additions to japanese words englxsh - j-stage

The English Society of Japan

NII-Electronic Library Service

The EnglishSociety of Japan

ADDITIONS TO JAPANESE WORDS

IN

' ENGLXSH

by E. V. GATENBY

The eagerly awaited Supplernent to the Oxford EngHsh Diction-

ary appeared in ig33, and not the least interesting ef its contents

are the a.dditions to the Japanese words admitted as exlsting in the

English language. The O. E. D. itself had given particulars of

some fifty such words,' exclusive of derivatives, and the Supple-

ment inclucles another fifty; but it is not to be assumed that these

iast have entered English since the publication of the O.E.D.

With the possible exception of bansal, baren, busEid16, fopano`, and

skiinese, they werc overlooked when the orlginal volumes were

cempiled, haviflg been in eur ianguage sifice the last century, some

of them slnce the i7th century. And the number is still flar from

complete, there beiRg severa! notable omissions.

It may be noted that so far no Japanese phrase has been adoptecl

by English-speaking people outside Japan. The fbrlowing is a list ofthe words ofJapanese origin contained

in the O.E.D. Supplement. The earliest date given by the

dictionary is shown in brackets after each word. ,

(Abbreviations : " T. A.S.J." for Transactions of The Asiatic

Society ofJapan ; " Kaempfer

" for "History

ofJapan," by

Kaempfer. Translated by Scheuchzer. Glasgow edition,

igo6. 0riginal, I727; "Cocks"

for "Diary of Richard

Cocks, Hakiyyt Socy. edition.)

BANzAi. (igo4) "A

shout or cheer used by the Japanese in

greeting the emperor er in battle." Under "battle

"

we must

include seeing a friend off at the station---where most

"banzais

" are heard in Japan. Earlier date, i8g3.

" Adzu--

ma," by Sir Edwin Arnold.-"At the departure of the

lmperial train, the citizens raise ioyal cries of `banzai!

i See .Sh"tabs in thsiZsh Liadwre for Octobcr, ig3r.



The EnglishSociety ofJapan

5g6 E. za GATELIV/BY

banzai!'"

BAREN. (igi6) "A

pad used in wood-block printing." The

definition in Brinkley'sdictionary, i8g6, is "A printer's tool,

used for rubbing on paper applied upon inked blocks, to

secure a good impression." Earlier, i8gs, in " Japanese Wood

Engravings,'' WM Anderson ; p. 63.

BEKKo-wARE. Cr88g) "Tortoise-shell.''

BusHiDo. (i8gg) "In

feudal Japan, the ethical code of the

Samurai or military knighthood." The eariiest quotation

given is from Nitobe's "

Bushid6," but the word appeared in

T.A.S.J. VoL 26, p. i4g, in a paper read I8g8.---"The

knowledge of BushzZi15, or `

Way of Samurai '

is absolutely

necessary for any one desirous of knowing something about

the Japanese people.''FusuMA. (i886)

" A sliding-screen, covered with paper, used

to separate room from room in a Japanese house.'' Earlier

date, i88o, " Unbeaten Tracks in Japan,'' I. L. Bird. (igos

edn.) p. 38-" sliding paper panels, called jusuma, . . ."

I;uToN. (I886) "AJapanese

bed-quilt." Earlier date,i876.T.

A. S. J. Vol. 4, p. i72-" Those ... who ... are tired of

tinned meats and livejutens . . ."

GENRo. (ig2i) "

The`elder statesman'ofJapan, abody of re-

tired statesmen who are at times informally consulted by the

emperor." This ls the first recognltion in an English diction-

ary of the fact that the word can be singular number-ifthg

above is not a mlsprint. Earlier dates are i876, "Kinse

Shiriaku. A History ofJapan from... i853 to...i86g ''

-Translated by E. M. Satow. P. io-"He was generally

nicknamed ` the swaggering Chief Minister

'

(Bakko Geiirt5)." Also l88o,

" Japan ; Its History, Traditions, and Religions."

E. J. Reed. Vol. i, p. 364-" The second of the governing bodles of the state is the Genro-In (house of seniors), or

senate." '

GETA. (I8g7) "Wooden

shoes worn otit of doors by the

Japanese." Earlier date, i883-"Japan: Travels and Re-

searches." J.J. Reln. Trans. from the German. (2ndcdn.) P. 4i6-" He leaves his

.aeta or eo'rz' at the door, so as not to




ADD/7YOiNIS TO IA.PAtVESff MOIel)S lfV ffIVGLISH sg7 '

soil the )beautifu1 mats, . . ."

