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1 108 Windows Setup Windows Setup Virus Warning bios boot record bios Disable Setup Windows Enable Setup Windows Windows Protection Error RAM Setup Windows ( Setup Windows ) RAM SDRAM bios CAS 2 3 AMD K6II-350 Windows95 Error Windows98 CPU AMD 350MHz Windows95 Download Patch AMDK6UPD.EXE RAM 32 M. Windows 28 M. RAM VGA on board RAM VGA 2M, 4M 8M BIOS

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10

Contact Cartridge ���� SECC (�����!�!%�$�� Cache +$ ��*-� SECC �%3� External Cache ���� Level 2 Cache %��%��� %.��#��!�! ��*_������� CPU %.$�!(���*-� Package %�$� ���%+���� (�� �����+$ ,*!���'�! CPU Pentium II &�,���+$ %.� ! �!������� +��&��$F*+$ �$������&����"����&�!����� +�! Intel ��!2���� Cache �#��- 2 ��� ��� Pentium II %.� �����+5����F��� (�# %3�$ ���*3(-- Package &��*-�!�! (� %�$�� CPU &���$ � Celeron (�# %�$�� Package '�! Celeron � Single Edge Processor Package ���+$ ��� ��(� '�!����(� � Cache ����$����,*! %.��#E#��� %�� ���� Cache �#��- 2 ���+��&�����'�! Celeron *�� � Pentium II ��*��� (�# +�! Intel ��� �!�#&� Celeron +$ ����*���� �$�����#��-���! (�# �#��-��! (�(� ��g�,��� %.��# Celeron +$ 2��$ Cache ��� &�������%��%��, +$ 2��$���%�$��&� Cache %+�2� +���#(�� ���� �$� ��,���� %+$�-%+���- Pentium II +$ �#��-� ��%�� %+�/ ��� (� &�!����� Office Application %�� Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excell ���-+��2�(����/ ���+$ %�������� Celeron +$ � ��%�� 300 MHz ��� %�� �&�!����- Application ��!��� ���-��� � Pentium MMX 233 %,$��$� +��&� Celeron �5���!��� 2�2���-� ������%+�&���� +�! Intel ��!2�F��� Celeron �5�&��+$ 2�%��� Cache �#��- 2 %'�23� � )��&��$'���%.$�! 1/4 '�! Pentium II (�&�+��!��� � � ��%�� %+���- � ��%�� '�! CPU ( Cache �#��- 2 '�! Pentium II ����#+��!��+$ � ��%�� %.$�!��� !��� !'�!� ��%�� CPU ) (�#%.$�!(�%.� � Cache �#��- 2 %'�23�$%�! F��#(��+$ 2�������+��!����- Application ��!��� ��� ���-%.� �'������� ��!��� �5�%���+$ 2��$ Cache ���!%���2���� �$ %3��5���� !�#�# +$ +��&� Cache %�� �%3�+$ ,�&� ���'�� (���!2����%+��$ �$��5���� !+$ +��&�%�� �!'�! Cache ��� %3�+$ ��� �! ������'��&�'D#�$ %���������3�#��n�� '�! AMD K6-III AMD K6-III �$�#2��$ �!+��&�%�� �!'�! Cache %3�+$ ��,�&���� ����$�!��!%+�� �����-23�$�,�������� !��� � CPU '�! AMD ������$���&� Internal Cache (�# External Cache %��%�$� ��- CPU '�! Intel ��)������ %�� � Intel %3�$ ��,�3������&�� %�� Cache 232 -� Package '�! CPU (�#2��$���&� Cache -� Mainboard �$���23 (�+�! AMD ����!�!&�!��-� ,�3������%��� ����$ Internal Cache _��&� CPU (�#�$ External Cache ��*-� Mainboard %�� ���� ���!�5� AMD K6-2 .��� AMD K6-III ( ��������� AMD K6-3 (��$���%3�$ ���� � %.� �&�,�����!��- Intel Pentium III ) +�! AMD ��2�+����� %.� � Cache %'�23+$ Package '�! CPU -�! ( (�2�2�� �%'�23&�(��'�! CPU ) (�# ����!�!&��$ Cache -� Mainboard %��%��� ��!��� ��!%����$���&�!�� Cache �! 3 �#��-� ���� ( %�$�� � Tri-Level Cache ) )�� �#��-(��,5���� ����� Cache +$ ��*_��&�(��'�! CPU %�� �#��-���� ����*-� Package '�! CPU (�# �#��-,5�+����*-� Mainboard "� !'���'�! Cache ���#���'����������- &�'D#+$ � ��%�� &����&�!�����-���!��������- (�#�$ %�! ��!+��&�%�� �!'�! Cache ���%3�+$ ��,�&��� !��� +�!%�� �!+$ � '���'�! Cache +$ �$&� Celeron �$��� (�+��!��� �� ��%�� ,*! %+���-� ��%�� CPU , � Pentium II �$ Cache ���� � Celeron (�+��!��� �� ��%�� %3���� !��� ! '�! CPU ���!2��,����P� ���� '��� ���� � ��%�� ? (�# %�� �!'�! Tri-Level Cache &� AMD K6-III ��� �#+��&��#--%�� '�����!2��? �$ Cache �����#��-�$� �2��? %���#���*�����23 �!����#%�$�� (�# � ��,����P'�! Cache &�(��#�#��-�����23

• Cache ��&�' 1 ( Level 1 cache ) Cache �#��- 1 ��� �#%3�, �+$ ,����P+$ ,5� (�#���(��!'�!������#��*&��/ ��-�� CPU +$ ,5� +��&� CPU ,����%'��!2�� �%�� ��� "� !)��3���(� '���'�!��� ���#2�&�P��� %�� ,�����- CPU Intel Pentium II ���� Intel Celeron �#�$ L1 Cache '���%.$�! 32 KB (�# -� AMD K6-2 �#�$'��� 64 KB "� !�!(� ��#�$'���%.$�! %������ (����$� ��,����P��� ��!�*F����+���!3�#��- %.� ��*� ��,����P'�! Cache +�! 2 Level �#���-

o AMD K6-2 350MHz -� ASUS P5A ( L2 512KB ) o PC100 SDRAM 1x128 MB o Matrox Millenium G200 8 MB Display Card Driver Version 4.26 o +�,�-)�� Program Final Reality 1.01 -� Windows 98 / DirectX 6.0 o +�,�- 4 ���! )��+�,�- ���!+$ 1 L1 on L2 on, ���!+$ 2 L1 on L2 off, ���!+$ 3 L1 off L2 on (�# ���!,5�+��

L1 off L2 off

F�+$ 2�������+�,�-%3���!���w�$���-

11

����*3 �#%��� � %�� � disable L1 cache (� Performance �# drop �!���!%���2����/ %�� (�# %����� %�� � disable L2 Cache (� Performance �� drop �!%����� (�����!%���F�2�2����%��%+���-��� disable L1 Cache %���# +$�$�*F����+�,�-���!2�%3�+�!���'�!F�3�#��-�#���-

o Intel Pentium II 300 MHz ( L1 32KB, L2 512 KB ) -� DFI LX ( +$ office ) o PC 66 SDRAM 1x32 MB o +�,�-)�� Wintum 98 version 1.0.33

-�� &�' Memory Performance ( MB/s )

L1:on, L2:on 636.0284

L1:on, L2:off 538.4206

L1:off, L2:on *

L1:off, L2:off *

7#�897:; * 7#�8=>% ?@9B��?�-�� boot ���#�- ( #�--B� 5 �� ! ) ��� 9#�"�9�!8- Program -G �%�H9�8 ( �#

hang �:���#�- -G9�8�#�& &�' )

���F����+���!'�!�� +�! 2 ���+���! ��.��#,�53���2�(� �#���- �!� ��,����P'�! Level 1 Cache (�# Level 2 Cache )��%E.�#���!�� ! ��- Level 1 Cache ��� %�� �F�3����&�!��'�!���+$ BIOS %+������# ( Disable Level 1 Cache ) � ��# boot +$��!�����%�� � ��#+���#2�/ �����-�� �#'��- mouse ��!���%�����- .�%�$�� program ����� � 5 ��+$ �!�#'��������� �� !� %3� mode +$ disable +�!L1 (�# L2 cache ��� .�%�$�� program ����5��� !23%�� Level 1 cache ��� �#+��!��� �� ��%�� +$ %+���- CPU %�� ( �!%.��#g!��*&��� CPU ) (�# ,�����-� �+$ � �� !�$ Cache ���/ ���#�� !%�� � � (���� � ������ �$%3����! (���2�&�+�!���+5���D$ %.��# ��$�!�3�#��-�� �/ � � ��!�#%���2���� L1 cache '�! Intel Pentium II "� ! �$ '���%.$�! 32 KB (��$���%'��!2� 4 +�n+�! ( 4 way associative ) &�'D#+$ AMD K6-2 �#�$ L1 cache '��� 64 KB (��$ ���%'��!2�%.$�! 2 +�n+�! ( 2 way associative ) "� !&���D$'�!���%'��!(--,5���� Intel �#+��2�%�� � � AMD

• Cache ��&�' 2 ( Level 2 cache ) , �����&��������'��*�'�! CPU %�� �����&� Cache �#��- 1 2�.- ����� Cache �#��- 2 "� ! '���'�! Level 2 Cache ��� ���#��!��� ����5� (�# ����'�! CPU ���/ "� ! ��(���� �#�$� ��'�!� ��%�� (����!���23� � ���+$ ��� ��(� %�� ������/ �!%�� �!'�! Celeron ��- Pentium II +$ � Celeron ����$ Cache �#��- 2 %.$�! 128 KB (�

12

+��!��� �� ��%�� %+�/ ��- CPU , � Pentium II �#�$ Cache �#��- 2 �! 512 KB (�+��!��� � � ��%�� %.$�! ��� !��� !'�!� ��%�� '�! CPU (� ���!2�� ,����P� ���� � ��%�� ���� �'��� %���#���*F����%3�$�-%+$�-3�#,�+z�_�.����#� �! Pentium II ��- Celeron "� !�*�#�5��z��� (�# %3����!+$ ,5� %.��# � ��!��&�(��'�! CPU %�����/��� �#��!�����%.$�!(�'��� (�# � ��%�� '�! Cache �#��- 2 %+���� &�,�!%��5+$ �*3'�!��! 2 �*3��23�$ "� !%3����w(,�!F�%3�$�-%+$�- Performance �#� �! Pentium II 300 (�# Celeron 300A � � Mainboard ASUS P2B , � spec �� �/ �����+$ ��� 2 (� '�!�� ( ���+�,�- K6-2 )

(,�!F����%3�$�-%+$�-�#� �! '��� (�# � ��%�� '�! L2 cache � � Winstone

(,�!F����%3�$�-%+$�-�#� �! '��� (�# � ��%�� '�! L2 cache � � Quake II

�#%���2� � �$ Level 2 Cache ���/ ��� &� Performance +$ �$� ����!/ (���2������� %���F�2����%�� %�� �%+$�- ��- Celeron +$ �$ Level 2 Cache +$ %�� / ���!2������ '���'�! Level 2 cache ��� ����!%3��5�����,����P'�! Performance %.� ������ access disk )��������'��*���%��-2 +$ RAM (�#���, �,����P/ +$ &�-��/ ��%��-+$ Cache ��� � Cache �$'���+$ &�P/ ���+$ �#��!���'��*���� RAM "� !��� � Cache ��� ��+��2��$� � �� !��-�#-- Network-File-Server ��� �� !�$ Cache ���/ (�# %�� / �#�� !�$ ��!��� Intel Pentium II Xeon ��!�$ L2 Cache 512K �������� ���� (�# +��!��+$ � ��%�� %+�/ ��- CPU ,�����- AMD K6, K6-2 ��� &� cache "� !��*-� Mainboard "� ! � ��%�� ,*!,5� ����� FSB +$ &� %�� K6-2 300 MHz ��� Level 2 Cache ���#�$ � ��%�� +$ 100 MHz ( FSB 100 MHz ) (� Intel Pentium II - 300 MHz ��� �#�$ Level 2 Cache +$ � ��%�� 150 MHz (�# Celeron 300A �#�$ Level 2 Cache +$ �$� ��%�� �! 300 MHz "� !,�����- AMD K6-2 ��- Pentium II ��� �*2�(����!%+�2� (���� � %3� Pentium II 400 �# �#�$ Levl 2 Cache +$ +��!��+$ 200 MHz &�'D#+$ AMD K6-2 400 MHz ����!&� Cache +$ +��!��� �� ��%�� 100 MHz %��%��� �� ���%3�, �,����P�5���� !+$ +��&�F� Performance &�%�� �! Memory Performance '�! AMD ���� � Intel Pentium II (�# Celeron (�&�,�����- AMD K6-3 ��� +�! AMD 2�� � Level 2 cache %'���- Package %�$� ��- CPU %�� )��%��-g!2 -��� '�! CPU %��%�$� ��- Celeron (��$'���%3� 2 %+� (�# +��!��+$ � ��%�� %+�/ ��- CPU "� !��+��&� AMD K6-3 ��� �$ L2 cache ���� ��! Celeron 2 %+� (�# �$ Level 2 cache +$ � ��%�� %3� 2 %+�'�! Pentium II ( +$ � ��%�� %+�/��� ) ���*� ��,����P'�! Levl 2 cache ������+���!�� �/ -�!�#���- ����$%3����+���!'�!+�!-��f�+ Level 2 Company ����#���- )��&� Program Ziff-Davis' Ver. 3.0 program MAC version ( +�,�-��-%��� �! Mac ) )��+�,�-��- L2 cache

13

'��� 256 KByte (�# 1024 KByte )��F�+$ 2��$ %3� %3��%"���+$ %.� �'��������+$ 2��$ L2 cache

256 K 1,024 K Processor 30% 57% Graphics Mix 27% 44% Publishing Graphics Mix 38% 95% QuickDraw Routines Copy Bits 40% 70% Text 47% 86% Lines 49% 117%

��%3�F�2 �*��� /�#���- %.��#%3�F�-�%��� �! Mac (�F�+$ 2���,����&�%3�'�,�532�%������!� ��,����P '�! Cache 2�%�����

• Cache ��&�' 3 ( Level 3 cache ) AMD K6-III ��� �$�5�+$ ��,�&����/ ���!��� ! �������� K6-III ����#�$ Level 2 cache g!��*&� chip CPU ��� � (�&�'D#%�$� ��� Mainboard +$ &�,�����- AMD K6-III ��� ���$ Cache ��&�� � +��&� �����! Cache -� Mainboard ���/ %3� Cache �#��- 3 ( Level 3 Cache ) +$�$ %������!�*��� � ��$ Cache �#��- 3 (� Performance �#%.� �'�� ���� ���!���!2� (�# '���'�! Cache �#��- 3 ����#��!%3�%+�2� )������*3�$ %3����+���!��� Tom's Hardware %3�$�-%+$�-&�%����!F�'�!����$ Cache �#��- 3 +$ '�����!/ )��+�,�-��- CPU AMD K6-III ( %.��#%3��5�%�$� &�3��5-��+$ �$���&�!�� Cache �! 3 �#��- )

������w ���!�#%����! Performance +$ %.� �'��%�� ��$ Cache �#��- 3 (�# Performance +$ %.� �'�� ��- '���'�! Cache �#��- 3 (� �#���- (��#%3�%���$��-+5���D$����2� %������! �%���#�����*�$� ��#���- �F�������&� % ��+$ &�&�������'��*����(��!��!/ %3���!�$

Cache �#��- 1 1 �� �% �� ( Unit )

Cache �#��- 2 10 �� �% �� ( Unit )

Cache �#��- 3 '��� 512 K 100 �� �% �� ( Unit )

Cache �#��- 3 '��� 1,024 K 200 �� �% �� ( Unit )

14

Cache �#��- 3 '��� 2,048 K 400 �� �% �� ( Unit )

�� �� ��������� 1,000 �� �% �� ( Unit )

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����!'�!��!�$ ��(,�!�! Feature ��!/ '�! L1,L2,L3 cache '�! CPU &�(��#�5�

K6-2 K6-3 K7 Celeron Xeon PII

L1 Size 64kB 64kB 128kB 32kB 32kB 32kB

L1 'associativety'

2 2 2 4 4 4

L2 Size 512kB+ 256kB 512kB+ 128kB 512kB+ 512kB

L2 Speed FSB 1xCPU 1/3,1/2xCPU 1xCPU 1xCPU 1/2xCPU

L3 Size - 512kB+ - - - -

L3 Speed - FSB - - - -

Memory Access

FSB FSB 2xFSB FSB FSB FSB

• Relate Link

o %�� �!���*%�$ � ��- Intel Celeron o %�� �!���*%�$ � ��- RAM o Cache and More Cache at OverClocker.com ... [Web Link] o Cache and everything about cache at PC Guide ... [Web Link] o Introduction about Cache at WebOpedia ... [Web Link]

o What's Cache )�� L2 Company. ... [Web Link]

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Blue Screen ����!

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20

• %3� Superscalar Architecture • Dynamic Branch Prediction ( %�$ � ��-���+�����F�������� �� !��� ) • ,�����-�� �3�#� �F�%�'���� �%���%3� Pipeline ( 2 Pipeline ) • �� �3�#� �F�%�'+n���� ��%3� Pipeline ( 1 Pipeline ) • Improved Instruction Execution Time • (-! Cache ���%3� 8 K ,�����-'��*� (�# �$� 8 K ,�����- ���,� ! • &�, �'�! Cache '��*� �#%3� Cache (-- WriteBack • 64-Bit Data Bus • Bus Cycle Pipelining • Address Parity • Internal Parity Checking • Functional Redundancy Checking • Execution Tracing • ,��-,�5����+��!��(-- Symmetric MuliProcessing ���� SMP +��&�,����&� Dual CPU � ����3�#� �F�2�

(����!2������ &�� !+$ Pentium �!����2���� ���$'� +$ +��&�+�! Intel ��!,#��� ��������&�� !3���3 ( 3�#���%���� .�n������ ) 1994 ( ..n. 2537 ) �$���.- Bug ����'�F��.���&�������� �%�'+n���� "� !%���'����-������ ��%3�'� (�#+��&�F*"��%���� ����!%���*.�,�� � +��&� Intel ��!%�!(�3P���$ (�# ���(�!���D(�'� �� 5�%��+$%�$� )��+�! Intel ������$%3�$ �� CPU +$ �$3P�����&� ( �5�+$ �$3P������5�(��/ 2�(� Pentium 60 (�# Pentium 66 ) AMD 5x86 ��� AMD K5 ,�����- AMD ��� %�� �(���� �������� Intel (�# F��� CPU %�$��(-- CPU '�! Intel )��&� Microcode '�! Intel "� !��F��������!�5� AMD 5x86 "� !��%3� CPU +$ �$� ��%�� ����! 133 MHz &��� �*D+$ 4 ( 33x4 ) +��&�3�#,�+z�_�.)��+� /23 ���&��%�$�!��- �#��- Intel Penium 75 %��+$%�$� (�)��,�3������_��&�(� ��%�����/��- 486DX �� �%�! %.��# 2�&� Superscalar Design %.$�!(� ���%.� �� ��%�� '����%+����%�! (����$-�!,�����--�!���,� ! +$ ���,����+��!��2�%,���_��&� 1 ��-,�PP�D������

21

AMD 5x86 ��� �$ Cache _��&� ���� L1 Cache '��� 16 K (�# %3�(-- Write Back %3� CPU (-- 32 Bit (�# &�� ��� �!'�!%,�+�!'��*� 32 Bit � ��!,������!���(��!2� 32 Bit � � )��������� ��*����/ (�# ����5D_�.������ ����� ��5������/ )��&� Pin (�# Mainboard (-- 486 2�

(�# ���� +�! AMD ��2������F��� CPU +$ %3�'�!�� %�!-�! )��+��������(--,�3������_��&�&��%�!+�!��� (�# %3�$ ���� � CPU '�!�� "� !��� �%3� Generation +$ 5 %,$�&�� � AMD K5 "� !&�� !(��/ ����!�!%�$�� � AMD 5k86 %.� ���&�F*&�%������,�-,� (�# %3�$�-%+$�-�5�'�! CPU 2�*� )��,�3������'�! AMD K5 ���2� spec ��!/ %3�%+��� '�! Intel Pentium (�#2��$���&� P-Rating ( ���� PR ) %3��� ��3�#,�+z�_�. %+$�-��- CPU '�! Intel Pentium "� !3�#,�+z�_�.'�! AMD K5 ��� �����2� ��$%�$ ��+$%�$� %.$�!(� �5��$������� (�#'�����)3�)�++$ �$ +��&�2�2���-�������%+�+$ � � +�!/ +$ � ��,������� ��%+$�-%+���- Intel Pentium ( �#�$��(�&�, �'�! FPU +$ ��!�!������!��* ) (�# ������� ��*�� � Intel Pentium ��*.�,�� �%����� %�����*���fD#%��/ '�! AMD K5 -�!�$� �

o 4-issue core with full out-of-order execution and completion o (-! L1 Cache %3�,�!, � ��� 8 K ,�����- Cache '��*� (�# �$� 16 K ,�����- Cache ���,� ! o &�, �'�! Cache '��*� �#%3� Cache (-- WriteBack o Dynamic, block-oriented branch prediction with speculative execution o 5-stage RISC-like pipeline o 6 parallel functional units o High-performance FPU o Validated software compatibility o Static clock control with AMD-patented Digital Phase Lock Loop (DLL) circuitry o 64-bit Pentium-compatible (�#&� Socket 7 %��%�$� ��- Pentium o &� System Bus %3� 60 (�# 66 MHz o Compatibility with existing 586-class systems and supporting designs o &�2w%�$�! CPU 3.52 MHz

F��#'���� �! NextGen 5x86 ,�������� ! %.��# -��f�+�$ *� AMD %'�"�� (�# � �%+�)�)��$ %'�%3� CPU &��5�&�� &�� !% ������ )�� CPU '�! NextGen &�,������ ��� 5x86 �$�5D,�-���+$ �*(� ��,�&����/ %��+$%�$� (����$'����+$ ��%,$����&����%����� ���*���fD#%��/'�! Nx586 ����$� �

o Superscalar Execution

22

o �$ 2 Pipeline (�#,������������-���,� !(--2�%�$�!�����-2� o (-! Cache �#��- 1 ���%3� , �'��*� (�# , ����,� ! o Branch Prediction o 64-bit bus

"� !�*/(� ��%�����/ ��- +�! Pentium (�# AMD K5 %�� (���!���- ��!�$��* 2 �5� +$ %3��5�%�� (�# ��,�&�'�! Nx586

o RISC86 Microarchitecture ���.��������+��!��'�! RISC ��� �#%�� (�# �$3�#,�+z�_�.)��� � ,*!� �(-- CISC ��!��� ���%.� �3�#,�+z�_�.&���- CPU ��#�*� x86 "� !%3� CISC ��)����� (3�!���,� !'�! RISC ��&�-� CISC "� !��%�$�� �%3� RISC86 "� !F�+$ 2������

1. 2�3�#,�+z�_�.(-- RISC ,�����-���,� !'�! x86 +$ %3� CISC 2. �� ����+��!�� ���� Execution Unit ���#�$'���%����! 3. �� ����+��!���#�$3�#,�+z�_�.�$'�� 4. !�������%.� ��� ����+��!��&�_��_����� "� !�������#+��&��$3�#,�+z�_�.,*!&�� !���(� ��!

%F� �,�����-�������232��$�� �

o On-chip L2 Cache Controller Nx586 ����#�$�� � -�5����+��!��'�! L2 Cache ( +$ ��*-� Mainboard ) ��*&��� CPU %�!%�� +��&�,����� -�5����+��!��&�2�3�#,�+z�_�.��� � ����+$ �#&��� � -�5�-� Mainboard %3��� � -�5� "� !(���� ���+��!��'�! L2 Cache ���#+��!��� �� ��%�� +$ %+�/��-� ��%�� '�! CPU %�� "� !���#+��&�2�3�#,�+z�_�.,*!'���$�

�*(� ���#�$3�#,�+z�_�.,*! (�# %3��*('!+$ ����� ���,�����- Intel Pentium %���#���- (� Nx586 ��� �$'����+$ +��&�� ��%��'�!������!23%�� �����

21. &� Socket +$ ��!��� Pentium (�# K5 �$�+�!��!&�2w%�$�! 4 Volt � � +��&���!���(-- Mainboard ��%E.�#�� %��

22. 2�,��-,�5����+��!��%��!+n���� +��&�2� compatible ��- ���,� !%��/ -�!���,� !'�! 486 DX (�# 3�#,�+z�_�.����$����!23�����

"� !�5��$��#���- +$ +��&����2�%�� 2���!��� (� �����%3�%+�)�)��$ +$ AMD ���23&�&����.���� CPU '�!����23 ��8��9�!8&9d"#9:`#

Write Back ��- Write Through %3� �z$���%'$��'��*����-�! +$ �� �� ��������� )��+$ Write Throught ��� %�� ��$���%'$��'��*��!-� Cache (� ���#+�����%'$��'��*��!-� �� �� ���������� � +��+$ "� !���#%,$�% ��&����%'��!�� �� �����������*��� ( %�� �%+$�-��-���%'��!�� �� ����� Cache ) (� Write Back ����#��!��� )�� Write Back ����#%��-'��*�-� Cache &����+$ ,5� %�� ��$��� Idle ���� ��!���&�%���+$ -� Cache &����%��-'��*� �� � ��!�#+�����%'$��'��*����/ �!-� �� �� ��������� "� !��� ���% ���!�$����%��+$%�$�

PR ( P-Rating ) P-Rating ��� %3�����&���� ��3�#,�+z�_�.'�! CPU +$ !����� ��%'�&� "� !%������� ��� ����&������������������ �����#� �! AMD, Cyrix, IBM (�# SGS Thomson )��&�)3�(��� Winstone %3��� +�,�-3�#,�+z�_�. ( &�,������&� Winstone 96 ) +��2���!%3� P-Rating? ��%.��# � %�� � Intel ���,��&�����',�+z���� � Pentium (� AMD, Cyrix (�# %���� �/ ��2�,�����#&��� � Pentium 2� "� !(��5� 286, 386 ����(�(� 486 +$ F���� 2� ��#'�! Intel , AMD , Cyrix ����%��2��/ ��&��� ��$2� (�%�� �%���%��5���D�$'�� �����,��!� ��!5�!!(�F*"�� ��5�&��/ '�! AMD, Cyrix ��� �#%��23%+$�-�5���- Pentium +$ %+�2� ��!%�����������$'���� ���+�,�-3�#,�+z�_�.%.� ����� PR ��� ��+��)��&� CPU Intel Pentium ��3�#,�+z�_�.� � Winstone &��#��-��!/ ������ ��!%�� CPU Intel Pentium ��� (� %�� AMD K5 ( ���� �� �/ ) &,�!23(+� (� ��3�#,�+z�_�.%3�$�-%+$�-��� )��+$ �53��D�� �/ ��!�!%�����%��� ��!���+$ CPU %+����

23

� AMD K5 ��� �$ P-Rating %3� 100 ( PR 100 ) �� �������� �� � CPU �� ����$3�#,�+z�_�.+$ %+$�-%+� ���� %����� � CPU '�! Intel Pentium +$ � ��%�� 100 MHz ���� AMD K5 PR 133 ������� �� � �$3�#,�+z�_�.&��#��-%�$� ����������� � Intel Pentium 133 MHz �� �%�! (����!2������ "PR" ��� ��2�&�%3��� -��� ��%�� +$ (+���!'�! � ��%�� '�! CPU ��!+$ 2�%���(� ����� ���!'�!��'�! AMD 3��5-���$ ��%����(� CPU '�! IBM (�# Cyrix %+���� +$ ��!�!&� PR %3��� -���5�� ��%�� '�! CPU '�!��

Pipelining ������(-!���+$ ���+��!��'�! CPU %.� �%.� �3�#,�+z�_�.&����+��!�� )��(-!��� / %3� 5 '����� ���

o Instruction Fetch ���� _����-���,� ! �#+�����+$ ��-���,� !&��/ +�!����� �� ��������� �������&� Instruction Cache %'��� %.� �,!��&�_����23��������

o Instruction Decode ���� _�����(3����,� ! ��� �#+�����+$ (��(�#���,� !��!/ '�! CISC "� !&����+$ (� %��+��-(� � CISC ��� &�(��#���,� ! �#�$'���+$ 2�(���� ��!, ��$���#+�����"�����,� !���%3����,� !���/ &��$� ���� %+�/��� &����fD#%��%�$� ��- RISC %�$�����,� !���/ ��� � Micro Operation

o Get Operands ���� _����-'��*� ��� ��-'��*�+$ �#&�&����3�#� �F�%'���%��-2 %�����'�����+$ 2 %���* ��#&���� "- �" ����!��-��+$ �#&�&����- � ��� ��$� 2 �� -�!+$'������$ ��*�� �%'���-'�����+$ 2

o Execute ���� _��3�#� �F� %3�'�����+$ +�����3�#� �F�������,� !(�# operand +$ 2���-�����'��+$ 2 (�# 3 "� ! �&�'��+$ 2 %3���������, �%3����- � '��+$ 3 ��-��+$ �#- � '���$ ( '��+$ 4 ) ���#+�����- �&�2�F���.z�����

o Write Result ���� _�����%'$��'��*����- %�� �+�����3�#� �F�%,���,�� F���.z+$ 2����#���23%��-2 &� register ���� &� Data Cache "� !-�!+$ '������$ ��*���!� �2 ��-'��+$ 4

��!�#%���2� � %�� � CPU 2���- ���,� !%'���(� ���#+�����(3�!���������,&�%3����,� !+$ CPU %'�&� (� ��!+��!��������,� !���/ "� !&�'D#+$ +��!��(��#���,� !��� ����!��&�+����-+5�'�����%,$���� ��!�#��-���,� !&��/ %'���2� ���+��!��(-- Pipelining ��� ���#� �&�� !% ��&��5��� &� CPU +��!��2�%���3�#,�+z�_�.�� !'�� )��&�'D#+$ ��-���,� !%'������#+�����,!��&� _��(3����,� ! %�� �,!��&� (� ��+�������-���,� !��23+��+$ (�# %�� � _��(3����,� !2���-���,� ! ���#+�����(3� (�# (��(�#���,� ! (� ,!��&�_����-'��*���23 %3�+��/ "� !+��&�,����+��!��2�����/ ���,� !&�'D#% ��%�$� ��� ���+��!��(-- Pipeline �$ ��� �%.� �3�#,�+z�_�.'�! CPU 2��$�������%��+$%�$�

Super Scalar �$� �z$��� !,�����-%.� �3�#,�+z�_�.'�! CPU �� ������ ���&� CPU ���,����+��!������/ ���,� !2�.���/��� &� 1 ,�PP�D������ �����$����/ Pipeline +��&�,����+��!��2�����/ ���,� !.���/ ���2� %�� �!'�! Pipeline (�# SuperScalar ,�����������#%�$��%.� �%���2�+$ Pipeline and SuperScalar ���-

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���������� 6 ( ��� CPU )

[ 11 June 1999 ] Intel Pentium Pro ( P64C )

BCMUag If`RCJ��eZSU[C O� _.�. 1995 Intel SihfmIOufbVa CPU BC[p_XGY 6 DRLbC kf[\G CodeName ajU "P6" noYLJV�CUPKFOMVQOMpLSUMXTULUCIJZY\IbZ\DoHC\URGS JR]\_aMeUS Pentium Classic Pbjhfm\GSUM[mU[ Cache {U[CRS ( ^M`R Cache MFfVQ 2 , L2 Cache ) noYLOSbZPKmaeFaULR[NjQC Mainboard \UhamXGY PtjC Silicon IfG[aSVCSVQ CPU IK[ ( Pbjh\jhfmR[Nj {U[BC CPU ) IJYRIJZY\_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCDRL L2 Cache PKF SUMIJZY\_aU\IMiaBCSUMIDmUsoL PKFfoL DmR\NKeUSBC Cache ... PbjSifma[I^bpXGYbmRLMa\IRU Cache IDmUhOfma[CGHIRL XTUB mMU_UDRL CPU CVHC]NLIRU\USg Intel hfmIOKGY[CPCa_ZfDRLbVaIRL kf[ VC\UBlmSUMOMF\aKtKPQQ RISC BC CPU DRLbCQmUL fma[SUMfVfPOKLlpf_TU]VYL]TU^MVQ x86 DRLbCB mIOWC lpf_TU]VYL DRL RISC XGYIKiSSajU IMiaSajU PKF LjU[SajUIfZ\ IMG[SajUIOWClpf_TU]VYL RISC86 Pentium Pro \G lpf Pipeline 3 lpf noYL\USSajU Pentium Classic noYL\GIJG[L 2 lpf PKF\GSUMP[SDVHCbRCSUMXTULUCRRSIOWCsoL 14 DVHCbRC PKF[VL]CVQ]CpCSUM XTULUCPQQ_UfIfU_TU]VYLXGYeFbmRLIMG[SBlmKjaL^CmUhfm noYLIMG[SajU Speculative Execution Pbj Intel IMG[SSUMXTULUCCGHajUIOWC Dynamic Execution RGS]ZYL^CoYLXGYIOKGY[ChO Si_R Interface XGYBlm noYLeUSIfZ\BlmQC Socket 7 Si VC\UBlmXGY Socket 8 PXC XTUB mh\j]U\UMsBlmLUChfmSVQ Mainboard DRL Pentium Classic PCjCRC eFBlmMpjCCGH SibmRLnHR Mainboard B^\jfma[ ]ZYLXGYCjUPOKSBe ]TU^MVQ Pentium Pro R[jUL^CoYL Si_R DCUfDRL Cache {U[BC ^M`R Cache MFfVQ 1 XGY[VL_L\GIJG[L 16 K IXjUCVHC IXjUg SVQ Pentium Classic IK[ PbjSilfIl[epffmR[bMLCGHfma[ Cache MFfVQ 2 XGY\GDCUfB^|j PKF\GB mIK`RS^KU[MpjC _RMpjCXGY\G Cache MFfVQ 2 DCUf 256 KB, 512 KB ^M`R 1 MB PKF XTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIfG[aSVQ CPU IJMUFR[NjQC Silicon IfG[aSVC Pentium Pro CGH kf[\USeFsNSCTU\UBlmIOWC Server \USSajUXGYeFIOWC Desktop PC IJMUF \VC]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCPQQ SMP ^M`R Symmetric MultiProcessing noYLXTUB mBlm CPU hfm ^KU[bVa QC Mainboard bVaIfG[aSVChfm XTUB mlja[IJZY\I]sG[M{UJBCSUMXTULUC ]CVQ]CpCIM`YRLDRL Fault Tolerant fma[ I\`YR CPU bVaBfbVa^CoYLI]G[^U[ RGSbVa^CoYLSieFXTULUCPXCXGYhfm PKF[VLlja[]CVQ]CpCSUMOMF\aKtKPQQDCUCRGSfma[ Intel Pentium MMX ( P55C )

25

BCljaLbmCO� _.�. 1997 Intel SihfmIOufbVaIX_kCkK[GB^\jDRLbC _R MMX ^M`R MultiMedia eXtension DoHC\U kf[\GepfOMF]L_c IJYRB mlja[IJZY\_aU\]U\UMsBCfmUC Multimedia IJMUFBCO�eepQVCCGH Computer PKFLUCfmUC Multimedia PXQeFP[SSVCh\jRRSPKma fma[I^bpCGHIRL XUL Intel eoLhfmMa\lpf_TU]VYL MMX IDmU\UBC CPU bMFSNK Pentium DRLbCfma[ IJYRIOWCepfDU[B^\j PKF ]MmUL \UbM�UCB^\jDRLbCDoHC\U \UfNSVCfGSajU_MVQ ajU Pentium MMX ^M`R P55C CGH \GRFhMIOKGY[CPOKLhOeUS Pentium Classic ^M`R P54C QmUL RVCfVQPMSIK[ _Rlpf_TU]VYL MMX hLKF_MVQ RVCCGHDRLPCjR[NjPKma :-) bjR\U_RDCUfDRL Cache {U[BC XGYIJZY\DoHC\UIOWCIXjUbVaeUSIfZ\ noYL\G Data Cache 8 K PKF Instruction Cache 8 K SisNSIJZY\RGSIXjUbVaIOWC Data Cache 16 K PKF Instruction Cache 16 K BC]jaCXGYIOKGY[CPOKLRGSR[jUL Si_R IM`YRLDRL hrIKGH[L noYL Pentium Classic CVHC BlmhrIKGH[L 3.3 Volt Pbj Pentium MMX CVHC eFBlmhrIKGH[LIOWC 2.8 Volt XGY CPU core Pbj BC]jaCDRL CPU I/O [VL_LIOWC 3.3 V. BCMU[KFIRG[fOKGS[jR[DRL]sUO�b[SMM\{U[BC Sihfm\GSUMCTUIRUIX_kCkK[GQUL]jaCeUS Pentium Pro noYLeVfIOWC CPU BC[p_XGY 6 DRL Intel ( P6 ) XGYIOufbVaRRS\USjRC^CmUCGHh\jCUCCVS hfmPSj _aU\]U\UMsBCIlZLDRL Branch Target Buffer ^M`R BTB noYLISGY[aDmRLSVQSUMXTUCU[tKSUM_TUCaCKjaL^CmU ... lja[IJZY\_aU\IMiaBCSUMOMF\aKtKhfmRGSXUL^CoYL CRSeUSCGH[VL\GSUMJV�CU / OMVQOMpL BCIlZLDRL Return Address Prediction RGSfma[ RGSXVHL[VL]U\UMsXTUSUMsRfM V] PKFP[SSUMXTULUCRRSIOWC 2 Pipe JMmR\gSVChfm IOWC Pipe eTUCaCIbi\ PKF MMX noYL]U\UMsXTULUChOJMmR\gSVChfmIK[ ]MpOMU[KFIRG[f DRL CPU Intel Pentium MMX

o \GbVHLPbjMpjC_aU\IMia 166 MHz soL 233 MHz o BlmIX_kCkK[G DCUf 0.35 micron o Cache MFfVQ 1 \GDCUfIOWCIXjUbVaDRL Pentium Classic _RIOWC 32 K o Die Size \GDCUf 141 bUMUL\ZKKZI\bM o IJZY\eTUCaCDRLSUM Write Buffer eUS 2 IOWC 4 o CTUIX_kCkK[GIM`YRL Branch Prodiction ( Branch Target Buffer ) eUS Pentium Pro \UBlm o JV�CUIM`YRL Return Stack noYLPMSIMZY\IfZ\XGCVHC\GBC Cyrix/IBM 6x86 o IJZY\ step SUMXTULUCDRL U PKF V Pipeline RGS 1 step o JV�CUISGY[aSVQSUMXTULUCPQQDCUCDRL Pipeline U PKF V o lpf_TU]VYL MMX o BlmhrIKGH[LBC CPU core 2.8 V Pbj Blm]TU^MVQ CPU I/O IOWC 3.3 V.

