors for the friendly and co-operative way they had carried out the audit.

The CHAIRMAN announced that the term of the present Auditors would end once they had audited the 1987 accounts. The Swedish Court of Audit had offered its services for the following three years, starting on 1 January 1988.

The Finance Committee took note of documents CERN/FC/3065 and CERN/FC/3066, and decided to recommend Council to appoint the Swedish Court of Audit for three years from 1 January 1988 to carry out the audit of the Organization's accounts.

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7. OTHER BUSINESS (Item 7 of the Agenda)

- Finance Division - Procurement Service - Quarterly Report -Fourth Quarter 1986 (CERN/FC/3067)

- Contributions of the Member States for the Financial Year 1987 (CERN/FC/3068)

The Finance Committee took note of documents CERN/FC/3067 and CERN/FC/3068.

The DIRECTOR-GENERAL said that Professor Klapisch was attending the Finance Committee for the last time as a Director of Research. From 1 July his place would be taken by Dr P. Darriulat. Over the last six years he had done an excellent job, in particular defending the interests of low-energy physics and the pp collider programme. He had also devoted considerable effort to improving CERN's relations with outside users, particularly via the Advisory Committee of CERN Users (ACCU). Professor Klapisch would be remaining at CERN to work on physics experiments and the Director-General wished him every success in the future.

Applause.

The meeting rose at 4.35 p.m.

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