GoD-sHELF. (i88o) "A

shelfilike shrine of white wood hold-

ing the sacred images in a Shinto household.'' As this

word is a translation of kamtZinna it may be inc}uded here.

There are, of course, no images, but oniy a shrine. An

earller date is i87s, "

Chiushingura, or The Loyal League."

TraRs. by F. V. Dickins. P. i66 (i8go edn.) "ORe

of these

0-harai ought to find a place upon every domestic .KTami-

deua, er god-she!f-a small model ef a Shint6 temple to be

found in almest everv house ..." .

HABvTAI. (i8g6) Aiso -aye, -ae. "A

fine seft Japanese silk." P;arlierdates: i822.

"IllllstrationsofJapan,"Titslngh

(Translation); p. i7-" Tchouya fo11owed, dressed ln two

robes of liglit blue, made of the stuffcalledfdt5t'la, with his

hands tied behind him.'' Also !88g. " Industries of Japan;'

J. J. Rein. p. s83-"Habutaye (pronounced Habutai) om

Kabe-habutal, a peculiar ribbed white silk fabric . . . "

HAoRi. (i8g7) "A

short loose jacket worn ln Japan." Earlier dates : i87s.

" Chiushingura, or The Loyai League."

Trans. by F. V. Dickins; p, i6 (ln i88o edn.)---" Badge or

dev{ce on the sieeves and back of the thaon' er mantie." Aiso

i876: T. A.S.J. Vol. s, Part i, p. 8----"...aha`m'-the

upper mafttle worn by the mllitary ciass . . . "

HAppi-coAT. (ig3'r) AIso"happy-" "A

loose light coat of

thin material worn by women." It is not restricted to wornen

in Japan. 0tir "English Studies" for Oct., ig3i, yielded

the first quotation here. Earlier dates are i88o, T.A.S.

J. Vol. 8, p. 3zgel--･-" Young men Qften wore a red Hoppt'

with large sleeve.s." i8go, "Things

Japanese,'' Charnber-

lain ; p. g4-" But72'nrt)eilsha-men wear the ka)t2pi, . . . "

HEcHiMA. No quotations or date given. It is defined as

'`

The sponge-gourd,'' and we are referred to " sponge,'' where

`'

sponge-gourd" <i86I) and "sponge-cucumber"

(i8gi) are

defined. The earliest date I have for "hechima" is April

I2th, ,1882, when it was given in a iist ofplants used fbr food

in Japan. (T.A.S.J. VoL XX. p. i3). Aiso "Industries

of

Japan," Rein, p. 72--" Hechima . . . The iong cylindric fruit




5g8 EL X GATErv/BY

resembles a long straight cucumbe="

HEmiN. (i87s) "Ifi

Japanese $ociety, the common people, including the peasantry, labourers, and traders."

HIBAcHi. (i874) "A

pan or brazier in which charcoal is burnt in order to.warm the hands or heat a room, or for

boiling water for making tea." Earlier date, 1863. "The

Capitai of The Tycoon." Alcock. Vol. 2, p. 37g-" There

were also some fifty ffebacrkis,...correspQnding with the

Spanish Bru2g;Zr2}."

HiRADo. (I88o) Also -ato. '`

The name of an is!attd off the

W. ceast ot'the province of Hizen in Japan used attrib. to

designate a rich blue-and-white porcelain." The island

" Firando "

is mentioned in the ,early i7C by almost ali the

Englishmen who wrote of their stay in Japan. An eariier

date ･t'er

the pettery is i8i3, Sir Stamford Rafies's "Report

en Japan ...to the Engllsh E. I. Cempany." p- I28-

" Firando porcelain earth or stone."

HiRAGANA. (l863)- Also -kana. "The

cursive.fbrm of Japa- nese writing, consisting of abbreviatecl forms of cornmon

Chinese ideographs." This sounds more iike a definition of

sfisha. For htta.aana Brinkley gives : "

The cursive japanese characters iRvented by K"kai to represent the 47 syllabic

sounds i`roha." Earlier dates r i727 Kaempfer, Vol. 3, p. 336, fig. i6i-" The Firo Canna, and Catta Canna characters. . .

are cornmon to the Japanese in getieral, and understood by

the common people." i822 Titsingh's "IIiustrations of

Japan," p. r22-'` These two kinds of poems are composed in

.lirokanna, or wornen's writing."