Pentium MMX CGH [VL_LIOWC CPU BCMpjCXGY 5 DRL Intel eFeVfIOWCMpjCXGY 5.1 Si_Lhfm soLP\meFRRS\UXG^KVL Pentium Pro noYLeVfIOWC CPU BCMpjCXGY 6 DRL Intel SibU\Pbj AMD K6

26

BCaVCXGY 2 I\�U[C O� _.�. 1997 XUL AMD IRL SihfmXTUSUMIOufbVa CPU BCMpjCXGY 6 DRLbCDoHC\UQmUL IJYR^\U[eF\UPDjLSVQ Intel Pentium MMX CVYCSi_R AMD K6 [VL_LeTUIM`YRLDRL NextGen hfmh^\_MVQ QMZ�VXCGHsNS AMD nHRPKFXTUSUMMa\IX_kCkK[GIDmU\Ufma[ noYLBCDEFXGYnHRCVHC XUL NextGen SihfmRRSPQQ CPU BCMpjCXGY 6 DRLbChamPKma _R Nx686 noYL AMD SiIK[hfms`Rk_ML]MmULXGYCjU]CBeDRL Nx686 \UMa\IDmUSVQ IX_kCkK[GDRLbC PKF IJZY\lpf_TU]VYL MMX DRLbCIRLIDmUhOfma[ XTUB mhfm K6 RRS\U MMX DRL AMD K6 CVHC soLP\meF\GeTUCaClpf_TU]VYLIXjUg SVC \G_TU]VYLI^\`RCgSVCSVQ Intel PbjSMFQaCSUMXTULUCSiPbSbjULSVChO IJMUF smUXTUBCSMFQaCSUMIfG[aSVC SieFs`RIOWCSUMKjaLKFI\ZfKZD]ZXdZ�DRL Intel noYLhfmefhamSjRCPKma PbjR[jULhMSibU\ MMX DRL AMD SiBlmLUChfmSVQXpS Application XGY]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCDRL Intel MMX PKFB mOMF]ZXdZ{UJXGYhfmtK JRg SVC soLfGSajUfma[nHTU ]TU^MVQQULLUC ( AMD IMG[S MMX DRLbCajUIOWC MMX enhanced )

]TU^MVQBCMpjCPMSCVHC AMD hfmIOufbVaXGY_aU\IMia 166, 200 PKF 233 MHz noYL\G transistor {U[BC 8.8 KmUCbVa PKFBlmIX_kCkK[G DCUf 0.35 micron PKFbjR\USihfmIOufbVa MpjC_aU\IMiaXGYMFfVQ 266 PKF 300 MHz PKmaSihfm VC\UBlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 micon fma[ noYLBCljaLCVHCIRL SihfmXTUSUMbVfMU_U CPU DRLbCKLRGS fma[ IJYR^\U[eFPDjLSVQ Intel Pentium MMX ( _Lh\j^aVLeFPDjLSVQ Pentium Pro KF_MVQ IJMUF ICmCbKUf_CKFfmUCSVC ) ]ZYLXGY AMD K6 \GIJZY\IbZ\I^CRhOSajU Intel Pentium MMX XGYI iChfmlVfg Si_R DCUfDRL Cache {U[BC ^M`R Cache MFfVQ 1 ( L1 Cache ) noYLeF\GDCUfIOWCIXjUbVaDRL Intel Pentium MMX noYLSi_R \G Data Cache 32 K PKF Intruction Cache 32 K Pbj]ZYLXGYXTUB m AMD K6 h\jI^CRhOSajU Intel Pentium MMX R[jUL]\QNMEc CVYCSi_R IM`YRLDRL SUM_TUCaCIlZLX�CZ[\ IJMUF[VL_LXTUhfmlmUSajU E XGY CPU _aU\IMiaIXjUgSVC noYLBCDEFCVHC IS\]c 3 \ZbZ ( 3D ) STUKVLIOWCXGYPJMj^KU[ PKFIOWCXGYXMUQSVCajU SUM_TUCaCIlZL 3 \ZbZCVHCbmRLBlm SUM_TUCaCIlZLX�CZ[\R[jUL^CVS bMLepfCGHIRL XGYXTUB m Intel Pentium MMX [VL_LI^C`RSajU ( E XGY_aU\IMiaDRL CPU IXjUgSVCCF ) Pbjfma[O�eeV[DRLMU_U noYL BCDEFCVHCMU_UDRL AMD K6 300 MHz CVHCJRgSVC ^M`RPJLSajUIJG[LIKiSCmR[ SVQ Intel Pentium MMX 233 MHz PKFfma[_aU\]U\UMsBCSUM_TUCaCIlZLX�CZ[\DRL K6 300 MHz CVHC SiIXG[QhfmSVQ Intel Pentium MMX 233 MHz fma[ Pbjfma[_aU\IMiafmUCR`YCg XGYI^C`RSajU SiIK[IOWCepfXGYlfIl[SVChfm R[jULKmCI^K`R ... \UfN ]MpOMU[KFIRG[fDRL AMD K6 SVCfGSajUCF_MVQ

o \G_aU\IMiabVHLPbj 166MHz soL 300MHz o BlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 PKF/^M`R 0.35 micron o eVfIOWC CPU BCMpjCXGY 6 DRL AMD o IOWC RISC86 CPU noYL\G]sUO�b[SMM\fVLCGH

� \G 7 ^Cja[OMF\aKtKPQQDCUC � ]U\UMssRfM V]DRL x86 hO[VL RISC86 hfmXGKF^KU[g_TU]VYL � ]U\UMsXTUCU[tKSUMOMF\aKtKKjaL^CmUhfm 2 MFfVQ ( Branch Prediction ) � ]U\UMs_UfIfU_TU]VYLXGYeFbmRLXTULUCKjaL^CmUhfm ( Speculative Execution ) � ]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCPQQ Out-Of-Order Execution ( IOWC Feature XGYBlmBC Pipeline ) � ]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCPQQ Data Forwarding ( IOWC Feature XGYBlmBC Pipeline )

o \Glpf_TU]VYLIJZY\IbZ\IJYReVfSUMSVQfmUC MultiMedia noYLSi_Rlpf_TU]VYL MMX CVYCIRL

eMZLg PKmaBCDEFXGYXUL AMD IOufbVa K6 hfmh\jCUC Intel SihfmIOufbVa Intel Pentium II DoHC\UPDjL ^\U[eFSKQMV�\GDRL K6 fma[ noYL_aU\eMZL Si_aMeFeVfIOMG[QIXG[Q K6 SVQ Pentium II Pbjfma[]sUO�b[SMM\PKma SiIK[DRIOMG[QIXG[Q K6 SVQ Pentium MMX PXC SiPKmaSVCCF_MVQ ... RUeIOWCSUMh\jPrMc]TU^MVQ Pentium MMX ]VS^CjR[ IJMUF[VL_LIOWC CPU BCMpjCXGY 5 Pbj AMD K6 IOWCMpjCXGY 6 PKma

27

bUMULIOMG[QIXG[Q ]MpO_aU\]U\UMsfmUCbjULg MF^ajUL Intel Pentium MMX , Intel Pentium Pro PKF AMD K6

Processor Feature AMD K6 Pentium Pro Pentium MMX RISC core Yes / 6 issue Yes / 5 issue No

Superscalar Yes Speculative execution Yes No

Out of order execution Yes No

Data forwarding Yes No

Register renaming Yes No

Simple x86 decoders - 2 1 Sophisticated x86 decoders 2 1 1

Long x86 decoders 1 - - Vector x86 decoders 1 - - Execution Pipelines 6 5 2 Branch prediction Yes

Advanced 2 level branch prediction Yes No

Branch history table entries 8,192 512 256 Branch target cache entries 16 0 Branch prediction accuracy 95% 90% 75-80%

MMX technology Yes No Yes

High performance FPU Yes

L1 instruction and data cache 32K + 32K 8K + 8K 16K + 16K Industry compatible SMM Yes

Latency ( [ZYLCmR[[ZYLfG ) 2 clock 5-7 clock 2 clock 5>O9P;Q@OA;<RS8;TR8

• MMX MMX IX_kCkK[GCVHC IOWClpf_TU]VYL{U[BC CPU XGYIJZY\IDmU\URGS 57 _TU]VYL IJYReVfSUMSVQLUCBC\VKbZ\GIfG[ kf[IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJDRLkOMPSM\XTULUCISGY[aSVQMFQQI]G[L (Audio) {UJSMUruS 2 \ZbZ ( 2D ) {UJSMUruS 3 \ZbZ ( 3D ) ,{UJI_K`YRCh^abjULg PKFMa\hOsoLMFQQSUMaZI_MUF cPKFefeTUI]G[LJNf ( Voice Recognition ) PKFSUM]YR]UMtjUCk\Ifi\ kf[ MMX CGH IOWClpf_TU]VYL XGYBlm]sUO�b[SMM\PQQ SIMD SKjUa_R ]U\UMsOMF\aKtKfma[_TU]VYLIfG[aSVC PbjBlmlpfDmR\NKbjULSVChfm JMmR\g SVC ( SIMD : Single Instrunction Multiple Data stream ) IMG[SajUIOWCSUMOMF\aKtKPQQDCUC ^M`R Parallel Processing IM`YRLDRL SIMD CGH ]U\UMsRjUCIJZY\IbZ\hfmXGY ]sUO�b[SMM\PQQ SIMD _MVQ IX_kCkK[GCGH XUL Intel IRLSihfmJ[U[U\tKVSfVCB mtNmtKZb Software PKF Hardware bjULg B m]MmUL Application PKF Driver XGYlja[]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCDRL MMX IJYReFhfmBlmOMFk[lCcBCepfCGHR[jULIbi\XGY PbjBC_aU\IOWCeMZL eCsoL E O�eepQVCCGH Si\GtNmtKZb Software IJG[Lh\jSGYIemUIXjUCVHCXGYRRSPQQ\UIJYR MMX RUeSKjUahfmajU IOWCIX_kCkK[GXGYh\j]TU_V|IXjUhMCVS ... PbjeTUIOWCbmRL\G IJMUFI^\RCSVQIOWC Standard ]TU^MVQ CPU BCDEFCGHhOI]G[PKma ( ^KVLeUS Intel OMFSU�IOufbVa MMX QMZ�VXtNmtKZb CPU R`YCg Si VC\UeVQ MMX B]j CPU DRLbCbU\hOfma[ XVHL AMD , Cyrix PKFP\mPbjCmRLB^\jg R[jUL IDT ^M`R RISE SieVQIemU MMX CGHB]jKLBC CPU DRLbCfma[ ) eTUIOWCh^\? ]TU^MVQ MMX SVQLUCfmUC Business ]TU^MVQt\ _ZfajUh\jeTUIOWC IJMUFPXQeFh\jlja[RFhMIK[ IamCI]G[PbjLUCfmUC Presentation noYLeTUIOWCbmRLBlm Multimedia \U]CVQ]CpCfma[ ]TU^MVQ Software XGY]CVQ]CpC MMX CGH XGYI iCIfjClVfIK[ Si\G Adobe Photoshop noYL\G Patch B m upgrade Blm_TU]VYL MMX hfm XTUB mSUMXTULUCBCQULfmUC XTUhfmIMiaDoHCR[jULI iChfmlVf

• Speculative Execution ( ^M`RXGY Intel IMG[S Dynamic Execution )

28

IOWCSMFQaCSUMXTULUCI\`YRXTULUC_TU]VYLBfg I]MieIJG[L_MoYLXULSjRC PKmaMRfNajU\G_TU]VYLh^C XGYbmRLSUMBlmBCDVHCbjRhO PKFIMG[SBlm\VCSjRC ( IOWCSMFQaCSUMDRL Out-Of-Order Execution ) XTUB mlja[IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJBCSUMXTULUCDoHCRGSMFfVQ

• Out-Of-Order Execution

29

���������� 6 ( ��� CPU )

[ 11 June 1999 ] Intel Pentium Pro ( P64C )

BCMUag IfRCJ��eZSU[C O� _.�. 1995 Intel SihfmIOufbVa CPU BC[p_XGY 6 DRLbC kf[\G CodeName ajU "P6" noYLJV�CUPKFOMVQOMpLSUMXTULUCIJZY\IbZ\DoHC\URGS JR]\_aMeUS Pentium Classic Pbjhfm\GSUM[mU[ Cache {U[CRS ( ^M`R Cache MFfVQ 2 , L2 Cache ) noYLOSbZPKmaeFaULR[NjQC Mainboard \UhamXGY PtjC Silicon IfG[aSVCSVQ CPU IK[ ( Pbjh\jhfmR[Nj {U[BC CPU ) IJYRIJZY\_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCDRL L2 Cache PKF SUMIJZY\_aU\IMiaBCSUMIDmUsoL PKFfoL DmR\NKeUSBC Cache ... PbjSifma[I^bpXGYbmRLMa\IRU Cache IDmUhOfma[CGHIRL XTUB mMU_UDRL CPU CVHC]NLIRU\USg Intel hfmIOKGY[CPCa_ZfDRLbVaIRL kf[ VC\UBlmSUMOMF\aKtKPQQ RISC BC CPU DRLbCQmUL fma[SUMfVfPOKLlpf_TU]VYL]TU^MVQ x86 DRLbCB mIOWC lpf_TU]VYL DRL RISC XGYIKiSSajU IMiaSajU PKF LjU[SajUIfZ\ IMG[SajUIOWClpf_TU]VYL RISC86 Pentium Pro \G lpf Pipeline 3 lpf noYL\USSajU Pentium Classic noYL\GIJG[L 2 lpf PKF\GSUMP[SDVHCbRCSUMXTULUCRRSIOWCsoL 14 DVHCbRC PKF[VL]CVQ]CpCSUM XTULUCPQQ_UfIfU_TU]VYLXGYeFbmRLIMG[SBlmKjaL^CmUhfm noYLIMG[SajU Speculative Execution Pbj Intel IMG[SSUMXTULUCCGHajUIOWC Dynamic Execution RGS]ZYL^CoYLXGYIOKGY[ChO Si_R Interface XGYBlm noYLeUSIfZ\BlmQC Socket 7 Si VC\UBlmXGY Socket 8 PXC XTUB mh\j]U\UMsBlmLUChfmSVQ Mainboard DRL Pentium Classic PCjCRC eFBlmMpjCCGH SibmRLnHR Mainboard B^\jfma[ ]ZYLXGYCjUPOKSBe ]TU^MVQ Pentium Pro R[jUL^CoYL Si_R DCUfDRL Cache {U[BC ^M`R Cache MFfVQ 1 XGY[VL_L\GIJG[L 16 K IXjUCVHC IXjUg SVQ Pentium Classic IK[ PbjSilfIl[epffmR[bMLCGHfma[ Cache MFfVQ 2 XGY\GDCUfB^|j PKF\GB mIK`RS^KU[MpjC _RMpjCXGY\G Cache MFfVQ 2 DCUf 256 KB, 512 KB ^M`R 1 MB PKF XTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIfG[aSVQ CPU IJMUFR[NjQC Silicon IfG[aSVC Pentium Pro CGH kf[\USeFsNSCTU\UBlmIOWC Server \USSajUXGYeFIOWC Desktop PC IJMUF \VC]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCPQQ SMP ^M`R Symmetric MultiProcessing noYLXTUB mBlm CPU hfm ^KU[bVa QC Mainboard bVaIfG[aSVChfm XTUB mlja[IJZY\I]sG[M{UJBCSUMXTULUC ]CVQ]CpCIM`YRLDRL Fault Tolerant fma[ I\YR CPU bVaBfbVa^CoYLI]G[^U[ RGSbVa^CoYLSieFXTULUCPXCXGYhfm PKF[VLlja[]CVQ]CpCSUMOMF\aKtKPQQDCUCRGSfma[ Intel Pentium MMX ( P55C )

30

BCljaLbmCO� _.�. 1997 Intel SihfmIOufbVaIX_kCkK[GB^\jDRLbC _R MMX ^M`R MultiMedia eXtension DoHC\U kf[\GepfOMF]L_c IJYRB mlja[IJZY\_aU\]U\UMsBCfmUC Multimedia IJMUFBCO�eepQVCCGH Computer PKFLUCfmUC Multimedia PXQeFP[SSVCh\jRRSPKma fma[I^bpCGHIRL XUL Intel eoLhfmMa\lpf_TU]VYL MMX IDmU\UBC CPU bMFSNK Pentium DRLbCfma[ IJYRIOWCepfDU[B^\j PKF ]MmUL \UbM�UCB^\jDRLbCDoHC\U \UfNSVCfGSajU_MVQ ajU Pentium MMX ^M`R P55C CGH \GRFhMIOKGY[CPOKLhOeUS Pentium Classic ^M`R P54C QmUL RVCfVQPMSIK[ _Rlpf_TU]VYL MMX hLKF_MVQ RVCCGHDRLPCjR[NjPKma :-) bjR\U_RDCUfDRL Cache {U[BC XGYIJZY\DoHC\UIOWCIXjUbVaeUSIfZ\ noYL\G Data Cache 8 K PKF Instruction Cache 8 K SisNSIJZY\RGSIXjUbVaIOWC Data Cache 16 K PKF Instruction Cache 16 K BC]jaCXGYIOKGY[CPOKLRGSR[jUL Si_R IM`YRLDRL hrIKGH[L noYL Pentium Classic CVHC BlmhrIKGH[L 3.3 Volt Pbj Pentium MMX CVHC eFBlmhrIKGH[LIOWC 2.8 Volt XGY CPU core Pbj BC]jaCDRL CPU I/O [VL_LIOWC 3.3 V. BCMU[KFIRG[fOKGS[jR[DRL]sUO�b[SMM\{U[BC Sihfm\GSUMCTUIRUIX_kCkK[GQUL]jaCeUS Pentium Pro noYLeVfIOWC CPU BC[p_XGY 6 DRL Intel ( P6 ) XGYIOufbVaRRS\USjRC^CmUCGHh\jCUCCVS hfmPSj _aU\]U\UMsBCIlZLDRL Branch Target Buffer ^M`R BTB noYLISGY[aDmRLSVQSUMXTUCU[tKSUM_TUCaCKjaL^CmU ... lja[IJZY\_aU\IMiaBCSUMOMF\aKtKhfmRGSXUL^CoYL CRSeUSCGH[VL\GSUMJV�CU / OMVQOMpL BCIlZLDRL Return Address Prediction RGSfma[ RGSXVHL[VL]U\UMsXTUSUMsRfM V] PKFP[SSUMXTULUCRRSIOWC 2 Pipe JMmR\gSVChfm IOWC Pipe eTUCaCIbi\ PKF MMX noYL]U\UMsXTULUChOJMmR\gSVChfmIK[ ]MpOMU[KFIRG[f DRL CPU Intel Pentium MMX

o \GbVHLPbjMpjC_aU\IMia 166 MHz soL 233 MHz o BlmIX_kCkK[G DCUf 0.35 micron o Cache MFfVQ 1 \GDCUfIOWCIXjUbVaDRL Pentium Classic _RIOWC 32 K o Die Size \GDCUf 141 bUMUL\ZKKZI\bM o IJZY\eTUCaCDRLSUM Write Buffer eUS 2 IOWC 4 o CTUIX_kCkK[GIM`YRL Branch Prodiction ( Branch Target Buffer ) eUS Pentium Pro \UBlm o JV�CUIM`YRL Return Stack noYLPMSIMZY\IfZ\XGCVHC\GBC Cyrix/IBM 6x86 o IJZY\ step SUMXTULUCDRL U PKF V Pipeline RGS 1 step o JV�CUISGY[aSVQSUMXTULUCPQQDCUCDRL Pipeline U PKF V o lpf_TU]VYL MMX o BlmhrIKGH[LBC CPU core 2.8 V Pbj Blm]TU^MVQ CPU I/O IOWC 3.3 V.

Pentium MMX CGH [VL_LIOWC CPU BCMpjCXGY 5 DRL Intel eFeVfIOWCMpjCXGY 5.1 Si_Lhfm soLP\meFRRS\UXG^KVL Pentium Pro noYLeVfIOWC CPU BCMpjCXGY 6 DRL Intel SibU\Pbj AMD K6

BCaVCXGY 2 I\�U[C O� _.�. 1997 XUL AMD IRL SihfmXTUSUMIOufbVa CPU BCMpjCXGY 6 DRLbCDoHC\UQmUL IJYR^\U[eF\UPDjLSVQ Intel Pentium MMX CVYCSi_R AMD K6 [VL_LeTUIM`YRLDRL NextGen hfmh^\_MVQ QMZ�VXCGHsNS AMD nHRPKFXTUSUMMa\IX_kCkK[GIDmU\Ufma[ noYLBCDEFXGYnHRCVHC XUL NextGen SihfmRRSPQQ CPU BCMpjCXGY 6 DRLbCham

31

PKma _R Nx686 noYL AMD SiIK[hfms`Rk_ML]MmULXGYCjU]CBeDRL Nx686 \UMa\IDmUSVQ IX_kCkK[GDRLbC PKF IJZY\lpf_TU]VYL MMX DRLbCIRLIDmUhOfma[ XTUB mhfm K6 RRS\U MMX DRL AMD K6 CVHC soLP\meF\GeTUCaClpf_TU]VYLIXjUg SVC \G_TU]VYLI^\`RCgSVCSVQ Intel PbjSMFQaCSUMXTULUCSiPbSbjULSVChO IJMUF smUXTUBCSMFQaCSUMIfG[aSVC SieFs`RIOWCSUMKjaLKFI\ZfKZD]ZXdZ�DRL Intel noYLhfmefhamSjRCPKma PbjR[jULhMSibU\ MMX DRL AMD SiBlmLUChfmSVQXpS Application XGY]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCDRL Intel MMX PKFB mOMF]ZXdZ{UJXGYhfmtK JRg SVC soLfGSajUfma[nHTU ]TU^MVQQULLUC ( AMD IMG[S MMX DRLbCajUIOWC MMX enhanced )

]TU^MVQBCMpjCPMSCVHC AMD hfmIOufbVaXGY_aU\IMia 166, 200 PKF 233 MHz noYL\G transistor {U[BC 8.8 KmUCbVa PKFBlmIX_kCkK[G DCUf 0.35 micron PKFbjR\USihfmIOufbVa MpjC_aU\IMiaXGYMFfVQ 266 PKF 300 MHz PKmaSihfm VC\UBlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 micon fma[ noYLBCljaLCVHCIRL SihfmXTUSUMbVfMU_U CPU DRLbCKLRGS fma[ IJYR^\U[eFPDjLSVQ Intel Pentium MMX ( _Lh\j^aVLeFPDjLSVQ Pentium Pro KF_MVQ IJMUF ICmCbKUf_CKFfmUCSVC ) ]ZYLXGY AMD K6 \GIJZY\IbZ\I^C`RhOSajU Intel Pentium MMX XGYI iChfmlVfg Si_R DCUfDRL Cache {U[BC ^M`R Cache MFfVQ 1 ( L1 Cache ) noYLeF\GDCUfIOWCIXjUbVaDRL Intel Pentium MMX noYLSi_R \G Data Cache 32 K PKF Intruction Cache 32 K Pbj]ZYLXGYXTUB m AMD K6 h\jI^C`RhOSajU Intel Pentium MMX R[jUL]\QNMEc CVYCSi_R IM`YRLDRL SUM_TUCaCIlZLX�CZ[\ IJMUF[VL_LXTUhfmlmUSajU E XGY CPU _aU\IMiaIXjUgSVC noYLBCDEFCVHC IS\]c 3 \ZbZ ( 3D ) STUKVLIOWCXGYPJMj^KU[ PKFIOWCXGYXMUQSVCajU SUM_TUCaCIlZL 3 \ZbZCVHCbmRLBlm SUM_TUCaCIlZLX�CZ[\R[jUL^CVS bMLepfCGHIRL XGYXTUB m Intel Pentium MMX [VL_LI^C`RSajU ( E XGY_aU\IMiaDRL CPU IXjUgSVCCF ) Pbjfma[O�eeV[DRLMU_U noYL BCDEFCVHCMU_UDRL AMD K6 300 MHz CVHCJRgSVC ^M`RPJLSajUIJG[LIKiSCmR[ SVQ Intel Pentium MMX 233 MHz PKFfma[_aU\]U\UMsBCSUM_TUCaCIlZLX�CZ[\DRL K6 300 MHz CVHC SiIXG[QhfmSVQ Intel Pentium MMX 233 MHz fma[ Pbjfma[_aU\IMiafmUCR`YCg XGYI^CRSajU SiIK[IOWCepfXGYlfIl[SVChfm R[jULKmCI^K`R ... \UfN ]MpOMU[KFIRG[fDRL AMD K6 SVCfGSajUCF_MVQ

o \G_aU\IMiabVHLPbj 166MHz soL 300MHz o BlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 PKF/^M`R 0.35 micron o eVfIOWC CPU BCMpjCXGY 6 DRL AMD o IOWC RISC86 CPU noYL\G]sUO�b[SMM\fVLCGH

� \G 7 ^Cja[OMF\aKtKPQQDCUC � ]U\UMssRfM V]DRL x86 hO[VL RISC86 hfmXGKF^KU[g_TU]VYL � ]U\UMsXTUCU[tKSUMOMF\aKtKKjaL^CmUhfm 2 MFfVQ ( Branch Prediction ) � ]U\UMs_UfIfU_TU]VYLXGYeFbmRLXTULUCKjaL^CmUhfm ( Speculative Execution ) � ]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCPQQ Out-Of-Order Execution ( IOWC Feature XGYBlmBC Pipeline ) � ]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCPQQ Data Forwarding ( IOWC Feature XGYBlmBC Pipeline )

o \Glpf_TU]VYLIJZY\IbZ\IJYReVfSUMSVQfmUC MultiMedia noYLSi_Rlpf_TU]VYL MMX CVYCIRL

eMZLg PKmaBCDEFXGYXUL AMD IOufbVa K6 hfmh\jCUC Intel SihfmIOufbVa Intel Pentium II DoHC\UPDjL ^\U[eFSKQMV�\GDRL K6 fma[ noYL_aU\eMZL Si_aMeFeVfIOMG[QIXG[Q K6 SVQ Pentium II Pbjfma[]sUO�b[SMM\PKma SiIK[DRIOMG[QIXG[Q K6 SVQ Pentium MMX PXC SiPKmaSVCCF_MVQ ... RUeIOWCSUMh\jPrMc]TU^MVQ Pentium MMX ]VS^CjR[ IJMUF[VL_LIOWC CPU BCMpjCXGY 5 Pbj AMD K6 IOWCMpjCXGY 6 PKma bUMULIOMG[QIXG[Q ]MpO_aU\]U\UMsfmUCbjULg MF^ajUL Intel Pentium MMX , Intel Pentium Pro PKF AMD K6

32

Processor Feature AMD K6 Pentium Pro Pentium MMXRISC core Yes / 6 issue Yes / 5 issue No

Superscalar Yes Speculative execution Yes No

Out of order execution Yes No

Data forwarding Yes No

Register renaming Yes No

Simple x86 decoders - 2 1 Sophisticated x86 decoders 2 1 1

Long x86 decoders 1 - - Vector x86 decoders 1 - - Execution Pipelines 6 5 2 Branch prediction Yes

Advanced 2 level branch prediction Yes No

Branch history table entries 8,192 512 256 Branch target cache entries 16 0 Branch prediction accuracy 95% 90% 75-80%

MMX technology Yes No Yes

High performance FPU Yes

L1 instruction and data cache 32K + 32K 8K + 8K 16K + 16K Industry compatible SMM Yes

Latency ( [ZYLCmR[[ZYLfG ) 2 clock 5-7 clock 2 clock 5>O9P;Q@OA;<RS8;TR8

• MMX MMX IX_kCkK[GCVHC IOWClpf_TU]VYL{U[BC CPU XGYIJZY\IDmU\URGS 57 _TU]VYL IJYReVfSUMSVQLUCBC\VKbZ\GIfG[ kf[IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJDRLkOMPSM\XTULUCISGY[aSVQMFQQI]G[L (Audio) {UJSMUruS 2 \ZbZ ( 2D ) {UJSMUruS 3 \ZbZ ( 3D ) ,{UJI_K`YRCh^abjULg PKFMa\hOsoLMFQQSUMaZI_MUF cPKFefeTUI]G[LJNf ( Voice Recognition ) PKFSUM]YR]UMtjUCk\Ifi\ kf[ MMX CGH IOWClpf_TU]VYL XGYBlm]sUO�b[SMM\PQQ SIMD SKjUa_R ]U\UMsOMF\aKtKfma[_TU]VYLIfG[aSVC PbjBlmlpfDmR\NKbjULSVChfm JMmR\g SVC ( SIMD : Single Instrunction Multiple Data stream ) IMG[SajUIOWCSUMOMF\aKtKPQQDCUC ^M`R Parallel Processing IM`YRLDRL SIMD CGH ]U\UMsRjUCIJZY\IbZ\hfmXGY ]sUO�b[SMM\PQQ SIMD _MVQ IX_kCkK[GCGH XUL Intel IRLSihfmJ[U[U\tKVSfVCB mtNmtKZb Software PKF Hardware bjULg B m]MmUL Application PKF Driver XGYlja[]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCDRL MMX IJYReFhfmBlmOMFk[lCcBCepfCGHR[jULIbi\XGY PbjBC_aU\IOWCeMZL eCsoL E O�eepQVCCGH Si\GtNmtKZb Software IJG[Lh\jSGYIemUIXjUCVHCXGYRRSPQQ\UIJYR MMX RUeSKjUahfmajU IOWCIX_kCkK[GXGYh\j]TU_V|IXjUhMCVS ... PbjeTUIOWCbmRL\G IJMUFI^\`RCSVQIOWC Standard ]TU^MVQ CPU BCDEFCGHhOI]G[PKma ( ^KVLeUS Intel OMFSU�IOufbVa MMX QMZ�VXtNmtKZb CPU R`YCg Si VC\UeVQ MMX B]j CPU DRLbCbU\hOfma[ XVHL AMD , Cyrix PKFP\mPbjCmRLB^\jg R[jUL IDT ^M`R RISE SieVQIemU MMX CGHB]jKLBC CPU DRLbCfma[ ) eTUIOWCh^\? ]TU^MVQ MMX SVQLUCfmUC Business ]TU^MVQt\ _ZfajUh\jeTUIOWC IJMUFPXQeFh\jlja[RFhMIK[ IamCI]G[PbjLUCfmUC Presentation noYLeTUIOWCbmRLBlm Multimedia \U]CVQ]CpCfma[ ]TU^MVQ Software XGY]CVQ]CpC MMX CGH XGYI iCIfjClVfIK[ Si\G Adobe Photoshop noYL\G Patch B m upgrade Blm_TU]VYL MMX hfm XTUB mSUMXTULUCBCQULfmUC XTUhfmIMiaDoHCR[jULI iChfmlVf

• Speculative Execution ( ^M`RXGY Intel IMG[S Dynamic Execution ) IOWCSMFQaCSUMXTULUCI\`YRXTULUC_TU]VYLBfg I]MieIJG[L_MoYLXULSjRC PKmaMRfNajU\G_TU]VYLh^C XGYbmRLSUMBlmBCDVHCbjRhO PKFIMG[SBlm\VCSjRC ( IOWCSMFQaCSUMDRL Out-Of-Order Execution ) XTUB mlja[IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJBCSUMXTULUCDoHCRGSMFfVQ

33

• Out-Of-Order Execution RjUCIJZY\IbZ\hfmXGY Out-Of-Order Execution _MVQ

��� �������������������� [ 07 August 1999 ]

Intel Pentium II ( Klamath/Deschute )

BCSKULO� 1996 Intel Sihfm]jLbVa CPU BCbMFSNK x86 bVaB^\jDRLbC RRS]NjXmRLbKUf CVYCSi_R Intel Pentium II noYLeFajUhOPKma SiI^\`RC Pentium Pro XGYsNSJV�CUDoHC\URGSMFfVQ^CoYLCVYCIRL IJMUFkf[]sUO�b[SMM\XVYaghOPKma Sih\jbjULeUS Pentium Pro IK[ IJG[LPbj\GSUMOMVQPbjLQULR[jULB m\G_aU\]\fpK[c PKF \GOMF]ZXdZ{UJIJZY\DoHC IljC\GSUMB]j_TU]VYL MMX IDmUhO PKF\G SUMOMVQPbjL Interface I]G[B^\j kf[eUSIfZ\CVHCBlm Interface PQQ Socket IljC Intel Pentium Pro Blm Socket 8 ^M`R Intel Pentium MMX Blm Socket 7 ( PKF/^M`R Socket 5 ) Si VC\UBlm Interface IOWCPQQ Slot PXC PKFIOKGY[C Package DRL CPU eUSXGYIOWC PGA ( Pin-Grid Array ) \UIOWC SECC ( Single Edge Contact Cartridge ) noYL\GKVS�EF I^\`RCSVQ SKjRLaGfGkRIXO PKF hfm\GSUM[mU[bTUP^CjLDRL Cache MFfVQ 2 RRS\UhambjUL^US soLP\majUeFR[NjBC SECC I^\`RCSVQ CPU PbjSih\jhfmQMMephamQC Chip DRL CPU R[jUL Pentium Pro PKF XTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIOWC_MoYL^CoYLDRL_aU\IMia CPU ( IljC CPU _aU\IMia 300 MHz IemU Cache MFfVQ 2 CGH SieFXTULUCXGY_aU\IMiaIJG[L 150 MHz IXjUCVHC ) PKF[VLhfmIJZY\DCUfDRL Cache MFfVQ 1 IOWC 32K noYLIOWC 2 IXjUDRL Intel Pentium Pro IK[XGIfG[a MNODmULKjULCGH P]fL Package DRL Intel Pentium II XVHLfmUC^CmU PKF fmUC^KVL

IMG[S Interface B^\jXGYBlmbjRIl`YR\MF^ajUL CPU SVQ Mainboard ajU IOWC Slot-1 ( ]KiRbaVC ) kf[]UI^bp^KVS XGY Intel bmRLIOKGY[C\UBlmIOWC Slot-1 CVHC XUL Intel RmULajU IJYRKfO�|^U_RDafMF^ajUL Cache MFfVQ 2 PKF ^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVS noYLIOWCO�|^U]TU_V| XGYIOWCbVa^CjaLOMF]ZXdZ{UJDRLMFQQ Pbjkf[_aU\I iC]jaCbVaPKma _UfajUepfOMF]L_c^KVS eMZLg PKma CjUeFIOWCIJMUFIM`YRLDRLKZD]ZXdZ�\USSajU ... IJMUFI\`YR Intel [mU[\UBlmIOWC Slot-1 PKmaSihfm\GSUMefKZD]ZXdZ�hamXVCXG