HrzEN. (i88i) "The

name of a province of Japan used

attrib. and eilip. to denQte a ciass ofporcelains characterlzed

by rich decoratien, delicate colouring, and fine workrnanship,

and including Hirado, Ifnari, and Nabeshima ware.'' The

province is mentioned by the early i7C writers. Earlier dates

for the ware are i727 Kaempfer Vol. 3, p. 3is-" In Fisen

they have a certain white ciay, of which they make all sorts

of Porcelane-ware." i878 " The Ceramic Art

" : J. J. Young.

pp. i6oli---"... he $ucceeded in producing all the wares




'

ADDIXIOZVS TO IA?A!V/LESE PVORDS ltV EfVGLrsU sgg '

which today give Hizen ks pre-eminence,..." p. I77--

'`The

rich beauty of the coioring of Hizen porcelain is in-

describable."

IcHEBo, -U. Aiso"ichibo, -u." Variants forItzebu. (O.E.D.)INRo. (iS72) An ornamental nest of boxes, connected by a

thin cord, rnade of lacquer, ivory, er the iike, in which the

seai, perfumes, etc., can be carried, worn by the Japanese at

thegirdle.'' Earlier date, i6i7. T.A.S.J. VoL 26, p. 2o7

-extract from a letter written by Wiil Adams-" Your Inro

or metsla boxc Skinro told me he woukl seRd it fne from Meaco..." ･

IRoFA. (r84S) " (Japanese, named from the firstthree syllables,

i, ro, fa,---earlier ha). The Japanese syllabary.'' "IrQha"

seems to be t!ie more lisual speliing today.

JAp. (igoz) Addition to O.E.D. entry. "In

fu11, jap-silk, Japanese silk.'' ,

JApAN C:xMpHoR. (x882> "Tub-camphor.''

Iilarller date, i623.

" History ofJapan. Compiled from the Records of The Eng-

lish E. I. Company ... By Peter Pratt"(i822). Edited by

Paske-Sfnith, Kobe, ig3i. VoL t, p. 46g-"Batavia, 22nd

May, i623 ... The supercargo may ...purchase ro Pecui

of `Chudan'

or camphor of Japan for trial in the English

and Masulipotam market. . . . ''

JApAN CEDAR. (i8S2) Re £ to･Cedar3 in O.E.D. Kaempfer

(i727) VoL i, p.i83 (Igo6 edn.) says:"Finoki and Suggi

are two sorts ofCypress trees . . . might well pass for Cedar･ Wood.,s

JApAi" CuRRENT. (!865) Kuroshiwo." (iR O.E.D.)JApAN LAcguER. (I83S) Tree. Ref. to

"

lacquer ''

in O.E.D.

JApAN 9uiNcE. (i88o) "(See Japonica)."

JApA}i RosE. " Any of several Japanese roses, as Rosa multi-

flora, R. rugosa, R. ywara (Webster, igu); also Camellia

japonica, I793J"

JApALNSTREAM. (nodate) "JapancurrenL"

.

JApAN VARNisH. (I78g) (tree). "Varnish

sumach". (See

" varnish

'' in O.E.D.)

JApAN WAx. (i8sg). " See `

Japanese wax.' "




6oo E. V: GATLELIV/BY

JApANEsE. Addition to O.E.D. " In the names of plants, ani-

mals, etc., native to, and articies produced in Japan.''JApANEsE RosE. "

A bush rose (Rosa rugosa) with crimsen and .

white flowers succeeded by iarge orange and red fruits, intro-

duced in I845･"

JApANEsE CAMpHoR. (I'727)JApANEsE PApER. (i822) Earlier date, i727, Kaempfer. Vol. 3, p･ 249 el seg.-Title

" The Making. of Japanese Paper."

Earlier date, i62s-Purchas Vol. i2, p. 3o2 (igo5 edn.)

"Nothing

gave him such content as two Bookes of Japon paper, smooth and hard bound in European manner."

JApANEsEWAX. (I859)JApANEsEMEDLAR. (I866)

"Theloquat."

JApArgEsECEDAR. (i88o)JApANEsEApE. (I883)JApANEsEWoiF. (i883)

"Canishodophylax."

.

JApANEsERy. (I88S) "Also

in French form `japonaiserie'.

Chiefly plural-Japanese ornaments, knick-knacks, etc., rarely

singular. Japanese fashion."

JApArgEsy. (i8go) "

Inclining to a Japanese character."

JApANNED. (addition to O.E.D.)

JAPANNED LEATHER. (I8SI)JApANNEDPEAcocK. (I8I4) JApAwwEDPEAFowL. (I8S6)

"A

peafbwl, ,R2vo n(gripennds, with upper wing coverts of a deep

lustrous blue."

JApANo- (igo4) "Used

as a combining form ofJapanese, es--

pecially in adjectives, meaning `

belonging to Japan (and some other country.)'"

JAPANopHiLE. (igo4) "A

Iover ofJapan or theJapanese."

JApoNicA. (i8ig) (a) "The name given to various ornamen-

tal plants originally native to Jqpan, as the common camellia

(thmel7Za 1'aponica), the Japan quince. (livnts or (2ydbm'a

7"aponica.)" (b) "The fruit ofthe Japanese plant Zizmphus

sinensis, occasionally sold in England as a dessert fruit." This

is apparently Japanese natserme.

JApoNicADotst. (i8si) "A

word invented (U.S.) to denote the

NII-Electronic




ADDII:lOArS TO .17APAtVESE n70RDS f!V EIVGLrsff 6or

upper classes of society.''･

Jru-JiTsu, -JuTsu. "

Variants ofJus'itsu.''

JuDo. (i8g2) Also jiudo. "A

modern development of ju- jitsu.'' Our ." English Studies

",

Oct. ig3i, is quoted.Ju-JiTsu. (i8gi) Various spellings.

"A

Japanese system of

wrestling and physical training characterized by certain special

holds or ` tricks

'."

Also attrib. (igo4) As a verb.

Earlier date, i87s. "Fu-So

Mimibukuro. A Budget of

Japanese Notes ",

by C. Pfoundes. Reprinted from the `

Japan Mail.'-"fc'u 7Zasu (wrestling) is also taught, but not much

practised by genttemen."

Ju-J!frs[AN, Jv-J{TsuisT. (igos) "

One who teaches or practises jUriltSU."KAKKE. (i874)

"TheJapanesenaiiiefbrberi-beri."

KANA. (i727) Alsocanna,kanno. "Japanesesyllabicwriting,

the chief varieties of which are Hiragana and Katakana."

KATAKANA. (I822) "

The variety ofthe Japanese syllabary the

characters of which are derived from the Chinese ideographs

ofthecorresponding sounds." This definition does not show

how katakana differs from hiragana. Eariier date, i727.

Kaempfer. VoL 3, p. i77-"a map...mark'd with the

Japanese Kattakanna characters."

KiMoNo. (igo2) Addition to O. E, D. "

A similar robe worn

as a dressing--gown or tea-gown by women of Western nations "

(`similar' to kimono previously described). Kimonos were

cal!ed "

Japan dressing-gowns "

in a despatch from Sir Stam-

form RaMes, i8is. (" Report on Japan to the English E. I.

Company." Editor-Paske-Smith. p. 2og.)KtRL (I727)

"Thepaulownia."

KoBu.AlsoKoMBu. (i882) "Aseaweed,

Laminan'a7'aponica,

eaten by the Japanese."

'

Koi. (i727) " The common carp, Ctzprinzas caipio, found in the

rivers of Japan."KoMBu. Variant of

" kobu

".

KoREAN,CoREAN. (i727) Aclj.andNoun. "Nativesandian-

guage ofKorea. (Chosen---Japanese cko sun, land ofmorning




6o2 E. Z GATEIVBV

calm)." Sletn is apparently a misprint for sen.

'

Earlier date, i6i7. Cocks's Diary. Vol. i,p. 2SS, May

gth, I6I7-"... the Corean embassador is howerly looked

for ..." Again, p. 3oi (i6t7)-"... the Corean embas- ,

sadors departed ... with 4so men in their company, Core- Jl

ans, . . .

The name"Korea"is not explained. Probably it is from

" K6rai ",

one of the three provinces of Ch'ao-Hslen, which

became a kingdom in gi8 and gave its nafne to the whole

peninsula. After five centuries, the name of a country cannot

be changed by a stroke of the pen, and "K6rai

'' perhaps

persisted for a time after " Ch'ao-Hsien ''

(Ch6sen) was re-

adopted (the kingdom of K6rai came to an encl in i3g2), and it

would be heard by the earliest visitors frpm the West. I am

informed that " ei

"

was a common pronunciation of the north-

ern "

ai "

in South China and in Japap, where Europeans first

heard the word. Murdoch, in his "History ofJapan

",

con-

sistently writes ``

K6ryu "

for "

K6rai ". On

" Hondius His

Map of China'' (Purchas-GIasgow edn. Vol. XII. p. 360) i62S, Korea appears as

"Corea Insula ".