34

QMZ�VXtNmtKZb CPU IemUR`YCg ^USbmRLSUMXGYeFtKZb CPU XGYBlm Slot-1 fma[ SibmRLejU[_jU]ZXdZQVbMB mSVQXUL Intel IOWCeTUCaCh\jBljCmR[gIK[XGIfG[a CPU Intel Pentium II CVHC \G 2 MpjC ... MpjCPMSXGYRRS]NjXmRLbKUfCVHC BlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.35 Micron PKF BlmhrIKGH[L ( Vcore ) 2.8 Volt \G Code Name ajU Klamath noYL CPU MpjCCGHeVfajU\G_aU\MmRC]NL bjR\U XUL Intel eoLhfmXTUSUMKfDCUfDRLPtjCIaIrRMcKL VC\UBlmIOWCDCUf 0.25 Micron PXC PKFBlmhrIKGH[LIOWC 2.0 Volt PXC kf[MpjCCGHeF\G Code Name ajU Deschute JMmR\SVCCVHC SihfmIOufbVa chipset bVaB^\jDRLbC noYL]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCsoL 100 MHz fma[ ... CVYCSi_R chipset Intel 440BX IRUKF_MVQ KRL\UfN Spec MU[KFIRG[fDRL Pentium II SVCfGSajUCF_MVQ

o \GbVHLPbjMpjC 233 MHz soL 450 MHz ( 233-333 MHz Blm FSB 66 MHz , 350-450 MHz Blm FSB 100 MHz ) o Deschute Core CVHC BlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 Micron IJYRIJZY\_aU\sGYDRL core hfm\USDoHC PKF BlmhrCmR[KL o \G MMX fma[ PbjI^C`RlVHChOajU Intel Pentium MMX IJMUF]U\UMsXTULUChfmXGKF 2 lpf_TU]VYL MMX hfmJMmR\gSVC o \G]sUO�b[SMM\PQQ Dual Independent Bus ( DIB ) kf[PQjLIOWC System Bus PKF Cache Bus IJYRIJZY\_aU\SamULDRLI]mCXULDmR\NK PKF IJZY\

OMF]ZXdZ{UJkf[Ma\ o MpjC 350, 400 PKF 450 MHz CVHC Blm_aU\IMiaQV]DRLMFQQ ( FSB ) IJZY\eUSIfZ\ 66 MHz IOWC 100 MHz IJYRfoLOMF]ZXdZ{UJB mISZf\USXGY]pf o Cache MFfVQ 1 DCUf 32 K PQjLIOWC Cache DmR\NK 16 K PKF Cache _TU]VYLRGS 16 K o Cache MFfVQ 2 R[NjBC SECC IfG[aSVC DCUf 512 K XTULUCXGY_aU\IMiaIOWC_MoYL^CoYLDRL_aU\IMia CPU o MpjC 350, 400 PKF 450 MHz CVHC ]U\UMsRmULbTUP^CjLDRL^Cja[_aU\eTUhfm\USsoL 4 GB o ]U\UMsBlmMja\SVCIOWC Dual Processor hfm kf[eF]U\UMsRmUL^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVShfmsoL 64 GB o PKF [VL\GMU[KFIRG[fOKGS[jR[R`YCg XGYISGY[aSVQSUMbMae]RQ_aU\tZfJKUfDRL Cache MFfVQ 2 RGS^KU[R[jUL

CPU BC]U[SUMtKZbXGYBlm Code Name ajU Deschute CVHC XUL Intel hfm\GSUMO�RLSVCSUM OverClock CPU DRLbC kf[hfm\GSUM Lock _jUbVa_NE B m_LXGYbKRf h\jajUeFOMVQPbjLR[jULhM Sih\j\GtK ( Multiplier Lock ) IJYRKfO�|^USUM Remark CPU DRLbC PKF IJYROufSVHCSUM OverClock CPU DRLbCRGSXUL^CoYL PbjSifNI^\`RCajUeFhMmtK IJMUF Si[VL_L\GSUM OverClock CPU bMFSNKCGHSVCB m]CpS\`RIK[XGIfG[a :-) Intel Pentium II Xeon

Pentium II Xeon CVHC sNSJV�CUIJYRICmCB mBlmLUC]TU^MVQ Server kf[IqJUF soLP\majU]sUO�b[SMM\kf[XVYag hO eF_KmU[g SVQ Pentium II Pbj]ZYLXGYPbSbjULSVCR[jUL I iChfmlVfCVHC Si\Gh\jCmR[IljCSVC fVLCGH

o Blm Interface B^\j IOWC Slot-2 ( ]KiRbXN ) PKF h\j]U\UMsBlmfma[SVChfmSVQ Slot-1 o BlmLUCQC Mainboard XGYBlm chipset 440GX ( AGP set ) PKF/^M`R 440NX ( PCI set ) o \G^Cja[_aU\eTUP_l L2 XVHLBCDCUf 450MHz 512 SZkKhQbc PKF 400MHz 512 SZkKhQbc ^M`R 1 I\SFhQbc o BlmDmR\NKMja\SVCSVQ]jaCXGYI^K`RDRLMFQQtjUCXULnZ]Ibi\QV]_aU\ep]NLXGYXTULUChfm_MVHLKF^KU[MU[SUM PKF\G_aU\IMia 100MHz o IJZY\^Cja[_aU\eTUhfm]NLsoL 64 SZSFhQbc o nZ]Ibi\QV]]CVQ]CpCSUMO�ZQVbZbU\_TU]VYL^KU[MU[SUMJMmR\SVC IJYRD[U[PQCfcaZd PKF[VL]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCkOMIn]InRMchfm]NL]pfsoL 8 bVa o PSE36 SUMD[U[SUM]CVQ]CpC^Cja[_aU\eTU B mIOWCDCUf 36 QZbXGYXTUB mMFQQO�ZQVbZSUMBlm^Cja[_aU\eTUDCUfB^|jSajU 4 SZSFhQbchfm noYLeFXTUB mMFQQ \G

OMF]ZXdZ{UJIJZY\DoHC]TU^MVQSUMBlmLUCPRJJKZI_lVYCXGYbmRLRjUCDmR\NK\USg PKFBlmJHCXGY^Cja[_aU\eTU\USBCSUMXTULUC o ]CVQ]CpC_KV]IbRMc ^M`R_aU\]U\UMsBCSUMeVfMFQQI_M`YRLInZMcrIaRMcXGYBlm kOMIn]InRMc 4 bVa^KU[MFQQIOWC]jaCIfG[aSVChfm o \GMFQQlja[bMaeeVQ_aU\MmRC kf[ Diode XGYR[NjQC PCB eFlja[bMaeeVQRpE^{N\Z PKF ]U\UMs^[pfSUMXTULUC ^USajURpE^{N\Z]NLISZChOhfm o \GMFQQbMae]RQ PKF PSmhDDmRtZfJKUfDRLDmR\NK ( ECC : Error Correction Code )

35

o \GMFQQbMae]RQSUMXTULUCPQQnHTUnmRC ( FRC : Functional Redundancy Checking )

kf[JHC�UCDRLMU_U PKF IO�U^\U[XULSUMbKUfPKma SifNeFh\jI^\UFSVQ HomeUser ^M`RtNmBlmLUCMFfVQXVYahO KF_MVQ Intel Celeron ( SEPP / PPGA 370 )

soLP\majU Intel Pentium II XGYRRS\UCVHC eF\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJXGYfNPKmaIfjC PKF CjU]CBe\USg PbjSibZfO�|^UXGYMU_UCVHC eVfajU]NL\US XTUB mh\j]U\UMsIDmU\U\G]jaCPQjLBCbKUfMFfVQKjULhfm ... XUL Intel eoLhfmIOufbVa Celeron DoHC kf[Blmk_ML]MmUL{U[BC\UeUS Intel Pentium II MpjC Deschute CVYCIRL IJG[LPbjbVfIRU Cache MFfVQ 2 RRS PKF IOKGY[C Package IKiSCmR[ IOWC SEPP ( Singel Edge Processor Package )PKFhfmtKZbRRS\U 2 MpjC_R XGY_aU\IMia 266 PKF 300 MHz kf[\G CodeName ajU Covinton noYLMU_UCVHC SieVfajUsNSSajU Pentium II XGY_aU\IMiaIXjUg SVC _MoYLbjR_MoYLIK[XGIfG[a PbjfNI^\`RCajU SUMbVf Cache MFfVQ 2 RRShOCVHC \GtKbjROMF]ZXdZ{UJkf[Ma\IOWCR[jUL\US PKF [ZYLIOWCepfXGYXTUB m _NjPDjLhfm\GkRSU]nHTUIbZ\bMLCGH PKF BlmDmRQSJMjRLbMLCGHDRL Celeron \UJV�CU CPU DRLbCB mIOWCepfIfjCPXC SiIK[XTUB mXUL Intel bVf]ZCBeB]j Cache MFfVQ 2 IDmUhOfma[ Pbjh\jhfmIRUhOhamQC PCB IfG[aSVC R[jUL Pentium II ^USPbj CTUhOaULhamQCPtjC Siligon IfG[aSVCSVQ CPU IK[ XTUB m Cache MFfVQ 2 XGYIJZY\IDmUhOCVHC XTULUCfma[_aU\IMia IXjUSVCSVQ CPU IK[XGIfG[a PbjDCUfDRL Cache MFfVQ 2 CVHC ^USXUL Intel IJZY\IDmUhO BCeTUCaCIXjUgSVQ Pentium II ( _R 512 K ) tKSi_R MU_UCVHC RUeeFJRgSVC ^M`R RUeeFPJLSajU Pentium II nFfma[nHTU ... Intel h\jXTUIljCCVHCPCjg fVLCVHC DCUfDRL Cache MFfVQ 2 XGY Intel B]jIJZY\IDmUhO eoL\GIJG[LP_j 128K ^M`RIOWC 1/4 DRLDCUfDRL Cache MFfVQ 2 BC Pentium II IXjUCVHC Celeron XGYIJZY\ Cache MFfVQ 2 IDmUhOCVHC Si\GbVHLPbjMpjC_aU\IMia 300 MHz IOWCbmChO IJYRh\jB m]VQ]CBCSUMIK`RSnHR IJMUFBCMpjCXGYh\j\G Cache MFfVQ 2 Si\GMpjCXGY\G_aU\IMia 300 MHz fma[ XUL Intel eoLIMG[Sl`YR Celeron MpjC 300 MHz XGY\G Cache MFfVQ 2 CGHajU IOWCMpjC Celeron 300 A PXC PKF B ml`YR]U[SUMtKZbCGHajU Mendocino bjR\U IJYRIOWCSUMKf_jUBlmejU[KLRGS XUL Intel eoLhfmbVf]ZCBetKZb Celeron Version B^\j XGYBlm Core IfZ\ ^USPbjIOKGY[C Interface VCSKVQ\UBlmIOWC Socket bU\IfZ\ PbjajU hfmRRSPQQB^\j ( RGSPKma ) IOWC Socket XGY\GeTUCaCDU 370 DU ( Socket 7 CVHC\G 321 DU ) PKFIMG[S Package DRL Celeron B^\jCGHajUIOWC PPGA

������������� ��� ��������������������� CPGA ( 321 Pin ����� Socket 7 ) � ! PPGA ( 370 Pin ����� Socket 370 )

]sUO�b[SMM\kf[XVYahOCVHC Si I^\`RCgSVQ Pentium II IJMUFBlm Core ^KVS IfG[aSVC \GSUMKiR_bVa_NE]V||UECU�ZSUI^\`RCSVC PbSbjULSVCSibMLXGY Celeron CVHC [VL_LBlm_aU\IMia Bus DRLMFQQIOWC 66 MHz bKRf\U PKF BlmtKZbMpjCXGYIOWC SEPP ( Blm Interface IOWC Slot-1 ) eCSMFXVYLMpjC_aU\IMia 433 MHz eoLIKZStKZb PKF VChOICmCSUMtKZbPQQXGYIOWC PPGA PXC

36

������������� � ! �� !������� SEPP ��� Celeron �"�� Mendocino Core

������� ��� SEPP, SECC ��#���� Celeron ( Covinton ) , Celeron ( Mendocino ) � ! Pentium II ( Deschute )

AMD K6-2 3DNow!

^KVLeUSXGYJKUfXjU\UPKmaSVQ MpjC K6 noYL \G^Cja[OMF\aKtKfmUCX�CZ[\CVHCfmR[SajUDRL Intel R[Nj bVHLPbj 1 - 2 MFfVQ ( OMF]ZXdZ{UJ FPU DRL K6 300 MHz CVHC JRg SVQ Pentium MMX 233 MHz IXjUCVHC XVHLg XGY_aU\IMia jULSVCR[NjsoL 2 MFfVQ ) XTUB m CPU MpjC K6 CVHC h\jIOWCXGYPJMj^KU[ ]TU^MVQ tNmXGYbmRLSUMJKVLBCSUMOMF\aKtKfmUCX�CZ[\IOWCR[jUL\US ... PCjCRC ... SVQIS\]c 3D XGYSTUKVLIOWCXGYCZ[\CVHC K6 XTU_FPCChfmh\jfGIK[ eVfajUP[jIRU\USg PbjsmUIOWCSUMXTULUCfmUCR`YCg CVHC kf[IqJUFSVQLUCfmUC Office Application ^M`RLUCXGYbmRLSUMBlmSUMOMF\aKtKfmUCIKDeTUCaCIbi\ ( IS\]c 2D SiBlj ) CVHC K6 SKVQXTUhfmfGISZC_pm\IK[XGIfG[a

37

AMD SihfmIKiLI iCsoLDmRQSJMjRLbMLCVHCDRLbC PKFSi_Zf^UXULPSmhD ... PbjSUMRRSPQQk_ML]MmULB^\jCVHC h\jBljLjU[g CRSeUSeFBlmIaKUh\jBljCmR[gPKma [VLbmRLXpj\XpCBCSUMJV�CURGS\USfma[ noYL^US AMD IK`RSXULCGH SieFh\j\G CPU RRS\UPDjLSVQ Intel PKF OKjR[B m Cyrix CVHCPDjLlZL_aU\IOWCIemUbKUfSVQ Intel IXjUCVHC ... noYLPCjCRCh\jajUtKSUMlZLCVHC eFIOWCR[jULhM AMD Si_Lh\j[R\PCjg IJMUF bChfmPbjIJG[L\RLfNIDUlZLSVC ... AMD bmRLSUM\G]jaCMja\fma[ ... PbjeFXTUR[jULhM KjF BCI\`YR FPU DRL AMD CVHC ]NmSVQXUL Intel h\jhfmIK[ PKmaeFXTUR[jULhMfG? 3DNow! eoLhfms`RSTUICZfDoHC\UIJYRSUMCGHkf[IqJUF kf[ 3DNow! CGH SiI^\`RCg SVQ lpf_TU]VYL MMX DRL Intel _RIOWC _TU]VYLB^\jg XGYIJZY\IDmU\UIJYRSUM^CoYLSUMBf ... Blj_MVQ 3DNow! CGH \G\UIJYRlja[IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJBCSUM_TUCaCIlZL FPU IJYRBlmSVQIS\]c ^M`R Application XGY\GSUM_TUCaC{UJPQQ 3 \ZbZ ( 3D ) CVYCIRL SiBljajU 3DNow! XGYISZfDoHCCGH eFMpjL PKF IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJDRL CPU hfmIbi\XGYnFXGIfG[aCVS IJMUF 3DNow! CGH IOWClpf_TU]VYL{U[BC XGYeTUIOWCbmRL\G Driver PKF/^M`R Software XGYBlmCVHC SibmRL\GSUMIMG[SBlm PKF\GSUMOMVQPbjLB mIDmUSVQ 3DNow! fma[ eoLeFXTUB m \VCBlmLUChfm\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJ]NL]pf PbjR[jULhMSifG \GQMZ�VXtNmtKZbIS\]c PKF tKZb Graphic Chip h\jCmR[IK[XGIfG[a XGYRRSbVaajUeFtKZbIS\]c ^M`R Driver DRL Graphic Chip B m]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCDRL 3DNow! CGHfma[ kf[IqJUFR[jUL[ZYL I\`YRIemUbKUf Graphic Chip 3D IS\]cBCDEFCVHC noYLSi_R 3Dfx hfmOMFSU�PKFJV�CU Driver ]TU^MVQ Chip Voodoo DRLbC B m]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCDRL 3DNow! CGHfma[ SiXTUB m CPU AMD K6-2 3DNow! CGH IMZY\SKU[IOWCXGYSKjUaDaV|soLSVCR[jUL\US OMFSRQSVQXUL VIA PKF ALI hfmRRS Chipset XGYBlmSVQ Socket 7 ( AMD K6-2 CGH[VL_LBlm Interface PQQ Socket 7 ) XGYBlmLUCXGY 100 MHz hfm Silja[XTUB m AMD K6-2 CGH \GOMF]ZXdZ{UJ]NLDoHCRGS ]TU^MVQXULfmUCMU[KFIRG[fXVYaghO CVHCSiDR]MpO_MjUagfVLCGH_MVQ

o Blm FSB XGY 66 MHz ]TU^MVQ AMD K6-2 266 , 300 MHz ( AFR-66 ) PKF 366 MHz o Blm FSB XGY 95 MHz ]TU^MVQ AMD K6-2 333 , 380 PKF 475 MHz o Blm FSB XGY 100 MHz ]TU^MVQ AMD K6-2 300, 350, 400 , 450 PKF 500 MHz o BlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 Micron PKFBlmhrIKGH[L CPU IOWC 2.2 Volt ( K6-2/III 400 MHz BCMpjCPMSg Blmhr 2.4 Volt ) o Blm Interface PQQ Socket 7 ( 321 Pin )

fma[OMF]ZXdZ{UJXGY]NL PKF IfjCXVHLfmUCSUM_TUCaCIKDeTUCaCIbi\ PKF [VLIfjCBCfmUCIS\]c 3D ( soLP\meFh\jBljXGY 1 Pbj_pE{UJ SiR[NjBC DjU[XGY[R\MVQhfm ) QaSSVQ MU_UXGYeVfajUsNS\USg ... SiXTUB m AMD K6-2 3DNow! CGH DU[fZQDU[fG IOWCIXCHTU IXXjU IK[KF_MVQ

^KU[_C kf[IqJUFXUL Intel _LPXQh\jIlYR]U[bUbVaIRL XGYtKSUM]TUMaebKUfBCIf`RC\SMU_\ O� 2542 XGYtjUC\UCVHC tKOMUS�ajU [RfDU[ CPU kf[Ma\DRL AMD CVHC]NLSajU IJMUF ]jaCPQjLDRLbKUfMFfVQKjUL PKF MFfVQSKULCVHC AMD PXQeF[of_MRLhamhfmIS`RQ^\f PKF BCIf`RCSp\{UJVCdcbjR\U ]jaCPQjLbKUfDRL AMD Si[VL_LI^C`RSajU Intel RGSIljCIfZ\

IRUKF]Z PKmaR[jULCGH eVSMJMMfZeFXTUR[jULhM? I\`YRQVKKVLScsNSqSlZLhObjR^CmUbjRbU ... eVSMJMMfZeF]ZHCl`YRSi_MUaCGHCF^M`R? ... ]L_MU\QXCGH eFeQKLR[jULCGH^M`R? ... h\jPCjg ... Intel _LbmRL^UXULkbmSKVQ\UPCjg PbjeFkbmSKVQR[jULhM PKF ]TUIMieh^\ ... PKma AMD CVHC \GSUMIbMG[\bVa BCSUMbVHLMVQSUMkbmSKVQDRL Intel hamR[jULhM? ... \UfNSVCbjRIK[_MVQ

38

T>5>:U5V4;45@OW;X@OW Spec TY>:

Processor Features Performance Benefits

AMD-

K6®-2

with

3DNo

w!™

techno

logy

Pentium

®II Celero

n

Process Technology (micron) 0.25 0.25 0.25

Die size (mm2) Smaller die size=lower

cost 81 131 131 or

155 Clock speed (MHz) Faster clock speed

generally means faster

processing and apps

launching

300

333

350/36

6/380

400

450

475

300

333

350

400

450

300/30

0A

333

366

400

433

466

500 L1 cache Built-in feature that helps

the CPU retrieve even

faster

64K

Yes 32K

Yes 32K

Yes

L2 cache Support Augments L1 cache,

making data retrieval even

faster

Yes Yes No

266/30

0 MHz

Yes

300A/3

33MH

z Processor bus (max bus speed) Moves data between CPU

and memory Super

7™

100M

Hz

Socket

7

66MH

z

Slot 1

100MHz

66MHz

Slot

1,Sock

et 370

66MH

z

MMX™ Technology Enhances multimedia

applications and runs other

apps 10% faster

Yes Yes Yes

3DNow!™ Technology Enables superior visual

and multmedia experience Yes No No

100 MHz Bus Support Moves data between the

CPU and the main

memory. L2 cache can't

improve performance

without a fast bus to move

the data. Faster bus

eliminates the data

bottleneck

Yes Yes, but

only at

350MHz

and

above

No

Accelerated Graphics Port Support Speeds up 3D graphics Yes Yes Yes X86 compatibility Standard industry

architecture, essential for

running standard PC

applications

Yes Yes Yes

39

5>O9P;Q@OA;<RS8;TR8

• 3DNow! 3DNow! CVHC IOWClpf_TU]VYLB^\j XGYXUL AMD IOWCtNm_Zf_mC PKF JV�CU kf[eF\G_TU]VYLB^\jg XGYIJZY\IbZ\IDmU\URGS _TU]VYLXGYBlmLUCBCPQQ SIMD ( Single Instruction Multiple Data stream ) IJYR IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJBCfmUCSUM_TUCaCIlZLX�CZ[\ Ma\soLhfmPSmhDO�|^U_RDaf ( BottleNeck ) DRL 3D Graphics Pipeline MF^ajUL CPU PKF 2D/3D Graphic Card fma[ XUL AMD IK`RSBlmaZdGCGH BCSUMPSmhDO�|^UIM`YRLOMF]ZXdZ{UJfmUC FPU BCSUMIKjCIS\]c 3 \ZbZ noYL CPU DRLbCCVHCXTUhfmP[jSajUDRLXUL Intel XGYMFfVQ_aU\IMia]V||UECU�ZSUIXjUgSVC RjUCMU[KFIRG[fIM`YRLDRL 3DNow! PKF OMF]ZXdZ{UJBCSUMOMF\aKtKDRL FPU bjULg hfmXGY JKVLP jLSUMOMF\aKtKIlZLX�CZ[\ ( FPU Power )

• Cache Cache CVHC ]TU_V|hqC RjUCIJZY\IbZ\hfm XGYQX_aU\IM`YRL Cache _MVQ

• Stepping _jU Stepping IOWC_jUXGYQjLQRSsoLeTUCaCSUMPSmhD CPU kf[ Stepping 0 ^\U[soL core XGYIOWC Original Product PKFI\`YR\GSUMJQDmRtZfJKUfBC]jaCDRL MicroCode DRL core CPU ^M`RJQ CPU CVHCgh\j]\QNMEc SieFXTUSUMPSmhDB^\j I\`YRXTUSUMPSmhDB^\jIMG[QMmR[PKma SieFIJZY\ Stepping IOWC 1 PKFI\`YRJQDmRtZfJKUfPKFhfm XTUSUMPSmhDRGSSieFXTUSUMIJZY\_jU Stepping IDmUhORGS noYL eFajUhOPKma Stepping CGH SiRUeIOMG[QhfmSVQSUMJZ\Jc^CVL]R ... IOWCSUMJZ\Jc_MVHLXGY 1 ... JZ\Jc_MVHLXGY 2 ^M`R JZ\Jc _MVHLXGY 3 IOWCbmC kf[OSbZPKma eFJQajU CPU XGY\G_jU Stepping \USSajU 0 \VSeF Overclock h\j_jR[hfm ^M`R \GIORMcIniCbc]TUIMie BCSUM OverClock bYTUSajU CPU XGY\G Stepping IOWC 0 PbjajU \VCeF\G_aU\ Stable ]NLSajU ]MpOLjU[g Si_R CPU XGY\G Stepping \US Si[ZYL OverClock Pbj\VCSi\USfma[_aU\ Stable

• S-Code S-Code ^M`R XGY Intel IMG[SajU S-Spec CVHCIOWC bVaRVS�M 5 bVakf[CTU^CmUfma[bVa "S" noYLXUL Intel Blm]TU^MVQMFQp_aU\PbSbjULDRLlCZfDRL CPU DRLbCXVHLBCfmUCDRL lCZf, Stepping, Vcore ^M`RP\mPbj lCZfDRLSUM Package CPU ajUIOWC OEM ^M`R Retail kf[]U\UMsfNhfmXGYbVaDRL SEPP IK[ ^M`R smUIOWCMpjC Retail SieFfNhfmeUSDmULSKjRLXGYQMMep

• Multiplier Lock _aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCDRL CPU CVHCsNSSTU^Cffma[_jU 2 _jU CVHCSi_R _jU_aU\IMia Bus DRLMFQQ PKF _jUbVa_NE]V||UECU�ZSU kf[ IMG[S_jU_aU\IMia Bus DRLMFQQajUIOWC _aU\IMia{U[CRS IJMUFMFQQ Bus eFBlm_aU\IMiaCGHIOWC^KVS Pbj _aU\IMia{U[BCDRL CPU ^M`R XGYIMUIMG[Sg SVCajU CPU _aU\IMia 450 MHz CVHC ISZfeUS tK_NEDRL_aU\IMia Bus DRLMFQQ SVQ _jUbVa_NE]V||UECU�ZSU IljC_aU\IMia Bus DRLMFQQ IOWC 100 MHz PKF _jUbVa_NE]V||UECU�ZSUCVHCIOWC 4.5 SieFhfm_aU\IMiaDRL CPU IOWC 450 MHz IfZ\XGCVHC XVHL_jUDRL_aU\IMiaMFQQ PKF _jUbVa_NE eF]U\UMsOMVQPbjLhfmeUSSUM set QC Mainboard PbjIC`YRLeUS ISZfO�|^UIM`YRL CPU remark \USI^K`RISZC noYLSiISZfeUSSUMIJZY\_jUDRLbVa_NEB m\USDoHC IljC eUSIfZ\IOWC 4.5 SiIJZY\IOWC 5 PKmaXTUSUM Screen bVa CPU I]G[B^\jajUIOWC CPU 500 MHz PKmaSiDU[BCMU_U 500 MHz ... PCjCRC ... tNmI]G[^U[MU[B^|jCVHC_R Intel fVLCVHC XUL Intel eoLhfm XTUSUMOMVQPbjLk_ML]MmULSUMSTU^Cf_jUDRL bVa_NEI]G[B^\j kf[\GSUM��L_jUCVHChamBC]jaCDRL Package CPU IK[ PKFh\jeTUIOWCbmRLRjUC_jUbVa_NEeUS Mainboard RGSbjRhO

• OEM & Retail CPU PQQ OEM ^M`RXGYIMUIMG[SSVCbZfOUSajU IOWCPQQ sUf ( Tray ) eFIOWC CPU XGY\GIJG[LP_jbVa CPU kffg h\j\G Heatsink ^M`R JVfK\eUSXULtNmtKZb CPU B m ( XGY\G SieFIOWCDRLXGYXULMmUCIJZY\B mIRL ) SUMMVQOMFSVCeF\GB mIJG[Lh\jCUCCVS noYLIOWCSUMOMFSVCkf[tNmDU[IRL h\jBljeUSXULtNmtKZbkf[bML

40

Retail ^M`R XGYIMUIMG[SSVCajU PQQSKjRL (BOX) noYLPQQCGH eF\G Heatsink PKFJVfK\bZf\UJMmR\SVCIK[ kf[XVHL^\feFsNSQMMepR[jULfGBCSKjRL JMmR\fma[_Nj\`R Ma\soLMVQOMFSVCeUSXULtNmtKZbh\jbYTUSajU 1 O� kf[OSbZPKma PQQ OEM eF\GMU_UsNSSajUPQQ Retail R[NjJR]\_aM PKF BCbKUfQmUCIMUeFJQPQQ OEM hfm\USSajUPQQ Retail kf[IqJUFR[jUL[ZYL CPU DRL AMD, Cyrix PKF IDT noYLeFI iChfmPbjPQQ OEM IXjUCVHC ( JReFJQI iC CPU DRL AMD PQQ Retail QmUL ... PbjCmR[\US ) OMF]ZXdZ{UJDRL OEM PKF Retail CVHC h\jPbSbjULSVC eF\GQmULSiBCIM`YRL_aU\]U\UMsBCSUM OverClock PKF I]sG[M{UJ noYLSih\jI iClVfIXjUhMCVS

Empire Strike Back!

[ 07 August 1999 ] Intel Pentium III ( Katmai )

Intel bRQkbm AMD SKVQ fma[SUMlZLIOufbVa Pentium III RRS\USjRC^CmU AMD K6-III kf[hfmIOKGY[CPOKLSTU^CfSUM B mRRSIMiaDoHC PKF hfm]MmUL_aU\tZf^aVLJR]\_aMSVQ SUMIMjLRRSeCISZChOBC_MVHLCGH IJMUFRFhM? SjRC^CmUCGH Intel hfmOMFSU�ajU Pentium III CVHC eFBlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.18 Micron BlmhrIKGH[L 1.8 Volt PKF \G Cache MFfVQ 1 DCUf 64 K fma[ PbjI\`YRsoLIaKUeMZLg CVHCOMUS�ajU [VL_LIOWC IX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 Micron BlmhrIKGH[L 2.0 Volt PKF [VL_L\G Cache MFfVQ 1 IJG[L 32 K IljCIfG[aSVQ Pentium II IK[ eUSDmR\NK^KU[gP^KjL SKjUaajU Pentium III CVHCBlm ]sUO�b[SMM\PSC^KVS ( Core ) IfG[aSVCSVQ Pentium II CVYCSi_RBlm Deschute Core IljCIfZ\ IJG[LPbjhfmIJZY\IbZ\OMF]ZXdZ{UJR[jULR`YCIDmUhOPXC RUXZ SSE PKF Processor Serial Number ( IMG[S Core B^\jCGHajU Katmai Core ) noYL ^USbVf_aU\]U\UMsXVHL 2 R[jULCGHRRSPKmaKFSi .. Pentium III Sih\jbjULeUS Pentium II IK[XGIfG[a O�|^U^CoYLXGYCjUeFISZfDoHCSVQ Pentium III ^CVSSajU Pentium II CVHCSi_RIM`YRLO�|^UfmUC_aU\MmRC ICYRLeUS Pentium III CVHC \GeTUCaCXMUCnZ]IbRMcRVfPCjCR[Nj{U[BC CPU SajU 9.5 KmUCbVa noYL\USSajU Pentium II soL 2 KmUCbVa PKF RVfSVCR[NjQCPtjCIaIrRMc DCUf 0.25 Micron tKSi_R _aU\MmRCXGYISZfDoHCSVQbVa CPU CVHC ]NLSajU Pentium II PCjCRC

41

]MpO]sUO�b[SMM\kf[_MjUagDRL Pentium III

o BlmIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZb DCUf 0.25 Micron o Katmai Core CVHC JV�CUDoHC\UeUS Deschute Core kf[SUMIJZY\lpf_TU]VYL SSE o Interface XGYBlmbjRIDmUSVQ Mainboard IOWC Slot-1 o Cache MFfVQ 1 DCUf 32 K PQjLIOWC Cache DmR\NK 16 K PKF Cache _TU]VYL 16 K kf[\GSUMIDmUsoLhfm 4 XUL ( 4-Way Associative ) o Cache MFfVQ 2 R[NjQC PCB IfG[aSVCSVQ CPU BC SECC2 IfG[aSVC kf[\GDCUf 512 K PKFXTULUCXGY_aU\IMiaIJG[L_MoYL^CoYLDRL_aU\IMia CPU o BlmhrIKGH[L CPU Core 2.0 Volt o lpf_TU]VYL JZI��]TU^MVQlja[eVfSUMLUCfmUC Multimedia, Internet PKF Graphics 3D RGS 70 _TU]VYL ( SSE ) o Processor Serial Number noYLIOWCKVS�EFIqJUFDRL CPU Pentium III PbjKFbVa o Blm FSB 100 MHz PKF [VL_L\GSUMKiR__jUbVa_NE]V||UECU�ZSU ( Multiplier Lock )

R[jULhMSibU\ Intel \GPtCSUMeFaULbKUf Pentium III bVaB^\jXGYBlm Core B^\j XGY\G CodeName ajU Coppermine BCMUaOKU[gO� 1999 CGH kf[_UfajU Coppermine CGH eFBlm FSB XGY 133 MHz Ma\soLBlmIX_kCkK[GPQQ 0.18 Micron PKFIMZY\ bmCXGY_aU\IMia 600 MHz Intel Pentium III Xeon

I^\`RCSVQIOWCtKMa\DRL Pentium II Xeon QaSSVQ_aU\]U\UMsB^\jDRL Pentium III _R SSE PKF Processor Serial Number fVLCVHCkf[]sUO�b[SMM\^KVSPKma Si[VL_LJHC�UCIfZ\DRL Pentium II Xeon IljCIfZ\ IJMUFqFCVHC _aU\]U\UMsB^\jg XGYIfjCg Si\GIJG[L

o Internet Streaming SIMD Extension XGYlja[B m]U\UMsP]fLDmR\NKXGYIbi\hOfma[]YRbjULg hfmR[jULMafIMia PKFI]MZ\B mPRJJKZI_lVYCOMFI{X Streaming Media PKF Application XGYbmRLBlmJHCXGYBC^Cja[_aU\eTU]NLg ]U\UMsXTULUChfmfG[ZYLDoHC

o ]U\UMs XTULUCMja\SVCSVQPJKbrRMc\DRLIaZMcS]IblVYC PKFInZMcrIaRMcXGYBlm Pentium II kOMIn]InRMc hfm o IDmUSVChfmSVQMFQQO�ZQVbZSUMbjULg XVHLQCh\k_MnRrbc Windows NT ^M`RMFQQ UNIX hfm o \GB mIK`RSDCUfDRL Cache MFfVQ 2 hfm^KU[PQQ SKjUa_R MpjC 500 MHz CVHC\G DCUfDRL Cache MFfVQ 2 B mIK`RSsoL 3 MpjC _R 512 KB, 1 MB ^M`R 2

MB PKFPQQ_aU\ep 512 KB ]TU^MVQMpjC 550 MHz o [VL_L_aU\]U\UMsbjULg XGY\GBC Pentium II Xeon IfZ\ IljC ECC, SMB PKF FRC noYLeTUIOWCR[jUL\US]TU^MVQ WorkStation ^M`R Server o _pE]\QVbZ Processor Serial Number

PKFSiIljCSVCSVQ Pentium II Xeon CVYCSi_R CPU bVaCGH I^\UFSVQSUMBlmIOWC Server PKF / ^M`R WorkStation IXjUCVHC h\jI^\UFSVQ Home User XVYaghO PCjCRC_MVQ XVHLfma[OMF]ZXdZ{UJXGYISZC_aU\eTUIOWC PKF MU_UXGY]NLISZCRUeIR`HR\ AMD K6-III 3DNow! ( SharpTooth )