Also in i62s, on

p･ 48o of the same vol. " Purchas His Map of China

",

it is

given as "

Corai vel Corea."

The fbllowing is quoted from p. i87 of Cordier's "Bibli-

otheca Japonica "-"

Three severall Testimonies concerning

the Mighty Kingdom of Coray, tributary to the King of China, and borthcring upon his northeast frontiers, called by the

Portugales Coria, and by them esteemed at the first an

iland......." (Hakluyt). From this it would appear that our English "

Korea ''

came

za'a the Portuguese. In Purchas (i625) (Vol. i2, p. 267, i90S

edn.) we find " Thou shalt not return again into Corai.'' which

is given as a translation of the Japanese "

Futatabi cioscen

vocasu cotonacare.''-showing that " Chosefl ''

was not then

recognized by EuropeanS.

KOREANizE. (ig3i) Verbtrans. "TogiveaKoreancharacter

to."

KVGE. (i727) "The

name ofthe nobility attached to the Em-




ADDITIO.tV:S TO fAPA.IVESE IVORDS I?V ExVGLISH 6o3

peror ofJapan; a court noble."

Earlier.date, is77 "

History of Travayle " by Eden and

Wilies (from Paske-Smith's reprint, Kobe, ig28) " The heads

and beards of his ministers are shaven, they have name

dangues.'' (p-255)KuRuMA. (i8So)

"Ajinrikisha,rickshaw."

KuRuMAyA. "A

rickshaw man." The word "kuruma"

had

been previously used by Kaempfer, i727, Vol. i,p. 24o-

"Kuruma

Jebi, is as much as to say Wheei-crabs." Again,

p. 3o4-" Sai Sin first obtain'd leave of the Emperor to be car-

ried about in a Khuruma, or cover'd Chariot, drawn by two

Oxen ..."

NIppoNIAN. (Egog) "OforpertainingtoJapanese."

NippoNisM. ' (igi4) " The furthering ofJapanese interests."

SAsANguA, (i866) Also sasankwa, sassanqua. (Japanesesasan- ,ezva)

"A theaceous plant, C2xmelZia .S2rsaragua, native to

China and Japan, yielding a sweet-smelling oil, which is used

in the East fbr many domestic purposes.'' The Japanese dic-

tionaries give "

sazanka ''.

Earlier date, i727, Kaempfer, Vol.

3, p. 236-referring to tea) "

Some put it up with common

Mugwort flowers, or the young leaves of the Plant call'd

Sasanqua, which they believe adds much to its agreeableness."

SENToKu. (igo2) "AvarietyofJapanese

bronze." Brinkley,

I8g6, gives `` A name given to bronze or porcelain vessels of

various forrns, first manufactured in the era (5;thuntiele) of the

same name (Japanese pronunciation) in China."

SEppvKu. (ig23) "Hara-kiri."

Earlier dates: i822, Trans.

of Titsingh's " Illustrations of Japan ",

p. 28-" seppikes ".

i87s, " Chushingura ",

trans. by Dickins (i88o edn.) p. 34-

"The

Seppuku of Yenya". i8go, "Things

Japanese", Chamberlain, p. i4i-" The Japanese almost always prefer to

employ the synonym sepauku . .'."

SHAKu. (i727) Various spellings. (a) "AJapanese

rneasure of

length, equal to iif English inches." It is usually given as

Ii.g3 inches. Cocks uses the word in his Diary, Oct. 28th,

I6i6, (Vol. I, p. Ig7) "...

and gave the mopshakes to drink

ioo gins." And again, Sept. igth, I6i8 (Vol. 2, p. 77)




6o4 E. P: GATLVBY

``...

paid 2s tais to the rockshackes.'' This is "

roku-shaku '',

a " six-footer

'',

a ``

chair-bearer ''-any

big, strong man.

(l87s.) (lbi) "A

wooden or ivory baton iN'hich was

anciently used by Japanese court nobles for noting memor-

anda on, but later carried as a mark of honour in the presence

of the emperor.'' ,

SHiBuicHi. (tg02.) "

An alloy consisting of four parts of copper

to one of silver, extensively used by the Japanese on account

of its beautiful silvergrey patina." Brinkley gives (i8g6)-

``

three parts of copper and one of silver.''

Earlier date : i88g-Rein's " Inclustries of Japan

"

p. 438-

``.

. . raised inlaid work (in which both the gold and silver

alloys, Shakudo and Shibuichi are used)..."

SHiKiMi. (i727) Also sikimi, skim(m)i. ``A

Japanese tree, the

evergreen anise, nvia'um rvlt'gz'oszane."

SHiKiMic. (i886) "

Designating Em acid C, H,. O,, contained in the fruit of this tree."

SHIKiMiN. (i88i) "

A crystalline glucoside occurring in shikimi- seeds."

SHi-MoL. (i888) ``Safrol'

SHiMosE. (ilg04.) "(Said

to be short for Shimonase, from the

name of the Japanese inventor Masashika Shimonose Kogaku-

bachi.)" '`A

military explosive prepared from picric acid,

which was invented and used by the Japanese in their war

with Russia, igo4-s.'' The name should be Masachika Shi-

monose,orShimose.-gfEtiit -Fi.dio

The '[

Kogakubachi 'i

is presumably intended for "

Kogaku-

hakushi''-Doctor of Engineering. The inventor was born

Dec. i6th,,i8sg, and died Sept. 6th, igii.

SHIMOSITE. (Igl5) Derivative ofabove.

SHiN. (I84S) "A

tutelary gocl or spirit, or the gods or spirits

collectively." Earlier date,' i62s, Purchas His I'ilgrimes,

Vol. r2 (igos edn.> p. 262-" Japon is the Kingdome of the

Chamis, whom we hold to be the same with Scin, which is

the beginning ofali things. This Scin is the substance and

the very being ofall things; and all things are one and the

same with Scin, and into Scin are resolved.''




ADDf770AS TO IAPAIVESE JVORDS llV E2VGLISJI 6os

SHippo. (iS8i) "

[Japanese; (a) the seven precious things, viz.

gold, silver, emerald, mother-oFpearl, agate, amber (or crys-

tal), coral c'or tortoise-sheli.); <lbl> sfizitZpjirakij ''.

"

CIoisonne--

enamel ware. Also attrib.'' Earlierdate:i88o. T,A.SJ.

Vot. 8, p. L,7)"-f` Proportions of the ingredients in the various

coiours used in decorating porcelain and `

shipp6-yaki '

''

Earlier date i87s, [`Fu-So

)'Iimibukuro. A Budget of

Japanese Notes," by C. Pfoundes. p. i7g- " ...among temples

and pagodas built of .SZlripo--seven precious jewels-gold and

silver, she found the tama enshrined,.. ''

SHoJr. (i88o) " A sliding screen ofsemi-transparent paper used

to compose the partitions, and in the daytime in winter the

walls, of a Japanese house.'' This definition seems to have

been influenced by that fbund in the New Standard Diction-

ary, and is far from correct. The editors have overlooked

their own clefinition of " fusuma

".

StoMio. (i72i") "Japanese

history. AIso shomio. (Japanese skbfntyfi)

''

"

One of the inferior warrior nobles of Japan, who

were vassals of the Shogun;'' Brinkley defines as "

A feudal

lord or deiin!Jto whQse income was less than ten thousand keokis of rice.''

TAi. (i623) "The

Japanese sea-bream, diiJtsoph2ys (fogms) cartlinalt's, found at the mouths of the rivers of Japan and

North China." T.A.SJ. VoL 26, p. 8s gives a summary ofa

i62o letter from Cocks containing the word ini, but I am una-

ble to verify its appearance in the original.

TAKADiAsTAsE. (i8g6) "[

£ the name ofJ. Jokichi Taka (mine) its discoverer + diastase.]" "A

ferment obtained by the

treatment of rice or bran with the microfungus As.he76q7has

02:ysae." The Japanese name was ee-II, asrki. The "J"

may

be the initial of some name he took when he was in America.TAT."ii. (igog)

"A Japanese floor-mat made of rice-straw."

Brinkley defines rnore comprehensively as " A floor-mat usu-

ally about 6 ft. Iong, 3 ft. wide, and 2 ln. thick consisting of

teko (made of rice-straw bound together) tightly covered with

a straw mat called the o7note, with the edges neatly bordered

with cloth." Earlier dates: Cocks (before i62o) uses the

word (i) for matsj (2) as a measure, 6 ft. (Diary, Vol. i, pp.