42

AMD ^\U[eFbRS[HTU_aU\IeiQlHTUB mSVQ Intel noYLhfmI_[]MmULhamPKma I\`YR_MUa K6-2 fVLCVHC \U_MUaCGH AMD hfmMVQOMF]OSUMEcIM`YRL_aU\IMia Cache MFfVQ 2 \UeUS Celeron SiIK[bVf]ZCBe Ma\ Cache MFfVQ 2 IDmUhOBC CPU fma[ kf[IJZY\B m\GDCUfIOWC 2 IXjUDRL Celeron _R \GDCUfsoL 256 K PKF XTULUCfma[ _aU\IMiaIXjUg SVQ CPU IK[XGIfG[a PKF [VL_LBlmSVQ Mainboard Socket 7 XGY\G Cache QC Mainboard RGSfma[ SiIK[XTUB m\VC\RL Cache QC Mainboard CVHC IOWC Cache MFfVQ 3 hOkf[OMZ[U[ CPU bVaB^\jCGH IfZ\XG AMD eFB ml`YR K6-3 PKF \G Code Name ajU SharpTooth PbjbjR\U {U[^KVLeUSXGYXUL Intel OMFSU�bVa Pentium III PKF XUL AMD IRLSi^\U[eFB m CPU bVaB^\jCGHDRLbCIOWC_NjPDjLSVQ Pentium III SiIK[IOKGY[Cl`YR K6-3 CGHIKiSCmR[ \UIOWC K6-III PXC

o fmUC]sUO�b[SMM\PQQ SuperScalar � \G^Cja[OMF\aKtKXGY]U\UMsXTULUChfmJMmR\g SVCsoL 10 ^Cja[ � Branch Prediction 2 MFfVQ � Speculative Execution � Out-Of-Order Execution PQQIbi\MNOPQQ � Register Renaming PKF Data Forwarding � XTULUCfma[lpf_TU]VYL RISC86 hfmsoL 6 lpf_TU]VYL bjR 1 ]V||UECU�ZSU

o ]sUO�b[SMM\PQQ Tri-Level Cache ( Cache 3 MFfVQ ) � Cache {U[BC \GDCUfkf[Ma\\USsoL 320 KB

� Cache MFfVQ 1 DCUf 64 KB PQjLIOWC Cache DmR\NK 32 KB ( IOWC Write-Back Dual-Port ) PKF Cache lpf_TU]VYLRGS 32 KB

� \GSUMIDmUsoL Cache MFfVQ 1 hfm 2 XULJMmR\gSVC ( 2 Way -Associative ) � Cache MFfVQ 2 ��LR[NjBC Silicon lZHCIfG[aSVQ CPU DCUf 256 KB ( Write-Back ) � \GSUMIDmUsoL Cache MFfVQ 2 hfm 4 XULJMmR\gSVC ( 4 Way -Associative )

� \RL Cache QC Mainboard IOWC Cache {U[CRS ( Cache MFfVQ 3 ) o BlmIX_kCkK[G 3DNow! ( 21 lpf_TU]VYL SIMD FPU ) o Package IOWC Ceramic Pin Grid Array ( CPGA ) noYL\G 321 DU IJYRBlmSVQ Interface PQQ Socket 7 ( Super 7 ) o \GXMUCnZ]IbRMc 21.3 KmUCXMUCnZ]IbRMc QC Die Size DCUf 118 bUMUL\ZKKZI\bM PKFBlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 Micron 5 Layer-Metal Silicon

fma[OMF]ZXdZ{UJXGYfGJRg SVCBCSUMBlmLUCXVYaghO PKF \GDmRIfjCDmRfmR[ bjULSVC noYLI\YReF\RLg hO SiCjUeFlfIl[]jaCfmR[SVChOhfm PKF MU_UCVHC AMD Si[VL_LsNSSajU Pentium III E MFfVQ_aU\IMiaIXjUg SVC ... LUCCGHSiIK[fNI^\`RCajU K6-III eF[HTUP_mChfm]TUIMie ... Pbj BC_aU\IOWCeMZL SKVQh\jIOWCIljCCVHC IJMUFI\`YR Intel OMFSU� IOufbVa Pentium III SihfmIOufbVa SSE PKF ]MmUL{UJKVS�EcB mSVQ Internet SSE R[jUL\US IJYRB m tNmBlm��LBeajU ^USeFIKjC Internet B mIMiag PKma SibmRLBlm Pentium III noYLIM`YRLCGH XUL Intel Xpj\XpCBCSUMkOMk\XIOWCR[jUL\US RGSXVHL Intel hfmXTUSUM VYCMU_U CPU Pentium III DRLbC KLR[jULMafIMia fVLCVHC tKKVJdc SiI^\`RCSVQajU XUL Intel CVHC IOWCeVSMJMMfZ XGYSKVQ\UXaLQVKKVLSc_C fma[Dp\STUKVLRVC\^U�UKIK[XGIfG[a ... PKma Intel eFXaLQVKKVLSc_Chfmh^\? ^M`RajU IOWCP_jIJG[LSUMfZHCMCI�`RS]pfXmU[ ^M`R AMD \GSUMIbMG[\SUMkbmbRQR[jULhM ? SUKIaKUeFIOWCtNmB m_TUbRQCGHhfmR[jULfGXGY]pf T>5>:U5V4;45@OW;X@OW Spec TY>:

Processor Features Performance Benefits AMD-K6®-III with

3DNow!™

Pentium®III

43

technology Process Technology

(micron) 0.25 0.25

Die size (mm2) Smaller die size=lower cost 118 140 Clock speed (MHz) Faster clock speed generally means

faster processing and apps

launching

400 450

450

500

550 Total System cache

(max) Larger cache typically improves

overall performance 2368 KB 544 KB

*Internal cache Built-in feature that helps the CPU

access data and instructions even

faster

320 KB 32 KB

L2 cache support Augments L1 cache, making data

and instruction access even faster 256 KB (full speed) 512 KB (half

speed) L3 cache support Provides additional system cache

improving overall performance Yes

(up to 2 MB) No

Processor bus (max bus

speed) Moves data between CPU and

main memory 100MHz 100MHz

MMX™ Technology Improves quality and performance

of integer-based multimedia

applications

Yes Yes

Advanced Floating

Point Multimedia

Technology

Enables superior visual and

multmedia experience Yes

3DNow! technology Yes

Streaming

SIMD

Extensions Accelerated Graphics

Port Support Speeds up 3D graphics Yes Yes

X86 compatibility Standard industry architecture,

essential for running standard PC

applications

Yes Yes

5>O9P;Q@OA;<RS8;TR8

• SSE : Streaming SIMD Extension IOWClpf_TU]VYLPQQ SIMD XGYXUL Intel IJZY\IDmUhOBC CPU DRLbC noYLSiI^\`RCSVQ MMX PKF 3DNow! ( DRL AMD ) IJG[LPbj MMX CVHC IOWC SIMD ]TU^MVQSUMOMF\aKtKIKDeTUCaCIbi\ Pbj SSE CVHC ICmCfmUC X�CZ[\IOWC^KVS PKF [VLBlmLUChfmSamULDaULSajU 3DNow! DRL AMD RGS IJMUFh\jhfmeTUSVfP_j Application fmUC 3D IXjUCVHC SSE CVHC IOWClpf_TU]VYL 70 _TU]VYL XGY\G_TU]VYLBCSUMOMF\aKtKIlZLX�CZ[\ R[Nj 50 _TU]VYL ... IOWC lpf_TU]VYL MMX B^\j noYL Compat SVQ MMX IfZ\ 57 _TU]VYL RGS 12 _TU]VYL PKF IOWClpf_TU]VYLXGYeVfSUMISGY[aSVQ Cache RGS 8 _TU]VYL RjUCIJZY\IbZ\hfm XGYQX_aU\IM`YRL FPU Power : OMF]ZXdZ{UJBCSUMOMF\aKtKIlZLX�CZ[\ _MVQ

• PSN : Processor Serial Number IOWC Feature B^\j XGYXUL Intel IJZY\IbZ\IDmUhOB mSVQ CPU Pentium III DRLbC kf[PbjIfZ\CVHC BlmDmR\NKDCUf 32 Bit IXjUCVHC BCMFQplCZf DRL CPU PbjBC Pentium III CVHC eF\G chip PROM ( Programable ROM ) DCUf 96 Bit ��LR[NjBC Pentium III IK[ kf[eF\GSUMeVfISiQM V]DmR\NKDRL CPU PbjKFbVaXGYh\jnHTUSVCIK[ ( IOWC Uniqe Number ) DCUf 64 Bit PKFeFXTULUCkf[SUMIMG[StjUClpf_TU]VYL CPU_ID IJYRB mBlmLUC PSN hfm PSN CVHC XUL Intel RmULajU \Gham IJYRB mtNmfNPKMFQQDRLRL_cSUM ]U\UMsBlm PSN BCSUMbZfbU\DmR\NKISGY[aSVQ I_M`YRL Computer XGYbjRR[NjSVQ Network XVHLBCfmUC bTUP^CjL

44

XGYbVHLDRLI_M`YRL, Configuration, Application XGYBlmLUCbjULg PKF R`YCg hfm RGSI^bptK^CoYLSi_R IM`YRLDRL Internet Security noYL Intel \RLsoLIM`YRLDRL E-Commerce kf[ PSN CVHCeFlja[O�RLSVCSUM Access IDmUhOBlmLUC eUStNmXGYh\j\G]ZXdZ kf[tNmBlm]U\UMsKLXFIQG[C PSN DRLI_M`YRLXGYBlmbZfbjRSVQIaiOhnXcXGYBlmQMZSUM E-Commerce CVHCg PKma I\`YR\GSUM Access IDmUhOIJYReFbZfbjRdpMSZe SiRUe\GSUMB mB]j login PKF password eUSCVHC MFQQSieF]jL PSN hOB mSVQtNmB mQMZSUMfma[ IJYRIOWCSUM[`C[VCRGSXUL^CoYL

• Tri-Level Cache ]TU^MVQ AMD K6-III CVHC hfm\GSUMCTUIRU Cache MFfVQ 2 IDmU\UhamBCbVa CPU IK[ IOWC Cache {U[BCXGYXTULUCfma[_aU\IMia IXjUSVQ _aU\IMiaDRL CPU PKF\RL Cache {U[CRSXGYR[NjQC Mainboard noYLXTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIXjUgSVQ System Bus IOWC Cache MFfVQ 3 noYL tKXGYhfmCVHCSieFlja[KfSUMISZf Cache Miss KL PKF [VLXTUB m CPU foLDmR\NKXGYbmRLSUMBlmLUChfmLjU[DoHCRGSfma[ OMF]ZXdZ{UJkf[Ma\SifGDoHC PKF SVQLUCXGY\GSUMIMG[SBlmLUC Cache \USg IljCJaS Presentation ^M`R Office Application bjULg SieF[ZYLI iCtKDRL Tri-Level Cache hfm\USDoHC RjUCIJZY\IbZ\hfm XGYQX_aU\IM`YRL Cache _MVQ

������������ �� 20

[ 12 November 1999 ]

Intel Pentium !!! ( Coppermine )

Intel hfmOKjR[bVa CPU Pentium !!! MpjCB^\j XGYIMG[SajU Pentium !!! Coppermine kf[\GSUMOMVQOMpL]sUO�b[SMM\{U[BCRGSh\jBljCmR[ IJYRIOWCSUMPSmbVaeUSSUMXGYMGQOKjR[ Pentium !!! Katmai \USISZChO eCXTUB m Katmai XGYRRS\U tZfeUS Spec XGYI_[SKjUahamQmULJR]\_aM epfIfjCbjULg DRL Pentium !!! XGYBlmIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZbPQQ 0.18 h\_MRC ( ^M`R Coppermine Core ) Si\GfVLCGH

o KfDCUfDRLljRLXULSUMIl`YR\bjRMF^ajULXMUCnZ]IbRMc{U[BCB mCmR[KL XTUB mbZfbjRSVChfmIMiaDoHC

o Blm Fluorine-Doped SiO2 ( SiOF ) IOWCDVHahrr�U Dielectric XTUB m\G_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCXGYfGDoHC

o \GlVHCkK^F\USDoHC ]TU^MVQ]jLtjUCDmR\NKeTUCaC\USg lja[]jLtKB m Interface DRL Cache MFfVQ 2 XGYR[NjQC CPU ]U\UMsXTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIfG[aSVCSVQ CPU

o XTULUCfma[�VS[chrr�UbYTUKL _RKfKL\UR[NjBCMFfVQ 1.1 - 1.7 Volt o SZChrbYTU ( BlmJKVLLUChrr�UbYTU ) XTUB mISZf_aU\MmRCCmR[ o DCUfDRLPtjC Die KfKLeUS 128 bUMUL\ZKKZI\bM ( Katmai Core ) I^K`RIJG[L

106 bUMUL\ZKKZI\bM PbjQMMepXMUCnZ]IbRMchfm\USDoHCIOWC 28.1 KmUCbVa o \G Cache MFfVQ 2 XGYR[NjQCbVa CPU DCUf 256 KB ( Integrated On-Die

L2 Cache ) o 6 Metal Layer Process

45

IX_kCkK[GB^\jg XGYIOWCRUapdKVQRGS 2 lZHC XGYXUL Intel SKjUaajU eFlja[B m Pentium !!! XGYBlm IX_kCkK[GSUMtKZb 0.18 h\_MRCCGH B mOMF]ZXdZ{UJI^CRSajU Katmai Core IfZ\ BCXpSgfmUC soL 20% I\`YRIXG[QSVCXGY_aU\IMiaDRL]V||UECU�ZSUXGYIXjUSVCXGY 600 MHz Si_R Advanced Transfer Cache ( ATC ) PKF Advanced System Buffering ( ASB ) noYLeUSIX_kCkK[GB^\jXGYIJZY\DoHC\URGS 2 R[jULCGH XUL Intel SihfmRmULajU \VCeFXTUB m Pentium !!! XGYBlm Coppermine Core \GOMF]ZXdZ{UJXGYI^CRSajU Katmai Core R[NjsoL 20%

CRSeUSCGH XUL Intel [VLhfmIt[QMMep{VE�cPQQB^\jDRL Pentium !!! _R FC-PGA ^M`R Flip-Chip Pin Grid Array noYL]U\UMsBlm Plug IDmUSKVQ Socket PQQ 370 pin hfmRGSfma[ kf[B m_aU\I iCajU IOWCSUMKfDCUfDRL CPU IJYRB mbjRghO tNmtKZb PC ]U\UMsRRSPQQ Case ^M`RI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcB m\GMNOXMLSMFXVfMVf ^M`R POKSB^\jhfmLjU[DoHC eUSSUMXGY CPU Pentium !!! MpjCB^\jXGYIOufbVaDoHC\UCGH QULMpjC Si\GMFfVQ_aU\IMiaXGYIXjUSVQMpjCIfZ\ ( Katmai ) noYLSiRUe]MmUL_aU\]VQ]CB mSVQXVHLtNmnHR PKF tNmDU[hfm fVLCVHCXUL Intel eoLhfmSTU^CfB mBlmbVaRVS�M E PKF B STUSVQham^KVLbVaIKDP]fL_aU\IMiaIJYRQjLQRSsoL_pE]\QVbZI^KjUCGH fVLCGH

o bVaRVS�M E ^\U[soL CPU Pentium !!! XGYBlmIX_kCkK[GBCSUMtKZbPQQ 0.18 h\_MRC PKF\G Cache MFfVQ 2 R[NjQC Die IfG[aSVCSVQ CPU XTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIXjUSVCSVQ CPU ( noYLSiMa\soL\G Advance Transfer Cache fma[ )

o bVaRVS�M B ^\U[soL CPU Pentium !!! MpjCXGYBlm FSB IOWC 133 MHz

IJMUFqFCVHCMpjCXGY\GXVHLbVa E PKF bVa B SieF^\U[soL CPU Pentium !!! Coppermine XGYBlmIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZbPQQ 0.18 \G On-Die Full Speed L2 Cache PKFBlm FSB 133 MHz ]jaCMpjCXGY\G_aU\IMia\USSajU 650 MHz DoHChO eFBlmSUMtKZbPQQ 0.18 h\_MRC \G On-Die Full Speed L2 Cache PKF\G FSB 133 MHz XVHL^\f fVLCVHCeoLh\jeTUIOWC bmRL\GbVaRVS�M E ^M`R B STUSVQham AMD Athlon ( K7 )

_aU\J[U[U\DRL AMD XGYJ[U[U\eF^CGB mJmCeUSIM`YRLXGYsNS\RLajU\GIX_kCkK[GbU\^KVL Intel R[NjI]\R fNI^\RCeFsoLepf]ZHC]pfPKma I\`YRXUL AMD hfmIOufbVa CPU bMFSNKB^\j ]U[JVCdpcXGY 7 DRLbC XGYl`YRajU Athlon kf[]KVf_MUQ]sUO�b[SMM\IfZ\XGY\G\UeCsoLMpjCXGY 6 eC^\f]ZHC I^K`RhamIJG[Llpf_TU]VYL 3DNow! IXjUCVHC XGY[VL_L\GR[Nj PbjSihfm\GSUMOMVQOMpL PKFIJZY\IbZ\lpf_TU]VYLCGHB^\j IMG[SajU IOWC Enhance 3DNow! kf[]sUO�b[SMM\^KVS_MjUag DRL Athlon IOWCfVLCGH

o IOWC Superpipeline 9 ]U[ � IOWC]jaCDRL^Cja[OMF\aKtKXULX�CZ[\ XGYIOWCPQQ Out-Of-Order PKF

Superscalar 3 ]U[ � IOWC]jaCDRL^Cja[OMF\aKtKIKDeTUCaCIbi\ XGYIOWCPQQ Out-Of-Order

PKF Superscalar 3 ]U[ � IOWC]jaCDRL^Cja[_TUCaC^UbTUP^CjL]TU^MVQSUMOMF\aKtKRGS 3 ]U[

o lpf_TU]VYL Enhanced 3DNow! XGYMa\IRUlpf_TU]VYLIfZ\ 21 _TU]VYL PKFRGS 19 _TU]VYL]TU^MVQSUMeVfSUMfmUC Cache PKF lja[BCSUMOMF\aKtKIKDeTUCaCIbi\ PKFRGS 5 _TU]VYL]TU^MVQSUMOMF\aKtKfmUC DSP ( Digital Singal Processing )

o Blm Alpha EV6 Bus XGY_aU\IMia 200 MHz kf[ EV6 Bus CGHBlmIX_kCkK[G DDR ( Double Data Rate ) XTUB m \G_aU\IMia MHz ]NLSajU FSB R[NjIXjUbVa

o Cache MFfVQ 1 DCUf 128 K PKF\G Cache MFfVQ 2 R[NjBC Package IfG[aSVCSVQ CPU ( Pbjh\jhfmR[NjQC Die IfG[aSVC )

o Blm Interface PQQ Slot A BCSUM Plug IDmUSVQ Mainboard o PtjC Die \GDCUf 184 bUMUL\ZKKZI\bM BlmIX_kCkK[GDCUf 0.25 h\_MRC PKF\GeTUCaC

46

Transistor 22 KmUCbVa o BlmIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZbPQQ 6 Metal Layer

AMD Athlon IOWC CPU BCMpjCXGY 7 DRL AMD noYLCVQIOWCIemUPMS XGYIDmU]Nj[p_XGY 7 IJMUFP\majU Intel eF\G Pentium !!! Coppermine RRS\U PbjSi[VLeVfajUIOWCMpjCXGY 6 R[Nj IM`YRL FPU DRL AMD XGYI_[fmR[SajU Intel IJMUFXUL AMD CVHCBlm Low Latency FPU BCMpjCSjRCg \UMpjCB^\jCGH XUL AMD Sihfm VC\UBlmPQQ Pipeline PKma PKFhfmBlm Pipeline ]TU^MVQOMF\aKtKfmUCX�CZ[\soL 3 ]U[ Ma\soLSUMIJZY\DCUfDRL Cache MFfVQ 1 soL 128K IJYRIJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJRGSfma[

CRSeUSCGH XUL AMD [VLhfmIOufkMLLUCtKZbP jLB^\jXGY Dresden XGYIMG[SajUIOWC Fab 30 ( Fab = Fabrication IOWCKVS�EFDRLkMLLUCaZeV[ PKF tKZb ]jaCIKD 30 ^\U[soL AMD hfmSjRbVHL\UIOWCIaKU 30 O�PKma noYLh\jhfm^\U[soLajUIOWCkMLLUCtKZb]UDUXGY 30 PbjR[jULBf ) BChbM\U]]pfXmU[DRLO� 1999IJYR BlmIOWCXGYtKZb PKF JV�CU Copper Athlon PKma[VLMa\hOsoLSUM_mC_amUaZeV[BCaLeMR`YCg XGYISGY[aDmRLRGSfma[

Fab 30 XGY Dresden CGH bVHLR[NjQCJHCXGYDCUf 75 IRI_RMc XGYXULI^C`RDRL Dresden BCMV� Saxony OMFIX�I[RM\EG kf[eFBlmIOWCkMLLUCtKZb^KVS]TU^MVQ AMD Athlon XGYBlmIX_kCkK[G HiP6L ^M`RSi_RIX_kCkK[G Copper DCUf 0.18 h\_MRC {U[Bbm DmRbSKLMja\SVQXUL Motorola PKF_UfajUeFIMZY\XTUSUMtKZb Copper Athlon IJYR]jLRRS]NjXmRLbKUf BCljaL_MoYL^KVLDRLO� 2000

;45@OW;X@OW;XZ3G39O@ 3DNow! T[\CD8YX@SC]E7[W Athlon 7[W ]VAZ^>U[S: Intel SSE

Functionality Enhanced 3DNow!

SSE Conclusion

SIMD floating

point functionality 21 50 ]TU^MVQIM`YRLCGH XUL AMD RmULajU bCCVHCIOWCtNmMZIMZY\ SIMD FPU

IOWCIemUPMS kf[IX_kCkK[GfmUCCGHDRLXUL AMD PKF Intel bjULSi]CVQ]CpCSUMOMF\aKtKfmUCX�CZ[\XGKF 4 _TU]VYL bjR]V||UECU�ZSU PKFbjULSi]U\UMsXTUhfmsoLMFfVQ 2.4 GFlops XGYMFfVQ_aU\IMia 600 MHz IXjUgSVC jBCfmUCDRLlpf_TU]VYL AMD eFBlmlpf_TU]VYLXGYCmR[SajU PKF IMG[QLjU[SajU ( IOWCKVS�EFDRL RISC ) PbjSUMXTULUCXGY]KVQnVQnmRC SieTUbmRLIDG[C Code ]TU^MVQSUM Optimize IRUIRL ]jaCXUL Intel eFBlmlpf_TU]VYLXGY\USSajU PKF ]KVQnVQnmRCSajU ( IOWCKVS�EFDRL CISC ) noYL BCSUMIMG[SBlmLUCeFXTUhfmLjU[SajU PbjBCSUMXTULUCRUeeFbmRLI]G[IaKUBCSUMMRsoL 2 ]V||UECU�ZSU IJMUFeTUbmRLBlmSUM_aQ_p\DRL MMX IDmU\UISGY[aDmRLfma[

MMX (integer) augmentation and data

19 20 XVHL_Nj bjULSi\Glpf_TU]VYL]TU^MVQSUMeVfSUM Cache PKF lpf_aQ_p\ Streaming Control kf[XUL AMD hfmIJZY\lpf_TU]VYLIDmU\UeUS 3DNow! IfZ\RGS 19 _TU]VYL ]jaCXUL Intel SSE CVHC

47

movement \GR[Nj 20 _TU]VYL kf[ 12 _TU]VYL eFXTULUCMja\SVQlpf_TU]VYL MMX IfZ\ PKFRGS 8 _TU]VYL eFlja[BCSUMeVfSUMDRL Cache

DSP communication extensions

5 h\j\G IOWClpf_TU]VYLB^\jDRLXUL AMD XGYBlm]sUO�b[SMM\ SIMD SVQSUMOMF\aKtKfmUC DSP ( Digital Signal Processing ) ]TU^MVQBlmSVQ Soft Modem , Soft ADSL , SUM_TUCaCXUL_EZb�U]bMcXGYnVQnmRC , MP3 PKF Dolby Digital

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45 70 -

D8>O;DTV bUMULCGH BlmDmR\NKRmULRZLSVQXUL AMD Pbjhfm\GSUMPSmhDPKFIJZY\IbZ\DmR\NKBC]jaCDRLXUL Intel B^\jPKma AMD JKUfXjUhO\USSVQSUMIOufbVa Athlon noYL^\U[eF[HTUP_mCB mSVQXUL Intel Pbjh\jIOWCfVL_Uf IJMUFP\meF\GSUMIOufbVa Athlon hObVHLPbjSKULg O�PKma \G CPU DU[PKma PbjSKVQh\j\G Mainboard B mBlm XGY\GRRS\U SiSKVQ\GO�|^UeCbmRLIMG[SSKVQ_C PKFSajUeF\G Mainboard \UMRLMVQ\USDoHCSiOUIDmUhO ljaLhbM\U]]pfXmU[DRLO�nFPKma ... Ps\[VLOMF]QO�|^UeUSSUMXGYhbm^aVCISZfPtjCfZCh^aRGSfma[ XTUB mLUCCGH AMD IeiQbVaR[Njh\jCmR[ PbjSiBljajU eFIeiQIOWCR[NjR[jULIfG[a IJMUFR[jULhM OMF]ZXdZ{UJDRL Athlon XGYRRS\U _aU\IMiaIOWC MHz XGYRRS\UDj\ Intel IOWCMF[Fg PKF MU_UDRL Athlon XGYsNSSajU Intel Pentium !!! XGYMFfVQ_aU\IMiaIXjUg SVC Si]MmUL_aU\SffVCB mSVQ Intel QmUL h\jBljCmR[g ... [VLhLSiCVQajU "Athlon CGHIOWCRUapdlZHC]pfXmU[DRL AMD XGYBlmRVf Intel Pentium !!! XZHLXaC RTUKU�baMM�XGY 20 " Ma\soL Fab 30 XGYIJZYLIOufbVa kf[XUL AMD ^\U[eFBlmIOWCSRLSTUKVL^KVSBCO� 2000 ]TU^MVQSUMJV�CU PKF tKZb Athlon XGYBlmXRLPfLBCSUMIl`YR\bjR ( Copper Interconnect ) SVQ CPU _aU\IMiaBCMFfVQ GHz SiCVQIOWC " Z\>8D\[:CD8Y_Q:X>: AMD CG`T\55aX@S 21" Intel IRL SiJKUfXjUSVQSUMXGYIOufbVa Coppermine PKma PbjSKVQh\j\G]ZC_mU\UaULDU[ RGSXVHL[VLOMF]QO�|^UBCfmUC Chipset bVaB^\jg XGY^\U[eFIRU \UBlmSVQ Pentium !!! Coppermine XTUB mXUL Intel SiOMF]QO�|^Uh\jPJmXUL AMD IljCSVC ... SifNI^\`RCajUXUL Intel eF[R\MVQajUOMF]ZXdZ{UJ DRL Pentium !!! ( Katmai ) CVHCeFPJm Athlon XGYMFfVQ_aU\IMia MHz IXjUg SVC BC^KU[gfmUC fVLCVHC "Pentium !!! Coppermin G@S7bZcQ Q>\VB]RdGUVAXE>O _Q:X>: Intel X@S=PC]ETYQ757[WX>:D8>O=P;Q>8>3TE79[W AMD Athlon ZcG" KF_MVQ Ma\soL Chipset B^\jg XGYeFIRU\UBlmSVQ Pentium !!! Coppermine noYLeFMa\IRU IX_kCkK[GB^\jg _aU\]U\UMsB^\jg IljCSUMMRLMVQ RAMBUS , AGP 4X PKF UDMA/66 XGYeFlja[XTUB m Pentium !!! Coppermine P]fLOMF]ZXdZ{UJhfmR[jULIbi\XGY SiCVQajUIOWC "Z\>8D\[:CD8Y_Q: Intel X@S=P]Y\O;U5R8f>GW[99[:7gCDE8[SGZ:7\Y>;AR8" IljCIfG[aSVC_MVQ

5>O9P;Q@OA;<RS8;TR8

• Advanced Transfer Cache ( ATC ) IX_kCkK[GCGHIOWCIX_kCkK[GDRLSUMCTUIRU Cache MFfVQ 2 DCUf 256 KB \U��LhamBCbVa CPU IK[ ( Integrated On-Die 256 KB L2 Cache ) PKFhfmD[U[_aU\SamULDRLMFQQQV]XGYBlmBCSUMbZfbjRSVQ Cache MFfVQ 2 XGYeUSIfZ\BlmIJG[L 64 Bit \UIOWC 288 Bit ( 256 Bit Data + 32 Bit ECC ) CRSeUSCVHC[VLhfmIOKGY[CIX_CZ_SUMIDmUsoLDmR\NKPQQ]pj\DRL Cache eUS 4 XUL IOWC 8 XUL ( 8 - Way Associative ) PKF[VL\GljaLeVL^aFMRBCSUM MVQ]jLDmR\NKbYTU ( Low Latency ) XTUB m\G_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCDRL Cache IJZY\DoHCR[jULCmR[ 4 IXjU I\YRIXG[QSVQ_aU\IMiaBCSUM]jLtjUCDmR\NKDRL Katmai Core ]MpOepfIfjCDRL ATC hfmfVLCGH

o \GDCUf 256K QC Die IfG[aSVCSVQ CPU XTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIXjUg SVQ CPU o \GSUMIDmUsoLPQQ]pj\hfm 8 XUL ( 8-Way Set Associative, 1024 sets , 32 Byte line + 4 Byte ECC , 36 Bit Physical

Address ) o \G_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCDRL Cache IJZY\DoHCR[jULCmR[ 4 IXjU I\`YRIXG[QSVQ Katmai Core o \G_aU\SamULDRLMFQQQV]XGYBlmBCSUMbZfbjRMVQ]jLDmR\NKSVQ Cache MFfVQ 2 DCUf 288 Bit ( IOWCDmR\NK 256 Bit PKF IOWC SUMbMae]RQ_aU\

tZfJKUf ^M`R ECC 32 Bit ) o \G Back-To-Back Throughtput 2 ljaL]V||UECU�ZSU

48

• Advanced System Buffering ( ASB ) IX_kCkK[GB^\jRGSOMFSUM^CoYL IOWCIX_kCkK[G XGY\GSUMIJZY\DCUfDRL Buffer ( ^M`RXGYJVSDmR\NK ) B m\GeTUCaC\USDoHC kf[XUL Intel hfmSKjUaajU OMZ\UEXGYIJZY\DoHCCGH hfmXTUSUMXf]RQPKmaajU IOWCDCUfXGY]\fpK PKFlja[B mBlmOMFk[lCcDRL FSB 133 MHz hfmR[jULIbi\XGYPKma noYLIX_kCkK[GCGH lja[XTUB m^Cja[OMF\aKtKSKUL ^M`R CPU ]U\UMsIDmUsoL^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVS ^M`R Main Memory hfmIMiaDoHC ASB CGHeFlja[KfO�|^U_RDaf ( Bottleneck ) B mKfCmR[KL kf[SUMIJZY\DCUfDRL Fill Buffer eUS 4 IOWC 6 ^Cja[ XTUB mSUMXTULUCDRL Cache fmUC Concurrent Non-Blocking Data IJZY\DoHCRGS 50% PKF IJZY\DCUfDRL Bus Queue Entry eUS 4 hOIOWC 8 ^Cja[ XTUB m\GSUMXTULUCOMF]UCSVC MF^ajUL Outstanding Memory SVQMFQQQV] \USDoHC CRSeUSCGH [VLhfmIJZY\DCUfDRL Writeback Buffer eUS 1 IOWC 4 RGSfma[ noYLXTUB mKfSUM Block MF^ajULDVHCbRC Cache Replacement KL KF[VLXTUB mIaKUBCSUM Deallocation BCSUM Fill Buffer IMiaDoHCRGSfma[

!��"���#������ $��% [ Post : 12 November 1999 ]

PCakCm\BCRCU_bRVCBSKmCGH XVHL_Nj bjULSiIbMG[\bVaXGYeFrUfr�CSVCRGS_MVHL fma[ CPU MFfVQ 64 Bit kf[BCDEFCGHXUL Intel SihfmOMFSU�bVa CPU MFfVQ 64 Bit RRS\UPKma kf[B ml`YRajU Itanium ( ^M`Rl`YRIfZ\_R Merced ) kf[hfmIOKGY[CPOKLk_ML]MmULXUL]sUO�b[SMM\{U[BCB^\jIS`RQXVHL^\f .. BCDEFXGYXUL AMD SihfmIOufbVa Sledgehammer ( ^M`RMNmeVSSVCBCCU\ K8 ) XGYIOWC]sUO�b[SMM\PQQ 64 Bit IljCSVC ... Pbj[VL_L[of^KVS]sUO�b[SMM\ x86 IfZ\ SjRCXGYeFIDmU]Nj CPU MFfVQ 64 Bit CGH XUL Intel SieFXZHLXaC CPU MFfVQ 32 Bit ( IA32 ) bVaMpjC]pfXmU[ XGY\Gl`YRajU Willamette kf[B mqU[USVC{U[BCajU "Athlon Killer" ^M`R "IJlM�Ub Athlon" noYLSjRC^CmUCGH bU\ Roadmap DRL Intel IemU Willamette CGH _aMeFbmRLIOufbVaBCMUahbM\U]XGY 3 DRLO� 2000 PbjhOg \Ug XUL Intel SieTUbmRLIK`YRCSTU^CfSUM B mIDmU\URGS eC\GDjUaK`RSVCajU OKU[g O�CGH _Lhfm\GSUMIOufbVa Willamette PCjg ... fNI^\`RCajUXUL Intel IRLSiKCKUCR[Njh\jCmR[I^\`RCSVCCF_MVQ ]TU^MVQSUMIOufbVa Athlon DRL AMD \UfNXULfmUC CPU MFfVQ 64 Bit ( IA64 ) DRL Intel SVCQmUL ... [VS�cB^|j tNm_MRLbKUf\UCUC hfmaULPtChamPKma ajUeFRRS CPU Itanium BCMUag SKULO� 2000 kf[eFXTUSUM IOKGY[CPOKL]sUO�b[SMM\{U[BCDRL CPU CGH B^\j^\f eCPXQh\jI^K`R_MUQDRL x86 RGSIK[ ... kf[IqJUFBC]jaCDRLlpf_TU]VYLbjULg XGY\GSUMIOKGY[CPOKLhOBlm lpf_TU]VYL EPIC noYLXUL Intel hfmB m_aU\I iCISGY[aSVQlpf_TU]VYL EPIC CGHajU IOWClpf_TU]VYLXGYRRSPQQ\UIJYR tNmRRSPQQ MFQQ hardware kf[eFlja[XTUB mIDmUsoL hardware hfmLjU[ PKF \G]\MMs{UJI^C`RSajU ]sUO�b[SMM\IfZ\ x86 R[Nj\US ... Ma\soLOMF]ZXdZ {UJXGYhfmCVHC SieF\USSajUIfZ\RGSfma[ ... kf[XUL Intel Sihfm[SbVaR[jULIJZY\IbZ\ajU lpf_TU]VYL EPIC CGHeF]U\UMsXTULUChfmXGKF 6 _TU]VYL BCljaL ]V||UECU�ZSUMRQIfG[a noYL\USSajU _aU\IMiaDRL Pentium III 32 Bit BCO�eepQVC XGYXTULUChfmIJG[LP_j 1.5 soL 2 _TU]VYL BCljaLIaKUIXjUSVC BCfmUCDRL]sUO�b[SMM\QmUL ... Itanium CGHeFIOWC CPU XGYBlm]sUO�b[SMM\ IA-64 noYLIOWC]sUO�b[SMM\PQQ 64 Bit XGY]CVQ]CpCXVHL MMX PKF SSE R[jULIbi\XGY Ma\hOsoL[VL]CVQ]CpC SUMXTULUCPQQ 32 Bit DRL IA-32 RGSfma[ kf[IemU Itanium CGH CRSeUSeF\G Cache MFfVQ 2 QCIaIrRMcIfG[aSVCSVQ CPU PKma [VLeF\G Off-Chip Cache MFfVQ 3 XGYMRLMVQhfm\USsoL 4 M RGSfma[ ( IMHO, Off-Chip Cache CGH CjUeFIOWCI^\`RCSVQ Cache MFfVQ 2 XGY\GR[NjBC Pentium II ^M`R Pentium III MpjC O�eepQVC _RR[NjBC Package IfG[aSVCSVQ CPU Pbjh\jhfmR[NjBC Chip CPU ) SibmRL[R\MVQajU Intel BeIfif\US ... IJMUFI\`YRIOKGY[C]sUO�b[SMM\B^\j Software XGYBlm SibmRLIDG[CB^\j IJYRB mMRLMVQSVQ]sUO�b[SMM\B^\jCGH h\jajUeFIOWC OS IljC bmRLXTU 64 Bit Linux ^M`R 64 Bit Windows IJYRBlm]TU^MVQ Itanium ( EPIC ) ... ^M`RP\mPbj Application bjULg SieTUIOWCbmRL IDG[CB^\j B m]U\UMsBlmLUChfmQC Itanium CGH eMZLg I^bpSUMEcXTUCRLCGH Intel IRLSiI_[XTU\UPKma I\`YR_MUaXGYIOKGY[C]sUO�b[SMM\eUS 486 hO]Nj Pentium ... noYLBCbRCCVHC Intel [VL_LBlmJHC�UC]sUO�b[SMM\eUSXUL x86 R[Njh\jBljCmR[g SiIK[h\j\GO�|^U^CVSIXjUSVQ_MUaCGH ... BCfmUCbKUfMFfVQSKUL PKFMFfVQKjUL Intel Si[VL_LBlm Celeron IOWCbVaQpSbKUffmUCCGHIljCIfZ\ PKF_UfajU eF\GSUMB]j Technology SSE IDmU BC Celeron RGSXVHL[VL\GDjUaK`RbjULg ISGY[aSVQ Celeron III RGSfma[