6o6 E. V: GATErVILBY

io3 and ios.) Also T.A.SJ. Vol. 26, Appen. II. p. 2og.

Letter from Wickham to Cocks, May, i6i4: "Tatamee

of

Meaco isg,;" "i4

Tatamees at i2o Mas per tatame.'' And

I88o, " Unbeaten Tracks in Japan

",

Miss Bird, Vol. i, p. 8g

-" Japanese house-mats, lata7ni, are as neat, refined, and soft

a covering for the floor as the finest Axminster carpet."

ToFu. (i88o) "The

bean-curd or bean-cheese of China and

Japan, made from soya beans."

ToRii. (i727) "A

gateway in the enclosure of a Japanese temple consisting of two uprights and two cross-pieces, the

lower straight and the upper curved and projecting." The

torii is not always in the enclosure, and the upper cross-piece

is often straight.

A classification of these words will not illustrate the fu11 influence

of Japanese on English, because at least another one hundred

should be included. The O.E.D.S. additions fbr'the most part

bring us down only to the end ofthe nineteenth century, and do not

point to the cioser connection with Japan, or the .arowing influence

of this country on the world at large. However, we may admit

that the last thirty years have helped to fix most of the words in

English.

ART & ORNAMENT.-Baren, bekko--ware, Hirado-ware, Hizen-

"rare, inro, japan, kakemono, mokum, netsuke, satsuma, sen-

toku, shakudo, shibuichi, shippo, sharawaggi.

TREEs & PLtxvrs.-Aucuba, gingko, hechima, japonica, kqki,

kiri, kobu, (kombu), matsu, sasanqua, shikimi, skimmia.

CouNTRy & GovT.---Genro, Japan, Mikado, Nipponism, Nipponi-

an, Shogun, Tycoon.

TRAvEL.-Jinricksha, kago, kuruma, norimon, rickshaw.

DREss.-Geta, happi<oat, haori, kimono, mon, obi, tabi.

Music.-Koto, samisen.

GEoGRApHicALrHirado, Hizen, Korean, Kuroshiwo, Satsuma,

Yokohama.

REuGioN.-Bonze, bushido, god-shelf, kami, Shin, Shlnto, torii.

RANK & SociETy.-Daimio, dairi, geisha, heimin, kami, kuge,

mousmee, samural, slomlo.




ADD17:lO.7V:S TO IAPA2VLESE PPrORDS I2V E2VGLI:SH 6o7

CoiNs, WEIGHTs & MEAsuREs.--Itzebu, kobang, momme, obang,

sen, shaku, yen.

GA){Es.-Gobang, judo, juri'itsu. WRiTiNG.--Hiragana, irofa, kana, katakana.

CusToMs.-Hara-kiri, seppuku.

MEDiciNE.-Kakke, moxa.

FooD & DRiNK.-Sake, shoya, (Jap. sh6yu) soy, soya, soy-bean,

tofu. .

ANiMALs & FisH.-Sika, koi, tai.

WEApoNs.-W' acadash.

HousE-FiTTiNGs, etc.-Fusuma, futon, hibachi, shcvi, tatami.

MANuFAc'ruRits.-Habutai, Jap-silk. MiscELL."Eous.-Banzai, Japanesery, Japanesy, Japano-, Japo- nicadom, shaku (baton), shimose, takadiastase.

The Art and Ornament group has so far supplied the Iargest

number, fo11owed by trees and plants, but this latter section would

be much greater if all current Japanese horticultural names were

included. Most of them are not generally known, though they ap-

pear in catalogues and .orardening articles in the newspapers, e.g.

rnume, botanzakura, yama-sakura, higan-sakura, jindai-sakura,hisakura, sekiyama, washino, miyako, hatazakura, and hosts of

others.

One might have expected to find trade words increasing, but

with English as the commercial Ianguage for foreign transactions,

the influence tends to be in the other direction. Rg'i-silk and kane-

bo appear repeatedly in English advertisements.

In the great majority ofcases, there is no suitable equivalent in

English fbr the Japanese word-g?ta are not clogs, a hibacLi is not

a fire-box or brazier, and7'udb is more than mere wrestlin.u. Irakke

came in befbre it was known that the disease was beri-beri, and

may be quietly dropped.

Important omissions of well-established words are ft5nin, uki7aye,

koku,lashiZ}i, hatamoto, bak2ofu, kwainbtthu, Meiji, .1fiZodo-engine,

Japanese oak, kaisha, 'goltei,

n'ames of Buddhist sects, theatre terms

---kagurtz, IV2i, ka6uki,-tanka, ZZokieu, kayakl, hinoki, tokbnoma.




bo8 li:, Z GATLELIVBY

Amongst the words for which the editors of the O.E.D.S. requir-

ed particulars, but which have not been inciuded in ,the dictionary

were ftakone, hzba, Mbitnci <ithat is, ltil2tnsrki)-the Standard dic-tionary includes this word, but gives a fancifu1 derivation-ff.cro

pottery, itfi'nkaian-ware, Jap-shan, skeagi.

The following are used in definitions and quotations in the dic-

tionary, but not det}ned : karzxkami (underjusu7na),.17t (under I?7`en,

hsien), yE2g'i, i,e. wistaria, (under kin) and lusen (under habutai).

On the whole, then, the O.E.D.S. seems to continue the conserva-

tive policy of the orig{nal dictionary, not " believing where it can-

not prove '',

or includin.cr words mereiy because they have adorned

a travel-book, but finding a place for those for which the editors

had plenty of evidence. XVhere there are apparently important

omissions, it may be assumed that the evidence, from voluntary

contributors or other sources, Nvas not considered satisfactory. ItIs one thinsJ to quote a word from a newspaper : it is quite another

to trace its history and supply earlier quotations. Still, one can-

not help feeling that, with the resources at their commancl, the edi-

tors have not done t-ull justice to the vocabulary which Japan hasadded to English. * *

･*

The foIlowing is a sug' gested etymolo.uy :

FuNNy.-This word appears in O.E.D. with the meaning"A

narrow, clinker-buiit pieasure-boat for a pair of sculis. AIso loose--

ly, any light boat," The earliest quotation is I7gg (from Cam-bridge)-" While others woo the NKt'ell-oar'd funny or the slim

canoo.'' Three other guotations are given, and as the origin ofthe

word is unknown it is suggested that it comes from "funny"

meaning " comical

''.

The Dialect Dictionary also has it with two other meanings, (l)a game ofmarbles, and (2) a trial ball at cricket, which are un-

doubtedly English-or Scotch. Presumably they are the "

Sgot-land

''

and " North Country "

uses, while "

funny '',

"

An outrigger

boat with canvas covering for one person only ''

is assigned to the

counties of Nottinghani and Cambridge. Skeat said it was in




- ADDza710NS TO IAPA2VESE M70RDS llV EIVGLISff 6og

common use in Cambridge. The earliest quotation is i843. TheNew Standard (ig2i) says

"funny" is English, and gives the

O.E.D. definition with a quotation from " The Ingoldsby Legends."

Sanseido's English-Japanese Dictionary gives it as a kind of small

English boat.

Earlier quotations make it highly probable that " funny "

is slm-

ply Japanese fane. (a) Purchas His Pilgrimes. (Glasgow edn. igo5.) Vol. S, p. 28." Tuesday, the five and twentieth of July, Captaine Cox sent

good store of Funnies or toe Boates aboord our ship to help us."

This seems to have been written in i62o.

(b) T.A.S.J. Vol. 26, Appen. II. p. 2o7---Letter from Wickhamto Cocks, May, i6i4.

"the late coming of the Foone

'';again,

p.2o8-" our bark or Foone."

(c) History ofJapan. Compiled from the Records ofthe Eng-lish E. I. Company ... By Peter Pratt, i822. Editor, Paske-Smith. (Kobe, ig3i) Vol. r, p.g2.

"fune". Thisisaseven-

teenth century reference, and there are others of the same period indiflferent writers and documents. (Cocks has "

foyfone ",

which Isuspect is the same as Kaempfer's.11?ijlrneer-the latter part is un-

doubtedly " fune ")

(d) Smollett : " History and Adventures of An Atom

". First

edn. i76g. (guotations from the London Igos edn.) p, 27S-" Nin-

kom-poo-po, commander of the thne, or navy ofJapan." A.crain,

p. 2go-" a fleet of Fune." Smoilett took most of his Japaneseterms direct from Kaempfer, bu･t he did not find Rdne there.

additions to japanese words englxsh - j-stage

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