49

XULfmUC AMD Sledgehammer CVHC Si\GPCaXULSUMJV�CUXGYPbSbjULhOR[jUL Intel Itanium R[jUL]ZHCIlZL IJMUF AMD CVHC [VL_LBlmk_ML]MmUL^KVS eUS x86 IfZ\ IJG[LPbjhfmXTUSUMPSmhD OMVQOMpLBCQUL]jaC PKmaIMG[S]sUO�b[SMM\B^\jCGHajU x86-64 ISGY[aSVQIM`YRLCGH XUL AMD hfmB m_aU\I iCajU BCQULIaKU ^M`R BCSUMBlmLUCQULR[jULCVHC Sih\jeTUIOWCXGYeFbmRLBlmSUMOMF\aKtKPQQ 64 Bit I]\RhO IljCLUCfmUC Word Processing ^M`R SUMOMVQPbjL/PSmhD {UJ IOWCbmC fVLCVHC XUL AMD eoL[VL_LB m_aU\]TU_V|SVQ]sUO�b[SMM\IfZ\_R x86 R[Nj PKF[VLB m_aU\I iCIJZY\IbZ\ajU XUL Intel Itanium CVHC Si[VL_LbmRLBlmSUMeTUKRL Mode SUMOMF\aKtKPQQ 32 Bit R[NjfG IJYRB mBlmhfmSVQ Application XGYh\jhfmRRSPQQ\U]TU^MVQ 64 Bit ... kf[XUL AMD SihfmSKjUaRGSajU tNmJV�CU Application CVHC Si_Lh\jR[USI]G[IaKUPSmhDkOMPSM\B mBlmLUCPQQ 64 Bit CVS^KF IJMUFtKbjULDRLOMF]ZXdZ{UJXGYhfmIJZY\DoHC Sih\jhfm\US\U[CVS h\j_pm\SVQSUMI]G[IaKU ]ZYL^CoYL XGYCjU]CBe Si_R OMF]ZXdZ{UJBC Mode eTUKRLSUMOMF\aKtKPQQ 32 Bit DRL Itanium CGH eFIOWCR[jULhM? ... fGSajU ^M`RajU P[jSajU SUMOMF\aK tKPQQ 32 Bit DRL Pentium III MpjCO�eepQVC ... PKFI\`YRIXG[QSVQMpjC Coppermine KjF? eFIOWCR[jULhM ... _TUsU\CGH XUL Intel hfmB m_aU\I iCajU epf\pjL^\U[ ^M`R bKUfDRL CPU XVHL 2 MpjCCGH bjULSVC .. SUMRRSPQQRFhMg SibjULSVC fVLCVHC eFB mIRU\UIOMG[QIXG[QSVC Si_LIOWChOh\jhfm ... BCbKUfMFfVQSKUL PKFMFfVQKjUL ... XUL AMD SieF[VL_LBlm K6-2 PKF K6-III IOWC_Nj Va^RS BCSUMsKj\bKUfMFfVQCGH kf[eF\G K6-2+ noYLIOWC CPU K6-2 IfZ\ Pbj\GSUMIOKGY[CPOKL]sUO�b[SMM\{U[BCQmULRGSIKiSCmR[ PKF\GDjUaRRS\UQmUL ajU AMD eF[pbZ]U[SUMtKZb K6-III PKma Va\U Blm Va^RSbVaIfG[a _R K6-2+ PXC IJMUF K6-2+ CVHCSieF\G On-Die Cache IljCIfG[aSVQ K6-III PKma Ps\[VLBlmIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZbDCUf 0.18 h\_MRC RGSfma[ noYLSi_UfajU eFIMZY\IDmUQpSbKUfBCMUag bmCO� 2000

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[ First Post : 07 August 1999 ]

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[2] Click DaUXGY MY Computer ----------> Properties [ fNajU IOWC Windows 98 Second Edition ^M`RIOKjU ]

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Click Next IKRSlCZfSUMbjRIDmU Internet PKma Next

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Properties IKRSXGY TCP/IP DRL Lan Card PKma Click

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101

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102

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Timming '�!�����!%3� 5-1-1-1 D 66 MHz BEDO 2�%3�+$ (.����� (�#2���-� ������%.$�!�#�#% ��,�� / %�� �!��� �+�! Intel ���,��&�&� SDRAM (+� EDO (�#2�2�&� BEDO %3�, �3�#��-&����.���� chipset '�!�� +��&�-��f�+F*F��� ��! / �����.���� SDRAM (+�

Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) SDRAM �#��!��� DRAM %�����!+$ ����#+��!��,����!��-,�PP�D������ ,�����- DRAM %����# +��-���(��!+$ ��� ����%�� �%���+�! RAS (�#CAS '�� (� ��!+�����23���'��*�)���$� !% ��&���� %'��!'��*� ���+$ %������#2�%���-��� chip '�!�� RAM %�� %�� -50, -60, -80 )�� -50 �����! � !% ��%'��! &�% �� 50 ��)� ���+$%3��� (� � SDRAM �#&�,�PP�D������%3��� ��������� +��!��)���#&�� ��$ '�!,�PP�D%3��� �#-5 SDRAM �#+��!�����,�PP�D������'�'��%.� �����- ���(��!'��*� +$ ��!���&������� (� ������������#23����&� (�#&�F���.z��������!���2���- ���(��!(� %+���-��'�! CAS %�� CAS 2 ����� ���!�����-���(��!+$ ���(� ����#&�F���.z����� _��&� 2 �*�'�!,�PP�D������ SDRAM �#�$ Timming %3� 5-1-1-1 "� !(� ���%�� .� / �����- BEDO RAM %��+$ %�$� (� ����,����+��!��2� D 100 MHz ������� � (�#�$��������,!�� '��*�,*!,5�+$ 528 MB �� ���+$

DDR SDRAM (7��� SDRAM II) DDR RAM �$(���������� SDRAM )���5�+$ ��!������� / '�!+�!,�!�����$��� DDR SDRAM �$,����+$ �#&�!��2�+�!'�'�� (�#'��! '(!,�PP�D������%.� �!,!��'��*� �� ���+��&������,!�� %.� �'��2��!%+��� "� !�$��������,!��'��*�,*,5��! 1 G �� ���+$%��+$%�$�

Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) �� �'�! RAMBUS %3�%��� �!���������'�!-��f�+ RAMBUS Inc. "� !��!����!(��5� 80 (� %.��#E#����� ��$ ��2�2�%3��� �+$ &���#2���� )��3��5-��2�%���������'�! RAMBUS ��.����&�� )������� pin � � static buffer (�#+�����3��-(�!+�! interface &�� DRAM �����$ �#,���� +��!��2�+�!'�-'�'�� (�#�!'�!,�PP�D������ (�#%.$�!��!,�PP�D%�$� '�!�� �� ����� (-- RAMBUS �$ �$ Performance ���� �%3� 3 %+� ��� SDRAM 100 MHz (� (�#%.$�!(���! ,�PP�D%�$� �$���$��������,!��'�!�*�,*!�! 1.6 G �� ���+$ �!(� �% ��&����%'��!'��*�(-- ,5�'�! RAM �����$�#�� (����%'��!'��*�(--��%�� �!�#%�� ��� / "� !�� � RDRAM �$�$���.���� Interface (�#�$ PCB (Printed Circuit Board) +$ �$ / (� �#��� ��! Controller '�! Interface &� ,����&�!��2��! 2 ��!,�PP�D(� ����#�$��������,!��'��*�%.� �%3� 3.2 G �� ���+$ (�#��� �,����&�2��! 4 ��!,�PP�D���#,����%.� �23�! 6.4 G �� ���+$

Synchronous Graphic RAM (SGRAM) SGRAM �$��(���������� SDRAM %�����)�����*�3��-(�!��,�����-!����� Graphics %3�.�%nf(�)��)��!,��!'�! Hardware (� (+�2��$�#2���!��� SDRAM %�� %���#%������-�! Graphic Card +$ %3��5�%�$� ��� (�&� SDRAM ���$ SGRAM ���$ %�� Matrox G200 (��5�+$ ��!��� ����� w!���� +$ &�)�� Page Register "� ! SG ,����+�����%'$��'��*�2����� / ���(��! &�,�PP�D������%�$� &��5��$+��&�� ��%�� &����(,�!F� (�# Clear Screen +��2�%�� ��� (�#��!,���� %'$��(� -�! bit &���� word 2� (���2���!%'$��'��*�&��+�!���%'$��%.$�!'��*�+$ %3�$ ��(3�! %+����) )��&� bitmask &����%���� bit +$ �#%'$��&��,�����-!��)��3���(� SGRAM (+-�#2� &�F�+$ ��!��� SDRAM %�� ���%���#��-!����� Graphics ���� � %.��#� ��,����+$ (,�!F�%�� (�# Clear Screen 2�%�� �����!%���#��-&�-� Graphics Card ���� � +$ �#&�-� System

106

Video RAM (VRAM) VRAM �� ���-��(� �+��!��%�$ � ���- Video %.��#���*����(--��&�-� Dispaly Card )�� VRAM �$���$.���������� DRAM %����� (�+$ +��&������!������ ���2����+��!��-�!���! +$ %.� �%'��� )��+$ VRAM ��� �#�$ serial port .�%nf%.� �'�����$� 1���� 2 port +��&�%����! ����%3� RAM (-- .��+�* (Dual-Port) ���� 2��.��+ (Triple-Port) Parallel Port "� !%3� Standard Interface '�!��� �#*�&�&�����������- Host Processor %.� �,� !���&� +����� refresh _�.'����&�� (�# Seral Port +$ %.� �'���� �#&�&����,!'��*�_�.���,* Display

Windowns RAM (WRAM) WRAM �$ �* / 23� %�������- � *�.����)�� Matrox %.��#(+-�#%3�F*%�$� +$ &� RAM �����$ -� Graphics Card '�!�� (card ��#�*� Millenium (�# Millenium II (�2�� � Millenium G200 "� !%3� "� !&� SGRAM ) (�&�3��5-����%����$'�! Number 9 +$ &� WRAM %����� &��5� Number 9 Revolutuon IV +$ &� WRAM 8M -� Crad WRAM �$)��� �(� ��%����� / ��- VRAM �#��!�������!+$ �����!��- Bandwith +$ ,*!� � �$�+�!��!&��#-- Double-Buffer �$�� � ��!+��&����%�� � � VRAM �$����+$%�$�

DRAM

��� %�)��$ (--z�����+$ ,5� "� !� ��%�� '����*��-�� Access Time ����% ��+$ &�&����%��'��*�&����(��!+$ %����!��������&� �$����*&��#��-��)� ���+$ (ns) �� !����� !�$ %�� ���� 60 ��)� ���+$ %�� � ����� 70 ��)� ���+$ %3��� �*3��!'�! DRAM %3� SIMM 8 -�� (Single-in-line Memory Modules) �$ 30 '� DRAM ������� Dynamic Random Access Memory

Fast Page DRAM

3���(� '��*�&� DRAM ��!*�%��-%3��5� / (��#�5�%�$�� � Page �%3� Fast Page DRAM �#%'��!'��*�2�%�� � �3���,�!%+��'��*�+$ %'��!���!+$ (� %3�'��*�+$ ��*&� Page %�$� ��� Fast Page DRAM %3�%�)��$ SIMM 32 -���$ 72'� (Pentium �$����-�,� �! 64 -����!�����!��!&, SIMM +$�#,�!( %,��)

EDO RAM

EDO Ram ���'��*�'����%��-2 &� Buffer � � %.� � � ����'�'��*����!��23 %3�'��*�&�2-���23 �#&�%��2�+��+$ EDO RAM ��!%�� � � Fast Page DRAM 3�#��D 10 % +�!+$ �$ Access Time %+���� %.��#)���,+$ %���#%��'��*���� /��� �$���'�!,*! EDO �$+�!(-- SIMM 32 -���$ 72 '� (�# DIMM 64 -���$ 144 '� ��� � EDO ������� Extended Data Out

SDRAM

%3�%�)��$ (--&��+$ %�� � � EDO 3�#��D 25 % %.��#,����%�$��'��*�+$ ��!���'����2�+��+$ )��+$ 2���!��&�% ��F��23%+���- Access Time ��� ����%�$��2� � 2��$ Wait State �� �%�! � ��%�� '�! SDRAM ��!2��*+$ Access Time �$���23 (��*���,�PP�D������+$ )3�%",%"���������- Ram %�� 66, 100 ���� 133 MHz %3��� SDRAM %3�(-- DIMM 64 -�� �$ 168 '� % ��"����!�*� � � MHz ��!��-%��� �!+$ %��&�����2� SDRAM ������� Sychronous DRAM %.��#+��!�� "sync" ��-,�PP�D������-�%��-���

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107

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[ First Post : 07 August 1999 ]

[ Update 12 November 1999 ]

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XpSaVCCGH AMD SihfmPSm_TU_M^U ajUIOWCtNmbU\^KVL Intel BCfmUCIX_kCkK[G hfmPKma IJMUF]U\UMs]MmUL CPU DRLbC B mSmUaKHTUCTU Intel hOQmULPKma P\majUeFbZfO�|^UfmUCRYCg h\jBljCmR[g SibU\XG PbjsmU\RLIqJUFfmUC CPU PKma SiCVQajU AMD XTUhfm]TUIMie kf[IqJUFfmUCSUMOMF\aKtKIlZLX�CZ[\XGY]U\UMsJV�CU PKF OMVQOMpLB mfGDoHC\U XVfIXG[\ ^MRRUeeFI^CRSajU Intel BCQULfmUCPKma CRSeUSCVHC [VL\GPtCLUC]TU^MVQ CPU MpjCB^\jg IX_kCkK[GB^\jg PKF MFfVQ_aU\IMia]NLg RRS\UISXVQXUL Intel R[NjIOWCMF[Fg

]jaCXULfmUC Intel IRL Sih\jhfmCmR[^CmU kf[SUMlZLIOufbVa CPU XGYBlmIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZb 0.18 h\_MRCSjRCXUL AMD PKF[VL\G IX_kCkK[GB^\jg RRS\UR[NjI]\R tKVfSVCMpS tKVfSVCMVQ ... tKVfSVCISXVQR[NjIOWCMF[Fg ...

fmUCIX_kCkK[GCGH _L^UtNmlCFSVCKTUQUS IJMUFtKVfSVCPJm tKVfSVClCFR[NjIOWCljaLg tNmPJm tNmlCF SiIOWCP_jljaLIaKU^CoYLg IXjUCVHC

110

WXU5V4 69P Z\>8;DbGUY\GT[\

fNI^\RCajU bjUL�wU[ bjULSiLVfIRURUapdB^\jg IDmU\U HTU VYCSVCR[NjIOWCMF[Fg CF_MVQ fNPKmah\jCjUeFeQ]ZHCSVCLjU[g XUL Intel

IRLCVHC Si_LeFKTUQUS^CjR[ IJMUFajUbmRLMVQ\R^KU[XUL XVHL fmUCbKUf Desktop PC XGYbmRLMVQ\RSVQXVHL AMD PKF Cyrix ( VIA ) bKUf Chipset PDjLSVQXUL ( VIA PKF ALI ) PKFMa\hOsoLbKUfI_M`YRL Server XGY\G_NjPDjLRGS^KU[IemU XVHL SUN PKF Compaq ( Alpha ) PbjBCDEFXGYXUL AMD CVHC P\meF\G Chipset DRLbCIRLRRS\UQmULPKma PKF

J[U[U\eFtKVSfVC CPU bVaB^\jg DRLbCB mIDmU]NjbKUf Server fma[ PbjSi[VLh\jICmC^CVShOXULCVHC]VSIXjUhM

kf[_aU\I iC]jaCbVa E IaKUCGH _aU\IMiaDRL CPU fNI^\RCeFh\j_jR[\GtKSVQ_aU\MNm]oSBCSUMXTULUCPKma P\majUeFIJZY\_aU\IMiaSVCB msoLMFfVQ 1 GHz Sih\jB m_aU\MNm]oSajUIMiaDoHCeUS 300 MHz ]VSIXjUhM IJMUFIX_kCkK[GfmUCRYCg [VL_LIOWCbVa^CjaLB mMFQQR[Nj R[jULCmR[g Si Harddisk KF_MVQ XGY[VL_LIOWCbVa^CjaL_aU\IMiaDRLMFQQ\UlmUCUCPKma fVLCVHC smUXUL AMD eF VC\U]CBefmUCSUMbKUfQmUL ^UJVCd\ZbMXULSUM_mUIJZY\IbZ\QmUL SieFfGSajUCGHh\jCmR[ ... IJMUFXpSgaVCCGH P\mIX_kCkK[GeFXVfIXG[\ ^M`RRUeeFCTU^CmUXUL Intel hOQmULPKma PbjfmUCSUMbKUf[VL_LbU\^KVL Intel R[Nj^KU[SmUaIK[ ...

eFR[jULhMSifG P\majUIX_kCkK[GDRLXpSaVCCGH eFIOWChOR[jULMafIMia \GSUM_Zf_mC]sUO�b[SMM\B^\jg R[NjI]\R PKF \GSUMPDjLDVCSVCXULbKUf R[jUL\US XVHLIM`YRLMU_U PKF IM`YRLSUMk��EUlaCIl`YRbjULg CUg IJYRB m VC\UBlm CPU MpjCB^\jg R[NjI]\R PbjSih\jeTUIOWCI]\RhO XGYIMUeFbmRL bU\nHR IJYRhKjbU\B mXVCIX_kCkK[GR[NjI]\RhO ... XVHL AMD PKF Intel PDjLDVCSVC tKfGCVHCbSR[NjXGYtNmQMZk{_ IJMUFeFhfmnHR CPU _pE{UJfG B mI^\UF]\SVQLUCXGYBlm PKF MU_Uh\jPJL PbjSibmRLDoHCR[NjSVQ_aU\I^\UF]\BCSUMIK`RSnHR / IK`RSBlmfma[

QX_aU\CGH _LeFDReQKLXGYbMLCGH Pbj ]L_MU\SUMPDjLDVClZL_aU\IOWCIemUbKUfDRL AMD PKF Intel [VLh\jeQ [VL_L\GR[NjbjRhOIM`YR[g ^USajU\GDmR\NK XVHLfmUCSUMbKUf PKF fmUCIX_kCkK[G IDmU\UIJZY\RGS\US SiRUe\G{U_ 2 bjR SiIOWChfm ...

PbjR[jULhMnF SiR[US�USDmR_Zfham]VSDmR ( P\meFh\jISGY[aSVQIM`YRLCGH]VSIXjUhM ) Si_`R " ����$!�������������%�% �� ��� &��$'�(�$!���� �'�������������%�% �����&� " DRQ_pE_MVQ

PC Bus

I\YR IBM hfmXTUSUMIOufbVa IBM PC ( XT ) bVaPMS noYLBlm CPU 8088 IOWC CPU DCUf 8 Bit fVLCVHC I_M`YRL Computer I_MYRLCGH eoL\GI]mCXULDmR\NKIJG[L 8 I]mCXUL ( 8 data line ) PKF I]mCXULXGYR[Nj 20 I]mCXUL ( 20 address

line ) IJYRBlmBCSUMRmULbTUP^CjLDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU

Card XGYCTU\UbjRSVQ PC Bus CVHC eFIOWC Card PQQ 62 pin noYL 8 pin Blm]TU^MVQ]jLDmR\NK RGS 20 pin ham]TU^MVQRmULbTUP^CjLDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU noYL CPU 8088 CVHC ]U\UMsRmULRZL^Cja[_aU\eTUhfmIJG[L 1 Megabyte noYL BCPbjKF pin

CVHC ]U\UMs]jLDmR\NKhfmIJG[L 2 _jU _`R 0 SVQ 1 ( ^M`R Low SVQ High ) fVLCVHC I\`YRBlm 20 pin SieFRmULRZLbTUP^CjLhfmXGY

111

2 _NESVC 20 _MVHL ( ^M`R 2 [SSTUKVL 20 ) noYLSieFhfmIXjUSVQ 1 Meg. JRfG ]jaC pin XGYI^K`R SiBlmIOWCbVaSTU^CfSUMRjUC_jU ajURjUCeUSbTUP^CjLDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU ^M`R bTUP^CjLDRL Input/Output ^M`R QUL pin SiBlm]TU^MVQejU[hr +5, -5, +12

PKF ]U[ Ground ( ]U[fZC ) IJYRejU[hrB mSVQ Card XGYbjRJjaLQC Slot DRL PC Bus CVYCIRL PKF [VL\G pin QULbVaXGYXTU^CmUXGYIOWCbVa reset ^M`R IOWCbVa refresh ^M`RP\mSMFXVYL clock ^MR ]V||UECU�ZSUDRLMFQQCVYCIRL

MFQQ Bus PQQ PC Bus CGH \G_aU\SamULDRL Bus IOWC 4.77 MHz PKF ]U\UMs]jLsjU[DmR\NKfma[_aU\IMia]NL]pfXGY 2.38 MB bjR aZCUXG

ISA Bus

BC[p_DRL PC AT ^M`R bVHLPbj CPU MpjC 80286 IOWCbmC\U hfm\GSUMIOKGY[CPOKLDCUfDRL I]mCXULDmR\NKeUS 8 Bit hOIOWC 16 Bit XTUB m IBM bmRL\UXTUSUMRRSPQQMFQQ Bus B^\j IJYRB m]U\UMs]jLtjUCDmR\NKXGKF 16 Bit hfm PCjCRCajU SUMRRSPQQB^\jCVHC SibmRLXTUB mISZf_aU\IDmUSVChfm[mRC^KVLfma[ ( Compatble ) SKjUa_`R bmRL]U\UMsBlmLUCSVQ PC Bus hfmfma[ IJMUF smU^USh\jIljCCVHCPKma Si_LeFDU[RRS[US KRL_ZffNajU smU^USRRS PC AT XGYBlm MFQQQV]B^\jXVHL^\f PKF h\jIDmUSVCSVQ PC XT XGYRRS\USjRC^CmUCVHChfm I_MYRL PC AT CVHCg RCU_bSUMbKUfSi_LMpjLhfm[US

PbjO�|^UCGH IBM PSmhDhfmfGXGIfG[a CVYCSi_`R hfmXTU Slot \UbjRIJZY\eUS PC Bus IfZ\ RGS 36 Pin kf[XGYIJZY\I]mCXULDmR\NKRGS 8 Pin Ma\PKmaSieFIOWC 16 Pin ]TU^MVQ]jLDmR\NKhfmXGKF 16 Bit JRfG PKF IJZY\ 4 Pin ]TU^MVQXTU^CmUXGYRmULbTUP^CjLeUS^Cja[_aU\eTU noYLSieFMa\IOWC 24 Pin PKF eFRmULhfm\USsoL 16 Meg. ( 2 [SSTUKVL 24 ) noYL SiIOWCDCUfDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU]NL]pfXGY CPU 80286 CVHC ]U\UMseFRmULhfm PbjR[jULhMSibU\ SUMRmUL bTUP^CjLDRL I/O Port CVHC Si[VL_LsNSeTUSVfhamXGY 1,024 R[NjfG IC`YRLeUS O�|^UfmUC_aU\IDmUSVChfm SVQ PC Bus

CRSeUSCGH Pin XGYIJZY\IDmU\U [VLlja[IJZY\SUMRmULbTUP^CjL DMA PKF _jUDRL IRQ IJZY\RGSfma[ noYLIM`YRLDRL DMA PKF IRQ eFCTU\UIDG[C B mRjUCSVCbjRhO_MVQ

Slot PQQB^\jCGH IMG[SajUIOWC Slot PQQ 16-Bit noYLbjR\USiIMG[SSVCajUIOWC AT Bus PbjIMUeFMNmeVSSVCBCCU\DRL ISA

Bus \USSajU kf[_TUajU ISA \UeUS_TUIbi\ajU Industry Standard Architecture

������������� ��� ISA Bus �����'����������#� 8 Bit � ! 16 Bit

112

IMU]U\UMsCTU Card PQQ 8 Bit \UI]G[QKLQCljRL 16 Bit hfm IJMUF Blm ]sUO�b[SMM\JHC�UCI^\RCgSVC eFbjULSVCSibML]jaCXGYIJZY\\U ]TU^MVQ 16 Bit IXjUCVHC noYLeFBlm ( BCSMEGXGYBlm Card 16 Bit ) ^MR h\jBlm ( BCSMEGBlm Card 8 Bit )

Sihfm

MFQQ Bus PQQ ISA Bus CGH \G_aU\SamULDRL Bus IOWC 8 MHz PKF ]U\UMs]jLsjU[DmR\NKfma[_aU\IMia]NL]pfXGY 8

MB bjR aZCUXG

ISA Bus ( Continue )

BCO� 1985 XUL Compaq noYLh\j[R\CmR[^CmU IBM hfmOMFSU�IOufbVa Computer DRLbC BCMpjC 286/12 kf[ 12

CVHC^\U[soL _aU\IMia_`R 12 MHz noYL BCDEFCVHC IBM \GP_j 286 XGYXTULUCfma[_aU\IMia 8 MHz

BCDEFCVHC _aU\IMia eUS 8 MHz hO 12 MHz CVQajU]NL\USgIK[ IJMUFIJZY\DoHC\URGS _MoYL^CoYLIK[XGIfG[a ( smUIXG[QSVQ]\V[CGH SiI^\RCgSVQ eUS Pentium II 300 hOIOWC Pentium II 450 CVYC^KF_MVQ ) noYLPCjCRC Bus DRLMFQQ SibmRLXTULUCXGY 12 MHz bU\hOfma[ PKmaO�|^USiISZfDoHC

ISA Bus CVHC IMUXMUQPKmaajU\VCXTULUCXGY 8 MHz smUCTU\VC\UBlmLUCXGY 12 MHz SibmRL\GO�|^UPCjg PKF CGY^KjF IOWCO�|^U]TU_V| IJMUF^USajU CPU XTULUChfmIMiaeMZL Pbjh\j]U\UMsBlm Card bjRJjaLIJYRIJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJB mSVQ\VChfmIK[ smUIOWC_pE _pEeFnHRh^\? CGY^KF_MVQ O�|^UXGYXUL Compaq eFbmRLPSmB mhfm PKF SiPSmhfmfGXGIfG[a

CVYCSi_`R BCMFQQQV] \VCXTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIfG[aSVQ CPU h\jhfm SiP[SSUMBlmCU�ZSU DRLMFQQQV] RRSeUS CPU hOIK[ kf[XGY CPU PKF RpOSMEcRYCg QC Mainboard eFXTULUCXGY_aU\IMia 12 MHz Pbj XGYbVa Bus IRL eFXTULUC_LXGY XGY 8 MHz IJMUFBlm]V||UECU�ZSU P[SeUSSVC noYLaZdGSUMCGH SiIOWCXULPSm noYLSi[VLBlmSVCR[NjeaQeCO�eepQVCCGH

Pbj ... BC]\V[CVHC ^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVS ^M`R RAM eFR[NjQC Expansion Card XGYbjRR[NjSVQ ISA Bus fma[ IJMUFqFCVHC \VCSiIK[ XTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIJG[L 8 MHz IXjUCVHC PKF bjRg \U [ZYL\G CPU DCUf 16 MHz ^M`R 25 MHz BC[p_DRL 386 fma[PKma RAM SieFXTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIJG[LP_j 8 MHz IXjUCVHCCjF^MR?

XUL Compaq SiIK[bmRLPSmhDRGS_MVHL noYLBCbmCO� 1987 XUL Compaq Sihfm aULbKUf Compaq Deskpro 386 XGY_aU\IMia 16 MHz kf[_MUaCGH SiP[S]V||UECU�ZSUDRL RAM RRShOfma[nFIK[ noYLSiIOWCbmCPQQ]TU_V|XGYBlmSVCbjR\UBCO�eepQVCCGH kf[B m ISA Bus XTULUC XGY_aU\IMia_jU^CoYL RAM RGS_jU^CoYL PKF CPU RGS_jU^CoYL

113

MCA Bus

XVHL IBM PKF Compaq CVHC IOWC_NjPDjLXULSUM_mUSVC fVLCVHC IMYRLXGYeFB m Compaq R[NjI^C`RbCIRL ]TU^MVQ IBM CVHC IOWChOh\jhfm XUL IBM eoLhfmRRS\UbM�UCMFQQQV] DRLbCB^\j IMG[SajU Micro Channel Architecture ^M`R MCA

I\YRMFQQQV] hfm\GSUMPDjLDVCSVCDoHC PCjCRC MFQQXGYsNSCTU\UBlmIOWCbVaIOMG[QIXG[Q _`R ISA noYL Si\GSUMeVQbU\RLajU XUL IBM CVHC eF^UXULPSmhDepfRjRCDRL ISA Bus DRLbCR[jULhM Pbj aZ�aSMDRLXUL IBM CVHC \RLBC\p\XGYPbSbjULeUS_CRYCg

I\YR Intel hfmIOufbVa CPU DRLbC MpjC 80386 noYLIOWC CPU DCUf 32 Bit ]U\UMsRmULbTUP^CjL^Cja[_aU\eTUhfm\USsoL 4 Gigabyte kf[\G_aU\IMiaIMZY\bmCXGY 16 MHz noYL ISA Bus fNeFh\jI^\UFPKma SVQ CPU MFfVQCGH QMMfUtNmBlm PC

bjULSi\RLSVCajU XULRRSXGYfG _`R_aMeF\GMFQQQV]B^\jXGY]U\UMsMRLMVQBCepfCGHhfm

PbjR[jULXGYQRShOPKmaCVHCajU aZ�aSMDRLXUL IBM \RLBCepfXGYPbSbjULeUS_CRYCg XVYahO IJMUF PbjIfZ\CVHC IBM eVQbKUf Mainframe \USjRC PKF PCjCRC aZ�aSMDRLXUL IBM SieFlZCPKF sCVfSVQ Mainframe \USSajU XTUB maZ�aSMI^KjUCVHC\RLajU PC Si_aMeFXTULUC PQQ ^KU[g task JMmR\g SVChfm ( Multiple task ) OMFSRQSVQ IBM

bmRLSUMXGYeFB m{UJJeCc Mainframe DRLbC fN\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJ]NLSajU PC eoLh\j_jR[hfmIJZY\^M`RIOKGY[CPOKLDGf_aU\]U\UMsB mSVQMFQQQV]B^\jDRLbC B mIfjCSajUIfZ\\USCVS

\UfNSVCfGSajUajU MCA CVHC \GepfIfjC PKF epffmR[RFhMQmUL IMZY\eUSepfIfjCDRL MCA SVCSjRCIK[SiPKmaSVCCF_MVQ

o MCA CVHCBlmbVa_aQ_p\ Bus DRLbVaIRL P[SeUS CPU IMG[SajU Central Arbitration Point PKF SUM]jLtjUCDmR\NK SiXTUkf[tjUCMFQQXGYIMG[SajU Bus Master noYLlja[B mSUM]jLtjUCDmR\NKMF^ajUL Card bjULg SVQ ^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVS hfmR[jULMafIMia PKF [VLlja[BCSUM]jLtjUCDmR\NKMF^ajUL Card RGSfma[

o ]U\UMsSTU^Cf_jUbjULg XVHL IRQ, DMA, Port tjUCXUL Software hfm kf[h\jbmRLhO[pjLISGY[aSVQ Jumper

^M`R Dipswitch QC Card IK[ kf[_jUbjULg ]U\UMs set tjUCXUL Program IJG[LbVaIfG[a Si]U\UMs set hfmSVQXpSg Card XGYBlmSVQ MCA

o ]U\UMsPlMc IRQ Mja\SVChfm noYL CGYIOWCO�|^U]TU_V|IM`YRL^CoYL IJMUF IRQ \GeTUCaCeTUSVf PbjSiR[US\G Card

IJZY\\USg IRQ SiRUeh\jIJG[LJR MCA ]U\UMs PlMcSUMBlmLUC IRQ Mja\SVCMF^ajUL Card R`YCg hfm o XTULUCXGY 10 MHz ]CVQ]CpCI]mCXULDmR\NKXVHL 16 Bit PKF 32 Bit noYL]U\UMsB mRVbMUSUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKhfm

]NL]pfsoL 20 Meg bjR aZCUXG IK[XGIfG[a PKF fma[ _aU\SamULDRL I]mCXULbTUP^CjLDCUf 32 Bit SiXTUB m]U\UMsRmULbTUP^CjLQC^Cja[_aU\eTUhfmsoL 4 GigaByte

fNgPKma SiCjUeFIOWC]sUO�b[SMM\MFQQQV] XGYCjU]CBeR[NjBljCmR[CF_MVQ Pbj]UI^bpXGYXTUB mMFQQQV] MCA CGH hOh\jsoLfaLfUa Si_`R

o _aU\h\jIDmUSVCSVQ ISA Bus IJMUF IBM CVHChfmRRSPQQ MCA \UB^\jXVHL^\f XTUB mh\jIDmUSVCSVQ ISA IK[

114

P\mPbjCmR[ PCjCRC MFQQQV]PQQ MCA CGH hfmCTU\UBlmQC IBM PS/2 DRL IBM IRL fVLCVHC BC I_MYRL PS/2

CGH SieFh\j\G ISA PKF Card ISA Sih\j]U\UMsCTU\UBlmSVQ PS/2 hfm CGH^KjF O�|^U^KVS]TU_V|IK[ o PKF O�|^UXGY^CVSXGY]pf Si_`R XUL IBM CVHC hfmefKZD]ZXdZ�BCIMYRLDRL MCA IRUhamfma[ fVLCVHCtNmXGYeFtKZb Card

PQQ MCA IJYR\UBlmSVQ Bus PQQ MCA DRLbC SibmRL I]G[_jUKZD]ZXdZ�B mfma[ ( IOWCILZC 5% DRLMU[hfmeUSSUMDU[ Card CVHC g ) noYLSih\jBljCmR[g IK[XGIfG[a bMLCGH^KjF XGYI^\RCSVQ IBM STUKVL�jUbVabU[ SVQaZdGSUMIljCCGH

SibMLIMYRLKZD]ZXdZ�CGYIRL soLP\majUeFfNPKmaCjU]CBe fNPKmaIOWCMFQQXGYfG Pbj \UbU[IJMUFSUMbKUfDRL IBM I]G[IRL

bjR\UBC{U[^KVL hfm\GSUMIJZY\DGf_aU\]U\UMs IDmUhORGS _`RIMYRLDRL Streaming Data Mode noYLXTUB mBlmI]mCXULDmR\NKhfmsoL 64 Bit PKF ]U\UMsIJZY\RVbMUSUM]jLtjUCDmR\NKhfmsoL 80 M/s PKF [VLhfmIJZY\]V||UECU�ZSUhOIOWC 20

MHz noYLeF]U\UMsXTUB mRVbMU]jLsjU[DmR\NK]NL]pfXGY 160 M/s fma[ IJYRPDjLDVCSVQ EISA noYLeFhfmSKjUasoLbjRhO

EISA Bus

eUSXGYhfmSKjUa\UPKma soLepfeQRVCh\jCjUQVL_aMDRL IBM XGYXTUSUMefKZD]ZXdZ� PKF IMG[SISiQ_jUKZD]ZXdZ� eUSMU[hfmXVHL^\f 5 % ( eUSMU[hfmXVHL^\fCF_MVQ h\jBljeUSSTUhMXVHL^\f ) Ps\[VLh\jB m_aU\lja[I^KRBCfmUCDmR\NKDRLMFQQCGHRGS XTUB m\VCsNSSRLhamSVQ IBM h\jPJMj^KU[XVYahOR[jUL ISA

PCjCRC Compaq noYLIOWC_NjPDjLXULSUM_mUDRL IBM _Lh\jhOSm\ VaB mSVQ IBM IJYRDRBlm MCA IOWCPCjPXm XUL Compaq eoLhfmMa\XpCaZeV[MFQQQV]B^\j Mja\SVQRGS 8 QMZ�VX BCO� 1988 noYLIMG[SSVCajUIOWC "Gang of Nine" PbjJaSIDUSKVQIMG[SbVaIRLajU "WATCHZONE" IJMUF OMFSRQhOfma[QMZ�VX Wyse, AST Research, Tandy,

Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, Zenith Data Systems, Olivetti, NEC PKF Epson PKFhfmJV�CU Extended Industry Standard Architecture ^M`R EISA DoHC\Uhfm]TUIMie

EISA CVHC BlmJHC�UC^KVS\UeUS ISA PbjhfmIJZY\DGf_aU\]U\UMsQULR[jULDoHC noYLQULR[jULSiJV�CU\UeUS MCA fma[ nHTU[VLIDmUSVChfmSVQ MFQQ ISA MpjCISjUfma[ PKF I]G[_jUKZD]ZXdZ�CmR[SajUXGYeFbmRLejU[B mSVQ IBM RGSfma[

IMU\UfNepfIfjC/fmR[DRL EISA SVCfGSajU_MVQ

o BlmI]mCXULDmR\NKDCUf 32 Bit noYLXTUB m\GRVbMU]jLtjUCDmR\NKhfmsoL 33 Meg bjR aZCUXG o RmUL^Cja[_aU\eTUhfmsoL 4 Gigabyte

o foLIRU_aU\]U\UMsIfjCg XVHL Bus Mastering, Automated Setup PKF Interrupt Sharing eUS MCA

PKF JV�CU\UIOWCPQQqQVQDRLbC fVLCVHCeoL]U\UMs OMVQPbjL_jUbjULg XVHL IRQ, DMA PKF Port tjUCXUL Software kf[h\jbmRLhO[pjLISGY[aSVQ Jumper ^MR Dipswitch hfm

o Blm ]V||UECU�ZSUXGY 8.33 MHz IXjUCVHC noYLbMLCGHIRLXGYIOWCepffmR[DRL\VC PbjXGYbmRLBlmIJG[LIXjUCGH SiIJYR_L_aU\IDmUSVChfmSVQ MFQQ ISA PQQISjU

115

o h\j\GSUMIJZY\ IRQ PKF DMA IJMUF BlmMja\SVChfm ( IOWC_aU\]U\UMsDRL MCA XGY EISA foL\UIOWCPQQDRLbCIRL )

I\YRXUL IBM I iCIljCCGH Si[R\h\jhfm IJMUF eUSRVbMU]jLsjU[DmR\NK noYL]NLSajU MCA DRLbC ( 20 M/s ) eoLhfmXTUSUMIJZY\ Feature B mSVQ MCA DRLbC fVLXGYhfmSKjUa\UPKma noYLXTUB m RVbMUSUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKIJZY\hfmsoL 160 M/s PKF PCjCRC XUL WATCHZONE Sih\j[R\CmR[^CmU hfmXTUSUMJV�CU EISA DoHCIOWC EISA-2 noYL\GRVbMUSUM]jLsjU[soL 132 M/s IK[XGIfG[a

Local Bus

I\YR_MUaXGY Compaq hfmIOufbVa Deskpro 386 CVHC XGYI_[SKjUahOPKmaajU hfmP[S]V||UECU�ZSUDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVS , Bus PKF CPU RRSeUSSVC noYL Compaq Sihfm IOufbVa MFQQ Bus B^\jDRLbChOfma[ IJMUF ^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVSDRLI_M`YRLCGH eFR[NjQC Slot DCUf 32 Bit noYLRRSPQQ\UIqJUFDRL Compaq IXjUCVHC noYL SiIOWCepfIMZY\bmC B mtNmtKZbPbjKFQMZ�VX IMZY\XGYeF VChORRSPQQPKFtKZbMFQQQV] XGYIOWC\UbM�UC DRLbCIRLDoHC\U PCjCRC Intel SiIOWC^CoYLBCCVHC

MFQQQV]I^KjUCGH PbjIfZ\IMG[SajU IOWC Private Bus IJMUFBlmIOWCSUM]jaCbVaIqJUFQMZ�VXIXjUCVHC PbjbjR\USiIMG[SajUIOWC Local Bus ^M`R Bus IqJUFXGY IJMUFBlm ]V||UECU�ZSUIfG[aSVQ CPU kf[h\jbmRLJoYLaLeM]V||UECU�ZSUJZI��P[SRRSeUS CPU IK[

DmRfGDRL\VCSi_R XTUB m]U\UMsBlm]V||UECU�ZSUIfG[aSVCSVQ CPU BCDEFCVHChfm noYLSi\VSeFCTU\UBlmSVQ ^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVS IJYRIJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJkf[Ma\DRLMFQQ PbjSi\G Card P]fLtKRGSlCZf^CoYLXGYbmRLSUM_aU\ha]NL IljC Display

Card noYL ^US\GSUMIDmUsoLPKF]jLsjU[DmR\NKMF^ajUL CPU SVQ Display Card hfmIMiaPKma SieFlja[KfO�|^UIM`YRL Refresh Rate bYTU IJMUF CPU eFbmRLXTUSUMOMF\aKtKPKFCTU\UP]fLtKQCeR{UJ [ZYL^USajU\GSUMBlm mode

resolution DRL eR{UJ]NLg PKF IOWC mode graphics fma[PKma CPU Si[ZYLbmRLSUMSUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKB mIMiaDoHC IJYR{UJXGYhfmeFhfmh\jSMFbpSPKFh\jSMFJMZQ ( Refresh Rate bYTU IOWCI^bpB meRSMFJMZQ )

IC`YRLeUSMFQQ Local Bus CVHC eFlja[BCSUM]jLtjUC PKF IDmUsoLDmR\NKhfmIMia eoLhfm\GQMZ�VX VaB] CTUIRUMFQQ Local

Bus \UBlmSVQ Display Card fma[ kf[QMZ�VXPMS XGYCTU\UBlmPKFIOufbVaR[jULIOWCXULSUM _`R NEC noYLBlmSVQ NEC

Powermate ( BCO� 1991 ) PKF bjRg\U tNmtKZbMU[RYCg SihfmJ[U[U\IKG[CPQQ PbjSihfmRRSPQQMFQQ Local Bus

DRLbC noYL Card DRLPbjKFQMZ�VX SiCTUhOBlm SVQ QMZ�VXR`YCh\jhfm XTUB m\GSUMSTU^Cf\UbM�UCMFQQ Bus CGHDoHC\U kf[SKpj\CVHCl`YR Video Electronic Standards Association ^M`R VESA PKF hfmIMG[S \UbM�UCCVHCajUIOWC VESA

Local Bus ^M`R ]VHCgajU VL Bus BCO� 1992

MFQQ VL Bus CVHC ]U\UMsBlm]V||UECU�ZSU hfm]NLsoL 50 MHz XVHL[VL]CVQ]CpCI]mCXULDmR\NKXVHL 32 Bit PKF 64

Bit Ma\soLRmULbTUP^CjL^Cja[_aU\eTUhfm]NLsoL 4 Gigabyte RGSfma[

116

PbjR[jULhMSibU\ VL Bus Sih\jIlZLajUIOWC]sUO�b[SMM\XGYfGCVS IJMUFh\j\GIRSKVS�Ec ^M`R _pE]\QVbZJZI��CRSI^C`RhOeUS ISA \USCVS IJMUF\VCI^\RCgSVQ SUMIJZY\DGf_aU\]U\UMsB mSVQ ISA \USSajUXGYeFIOWCJV�CU_aU\]U\UMsB mSVQ ISA IC`YRLeUS\VCSi[VL_LB m CPU IOWCbVa_aQ_p\SUMXTULUC Blm Bus Mastering h\jhfm PKF [VLh\j]U\UMsOMVQPbjL_jUbjULg tjUCXUL Software hfm eUSepfRjRCbMLepfCGH XTUB mXUL Intel hfmJV�CUMFQQ Local Bus DRLbCDoHC\UCVYCIRL

PCI Bus

MFQQ PCI ^MR Peripheral Component Interconnect SiIOWC Local Bus RGSPQQ^CoYL XGYJV�CUDoHCkf[ Intel

BCIf`RCSMS�U_\ O� 1992 kf[XGYP[SSUM_aQ_p\DRLMFQQQV] SVQ CPU RRSeUSSVC PKF]jLDmR\NKtjUCSVCXULaLeMIl`YR\ ( Bridge Circuit ) noYL eF\G Chipset XGY_R[_aQ_p\SUMXTULUCDRLMFQQQV]bjUL^US kf[XGY Chipset XGY_aQ_p\CGHeFIOWCKVS�EF Processor Independent _`R h\jDoHCSVQbVa Processor ( ^M`R CPU )

PMSIMZY\XGYIOufbVaCVHC PCI eFIOWCMFQQQV]PQQ 32 Bit XGYXTULUCfma[_aU\IMia 33 MHz noYL]U\UMsB mRVbMUIMiaBCSUM]jLtjUCDmR\NKsoL 133 M/s

bjR\U I\YR Intel IOufbVa CPU BC Generation XGY 5 DRLbC Intel Pentium noYLIOWC CPU DCUf 64 Bit XUL Intel

SihfmXTUSUMSTU^Cf\UbM�UC DRL PCI I]G[B^\j IOWC PCI 2.0 BCIf`RCJ��{U_\ O� 1993 noYL PCI 2.0 CGHSieF\G_aU\SamULDRLI]mCXULDmR\NKsoL 64 Bit noYL^USBlmLUCSVQ Card 64 Bit PKma SieF]U\UMsB mRVbMUIMiaBCSUM]jLtjUCXGY]NL]pfsoL 266 M/s

117

epfIfjCDRL PCI XGYI iChfmlVf CRSI^C`RhOeUSDmULbmC Si[VL\GIM`YRLDRL Bus Mastering noYL PCI CVHC Si]U\UMsXTUhfmIljCIfG[aSVQ EISA PKF MCA PKma Chipset XGYBlmIOWCbVa_aQ_p\SUMXTULUC Si[VL]CVQ]CpCMFQQ ISA PKF EISA RGSfma[ noYLSi]U\UMsXTUB mtKZb Mainboard XGY\GXVHL Slot ISA , EISA PKF PCI Ma\SVChfm CRSeUSCVHC [VL]CVQ]CpCMFQQ Plug-and-Play RGSfma[ ( IOWC\UbM�UCXGYJV�CUBCO� 1992 XGYSTU^CfB m Card PQQ Plug-and-Play CGH eFh\j\G Dipswitch ^M`R Jumper IK[ XpSR[jUL XVHL IRQ, DMA ^M`R Port eFsNSSTU^CfhamPKma PbjIMUSi]U\UMsIKRS ^MR IOKGY[CPOKLhfmeUS Software )

������������� ��� PCI Bus ���� Slot ���'��� �� ���*� Slot ISA ��+���

������������� ��� PCI Bus ���������+�

118

������� ��,-!��� PCI 64 Bit ( ����� *�� ) � ! PCI 32 Bit ( ������� )

AGP

BCSKULO� 1996 I\YR Intel hfmXTUSUMIOufbVa Intel Pentium II noYLJMmR\SVCCVHCSihfmXTUSUMIOufbVa]sUO�b[SMM\XGYlja[IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJ DRL^Cja[P]fLtKfma[ CVYCSi_`R Accelerated Graphics Port ^M`R AGP noYLSihfmIOufbVa Chipset

XGY]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCCGHfma[ _`R 440LX ( noYLPCjCRC Chipset XGYRRS\U^KVLeUSCGH SieF]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCDRL AGP

fma[ )

AGP CVHC eF\GSUMIl`YR\bjRSVQ Chipset DRLMFQQPQQ Point-to-Point noYL eFlja[B mSUM]jLtjUCDmR\NKMF^ajUL Card

AGP SVQ Chipset DRLMFQQhfmIMiaDoHC PKF[VL\GI]mCXULIqJUF ]TU^MVQbZfbjRSVQ^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVSDRLMFQQ IJYRBlmXTUSUM Render {UJ PQQ 3D hfmR[jULMafIMiaRGSfma[

eUSIfZ\ Card P]fLtK PQQ PCI CVHC eF\GO�|^UIM`YRLDRL^Cja[_aU\eTUQC Card IJMUFI\YRbmRLSUMBlmLUCfmUCSUM Render {UJ 3 \ZbZ XGY\GDCUfB^|j\USg SieTUIOWCbmRL\GSUMBlm^Cja[_aU\eTUQC Card CVHC\USg IJYRMRLMVQDCUfDRLJHCtZa ( Texture ) XGYIOWCRL_cOMFSRQ]TU_V|DRLLUC Render PCjCRC I\`YR^Cja[ _aU\eTU\USg MU_USi[ZYLPJL fVLCVHC XUL Intel eoLhfmXTUSUM_Zf_mC]sUO�b[SMM\B^\jIJYRLUCfmUC Graphics CGH kf[IqJUF AGP eoLhfmsRSTUICZfDoHC\U

AGP CVHCeF\G mode BCSUM Render R[Nj 2 PQQ _`R Local Texturing PKF AGP Texturing kf[XGY Local

Texturing CVHC eFXTUSUM copy ^Cja[_aU\eTU DRLMFQQhOISiQhamXGYIrM\QVrIrRMcDRL Card ( ^Cja[_aU\eTUQCbVa Card ) eUSCVHCeoLXTUSUMOMF\aKtKkf[foLDmR\NKeUSIrM\QVrIrRMcQC Card CVHCRGSXG noYLaZdGSUMCGH SiIOWCaZdGSUMXGYBlmQCMFQQ PCI fma[ aZdGCGHeFJoYLDCUfDRL^Cja[_aU\eTUQC Card \US

119

AGP Texturing CVHC IOWCIX_CZ_B^\j XGYlja[KfOMZ\UEDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU ^MR IrM\QVrIrRMcQC Display Card KLhfm\US IJMUF]U\UMsXTUSUMBlmLUC ^Cja[_aU\eTUDRLMFQQB mIOWCIrM\QVrIrRMchfmIK[ kf[h\jbmRLfoLDmR\NK\UJVShamXGYIrM\QVrIrRMcDRL Card SjRC ( ]U\UMsRjUCIMYRLDRL AGP Texturing IJZY\IbZ\hfmXGY Vision4D _MVQ )

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kf[OSbZPKma AGP eFXTULUCXGY_aU\IMia 66 MHz noYLP\majUMFQQeFBlm FSB IOWC 100 MHz Pbj\VCSieF[VL_LXTULUCXGY 66 MHz ( noYLbMLepfCGH Mainboard QULMpjC QUL[GY mR ]U\UMsOMVQPbjL_jUCGHhfm Pbj XVHLCGH PKF XVHLCVHC Si_aM_TUCoLsoLDGfeTUSVfDRL Card PKF RpOSMEcRYCg fma[ ) noYL BC mode OSbZDRL\VC SieF\G_aU\]U\UMsPXQeFI^\RC SVQ PCI PQQ 66 MHz IK[ kf[eF\GRVbMUSUM]jLDmR\NKXGY]NLsoL 266 M/s PKF CRSeUSCGH[VL]U\UMsXTULUChfmXVHLDRQDUDoHCPKFDRQDUKLDRL 66 Mhz eoLIXjUSVQajU\VCXTULUCXGY 133 MHz noYLeFlja[IJZY\RVbMUSUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKDoHChfm]NLsoL 532 M/s

( PCjCRCajUXVHL Card XGYBlm PKF Chipset XGYBlm bmRL]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCPQQCGHfma[ ) noYLIMG[S mode CGH ajU mode 2X

PKF mode OSbZajUIOWC mode 1X

]TU^MVQ_aU\IMiaBCSUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKCVHC SiDoHCSVQlCZfDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVSfma[ smU^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVS IOWC lCZfXGYIMia SieF[ZYLlja[IJZY\RVbMUIMiaBCSUM]jLsjU[\USDoHC fVLCGH

120

o EDO DRAM ^MR SDRAM PC 66 hfm 528 M/s

o SDRAM PC100 hfm 800 M/s

o DRDRAM hfm 1.4 G/s

( ���� �"- �"- Noko �'��� ����� �����#��� )

RGS]UI^bp^CoYLXGYMFQQQV]PQQ AGP XTUhfmfGSajU PCI SiIJMUF IOWC Slot PQQ IRSIX� h\jbmRLhOBlm Bandwidth

Mja\SVQB_M ( IJMUFI_M`YRLg ^CoYL\G Display Card IJG[L bVaIfG[aSiIJG[LJRPKma fVLCVHC eoLBC Mainboard eoL\G Slot

AGP IJG[L Slot IfG[a )

������������� ��� Slot AGP

RGSh\jCUC chipset bVaB^\jDRLXUL Intel SieFRRS\UPKma noYLeFMRLMVQSUMXTULUCDRL AGP 4X noYLSieFlja[B mIJZY\RVbMUSUM]jLtjUCDmR\NKhfm]NLDoHCRGSIXjUbVaeUS 2 X IK[XGIfG[a

T>5>:U5V4;7@SO\7[W5PWWW[U

lCZf O�XGYIOufbVa _aU\SamULDRL Bus _aU\IMiaCU�ZSU PC Bus 1981 8 Bit 4.77 MHz

ISA 1984 16 Bit 8 MHz

MCA 1987 32 Bit 10 MHz

121

EISA 1988 32 Bit 8.33 MHz

VL Bus 1992 32/64 Bit 50 MHz

PCI 1992 32/64 Bit 33 MHz

AGP 1996 32 Bit ( or Greater

Than ) 66 MHz

QE>:QR:

Winn L. Rosch, Hardware Bible : Premier Edition , SAMS Publishing, 1997

Vincent P. Heuring, Harry F. Jordan, Computer Systems Design and Architecture ,

Addison-Wesley, 1997

Peter Norton, John Goodman, Inside the PC , Seventh Edition, SAMS Publishing,1997

]V||JL�c ]U[aL�cCaK, ����*��������� � ! '�"����, PC , Fourth Edition, nGIRif[NI_lVYC, 1996

[ Web Link ] http://www.agpforum.org

[ Web Link ] http://developer.intel.com/drg/mmx/AppNotes/agp.htm

VGA Card 7��� Display Adapter

�$���+$ %3�$ ��,�PP�D digital &�%3�,�PP�D_�. )���$ Chip %3��� ����&����3�#� ����(3�!,�PP�D , �_�.��� CPU %3�F*3�#� �F� (�3��5-�� %+�)�)��$���3�#� �F�_�.��� VGA card %3�F*3�#� �F�%�!)�� Chip ���2�%3�$ ��%3� GPU (Grarphic Processing Unit) "� !�#�$���3�#� �_�.&��� Card %�!%�� %+�)�)��$�$%3�+$ (.��������%�� �!�������%�� �3��-�� � ���!�����%�� ����+$ %+�)�)��$�$%.� !%'���&��/ )�� GPU ��� Nvidia %3�F*��%�� �����5�����

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122

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124

+B]jB mrunXVHL]RLI\CN bVLR[jULhrKc Autoexec.bat GOTO %CONFIG% +bmRL\G RmUL]jaCDRLMulticonfig DRL Config.sys :WINDOWS98 + mRmULI\CN B]j_TU]VYLXGYbmRLSUMB mrun @C:\PROGRA~1\NORTON~4\NAVDX.EXE /STARTUP GOTO END hOQMMXVQXGY:END :DOS +RmUL]jaCI\CN Dos +B]j_TU]VYLXGYbmRLSUMB mrunBC]jaCdos @C:\PROGRA~1\NORTON~4\NAVDX.EXE /STARTUP \CREATIVE\SBLIVE\DOSDRV\SBEINIT.COM LOADHIGH C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND\MSCDEX /D:MSCD001 /V /E LH C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND\DOSKEY /INSERT LH C:\AMOUSE\AMOUSE LH C:\S3DRV\S3VBE20 /INSTALL C:\STARTDOS\DOS.BAT GOTO END :END SUMPSmhDPKFnjR\_R\JZaIbRMcfma[bCIRL smU_pE\GO�|^USUMBlm_R\JZaIbRMc ^MRI_MYRLJZ\Jc KRLbMae]RQO�|^UeUS VaDmRI^KjUCGHSjRC h\jPCjCF XjUCRUeJQaZdGSUMPSmhDfma[bCIRL DmR\NKI^KjUCGH]jaCB^|jISZfeUSOMF]QSUMEcBCSUMnjR\_R\JZaIbRMckf[bML noYLJR]MpOO�|^Uhfm 2 KVS�EF _`R O�|^UXGYISZfeUS Software PKFO�|^UXGYISZfeUS hardware

1.4vwD>=>7Operating System Windows O�|^UCGH]jaCB^|j\UeUSSUMbZfbVHLkOMPSM\B^\jg ^MRSUM Uninstall kOMPSM\PKmaXTUB m File QULhrKc^U[hOaZdGPSmhDLjU[g _`RSUMbZfbVHL WindowsXVQIDmUhOB^\j (ljUL]jaCB^|jPCFCTUSVCbjRg\U) h\jbmRLSKVaCF_MVQajUkOPSM\XGY\GR[NjSjRCPKmaeF^U[hO !h\j^U[_MVQPKFSih\jeTUIOWCbmRLKLkOMPSM\RYCg B^\jfma[Pbj_aMIbMG[\PtjC drive DRL SUMcfeR nUafcSUMcf hamB mJMmR\SieFfG 2. 4vwD>=>7 Application IljCkOMPSM\SUMBlmLUCbjUL g hfm Microsoft Word, Excel, internet Explorer \G^KVS_KmU[ g SVC_`RB mbZfbVHLkOMPSM\XVQIDmUhOB^\j Pbjt\PCFCTUajUB mKRLOufkOMPSM\XVHL^\f PKma Restart B^\jeFfGSajU RGSIM`YRL^CoYLXGYCjU]CBe_`R kOMPSM\QULbVaRUeh\j support SUMBlmLUCQUL OS fVLCVHC RUeeTUIOWCbmRL\GSUMsRfSUMbZfbVHLRRS ^M`RXGYIMG[SajU uninstall (]jaCB^|jkOMPSM\XGYIMUbZfbVHLeF\G\UB mfma[) smUh\j\GKRLIDmUhOXGY Control Panel IKRS Add/ Remove Program 3. 4vwD>=>7m\5[U O�|^UCGHRUeJQRUSUMPOKS g IljC IOufkOMPSM\h\jhfm, \G^CmUbjULPOKS g P]fLDoHC\UXGY^CmUeR SUMPSmhDSiKRLbMae]RQkf[BlmkOMPSM\Ili_haMV]fN IljC Norton Antivirus ^M`R McAfee.VirusScan IOWCbmC

125

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136

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138

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140

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141

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142

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143

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144

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145

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����# ��������������"� �'���� � %� BIOS ��������

"���� $%�� �����-'��*�����'����%����$�%����� � �� BIOS ������� ��������������������%����$�%����,����� � ���������������%�����)���7!���� � ���� CPU, RAM ���� Hard Disk ��*���

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��*����������(��/�+����'��$���+��%����$�%����,����� � �� BIOS ���"���� Key �� � ���� DEL, ESC CTRL-ESC, CTRL-ALT-ESC ��,���,+.,���0������$�%&�������-&�,���������� (������� -&��+������������ "Press DEL Key to Enter BIOS Setup" ��*���

�)<� Key �� � ������('������ Setup BIOS (�������-&��*�$���������� "��-&���0�$��������

Up, Down, Left, Right ���('�����%�������0������ Page Up, Page Down ���('������ �� %� ������%����$�%��������� ESC Key ���('���������%�������0$�����������,� Enter Key ���('�����%���������0������ F1, F2 /.� F10 ���('�������'���������&�)�����0 BIOS Setup

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Standard CMOS Setup

Date $%& Time �(� ������ $%& ��% ��--)��� Hard Disk �'���+��+�� HDD (Hard Disk) ����+������� "���%����,�

�����$�� User, $����"��� Auto ���������� ��,��#�%������ None

Primary / Master �)���7!�������� IDE $�� $�� Master Primary / Slave �)���7!�������� IDE $�� $�� Slave Secondary / Master �)���7!�������� IDE ���(�� $�� Master Secondary / Slave �)���7!�������� IDE ���(�� $�� Slave - Cyls -'��� cylinders �(���0���� HDD

178

- Heads -'��� heads �(���0���� HDD - Precomp write precompensation cylinder �������'��������(���0����

HDD - Landz landing zone �������'��� �����(���0���� HDD - Sectors -'��� sectors �(���0���� HDD Mode /�����������$���������(���*� User $�/����$���- ����,� Auto

��� - Auto BIOS -&�'����-(��$%&�,� Mode +�� HDD ��"��� - Normal ('���� HDD ����� clys,heads,sectors ����� � 1024,16,63 - Large ('���� HDD ����� cyls ����� 1024 $���� support LBA Mode - LBA Logical Block Addressing ('���� HDD ���� � -&����(��+���0%���

��#���� Drive A: B: �� �+�� Diskette Drives ��� ��,������ 360K, 720K, 1.2M ����

1.44M Video �� �+��-�$(��8� (�� -&��*� EGA/VGA) Halt On �'����� Stop ���� Error +7&��� POST (Power-On Seft Test) - All errors �� POST -&��)�$%&$(�� prompts ����%������'�������)�

Error - All, But Key �� POST -&�����)���7�+������ � Keyboard Error - All, But Disk �� POST -&�����)���7�+������ � Disk Drive Error - All, But Disk/Key �� POST -&�����)���7�+������ � Keyboard Error ���� Disk

Error Memory -&$(��+��+�� Memory ����(���0� :.�����(��/��%����$�%���� - Base Memory "���� -&��*� 640K ('���� DOS - Extended ��� Memory ��(������(0���� 1M +.,��� - Other Memory ���/.�(���+���&���� 640K /.� 1M

BIOS Features Setup

Virus Warning ����������������+���+���0%��� Boot Record +�� HDD [Enabled]

CPU Int / Ext cache ������� CPU Internal / External Cache [Enabled] CPU L2 Cache ECC Check ����� External Cache $�� ECC SRAMs Quick Power On Seft Test ���' POST $����#� [Enabled]

179

Boot Sequence �%���%'���+�����0�����-� C:, A: ���� IDE-0, IDE-1 [C: A:]

Swap Floppy Disk �'�����(%��'$���� Drive A: ��*� Drive B: [Disabled] Boot Up Floppy Seek ����-(���� �+�� Disk Drive ����*�$���� [Disabled] Boot Up NumLock Status �'������'��+�� Key NumLock �%��-���;��������

[Disabled] Boot Up System Speed �'��������#� CPU �%��-���;�������� [High] Gate A20 Option ���+�/.� Address memory (������(0���� 1M [Fast] Typematic Rate Setting �'��������#�+������ Key [Enabled] Typematic Rate (Chars/Sec) �'��������#�+������ Key [6] Typematic Delay (Msec) �'����� delay +������ Key [250] Security Option �'������,����(9��+���� Setup BIOS ���� System

[Setup] PS/2 Mouse Control �'���������� PS/2 Mouse [Disabled] PCI/VGA Palette Snoop $�����������,��+��(�����������!�����"����� � ��������

[Disabled] Assign IRQ for VGA �'�������� IRQ ��������!�-� [Enabled] OS Select for DRAM > 64M ���'�����������-'('���� OS2 [Non-OS] HDD S.M.A.R.T capability Self-Monitering Analysis and Reporting Technology ���

�%��� [Enabled] Video BIOS Shadow �'�������' Shadow ��� ROM -���!�$(��9% C0000-

C4000 ����%��� [Enabled Adapter ROM �'�������' Shadow ��� ROM -���!�����(����� ��� � - C8000 ��������!�$(��9%�� � MDA (-��+���) - CC000 ��������!� controller ����&�8� [Disabled] - D0000 ��������!� LAN [/��������,� Disabled] - D4000 ������ controller ('���� Disk Drive �� �� �@C [Disabled] - D8000 �,� [Disable] - DC000 �,� [Disable] - E0000 �,� [Disable] - E4000 �,� [Disable] - E8000 �,� [Disable] - EC000 ��������!� controller �� � SCSI [������������,� Disable]

180

System ROM ���' Shadow ��� ROM +�� BIOS ��� F000 [Enabled]

Chipset Features Setup

Auto Configuration ������ BIOS -���������"����"��� :.��-&��*����%� � Hidden Refresh ��� ���&-)�6+�� DRAM [Enabled] Slow Refresh ��� DRAM %����/������� ���&-)�6%� 2 - 4 ��� [�%���

Enabled /�������������������] Concurrent Refresh �����-�+���+���0% ��������������� ���&-)�6�� DRAM

[�%��� Enabled /�������������������] Burst Refresh ��� ���&-)�6%� DRAM ����%�� ��������'�����,������

[�%��� Enabled /�������������������] DRAM Brust at 4 Refresh -'����� Burst Refresh ��*� 4 ��������'�� 1���,� [Enabled] Staggered Refresh ��� ���&-)%�������� DRAM �� Bank /�������� [Enabled] Refresh RAS Active Time �����%���'������������()��������������-&(��/�'����� AT Cycle Wait State ��%����������!� ISA ����� ����,����������()���������������'��

��� 16-Bit Memory, I/O Wait State

��%���:����0������&����������'�� �,��������()�����'�����

8-Bit Memory, I/O Wait State

��%���:����0������&����������'�� ����,�����()�����'�����

DMA Clock Source �'��������#�+���)���7! DMA "�������� ��� 5 MHz Memory Remapping ����;����'����,���-&�' Shadows ��� BIOS ��� ������ Cache Read Hit Burst ���� SRAM Read Wait State

�&�&�������������+���0%%��� L1 Cache ����,��������()��������'�����

Cache Write Hit Burst ���� SRAM Write Wait State

�&�&�������������+���0%%��� L1 Cache ����,��������()��������'�����

Fast Cache Read / Write ���$���'��"��������#�(0� -&��9%�����$����+�� 64 KB ���� 256 KB

Tag Ram Includes Ditry ���$���'����"����+������"�����������/%�+���0%�� �������� ���� Ram ������� 256 MB ������ Dirty Bit

Non-Cacheable Block-1 Size

�'���+����������-'�������'$�� [OK ���� Disabled]

RAS to CAS Delay Time ���������%�������-&(%�����'�� RAS-CAS �,����������()�

181

�������'����� CAS Before RAS ��(%��%'������'���&���� RAS $%& CAS CAS Width in Read Cycle �'������������%�������:����0-&�� �����+���0%�� DRAM �,�

�������()�����'����� Interleave Mode ���:����0��� - �+���+���0%-� DRAM ��"��� Interleave Fast Page Mode DRAM �����������-'�'��$�� FPM "���������@�� RAS $%&

CAS :.��-&��#���� SDRAM CAS Latency Time ���� SDRAM Cycle Length

�&�&������'��+�� CAS latency �� SDRAM �,����������()� ��������� 2 ��� RAM �� � PC100 $%&����� 3 ��� RAM �� � �����#�$�� PC66/83

Read Around Write �'������:����0��� - �+���+���0%-���������-'���������������� [Enabled]

DRAM Data Integrity Mode �%��� Non-ECC ���� ECC �+� �+�� SDRAM System BIOS Cacheable ���'$��+�� System BIOS ROM #F0000-FFFFF [Enabled] Video BIOS Cacheable ���'$��+�� Video BIOS ROM [Enabled] Video RAM Cacheable ���'$��+�� Video RAM #A0000-AFFFF [Enabled /������

����] Memory Hole at 15M-16M ��-����,����('���� ISA Adapter ROM [Enabled] Passive Release �'��� CPU to PCI bus accesses ���� passive release [Enabled] Delayed Transaction �%��� Enable ('���� PCI version 2.1 AGP Aperture Size (MB) �'���+��+�� AGP Aperture �'�����*���.����.��+�� RAM

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Power Management

Max Saving �'�������&�����%����$�� (0�()� User Define �'�������&�����%����$�� �,������ Min Saving �'�������&�����%����$�� �'()� PM Control by APM �'����������)�����&�����%����9����:�6�!$��! APM Video Off Method �'���� 5����;�-�8�������+�(0�"�����&�����%���� - V/H SYNC + Blank -&�;����'�� V/H SYNC $%&���-�8����� Blank Screen - DPMS ('������!�$(��9%$%&-�8����(���(�)�"��� DPMS - Blank Screen -&�'��$(�����-���� � �������&�����%���� ('����-��)��

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182

Video Off After ����;�-�8�������+�(0�"�����&�����%����$�� Stanby ���� Suspend

Standby Mode �'����&�&��%��������������������� -&��)��'��+���)���7!��(���

Supend Mode -&�����'����(����%�� Standby Mode $���)��)���7!��������

HDD Power Down �'����&�&��%������� BIOS -&��)����'��+�� HDD Resume by Ring ����� Enabled (��/(�������'��-� Soft Off Mode ��� Resume by Alarm ����� Enabled (��/�,���%�'��-� Suspend Mode ��� Wake Up On LAN ����� Enabled (��/(�������'��-� Soft Off Mode ���

Integrated Peripherals

IDE HDD BLOCKS MODE ��� HDD ���-�+���+���0%������,�%&�%� Sector �������� [Enabled]

IDE PIO Mode... �'������'��$�� Programe Input/Output [�,�(0�()����� Auto]

IDE UDMA... �'������'��$�� DMA ���� UDMA [Enabled ���� Auto] On-Chip PCI IDE �'�������������(��� HDD IDE �����0���������!� [Enabled] USB Keyboard Support �'��������� Keyboard $�� USB [Enabled] Onboard FDC Controller �'��������������(��� Disk Drive �����0���������!� [Enabled] Onboard Serial Port 1 �'�����$�����($%& IRQ ��� COM1 ���� ��� 3F8/IRQ4 Onboard Serial Port 2 �'�����$�����($%& IRQ ��� COM2 ���� ��� 2F8/IRQ3 Parallel Port Mode �'���"������'��+�����!+������� 3 $�� [EPP&ECP] - SPP (Standard Parallel Port) ���"�����D����&$���������� ��!�)������ - EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port) ���"��� 2 � @�����&$���������� ��!�)������ - ECP (Extended Cap. Port) ���"��������#�(0� �������������� Scanner, Laplink I%I ECP MODE USE DMA ����'��� DMA ('���� Port +��$�� ECP :.������ ��� 3

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Load BIOS Optimize Setup ��������%��������� BIOS -&�'���,����� � +���)���7! ��������&( �5 8�(0�()�

Password Setting ���('�������,� Password ����������-&�+�����%����$�%����,����� � �� BIOS ��������������-&��;�������� "���� ������(� Password �&��-&����(� Confirm :,' 2 ���������>��������(�9 ��%� (����(��&���%� ��������% � password)

Exit with Save Setting �� Exit without Save Setting ������'����%����$�%�+���0%���,����� � +�� BIOS $%������'�� Save ��#���������&���� (�������������'�� Save $%��-&�0������������ ���� � ����,����-.�-&��������

CPU Setup ���-���, ��������!��)������ � �����*�$�� Jumper Free (������ Jumper $�-&������0�� BIOS ('�����,����� � ) -&(��/�,���+�������#� CPU, �� multiple ���� FSB, ���6 Vcore $%&���� � ���$%��$��)��+��������!���,� �

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SUM Set Bios kf[OSbZPKma IMUh\jeTUIOWCbmRLXTUSUMIOKGY[CPOKL_jUbjUL g BC BIOS QjR[CVS [SIamCI\YRIMU bmRLSUMIOKGY[CPOKL SUMbVHL_jUbjUL g ^M`RI\YR\GSUMIOKGY[C RpOSMEcB^\j g IljC CPU, RAM ^MR Hard Disk IOWCbmC 7>5;_E>UpY BIOS Setup Mode ]TU^MVQaZdGSUMXGYeFIDmUhObVHL_jUbjUL g BC BIOS hfmCVHC eFDoHCR[NjSVQMFQQDRL PbjKFI_M`YRLfma[ kf[OSbZI\YRIMUXTUSUMIOuf]aZXlchrDRLI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc BIOS SieFIMZY\XTULUCkf[XTUSUMXf]RQRpOSMEcbjUL g SjRCXGYeFIMG[SBlmLUCMFQQ DOS eUSPtjC Floppy Disk ^MR Hard Disk BCljaLCGHeFIOWCljaLXGYIMU]U\UMsIDmU hOXTUSUMPSmhDIOKGY[CPOKLSUMbVHL_jUbjUL g BC BIOS hfmkf[Sf Key bjUL g IljC DEL, ESC CTRL-ESC, CTRL-ALT-ESC XVHLCGHDoHCR[NjSVQajUPbjKFI_M`YRL eFbVHLhamR[jULhM ]jaCB^|j eF\GDmR_aU\QRSIljC "Press DEL Key to Enter BIOS Setup" IOWCbmC \RB@7>5 Clear/Reset Password _Q: BIOS kf[OSbZPKma ^US_pEBlmI_MYRL_R\JZaIbRMc_CIfG[a Si_Lh\j\G_aU\eTUIOWCbmRLbVHL Password ]TU^MVQ IDmUhO Setup BIOS ^MRIOufI_MYRL PbjsmU^UShfmI_[bVHLhamPKmaK`\ ^M`RhfmI\CQRMcf\Ukf[XGY\GSUMbVHL Password hamPKFh\jMNmajUBlm Password RFhM Si\GaZdGSUMXGYeF Reset ^M`R Clere Password noYLRUeeFbmRLKRL^KU[ g aZdGfNCF_MVQIXjUXGYt\hfmMaQMa\\UfVLCGH 1. 9Q:C]E Password 6WW Case Sensitive ZcQ6WWX@SGY>=P;4FG 2. X>7>5 Reset 3AO7>5 Clear CMOS A[:G@d

• \RL^U jumper ]TU^MVQ Reset CMOS SjRCkf[fNeUS_Nj\R ^M`RRUeeF\RL^U jumper BSKm g SVQPQbIbRMGYDRL CMOS Sihfm ]jaCB^|jeF\GKVS�EFIOWC jumper 3 DU

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• eUSCVHCIOufI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc XZHLham]VS 5-10 aZCUXG OufI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc • IOKGY[C jumper SKVQ\UXGYIfZ\ Password eFsNS Reset

3. X>7>5�QA6WT;TQ5@S_Q: CMOS QQ7 smU^USh\j]U\UMs^U jumper ]TU^MVQ Reset CMOS hfmRUeeF\GRGSaZdG _`RXTUSUMsRfPQbIbRMGYDRL CMOS RRS]VS 5 CUXGPKmaSiB]jIDmUhOB^\j eFIOWCSUMbVHL_jUXpSR[jULDRL BIOS SKVQhOIOWC Default hfm PbjI\CQRMcfQULMpjC eF[VL\G Password R[Njkf[eFIOWC Default Password bU\fmUCQCCF_MVQ ^KVLeUSB]jPQbIbRMGYPKmaSismU[VLsU\ Password RGSB mKRLB]j Default Password DmULQCfN 7>5 Set BIOS

247

]TU^MVQbVaR[jULbjRhOCGHCTU\UB mfNPQQXVYa g hODRL BIOS noYL]jaCB^|jSieF_KmU[ g SVC IMZY\eUS^KVLeUSXGYSf DEL ^MR Key R`YC g DEFIOufI_M`YRLIJYRIDmU]Nj BIOS Setup Mode kf[OSbZPKma smU^USIOWCSUMbVHL_jU_MVHLPMS ^KVLeUSXGYXTUSUM Reset CMOS PKma SiIK`RSXGYI\CN Load BIOS Default Setup ^M`R Load BIOS Optimal-performance IJYRIKRSSUMbVHL_jUPQQSKUL g DRLRpOSMEcXVYahOSjRC eUSCVHCeoL\UXTUSUMIKRSPSmhDIOKGY[CPOKLPbjKF_jU bU\I\CNbjRhOCGHIK[_MVQ

Standard CMOS Setup Date 69P Time B]j aVCXGY PKF IaKU O�eepQVC Hard Disk STU^CfDCUfDRL HDD (Hard Disk) ajU\GDCUfIXjUhM kf[IKRSbVHL_jUIRL PQQ User, PQQRVbkC\VbZ Auto ^M`Rh\jhfmbZfbVHLSiIKRSXGY None Primary / Master RpOSMEcXGYbjRSVQ IDE PMS PQQ Master (1 IDE eFbjR HDD ^M`R CD-ROM hfm 2 bVa) Primary / Slave RpOSMEcXGYbjRSVQ IDE PMS PQQ Slave Secondary / Master RpOSMEcXGYbjRSVQ IDE XGY]RL PQQ Master Secondary / Slave RpOSMEcXGYbjRSVQ IDE XGY]RL PQQ Slave noYLeFbmRLSTU^Cf Cyls (cylinders) Heads, Sectors PKF Mode ]TU^MVQ Mode \GfVLCGH - Auto BIOS eFXTUSUMbMae]RQPKFbVHL Mode DRL HDD RVbkC\VbZ - Normal ]TU^MVQ HDD XGY\G clys,heads,sectors h\jISZC 1024,16,63 ^MRDCUfh\jISZC 528M. - Large ]TU^MVQ HDD XGY\G cyls \USSajU 1024 Pbjh\j support LBA Mode - LBA Logical Block Addressing ]TU^MVQ HDD B^\j g eF\GSUM]jLDmR\NKXGYIMiaSajU (]TU^MVQ HDD smU^USXMUQ_jUXGYPCjCRCB mB]jIOWC User PbjsmUh\jPCjBe B mbVHL Auto ham) Drive A: B: lCZfDRL Diskette Drives XGYbZfbVHLBlmLUC 360K, 720K, 1.2M ^MR 1.44M Video lCZfDRLeRP]fL{UJ (OSbZeFIOWC EGA/VGA) Halt On STU^CfSUM Stop ^USJQ Error DEFXGY POST (Power-On Seft Test) - All errors SUM POST eF^[pfPKFP]fL prompts B mIK`RSSUMXTULUCbjRhOXpS Error - All, But Key SUM POST eFh\j^[pfSMEGDRLSUMISZf Keyboard Error - All, But Disk SUM POST eFh\j^[pfSMEGDRLSUMISZf Diskette Drive Error - All, But Disk/Key SUM POST eFh\j^[pfSMEGDRLSUMISZf Keyboard Error ^M`R Diskette Base Memory kf[OSbZeFIOWC 640K ]TU^MVQ DOS Extended _`R Memory BC]jaCXGY]NLSajU 1M DoHChO Other Memory ^\U[soL]jaCDRLMF^ajUL 640K soL 1M

248

BIOS Features Setup Virus Warning SUMIbRCI\YR\GSUMIDG[CDmR\NKXVQ Boot Record DRL HDD [Enabled] CPU Int / Ext cache SUMBlmLUC CPU Internal / External Cache [Enabled] Quick Power On Seft Test SUMXTU POST PQQIMia [Enabled] Boot Sequence IKRSKTUfVQDRLSUMQNXIljCeUS C:, A: ^M`R IDE-0, IDE-1 [C: A:] Swap Floppy Disk STU^CfSUM]KVQbTUP^CjL Drive A: IOWC Drive B: [Disabled] Boot Up Floppy Seek SUMbMae]RQlCZfDRL Disk Drive ajUIOWCPQQBf [Disabled] Boot Up NumLock Status STU^CfSUMXTULUCDRL Key NumLock ^KVLeUSIOufI_M`YRL [Disabled] Boot Up System Speed STU^Cf_aU\IMia CPU ^KVLeUSIOufI_M`YRL [High] Gate A20 Option SUMIDmUsoL Address memory ]jaCXGY]NLSajU 1M [Fast] Typematic Rate Setting STU^Cf_aU\IMiaDRLSUMSf Key [Enabled] Typematic Rate (Chars/Sec) STU^Cf_aU\IMiaDRLSUMSf Key [6] Typematic Delay (Msec) STU^Cf_jU delay DRLSUMSf Key [250] Security Option STU^CfSUMbVHLM V]tjUCDRLSUM Setup BIOS ^MR System [Setup] PS/2 Mouse Control STU^CfSUMBlmLUC PS/2 Mouse [Disabled] PCI/VGA Palette Snoop PSmO�|^USUMIJGH[CDRL]GI\`YRBlmSUMcfaGfGkRR`YC g Mja\fma[ [Disabled] Assign IRQ for VGA STU^CfSUMBlm IRQ B mSVQSUMcfeR [Enabled] OS Select for DRAM > 64M SUMSTU^Cf^Cja[_aU\eTU]TU^MVQ OS2 [Non-OS] HDD S.M.A.R.T capability Self-Monitering Analysis and Reporting Technology [Enabled] Video BIOS Shadow STU^CfB mXTU Shadow SVQ ROM eUSSUMcfP]fLtK C0000-C4000 [Enabled] Adapter ROM STU^CfB mXTU Shadow SVQ ROM eUSSUMcfXGYI]G[QIJZY\IbZ\ C8000 BlmSVQSUMcfP]fLtKlCZf MDA (eRIDG[a) CC000 BlmSVQSUMcf controller QULOMFI{X [Disabled]

249

D0000 BlmSVQSUMcf LAN [smUh\jBlmbVHL Disabled] D4000 BlmSVQ controller ]TU^MVQ Disk Drive lCZfJZI�� [Disabled] D8000 bVHL [Disable] DC000 bVHL [Disable] E0000 bVHL [Disable] E4000 bVHL [Disable] E8000 bVHL [Disable] EC000 BlmSVQSUMcf controller lCZf SCSI [^USh\jhfmBlmbVHL Disable] System ROM SUMXTU Shadow SVQ ROM DRL BIOS XGY F000 [Enabled]

250

Chipset Features Setup Auto Configuration _`RB m BIOS eVfSUM_jUbjULgkf[RVbkC\VbZnoYLeFIOWC_jUSKUL g Hidden Refresh SUMIbZ\OMFephrDRL DRAM [Enabled] Slow Refresh B m DRAM Kf_aU\sGYBCSUMIbZ\OMFephrKL 2 - 4 IXjU [Enabled smUh\j\GO�|^U] Concurrent Refresh SUMRjUC-IDG[CDmR\NK hfmJMmR\gSVQSUMIbZ\OMFephrBC DRAM [Enabled] Burst Refresh SUMIbZ\OMFephrKL DRAM hfm^KU[g MRQBCSUMXTULUC_MVHLIfG[a [Enabled] DRAM Brust at 4 Refresh eTUCaCSUM Burst Refresh IOWC 4 MRQBCSUMXTULUC 1_MVHL [Enabled] Staggered Refresh SUMIbZ\OMFepKjaL^CmUBC DRAM BC Bank sVfhOfma[ [Enabled] Refresh RAS Active Time B mXfKRLSTU^Cf_jUCmR[XGY]pfIXjUXGYI_M`YRLeF]U\UMsXTULUChfm AT Cycle Wait State IaKUXGYMRB mSUMcf ISA JMmR\ B mbVHL_jUXGYCmR[]pfIXjUXGYI_M`YRLXTULUChfm 16-Bit Memory, I/O Wait State IaKUXGYnGJG[NbmRLMRMF^ajULMRQSUMXTULUC bVHLCmR[XGY]pfXGYXTULUChfm 8-Bit Memory, I/O Wait State IaKUXGYnGJG[NbmRLMRMF^ajULMRQSUMXTULUC B mbVHLCmR[]pfXGYXTULUChfm DMA Clock Source STU^Cf_aU\IMiaDRLRpOSMEc DMA kf[\G_jUOSbZ_`R 5 MHz Memory Remapping ^USIOufSUMXTULUCCGHhameFXTU Shadows SVQ BIOS Bfg h\jhfm [Disable] Cache Read Hit Burst ^M`R SRAM Read Wait State MF[FJVSMRI\`YRRjUCDmR\NKKLBC L1 Cache B mbVHLCmR[XGY]pfIXjUXGYXTULUChfm Cache Write Hit Burst ^M`R SRAM Write Wait State MF[FJVSMRI\YRRjUCDmR\NKKLBC L1 Cache B mbVHLCmR[XGY]pfIXjUXGYXTULUChfm Fast Cache Read / Write B mP_lXTULUCk^\f_aU\IMia]NL eF\GtKI\YRP_l\GDCUf 64 KB ^M`R 256 KB Tag Ram Includes Ditry B mP_lXTULUCBCk^\fIDG[CXVQkf[h\jbmRL[mU[/KQDmR\NKIfZ\RRSSjRC ^US\G Ram CmR[SajU 256 MB _aMBlm Dirty Bit Non-Cacheable Block-1 Size STU^CfDCUf^Cja[_aU\eTUXGY mU\XTUP_l [OK ^MR Disabled] RAS to CAS Delay Time _jU^CjaLIaKUSjRCXGYeF]KVQSUMXTULUC RAS-CAS bVHL_jUCmR[XGY]pfIXjUXGYXTULUChfm CAS Before RAS SUM]KVQKTUfVQSUMXTULUCMF^ajUL RAS PKF CAS CAS Width in Read Cycle STU^Cf_jU^CjaLIaKUSjRCXGYnGJG[NeFIMZY\RjUCDmR\NKBC DRAM bVHLCmR[XGY]pfXGYXTULUChfm Interleave Mode B mnGJG[NRjUC - IDG[CDmR\NKeUS DRAM BCk^\f Interleave Fast Page Mode DRAM B m^Cja[_aU\eTUXTULUCPQQ FPM kf[h\jbmRLRU�V[ RAS PKF CAS noYLeFIMiaSajU SDRAM CAS Latency Time ^M`R SDRAM Cycle Length MF[FMRQSUMXTULUCDRL CAS latency BC SDRAM bVHL_jUCmR[XGY]pf ^MRBlm_jU 2 SVQ RAM lCZf PC100 PKFBlm_jU 3 SVQ RAM lCZf PC66/83 Read Around Write STU^CfB mnGJG[NRjUC - IDG[CDmR\NKeUS^Cja[_aU\eTUhfmBC_MUaIfG[aSVC [Enabled] DRAM Data Integrity Mode IKRS Non-ECC ^MR ECC bU\DCZfDRL SDRAM System BIOS Cacheable SUMXTUP_lDRL System BIOS ROM #F0000-FFFFF [Enabled] Video BIOS Cacheable SUMXTUP_lDRL Video BIOS ROM [Enabled] Video RAM Cacheable SUMXTUP_lDRL Video RAM #A0000-AFFFF [Enabled smUh\j\GO�|^U] Memory Hole at 15M-16M SUMeRLJHCXGY]TU^MVQ ISA Adapter ROM [Enabled] Passive Release STU^Cf CPU to PCI bus accesses ljaL passive release [Enabled] Delayed Transaction IK`RS Enable ]TU^MVQ PCI version 2.1

251

AGP Aperture Size (MB) STU^CfDCUfDRL AGP Aperture STU^CfIOWC_MoYL^CoYLDRL RAM XVHL^\f

Power Management Max Saving STU^CfSUMOMF^[VfJKVLLUCPQQ ]NL]pf User Define STU^CfSUMOMF^[VfJKVLLUCPQQ bVHL_jUIRL Min Saving STU^CfSUMOMF^[VfJKVLLUCPQQ bYTU]pf PM Control by APM STU^CfB m_aQ_p\SUMOMF^[VfJKVLLUCtjUCXULnRrXcPaMc APM Video Off Method STU^CfaZdGSUMOufeR{UJI\YRIDmU]Njk^\fOMF^[VfJKVLLUC V/H SYNC + Blank eFOufSUMXTULUC V/H SYNC PKFfVQeR{UJfma[ Blank Screen DPMS ]TU^MVQSUMcfP]fLtKPKFeR{UJXGY]CVQ]CpCk^\f DPMS Blank Screen eFXTUSUMP]fL^CmUeRajUL g I\YROMF^[VfJKVLLUC ]TU^MVQeRMpjCISjU g Video Off After B mOufeR{UJI\YRIDmU]Njk^\fOMF^[VfJKVLLUCPQQ Stanby ^MR Suspend Standby Mode STU^CfMF[FIaKUI\YRJQajUh\j\GSUMBlmLUC eF^[pfXTULUCDRLRpOSMEcQUL]jaC Supend Mode eFbVfSUMXTULUCQUL]jaC_KmU[ Standby Mode Pbj^[pfRpOSMEcXGY\USSajU HDD Power Down STU^CfMF[FIaKUSjRCXGY BIOS eF^[pfSUMXTULUCDRL HDD Resume by Ring I\YR Enabled ]U\UMs]VYLB mXTULUCeUS Soft Off Mode hfm Resume by Alarm I\YR Enabled ]U\UMsbVHLIaKUXTULUCeUS Suspend Mode hfm Wake Up On LAN I\YR Enabled ]U\UMs]VYLB mXTULUCeUS Soft Off Mode hfm Integrated Peripherals IDE HDD BLOCKS MODE B m HDD RjUC-IDG[CDmR\NKhfm_MVHLKF^KU[ Sector JMmR\SVC [Enabled] IDE PIO Mode... STU^CfSUMXTULUCPQQ Programe Input/Output [bVHL]NL]pf^M`R Auto] IDE UDMA... STU^CfSUMXTULUCPQQ DMA ^M`R UDMA [Enabled ^MR Auto] On-Chip PCI IDE STU^CfSUMBlmljRLI]G[Q HDD IDE XGYR[NjQCI\CQRMcf [Enabled] USB Keyboard Support STU^CfB mBlm Keyboard PQQ USB [Enabled] Onboard FDC Controller STU^CfB mBlmljRLI]G[Q Disk Drive XGYR[NjQCI\CQRMcf [Enabled] Onboard Serial Port 1 STU^Cf_jUPRfIfM]PKF IRQ B m COM1 _jUOSbZ_`R 3F8/IRQ4 Onboard Serial Port 2 STU^Cf_jUPRfIfM]PKF IRQ B m COM2 _jUOSbZ_`R 2F8/IRQ3 Parallel Port Mode STU^Cfk^\fSUMXTULUCDRLJRMcbDCUChfmBC 3 PQQ [EPP&ECP] SPP (Standard Parallel Port) _`Rk^\f\UbM�UCI^\UFPSjI_M`YRLJZ\JcMpjCISjUg EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port) _`Rk^\f 2 XZ�XULI^\UFPSjI_M`YRLJZ\JcMpjCB^\j ECP (Extended Capabilities Port) _`Rk^\f_aU\IMia]NL I\`YRbjRJjaLSVQ Scanner, Laplink �K� ECP MODE USE DMA _`RSTU^Cf DMA ]TU^MVQ Port DCUCPQQ ECP noYL_jUOSbZ_`R 3

252

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7>5 Flash BIOS Si _` RSUM Update IOKGY[CPOKLDmR\NK^M`RnRrXcPaMcXGYQMMepR[NjBC BIOS ROM Chip

253

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254

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263

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format _`RSUMIMG[S_TU]VYL format CGHIJYRIMZY\bmCBlmLUC c: ^\U[soLl`YRDRL drive XGYbmRLSUMXTUSUM format kf[XGYBCI_MYRL_R\JZaIbRMc RUeeF\Ghfm^KU[ drive IljC c: d: e: ^MR f: Sihfm PKmaPbjajU eF\GSUMPQjLJUMcbZlVChamR[jULhM bMLCGHbmRLMFaVL B]jB msNSbmRL h\jIljCCVHC RUeeFXTUB mDmR\NKbjUL g ^U[hO^\fhfm /s ^MR /q ^M`R /c ^M`R /u IOWCSUMSTU^CfSUMXTULUCDRLSUM format IJZY\IbZ\eUSOSbZ bU\MU[KFIRG[ffmUCQC kf[RUeeFB]j^M`Rh\jbmRLB]jSihfm XVHLCGHSUMBlm_TU]VYLrRMcP\b PQQbjUL g RUeeFBlmMja\SVCSihfmIljC format c: /s/q _`R]VYLrRMcP\bPQQMafIMia PKFXTUSUM]MmUL system file IJYRB m]U\UMsBlmQNXI_MYRLhfmfma[ IOWCbmC

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264

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265

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3. MBR XTUSUMk^Kf DBR(Dos Boot Record) PKF]jLtjUCSUM_aQ_p\hOXGY DBR

4. DBR XTUSUMk^KfhrKcXGYnjRCham 5. hrKcXGYnjRCham_`R IO.SYS XTULUCPKFXTUSUMRjUC CONFIG.SYS PKFhrKc MSDOS.SYS

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6. k^KfhrKc_TU]VYL COMMAND.COM DRLtNmBlmI_M`YRL 7. \GSUMXTULUCBC AUTOEXEC.BAT

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DBR(Dos Boot Record)

7>5WpET_[dGX@S 3 : T5\=UQW (DBR)

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267

DGE>X@S_Q: DBR 8@ 5 45P7>5A[:G@d 1. MGInibhfMacXGYQNmbhfm 2. k^KfInSIbRMcPMSDRLhfIMi_XRMG^KVSIDmUhamBC^Cja[_aU\eTU 3. bMae]RQ 2 entries PMSajUIOWCl`YRDRLhrKcXGYnjRCR[Nj 4. k^KfhrKcXGYnjRCR[NjKLBC^Cja[_aU\eTU 5. ]jLtjUCSUM_aQ_p\hO[VLhrKcXGYnjRCR[Nj DBR hfmQMMepk_ML]MmULXGY]TU_V|DRLDmR\NKXGYIMG[SajU BPB(The BIOS Parameter Block)

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7>5WpET_[dGX@S 5 : T5\=UQWZ>U[S: CONFIG.SYS

MFQQeFfTUICZCSUMQNmbbjRhOkf[k^KfhrKcXGYnjRCR[NjhrKcPMS PKFB m\VCXTULUC noYLeFXTUSUMk^Kf_TU]VYL CONFIG.SYS PKmaB m\GSUMXTULUCbU\_TU]VYLCGH _TU]VYLBC CONFIG.SYS XGY]TU_V|_`R_TU]VYL “DEVICE=”

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CMOS CHECKSUM

ERROR DmR\NK{U[BC CMOS h\jsNSbmRL noYL]jaCB^|jISZfeUSPQbIbRMGYBSKm^\f ^M`R\GSUMsRfPQbIbRMGYRRS

Disk Boot Failure, Insert

System Disk and Press

Enter

BIOS h\jJQfZ]ScXGYSTU^CfB mBlm]TU^MVQQNmbMFQQ ^M`RfZ]ScCVHCh\jhfmXTUSUMbZfbVHLMFQQO�ZQVbZSUMBfg ham

FDD Controller Failure MFQQMGInibrKROO��fZ]Sch\jhfm RUeIC`YRLeUSSUMbVHL_jUBC BIOS h\jsNSbmRL, ]U[I_IQZK^Kpf^MR^Ka\, ^MR_RCkXMKIKRMcI]G[

HDD Controller Failure MFQQMGInib�UMcffZ]Sch\jhfm RUeIC`YRLeUSSUMbVHL_jUBC BIOS h\jsNSbmRL, ]U[I_IQZK^Kpf^MR^Ka\, ^MR_RCkXMKIKRMcI]G[

KB/Interface Error VabjR_G[cQRMcfI]G[ ^MR^Kpf/^Ka\

Keyboard Error h\jhfmbZfbVHL_G[cQRMcf^MR_G[cQRMcfI]G[

System Halted(Ctrl-Alt-

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269

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5D[U;U@O: BIOS AMI

I]G[L _aU\^\U[

]VHC 2 _MVHL POST h\jtjUC \GO�|^U h\j\GI]G[L P^KjLejU[hr ^M`RI\CQRMcf\GO�|^U I]G[LbjRIC`YRL P^KjLejU[hr ^M`RI\CQRMcf\GO�|^U ^M`R^Cja[_aU\eTU RAM \GO�|^U [Ua1 ]VHC 2 SUMcfP]fLtK\GO�|^U (MDA, CGA)

[Ua 1 ]VHC 3 SUMcfP]fLtK\GO�|^U (EGA)

[Ua 1 _MVHL SUMXf]RQIMG[QMmR[ h\j\GO�|^U

eUSbUMULM V]bVaR[jULI]G[LDRL BIOS noYLIOWC [GY mRXGYCZ[\Blmkf[XVYahOBCI_MYRLXGYIOWCPQQ Home

User ]jaC[GY mRRYCg IljC BIOS Phoenix eF\GBlmBCI_MYRLOMFI{XPQMCfcIC\ IOWC]jaCB^|j BC]jaCDRLM V]I]G[LSiBSKmI_G[LSVC XVHLCGHtNmBlm ^M`RtNmfNPKMFQQeFbmRLBlmSUM]VLISbIRUIRL

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7>53D9A MBR 69PT5\=UQWZ\>8�p7TEQ:_Q:T>5>:<>5gTR][G

DVHCbRCCGHeFSMFXTUbjRICYRLeUSSUMbMae]RQ�UMcfPaMcIMG[QMmR[PKma \VCeFXTUSUM_mC^UJUMcbZlVCXGYQNmbhfmDRLfZ]SchfMac BCDVHCbRCSUMXTULUCCGH smU\GO�|^UISZfDoHCeF\GDmR_aU\P]fL_aU\tZfJKUfDoHC\UDmR_aU\BfDmR_aU\

270

^CoYLfVLCGH Invalid partition table, Error Loading Operating system ^M`R Missing operating

system SUMaZI_MUF cB mfNbU\tVLSUMXTULUCDRL MBR

3Z5:U5E>:_Q: MBR

7>5X>:>G_Q: DBR

^KVLeUSMFQQXTUSUMk^Kf MBR I]MieIMG[QMmR[PKma eFXTUSUMIMG[SB m DBR XTULUCIOWCbVasVfhO SUMaZI_MUF cO�|^UBCljaLSUMXTULUCCGH]U\UMsaZI_MUF chfmeUStVLSUMXTULUC

IOKGY[CM V] MBR eUS 0:7C00 hOIOWC

RjUCbUMULJUMcbZlVCPbjKFbUMULIJYR_mC^UJUMcbZlVCXGYQNmb

JQ entries RYCXGYh\jBljhQbcXGY 80 ^MR 00

MFQQP]fLDmR_aU\ Invalid partition

h\j\G entry ]TU^MVQbUMULJUMcbZlVC h\jhfm_mC^UJUMcbZlVCXGYQNmbhfm

hOXGY ROM BIOS

_mCJQ entry XGYQNmbhfm

Entry ]TU^MVQbUMULJUMcbZlVCXVHL^\fR[NjBC]{UJBlmhfmBlj^MRh\j

RjUC Dos Boot Record soLbTUP^CjLBC^Cja[_aU\eTU

bMaefNajUhQbc]pfXmU[DRL DBR

IOWC AA55

MFQQP]fLDmR_aU\ Invalid partition

h\j]U\UMsRjUC DBR

MFQQP]fLDmR_aU\ Error

Loading Operating

System

MFQQP]fLDmR_aU\ Missing Operating

System

XTULUCkf[Blm DBR

h\jBlj

h\jBlj

Blj

Blj

271

3Z5:U5E>:_Q: DBR

7>5X>:>G_Q:34567585PWW

BCDVHCbRCCGHIOWCSUMXTULUCXGYISZfDoHC^KVLeUSSUMbMae]RQ�UMcfPaMcIMG[QMmR[PKma smUIOWCMFQQ DOS eF\GSUMIMG[SBlmhrKc Config.sys IJYRXTUSUMk^KffGhanchfMIaRMcDRLRpOSMEcbjULg XGYeTUIOWC ^KVLeUSCVHCeoLXTUSUMIMG[SBlmhrKc Command.com IJYRXTUSUMbZfbjRSVQtNmBlmLUC PKF]pfXmU[IOWCSUMIMG[SBlmLUC Autoexec.bat noYLIOWCDVHCbRCIMG[SBlmkOMPSM\XGYeTUIOWC]TU^MVQSUMIMZY\bmCMFQQ bjRhO ]jaCDRL Windows’95/98 CVHC eFbjULeUS DOS bMLXGYhrKc Config.sys PKF Autoexec.bat eFh\j_jR[\G_aU\]TU_V|\USCVS PbjeFIOWCSUMIMG[SBlmLUC Windows Registry noYLIOWC]jaCXGYISiQSUMIl`YR\bjRSVQRpOSMEcbjULg IDmUSVQMFQQham BCDVHCbRCCGHsmU\GO�|^UeFJQSVQDmR_aU\bjRhOCGH

DmR_aU\ O�|^UXGYISZf

Bad or Missing ,Command

Interpreter hrKc Command.com I]G[

k^KfPKFXTUSUMOMVQOMpLbUMULP]fLKVS�EFIqJUFfZ]Sc

MGInibhfMacXGYQNmbhfm

MGInibhfmIMG[QMmR[^MRh\j

_TUCaEInSIbRMceUShfIMi_XRMGPMSPKFInSIbRMcDRLDmR\NK eUSCVHCRjUCInSIbRMcDRLhfIMi_XRMGPMS

hOXGY 0:500

RjUChfm^MRh\j

bMaefN entry PMSajUIOWChrKcnjRC^MRh\j _RhrKc IO.SYS PKF MO-DOS.SYS

^MRh\j

RjUChrKcnjRChOXGY

Km\I^Ka^MRh\j

tjUCSUM_aQ_p\hO[VLhrKcnjRC

DmR_aU\ Disk Boot

DmR_aU\ Non

system disk

DmR_aU\ Non

system disk

QNmbMFQQeUShfMac A: MRSUMPSmhD

DmR_aU\ Disk Boot

Blj

h\jhfm

h\jhfm

hfm

hfm

Km\I^Ka

h\j

h\jBlj

272

Memory Allocation Error Command.com sNSXTUKU[ ^M`R\GkOMPSM\QULkOMPSM\J[U\Blm^Cja[_aU\eTUBCbTUP^CjLXGY]LaCham]TU^MVQ Command.com

Cannot Load Command,

System Halted I_M`YRLh\j]U\UMs k^Kf Command.com hfmIC`YRLeUS Bug DRLkOMPSM\ ^MRMpjCDRL Command.com h\jbMLSVC

Key_ System file DRL Windows sNSXTUKU[ Press any key to continues smUr�RLhrKc XXX.Vxd eFIOWCXGYSUMbZfbVHLMFQQh\j]\QNMEc smUh\j

r�RLhrKc xxx.vxd \GO�|^UXGYhrKc Autoexec.bat

eFI iChfmajUO�|^UXGYISZfeUSSUMXTULUCDRLMFQQeFISZfhfmBCXpSDVHCbRCSUMXTULUC kf[PbjKF]jaCO�|^UXGYISZfDoHCeFPbSbjULSVChOkf[KVS�EFDRLDmR_aU\XGYOMUS�eFIOWCbVaQRSB mIMUXMUQajUO�|^UXGYISZfDoHCCVHCISZfSVQ]jaCBfDRLMFQQCVYCIRL I\YRBlmPCaXULBCIQHRLbmC]TU^MVQSUMaZI_MUF csoLO�|^UXGYISZfDoHCPKma PKFXMUQajUISZfDoHCSVQ]jaCBfDRLMFQQ IMUSi]U\UMsXGYeFXTUSUMPSmhDhfmLjU[DoHCIC`YRLeUSIMUhfmSTU^CfO�|^UB m P_QKL XTUB mSUMPSmO�|^UXTUhfmIMiaDoHCfma[ PKFIOWCSUMPSmhDO�|^UhfmR[jULbMLepf

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��B �%-���-H�7� O�|^UXGYISZfDoHCSVQI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMc eFIOWCbValGHB mI iCsoLbTUP^CjLXGYQMMepDmR\NK]TU_V|g BCI_MYRL_R\JZaIbRMc PKFPbjKF]jaC\GtKsoLSVC smU]jaCBf]jaC^CoYLsNSKQ^M`RI]G[hO eFXTUB m]jaCRYCg h\j]U\UMsXGYeFXTULUCbjRhOhfm IljCsmU^USbUMULJUMcbZlVCI]G[^U[ IMUSieFh\jRUeIDmU]NjMFQQhfmP\majU]jaCXGYIOWC FAT eF[VL]\QNMEcfGR[Nj

:���7�%$�#v� !"�� ��?�9 ��"�% �#d`B9:�� DmR\NK bTUP^CjLXGYbVHL SUMSTU^Cf

POST(Power On Self

Test)

ROM BIOS QMZ�VXtNmtKZb/tNmBlm

OMFI{XDRL�UMcffZ]Sc Controller QCI\CQRMcf STU^Cf Configuration DRL�UMcffZ]Sc

Partition Record(MBR) Head 0/Cylinder 0/Sector

1 QC�UMcffZ]Sc FDISK/ XFDISK

DOS Boot Record(DBR) Sector PMSBC Partition

MBR IOWCbValGHbTUP^CjL

FORMAT

273

FAT(File Allocation

Table) MBR IOWCbValGHbTUP^CjL Format C: ^MR C:/S

Root Directory QNbIM__RMcfDRL DOS IOWCXULRmR\ _`R DBR lGHbTUP^CjL FAT PKFSTU^CfDCUfDRL FAT PKF Root Directory R[NjsVfeUS FAT

Format C: ^MR Format C:/S

IO.SYS/MSDOS.SYS Root Directory / FAT Format C:/S ^MR SYS C:

CONFIG.SYS Root Directory / FAT Blmkf[ MSDOS.SYS

tNmBlmI_M`YRL /SUMbZfbVHL Device

Driver B mSVQRpOSMEcbjULg

COMMAND.COM Root Directory /FAT bValGHO�|^U_`R Bad or Missing

Command Interpreter

Format C:/S ^MR SYS C:

AUTOEXEC.BAT Root Directory/ Sub

Directory FAT tNmBlmI_M`YRL /SUMbZfbVHL Device

Driver B mSVQRpOSMEcbjULg

DmR\NKDRLtNmBlm Root Directory/ Sub

Directory FAT tNmBlmI_M`YRL

eUSbUMUL XTUB mIMUXMUQsoLbTUP^CjLDRLDmR\NKPbjKFbVa PKFSUMSTU^CfDmR\NKPbjKFlpfPKma SUMPSmO�|^USi]U\UMsXTUhfmLjU[DoHCI\YR\GDmR_aU\P]fL_aU\tZfJKUfBCSUMXTULUCDRLI_M`YRL_R\JZaIbRMcDoHC\U

-���-�$H�7�@B%:�Bs�'���&�B� DmR_aU\ O�|^U/SUMPSmhD

CMOS CHECKSUM ERROR 4vwD> DmR\NK{U[BC BIOS h\jsNSbmRL ]jaCB^|jISZfeUSPQbIbRMGRjRCSTUKVL ^M`R\GSUM Clear BIOS

7>567Em_ IOKGY[CPQbIbRMGB^\j XTUSUMPSmhDDmR\NKBC BIOS

B msNSbmRL (fN VaDmRSUMInibRVJ BIOS)

Disk Boot Failure, Insert System

Disk and Press Enter 4vwD> BIOS h\jJQfZ]ScXGYSTU^CfB mXTUSUMQNmbMFQQ ^MRfZ]ScCVHCh\jhfmXTUSUMbZfbVHLMFQQO�ZQVbZSUMBfg ham ]jaCB^|jeFISZfeUSSUMB]jPtjCfZ]SchamBCI_M`YRLDVQ ^MRRUeISZfeUS]U[bjR^Ka\^M`R^KpfSiIOWChfm 7>567Em_ bMae]RQBCI_M`YRLDVQfZ]ScajU\GPtjCfZ]ScISib R[Nj{U[BC^M`Rh\j/ Ili_]U[bjR{U[BCDRLfZ]ScajUPCjC^MRh\j/ QNmbMFQQeUShfMac A: Blm_TU]VYL SYS C: ^KVLeUSDoHCDmR_aU\ System Transferred sRfPtjCfZ]ScRRSeUSI_M`YRLDVQ QNmbI_M`YRLB^\jRGS_MVHL

FDD/ HDD Controller Failure 4vwD> MFQQXTUSUMMGInib Floppy disk/ Hard Disk h\jhfm RUeIOWCIJMUFSUMbVHL_jUBC BIOS h\jsNSbmRL, _RCkXMKIKRMc

274

I]G[, Pbj]jaCB^|jPKmaeFISZfeUS]U[I_IQZK^Kpf^MR^Ka\

7>567Em_ bMae]RQ]U[I_IQZKajU^Kpf^M`R^Ka\^M`Rh\j/ bMae]RQ_jUBC BIOS B msNSbmRL smU_RCkXMKIKRMcI]G[bmRLXTUSUMIOKGY[CB^\j

KB/ Interface Error(Keyboard

Error) 4vwD> VabjR_G[cQRMcf^Kpf/^Ka\

7>567Em_ D[VQ VabjRB mIDmUXGY/ sRf VabjRPKmaB]jSKVQIDmUhOB^\j MGQNmbMFQQ

System Halted(Ctrl-Alt-Del) to

Reboot 4vwD> ISZfSUMtZfJKUfQULOMFSUM MFQQeFJ[U[U\PSmO�|^Ukf[SUMQNmbMFQQB^\j

���� �����������&"(#�$�����- ���� 4vwD> Q>7>5 7>567Em_

Chipset XGY_aQ_p\ Interrupt

I]G[ O�|^UISZfXGYI\CQRMcf

CVQ Memory I]Mie PKma Hang hOIq[g h\j\GDmR_aU\Bfg DoHC\U

MGQNmbI_MYRLDoHC\UB^\jRGS_MVHL smU[VLIOWCI^\RCIfZ\ XTUSUMbMaeIli_XGYI\CQRMcf

Setup lCZfDRL HDD BC BIOS tZf

CVQ Memory I]MiePKmaDoHCDmR_aU\ Drive C: Failure ^MR Drive

C: Error

bMaeIli_lCZfDRL HDD BC BIOS XGY VaDmR STANDARD

/ PRIMARY IDE : STU^CflCZf HDD B msNSbmRL smU\G VaDmR AUTO B mSTU^CfIOWC VaDmRCGH

DOS Partition I]G[ Boot XGY Drive A: PKmaJZ\Jc C:

h\jDoHCDmR_aU\ Invalid Drive

Specification

1. Boot XGY Dive A: JZ\Jc Sys C: MReCDoHCDmR_aU\ System transferred PKmaQNmbXGY Drive C: RGS_MVHL smU[VLQNmbh\jhfm 2. Blm Norton Utilities

VaDmR Disk Tool Blm_TU]VYL Make

Disk Bootable XTUbU\DVHCbRCDRLkOMPSM\ smU[VLh\j^U[ 3. XTUSUM Format Drive C:

B^\jhfmIK[ HDD Track 0 I]G[ 1. Boot XGY Drive A: Blm_TU]VYL

Sys C: PKma[VLh\jhfmtK

2. Blm Norton NDD bMaefNPKma

\G Bad Sector XGY Track 0

3. Format C:/S h\jtjUC Pbj Format C: Iq[g tjUC

4. Format fma[ Low Level

DRL

IKGY[LhOQNmbXGYJUMcbZlVCPXCkf[SUMSTU^CfB mIOWC]RLJUMcbZlVC PKmaSTU^CfB mJUMcbZlVCXGY]RLIOWC DOS Partition smUBlm FDISK

STU^CfB m Partition XGY]RLIOWC Active

275

Disk Manager r�RL Track 0

I]G[

HDD Boot Record I]G[ 1. DoHCDmR_aU\ Disk Boot

Failure ^MR Hang hOIq[g

2. DmR_aU\ Non-System Disk

or Disk Error

QNmbXGY Drive A: JZ\Jc Sys C:

MGQNmbRGS_MVHL smUh\j^U[ Blm Disk tool BC Norton IKRSMake Disk Bootable

���� �����������&$��3���� 4vwD> Q>7>5 7>567Em_

Hang XGY Config.Sys ^M`R Autoexec.bat ^M`RXGYkOMPSM\ Driver

QNmbMFQQDoHC\UPKmaIDmUhOXGY Safe

Mode ^M`R\GDmR_aU\ Press

any Key to Continues

QNmbI_M`YRLDoHC\UB^\j PKmaSfOpw\ F8

IKRS VaDmR Step by Step

Confirmations IJYRXTUSUMbMae]RQ Config.sys PKF Autoexec.bat IJYRbMaefNajU\GO�|^UXGYepfBfPKmaXTUSUM Mark

ham eUSCVHCIDmUhOPSmhDBC Edit

Config.sys/ Autoexec.bat

hrKcMFQQI]G[

(IO.SYS/ MSDOS.SYS)

DoHCDmR_aU\ Key_

(WINDOWS’98)

QNmbXGY Drive A: JZ\Jc Sys C:

PKmaXTUSUMQNmbMFQQDoHC\UB^\jBCSMEGCGHsmUMFQQQNmbhOXGY C:\> bmRLXTUSUMbZfbVHL(Setup)kOMPSM\MFQQKLhOB^\j eoLeFBlmLUChfm

I_M`YRLh\j]U\UMsk^Kf Command.com hfm IC`YRLeUS Bug DRLkOMPSM\ ^M`RMpjCDRL Command.com h\jbMLSVC

DoHCDmR_aU\ Cannot Load

Command, System Halted

Ili_fNajUBC�UMcffZ]Sc\GhrKc Command.com ^M`Rh\j smUh\j\GB mXTUSUMQNmbeUShfMac A: PKmaBlm_TU]VYL Sys C: QNmbB^\jRGS_MVHL smUh\jhfmtKB mXTUSUMbMaeIli_XGY RAM

hrKc Command.com BC�UMcffZ]Sch\j\G RUesNSKQ^M`RsNSXTUKU[kf[haMV]^MR]UI^bpRYC

DoHCDmR_aU\ Bad or Missing

Command Interpreter

QNmbMFQQeUS Drive A: PKmaBlm_TU]VYL Sys C: PKmaQNmbMFQQDoHC\URGS_MVHL

hrKc Command.com sNSXTUKU[ ^MR\GkOMPSM\J[U[U\BlmIC`HRXGYBC^Cja[_aU\eTUXGY]LaCham]TU^MVQ Command.com

DoHCDmR_aU\

File Allocation Error

XTUSUMQNmbMFQQDoHC\UB^\jkf[SUM Reset smUh\jhfmtK

QNmbMFQQeUShfMac A: PKmaBlm_TU]VYL Sys C: Restart I_M`YRL

���(���+ �� ����# &��6+ ;��%5'> "��+$��%&&'���(���+ �� ����# &��6+ ;��%5'> "��+$��%&&'���(���+ �� ����# &��6+ ;��%5'> "��+$��%&&'���(���+ �� ����# &��6+ ;��%5'> "��+$��%&&'(�% �&�7>� (�% �&�7>� (�% �&�7>� (�% �&�7>� fdiskfdiskfdiskfdisk

���# &;��%5'> "��+$��%&&'(�% !��� *"5�"��+��� # &�� ������7>�+�"��+ $��%&&'(�% �6�"� *"5�"��� 3��%��5 �&����/��(����� �1������6+ $��%&&'(�% ���/ ?"�"�&56�+ ) /;����1��"&7��7>�+�"2&�7"�56�. Drive /;���!8��/ ?"

276

�./������+������ />6" $��%&&'(�% �"�&/5<� 8 GB ��##.�1������6+���/ ?" Drive C: �"�& 3 GB /;���7>�(1��� ��+ Windows ��.=�35%�8�%56�+ ) ��.�1������6+/ ?" Drive D: ���(68"�"9�+�&�7�����"�&/ ?" 5 GB /;���7>�(1��� �/�<����������" ) / ?"5�"

>"'&��+;��%5'> �" #.��6+���5��>"'&��+ FAT 56�+ ) 2&�& +"�*

• FAT16 / ?"���# &;��%5'> "(1��� � DOS, Windows 3.1 ��. Windows 95 �,6"��� ) #.��+� ��"�&��+;��%5'> "2&�(�+(,&��� 2 GB 56� 1 ;��%5'> �"/�6�" *"

• FAT32 / ?"���# &;��%5'> "(1��� � Windows 95 OSR2 ��. Windows 98 (�������+� ��"�&��+;��%5'> "2&�#�� 512 KB 2 #"�9+ 64 GB 56� 1 ;��%5'> "

• NTFS / ?"���# &;��%5'> "(1��� � Windows NT

& +" *" ���#.�1����# &��6+;��%5'> " 7��7>�+�"$��%&&'(�%����"�&����86� 2 GB 56� 1 ;��%5'> "�<5��+�1����(���+;��%5'> "��� FAT32 =9�+#.(�����7>�+�"2&�7"�.�� Windows 95 OSR2 ���� Windows 98 �9*"2 /�6�" *" =�35%�8�% ���7>�(1��� ����# &��6+ ;��%5'> "��+ $��%&&'(�% ���+6�� ) �<!��� ����� FDISK �������7��� � Windows 98 " �"/�+ �&����5��+��6����86� ���7>� FDISK #�� Windows 98 #.(�����(���+;��%5'> "��� FAT32 2&� �56������/ ?" FDISK ������ � Windows 95 ������+ DOS #.(������1�2&�/�;�.�.�� FAT16 /�6�" *"2�6(������1�/ ?" FAT32 2&�

�&� �5'���8 � *"5�"���# &��6+;��%5'> "��+$��%&&'(�% 2�6#1�/ ?"5��+�1��6��" � #.�1�7"��-����5��+��� / ����"� �+�� ��� >"'&��+ FAT �����1��"&�"�&��+;��%5'> "7��6/�6�" *" =9�+� *"5�"���# &;��%5'> "7��6"�* �������,���6�+���/�<����67" $��%&&'(�% #.���2 � *+��&&�8� & +" *"5��+�.8 +�����1����/�<�(1���+���������(1�! 4/�<�28��6�" 7"���"�*#.��5 8��6�+��+���# &��� ��.�����6+;��%5'> "��+$��%&&'(�% �&����7>�!1�( �+ FDISK �������� � Windows /;���/ ?"���/5����$��%&&'(�%�6�"� *"5�"����+ Windows 56�2

!1�( �+ FDISK #.(�������2&�#���06" Windows 98 Start Up Disk ������� +2�6�� 5��+�1����(���+�06" Windows 98 Startup Disk �9*"���6�" �� +#��" *" #9+�1�������/!����+!��;'8/5��% �&�������/!����+#���06" Windows 98 Startup Disk #��" *" ;'�;%!1�( �+ fdisk ���8�& Enter

���$��%&&'(�%���"�&7�46����86� 512MB #.��!1����86�5��+���(���+;��%5'> "�"�&7�46����2�6 ����/ ?"������86� 5��+���7>�+�"��� FAT32 ����2�6" �"/�+ ���5�� [N] �<#./ ?"����1��"&7��7>�+�"��� FAT16 ����/����"� ����7>� FDISK ��+ DOS ���� Windows 95 �,6"/�6�2 �56���5��+�����6+;��%5'> "��� FAT32 �<7���& [Y]

277

/�"��� �(1��� ����7>�+�"���56�+ ) �&� �5'���8#.���!6 4 ������ �56�����������56�$��%&&'(�%����86� 1 5 8 #.��/�"���� 5 !�� Change current fixed disk drive (1��� �/����86�#.�1�+�"� � $��%&&'(�% 5 82�"7��/����&�8� ����(&+��������+ ;��%5'> " 56�+ ) �1��&�/�������/�"� 4. Display partition information

/�"���+����(&+;��%5'> " (/����#��/�"� 4. #��/�"��� �) #.�(&+������56�+ ) ��+;��%5'> " 7"$��%&&'(�% #./�<"����./���&��.����1��"&�� ������7>�+�"56�+ ) �8��9+���# &��6+�"�&56�+ ) &�8� 7"��-����/ ?" $��%&&'(�% ���� +2�62&��1����# &;��%5'> " �<#.2�6���������(&+7��/�<" /��(������& ,I� ESC /;����� �2 /�"��� �

278

/�"���+�����;��%5'> " (/����/�"� 2. #��/�"��� �) #.��/�"�7��/������������;��%5'> "56�+ ) =9�+���:'���!8��������+�56�.;��%5'> " & +"�*

• Primary DOS Partition / ?";��%5'> "�� ���+$��%&&'(�% • Extended DOS Partition / ?";��%5'> "� &2 ��+$��%&&'8�% • Logical DOS Drive(s) #./ ?"����1��"&�"�&56�+ ) ������67" Extended DOS Partition ����� =9�+

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319

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Intel 80386 (SX/DX) 16-33 MHz Vcore 5.5V.

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Intel 80486 (DX4) 75-100 MHz L1=16K Vcore=3.6V.

Intel 80586 (Pentium) 60-100MHz L1=8+8K

330

Intel Pentium Classic (P54C) 100-166MHz L1=8+8K Vcore 3.3V

Intel Pentium MMX (P55C) 166-233MHz MMX, L1=16+16K Vcore 2.8V

AMD 5x86 L1=16K

AMD K5 L1=8+16K

AMD K6 166-300MHz MMX L1=32+32K

Cyrix 6x86 PR166 Vcore 3.5V

Cyrix 6x86MX PR200-233 Vcore 2.9V

Cyrix M II PR300-333 Vcore 2.9V

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0.35Micron MMX L1=32K L2=512K Half Speed

Intel Pentium II 350-450 MHz 100 MHz 2.0 V. Slot-1

0.25Micron MMX L1=32K L2=512K Half Speed

Intel Celeron 266-300 MHz 66 MHz 2.0 V. Slot-1 0.25Micron MMX L1=32K no L2

Intel Celeron 300-533 MHz 66 MHz 2.0 V. FC-PGA 370 / Slot-1

0.25 Micron MMX L1=32K L2=128K Full Speed

Intel Celeron II 533-766 MHz 66 MHz 1.50

V. FC-PGA 370 0.18Micron MMX SSE Ondie L2=128K Full Speed

Intel Celeron II 800-1000 MHz 100 MHz 1.50

V. FC-PGA 370 0.18Micron MMX SSE Ondie L2=128K Full Speed

AMD K6-II 266-366 MHz 66 MHz 2.2 V. Socket 7 0.25Micron MMX 3DNow!

L1=64K

AMD K6-II 350-500 MHz

100 MHz 2.2 V. Socket 7 0.25Micron MMX 3DNow! L1=64K

AMD K6-III 400-450 MHz 100 MHz 2.4 V. Socket 7 0.25Micron MMX 3DNow!

L1=64K L2=256K Full Speed

AMD K6-II+ 500-550 MHz 100 MHz 2.0 V. Socket 7 0.18Micron MMX 3DNow!

L2=128K

AMD K6-III+ 450 MHz 100 MHz 2.0 V. Socket 7 0.18Micron MMX 3DNow! L2=256K

AMD Athlon K7 500-1000 MHz

200 MHz DDR

1.60 V. Slot-A 0.25Micron MMX E-3DNow!

L1=128K L2=512K Half Speed

Cyrix C3 700-933 MHz

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Intel Pentium III 450-600 MHz

100 MHz / 133 MHz

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Intel Pentium III 500-733 MHz

100 MHz / 133 MHz

1.65 V.

FC-PGA 370 0.18Micron MMX SSE Ondie L2=256K Full Speed

Intel Pentium III 800-1130 MHz

133 MHz 1.70 V.

FC-PGA 370 0.18 Micron MMX SSE Ondie L2=256K Full Speed

Intel Celeron II - Tualatin

1.0A-1.3A GHz

100 MHz 1.47 V.

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AMD Duron 600-1200 MHz

200 MHz DDR

1.60 V.

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331

AMD Athlon T-Bird

700-1533 MHz

200/266 MHz DDR

1.70 V. Socket A 0.18Micron MMX E-3DNow!

L1=128K L2=256K Full Speed

AMD Athlon XP+ 1333-1667 MHz

266 MHz DDR

1.75 V. Socket A 0.18Micron MMX E-3DNow!

L1=128K L2=256K Full Speed

AMD Athlon MP 1200 MHz 266 MHz DDR

1.75 V. Socket A

0.18Micron MMX E-3DNow! L1=128K L2=256K Full Speed SMP

Intel Pentium 4 1.3-1.8 GHz

400 MHz QDP

1.70 V.

FC-PGA 423 0.18Micron MMX SSE2 L2=256K Full Speed

Intel Pentium 4 1.5-2.0 GHz

400 MHz QDP

1.70 V.

FC-PGA 478 0.18Micron MMX SSE2 L2=256K Full Speed

Intel Pentium 4(A)

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400 MHz QDP

1.50 V. FC-PGA 478

0.13Micron MMX SSE2 L2=512K Full Speed

AMD Advance Micro Device

MMX MultiMedia eXtension

SSE Streaming SIMD Extensions

PGA Pin Grid Array

SECC Single Edge Contact Cartridge

SEPP Single Edge Processor Package

SMP Symmetric Multi-Processor

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335

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336

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337

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338

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342

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343

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345

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346

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347

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348

MFQQ BUS PQQ PC BUS CGH\G _aU\SamULDRL BUSIOWC 4.77 MHzPKF[VL]U\UMs]jLsjU[DmR\NKfma[_aU\IMia]NL]pfXGY 2.38 bjRaZCUXG

BC[p_DRL PC AT ^MRbVHLPbj CPU MpjC 980286 IOWCbmC\Uhfm\GSUMIOKGY[CPOKLDCUfDRLI]mCXULDmR\NKeUS 8 BIT IOWC 16 BIT XTUB m IBM bmRL\UXTUSUMRRSPQQMFQQ BUS B^\jIJYRB m]U\UMs]jLtjUCDmR\NKXGKF 16 BIT PCjCRCajUSUMRRSPQQB^\jCVHCSibmRLXTUB mISZf_aU\IDmUSVChfm[mRC^KVLfma[(COMPATBLE) SKjUa_`R bmRL]U\UMsBlmLUCSVQ PC QV]hfmfma[ IJMUFsmU^USh\jIljCCVHCPKma Si_LeFDU[RRS[US KRL_ZffNajU smU^USRRS PC AT XGYBlmMFQQQV]B^\jXVHL^\f PKFh\jIDmUSVCSVQ PC XT XGYRRS\USjRC^CmUCVHChfm I_MYRL PC BUT IfZ\RGS 36 PIN kf[XGYIJZY\I]mCXULDmR\NK 8 PIN Ma\PKmaSieFIOWC 16 PIN ]TU^MVQ]jLDmR\NK_MVHLKF 16 BIT JRfG PKFIJZY\ 4 PIN ]TU^MVQXTU^CmUXGYRmULbTUP^CjLeUS^Cja[_aU\eTU noYLSieFMa\IOWC 24 PIN PKFeFRmULhfm\USsoL 16 Meg. noYLSiIOWCDCUfDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU]NL]pfXGY CPU 80286 CVHC]U\UMsXGYeFRmULhfm PbjR[jULhMSibU\SUMRmULbTUP^CjLDRL I/O PORTCVHCSi[VLsNSSTU^CfhamXGY 1024 R[NjfG ICYRLeUSO�|^USUMIDmUSVChfmSVQ PC BUS CRSeUSCGH PIN XGYIDmU\U[VLlja[IJZY\SUMRmULbTUP^CjL DMA PKF_jUDRLIRQ SLOT PQQB^\jCGHIMG[SajUIOWC SLOT PQQ 16-BIT noYLbjR\USiIMG[SSVCajUIOWC AT BUS PbjIMUeFMNmSVCBCCU\ ISA BUS \USSajUkf[_TUajU ISA \UeUS_TUIbi\ajU INDUSTRY STANDARD ARCHITECTUREIMU]U\UMsCTU CARD PQQ 8 BIT \UI]G[QKLljRL 16 BIT hfm IJMUFBlm]sUO�b[SMM\I^\RCgSVC eFbjULSVCSibMLXGYIJZY\\U ]TU^MVQ 16 BIT IXjUCVHCnoYLeFBlm (BCSMEGXGYBlm CARD 16 BIT) ^MRh\jBlm (BCSMEGXGYBlm CARD 8 BIT) SihfmMFQQQV] PQQ ISA BUS CGH\G_aU\SamULDRL BUS IOWC 8 MHz PKF]U\UMs]jLsjU[DmR\NKfma[_aU\IMia]NL]pfXGY 8 MB bjRaZCUXG BCO� 1985 XUL COMPAG hfmOMFSU�IOufbVa COMPUTER DRLbC BCMpjC 286/12 kf[ 12 CVHC ^\U[soL_aU\IMia_`R 12 MHz noYLDEFCVHC IBM \GP_j 286 XGYXTULUCfma[_aU\IMia 8 MHz BCDEFCVHC _aU\IMiaeUS 8 MHz hO 12 MHz CVQajU]NL\USgIK[ IJMUFIJZY\DoHC\URGS_MVHL^CoYLIK[XGYIfG[a (smUIOMG[QIXG[QSVQ]\V[CGHSiI^\RCgSVQeUS Pentium II 300 hOIOWC Pentium II 450 CVYCIRL) noYLPCjCRC BUS DRLMFQQ SibmRLXTULUCXGY 12 MHz bU\hOfma[ PKmaO�|^USiISZfDoHC ISA BUS CVHCIMUXMUQPKmaajU\VCXTULUCXGY 8 MHz smU\VCXTULUCXGY 12 MHz eFXTUB mISZfO�|^UXGY]TU_V|DoHC IJMUF^USajU CPU XTULUChfmIMiaeMZL Pbjh\j]U\UMsBlm CPU hfm SiP[SSUMBlmCU�ZSU DRLMFQQQV]RRSeUS CPU hOIK[ kf[XGY CPU RpOSMEcRYCgQC Mainboard eFXTULUCXGY_aU\IMia 12 MHz PbjbVaXGY BUS IRLeFXTULUC_LXGY XGY 8 MHz IJMUFBlm]V||UECU�ZSUP[SeUSSVC noYLaZdGSUMCGHSiIOWCaZdGSUMPSmnoYLSiBlmSVCeaQeCO�eepQVCCGH PbjBC]\V[CVHC ^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVS^MR RAM eFR[NjQCExpansion Card XGYR[NjSVQ ISA BUS fma[IJMUFqFCVHC \VCSiIK[XTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIJG[L 8 MHz IXjUCVHCPKFbjRg\U[ZYL\G CPU DCUf 16 MHz^MR 24 MHz BC[p_DRL 386 fma[PKma RAM SieFXTULUCfma[_aU\IMiaIJG[LP_j 8 MHz IXjUCVHC XUL COMPAQ eoLhfmXTUSUMPSmhDRGS_MVHL noYLBC

349

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XVHL IBM PKF COMPAQ CVHCIOWC_NjPDjLXULSUM_mUSVC fVLCVHCIM`YRLXGYeFB m COMPAQ R[NjI^C`RbCIRL]TU^MVQ IBM CVHCIOWChOh\jhfm XUL IBM eoLhfmRRS\UbMU�UCMFQQQV]DRLbCB^\j IMG[SajU MICRO CHANNEL AECHITECTURE ^MR MCA I\YRMFQQQV]hfm\GSUMPDjLDVCSVCDoHCPCjCRCMFQQXGYsNSCTURRS\UIOMG[QIXG[Q _`R ISAnoYLSi\GSUMeVQbU\RLajUXUL IBM CVHCeF^UXULPSmhDepfRjRCDRL ISA BUS DRLbCR[jULhM noYLaZ�aSMDRLXUL IBM CVHC\RLBCPLj\p\XGYPbSbjULeUS_CR`YCgI\YR INTELhfmIOuf CPU DRLbCMpjC 80386 noYLIOWC CPU DCUf 32 BIT ]U\UMsRmULbTUP^CjL^Cja[_aU\eTUhfm\USsoL 4 Gigabyte kf[\G_aU\IMiaIMZY\bmCXGY 16 MHz noYL ISA BUSfNeFh\jI^\UFPKmaSVQ CPU MFfVQCGH QMMfUtNmBlm PC bjULSi\RLSVCajUXULRRSXGYfG _`R_aMeF\GMFQQQV]B^\jXGY]U\UMsMRLMVQBCepfCGHhfm eUSSUMXGYaZ�aSMDRL IBM sCVfSVQManinframe \USSajUXTUB maZ�aSMI^KjUCVHC\RLajU PC Si_aMeFXTULUCPQQ^KU[g TASK JMmR\gSVChfm (MULTIPLE TASK) OMFSRQSVQ IBM bmRLSUMXGYeFB m{UJJeCcMainframe DRLbCfN\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJ]NLSajU PC eoLh\j_jR[hfmIJZY\^M`RIOKGY[CPOKLDGf_aU\]U\UMsB mSVQMFQQQV]B^\jB mIfjCSajUIfZ\\USCVS

ISA BUS IOWCQV]XGY]MmULDoHCeUSSKpj\tNmDU[ 9 QMZ�VX CTUkf[QMZ�VX COMPAQ ]MmULDoHCIJ`YR]NmSVQ]sUO�b[SMM\h\k_MIlKPCKDRL IBM EISA CVHCBlmJHC�UC^KVS\UeUS ISA PbjhfmIJZY\DGf_aU\]U\UMsQULR[jULDoHC noYLQULR[jULSiJV�CU\UeUS MCA fma[ nHTU[VLIDmUSVChfmSVQ MFQQ ISA MpjCISjUfma[ PKFI]G[_jUKZD]ZXdZ�CmR[SajUXGYeFbmRLejU[ IBM RGSfma[ QV] EISA MVCXGY 8 MHz PbjRRSPQQB mSamULSajU 32 QZb ^\U[_aU\ajU PQCfcaZfdc DRL\VCIOWC 33 MHz bjRaZCUXG tjUCQV]{U[BbmILYRChDXGYfGXGY]pf QV] EISA \GO�|^USUMPRfIfM] PKFO�|^U^CoYLXGYXTUB^mIKZSJV�CURpOSMEch\k_MPnCICK _RSUM_R\PJbXZIQZK[mRC^KVL _`RsmUn`HR_R\JZaIbRMcB^\jPQQh\k_MPnCICKeUS IBM IMUeFbmRLn`HR

350

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LOCAL BUSMFQQQV]I^KjUCGHPbjIfZ\IMG[SajU IOWC PRIVATE BUS IJMUFBlmIOWCSUM]jaCbVaIqJUFQMZ�VXIXjUCVHC PbjbjR\USiIMG[SajUIOWC LOCAL BUS ^M`R BUS IqJUFXGY IJMUFBlm]V||UECU�ZSUIfG[aSVQ CPU kf[h\jbmRLJoYL]V||UECU�ZSUMJZI��P[SeUS CPU IK[ DmRfGDRL\VC_`R ]U\UMsBlm]V||UECU�ZSUIfG[aSVCSVQ CPU BCDEFCVHChfm noYLSi\VSeFCTUhOBlmSVQ^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVS IJYRIJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJkf[Ma\DRLMFQQ PbjSi\GSUMcfP]fLtKRGSlCZf^CoYLXGYbmRLSUM_aU\ha]NLIljCDISPLAY CARD noYL^US\GSUMIDmUsoLPKF]jLsjU[DmR\NKMF^ajUL CPU SVQ DISPLAY CARD hfmIMiaPKma SieFlja[KfO�|^UIM`YRL REFRESH RATE bYTU IJMUF CPU eFbmRLXTU SUMOMF\aKtKPKFCTU\UP]fLtKQCeR{UJ [ZYL^USajU\GSUMBlm DRLeR{UJ]NLg PKFIOWC MODE GRAPHICS fma[PKma CPU Si[ZYLbmRLSUM SUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKB mIMiaDoHC IJYR{UJXGYhfmeFhfmh\jSMFbpS PKFh\jSMFJMZQ IC`YRLeUSMFQQ LOCAL BUS CVHC eFlja[BCSUM]jLtjUC PKFIDmUsoLDmR\NKhfmIMia eoLhfm\GQULQMZ�VX CTUIRUMFQQ LOCAL BUS \UBlmSVQ DISPLAY CARD fma[ bjR\Uhfm\GSUMXTUSUMSTU^Cf\UbM�UCMFQQQV]CGHDoHC\U kf[SKpj\XGYl`YR VIDEO ELECTRONICSTANDARDS ASSOCIATION ^M`R VESA PKFhfmIMG[S\UbM�UCCVHCajU VESA LOCAL BUS ^MRIMG[S]VHCgajU VL BUS BCO�1992 MFQQ VL BUS CVHC ]U\UMsBlm]V||UECU�ZSUhfm]NLsoL 50 MHz XVHL[VL]CVQ]CpCI]mCXULDmR\NKXVHL 32 BIT PKF 62 BIT Ma\soLRmULsoLbTUP^CjL^Cja[_aU\eTUhfm]NLsoL 4 GIGABYTE RGSfma[ PbjR[jULhMSibU\ VL BUS Sih\jIlZLajUIOWC]sUO�b[SMM\XGYfGCVS IJMUFh\j\GIRSKVS�Ec ^M`R_pE]\QVbZJZI��CRSI^C`RhOeUS ISA \USCVS IJUF\VCI^\RCSVQIJZY\DGf_aU\]U\UMsB mSVQ ISA \USSajUXGYeTUIOWCJV�CU_aU\]U\UMsB mSVQ ISA IC`YRLeUS\VCSi[VL_LB m CPU IOWCbVa_aQ_p\SUMXTULUCBlm BUS MASTERING h\jhfm PKF[VLh\j]U\UMsOMVQPbjL_jUbjULg tjUCXUL SOFTWARE hfm

351

VL BUSkK_RKQV]PQQ VESA RRSPQQkf[SKpj\XGYl`YR VIDEO ELECTRONIC STANDARDS ASSOCIATION ^MR VESA IOWCSUMMja\\RDRLtNmDU[tKZb{VE�c SUMP]fLtKPKFQMZ�VXXGYISGY[aSVQfmUCSMUrOMF\UE 120 P jL KVS�EF_RCICibIbRMcI]G[QDRLSUMcfRpOSMEcJjaLbjRPQQaGPRKQV] _aMeTUhamajU _RCICibIbRMcI]G[QPQQ\UbM�UC ISA 16 QZb R[NjfmUCDaUPKF\G_RCICibIbRMcI]G[QIJZY\PQQ kK_RKQV]fmUCnmU[ DmR]TU_V|XGYbmRLeTUhamajUSUMIJZY\]KiRb kK_RKQV] IJG[L 1^M`R 2 ]KiRbB mSVQMFQQh\jeTUIOWCajUeF]U\UMsOMVQOMpLSUMXTULUCDRLMFQQhfmeCh\jCjUIl`YR \VCeFOMVQOMpLSUMXTULUCPbjSVQIJG[L]jaCOMFSRQXGYRRS\Ukf[IqJUFIXjUCVHC IljC I]G[QSUMcfP]fLtKXGYh\jBljSUMcfIMjL_aU\IMiaBC]KiRb kK_RKQV] RUe\GtKXTUB mSUMXTULUClmUKL\USSajUI]G[QSUMcfIMjL_aU\IMiaaZkbM]cKLBCQV] ISA SUMRRSPQQ VL BUS eFIMG[SBlm_RCICibIbRMcXGYIJZY\eUS_RCICibIbRMcDRLEISA ^MR ISA _aU\eMZLtNmDU[]jaCB^|jXGYB]j]KiRb VL BUS BCI_MYRLJGnGeFaULR[NjDmULg ]KiRb ISA ^M`R EISA QCQRMcfP\j KRLB mMVCXGY_aU\IMianGJG[N PKFKRLMVQDmR\NKPQQ 32QZb hfm VL BUS \GPQCfcaZfdc]NL]Nf 133 I\SFhQbcbjRaZCUXGKVS�EFDRL VL BUS h\jBljQV]XGYRRSPQQ\UXfPXC ISA I^\`RCSVQXGY EISA PKF MCA hfmJ[U[U\\USjRCPKFOMF]Q_aU\Km\I^Ka ^USPbjIOWCQV]]jaCD[U[XGYtNmtKZbIJZY\IDmUhOQCPtLaLeM^KVSDRLMpjCB^\jgeF\G]KiRbDRL VL BUSXGYbjR[YCRRS\UeUS]KiRbIfZ\DRL ISA noYLRUe\GbVHLPbj 1-3 ]KiRb bU\PbjKFQMZ�VXeFIOWCtNmtKZb _aU\IMiaBCSUMsjU[kRCDmR\NKBC VL BUS h\jhfmSTU^CfB m\G_jUbU[bVaI^\RCSVQQV]PQQ ISA ^MR EISA ^USPbj\G_aU\IMiabU\_aU\IMiaDRLnGJG[Nkf[bML _EQ=^>7[A_Q: VL BUS aGPRKQV]\GDmReTUSVf]TU_V|OMFSUM^CoYL_`R eTUCaCSUMcfPRKQV] XGYeFI]G[QBlmLUChfmeFDoHCR[NjSVQ_aU\IMiaDRLnGJG[NXGYSTU^CfDRL VESA PKmatNmBlm]U\UMsI]G[QSUMcfI\YRBlmnGJG[N 486 XGY_aU\IMia 33MHz PKFbmRLKfSTU^CfSUMcfKLhO I\YRBlmnGJG[NXGY\G_aU\IMia]NLDoHCXVHLCGHIJYR_aU\IJGH[CDRL]V||UEXGYRUeISZfDoHCeCISZf_jUXGY [R\MVQhfm PKFeF]jLtKB mh\j]U\UMsBlmLUCMFQQ [SIamCBCSMEGXGYPtLaLeM^KVShfmMVQSUMRRSPQQB m\GQVrIrRMc]TU^MVQISiQJVSDmR\NKR[NjSiRUeIJZY\SUMcfhfm\USDoHCBlmSVQnGJG[NXGY\G_aU\IMia]NLg PbjXajUSUMBlmSVQQVrIrRMcSiRUe\GDmRI]G[IC`YRLeUSeFIOWCbVasjaL_aU\IMiaDRLnGJG[NeUSSUMXGYbmRLIJZY\]sUCFSUMMR_R[ noYL[jR\]jLtKB m]\MMsCFSUMXTULUCKfKL DmReTUSVfDRLaGPRKQV] PCFCTUajUh\j_aMbZfbVHLSUMcfISZCSajU 1 SUMcf I\YRBlmnGJG[NXGY\G_aU\IMia 40 MHz PKFh\j_aMBlmSUMcfaGPRKQV] SVQnGJG[NXGY\G_aU\IMia 50 MHz IJMUFSUMRRSPQQ aZPRKQV]h\j]U\UMsMVQRpOSMEcXGYJjaLbjRB mIXjUSVQ_aU\IMiaDRLnGJG[NXGYISZCSajU 40 MHz hfm PtLaLeM^KVSXGYeTU^CjU[BC I\`RLhX[ kf[]jaCB^|jeF\G]KiRb]TU^MVQ aGPRKQV]IJG[L 2 ]KiRb noYL\VSeFh\jIOWCO�|^U]TU^MVQSUMBlmLUC PKF kf[IqJUFR[jUL[ZYL SUMcfPQQaGPRKQV]XGY\GeTU^CjU[kf[XVYahO_jRCDmULeTUSVfR[NjIJG[LSUMcfeR{UJPKFSUMcf_aQ_p\fZ]ScIXjUCVHC PCI BUSMFQQ PCI ^M`R PERIPHERAL COMPONENT INTERCONNECT SiIOWC LOCAL BUS RGSPQQ^CoYLXGYJV�CUDoHCkf[ INTEL kf[XGYP[SSUM_aQ_p\DRLMFQQQV] SVQ CPU RRSeUSVC PKF]jLDmR\NKtjUCSVCXULaLeMIl`YR\noYLeF\G CHIPSET XGY_R[_aQ_p\SUMXTULUCDRLMFQQQV]bjUL^US kf[XGY CHIPSET XGY_aQ_p\CGHeFIOWCKVS�EF PROCESSOR INDEPENDENT _`Rh\jDoHCSVQbVa PROCESSOR bjR\UI\YR INTEL IOufbVa CPU BC GENERATION XGY 5 DRLbC INTEL PENTIUM noYLIOWC CPUDCUf 64 BIT XUL INTEL hfmXTUSUMSTU^Cf \UbM�UC DRL PCU I]G[B^\jIOWC PCI 2.0 noYL PCI 2.0 CGHSieF\G_aU\SamULDRLI]mCXULDmR\NKsoL 64 BIT noYL^USBlmSVQ CARD 64 BIT PKmaSieF]U\UMsB m

352

RVbMUIMiaBCSUM]jLtjUCXGY]NL]pfsoL 266 M/s epfIfjCDRL PCI XGYI iChfmlVfCRSI^C`RhOeUSXGYSKjUaDmULbmCSi[VL\GIMYRLDRL BUS MASTERING noYL CPI CVHCSi]U\UMsXTUhfmIljCSVCSVQ EISA PKF MCA PKma CHIPSET XGYBlmIOWCbVa_aQ_p\SUMXTULUC Si[VL]CVQ]CpCMFQQ ISA PKF EISA RGSfma[ noYLSiXTUB m]U\UMstKZb MAINBOARD XGY\GXVHL SLOT ISA, EISA PKF PCI Ma\SVChfm CRSeUSCVHC[VL]CVQ]CpCMFQQ PLUG-ABD-PLAY RGSfma[

AGP BCSKULO� 1996 I\YR INTEL hfmXTUSUMIOufbVa INTEL PENTIUN II noYLJMmR\SVCCVHCSihfmXTUSUMIOufbVa]sUO�b[SMM\XGYlja[IJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJDRL^Cja[P]fLtKfma[CVYCSi_`R ACCELERATED GRAPHICS PORT ^MR AGP noYLSihfmIOufbVa CHIPSET XGY]CVQ]CpCSUMXTULUCCGHfma[ _`R 440LX AGP CVHCeF\GSUMIl`YR\bjRSVQ CHIPSETDRLMFQQPQQ POINT-TO-POINT noYLeFlja[B mSUM]jLtjUCDmR\NKMF^ajUL CARD AGP SVQ CHIPSET DRLMFQQhfmIMiaDoHC PKF[VL\GI]mCXULIqJUF]TU^MVQbZfbjRSVQ^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVSDRLMFQQ IJYRBlmXTUSUM RENDER {UJPQQ 3D hfmR[jULMafIMiaRGSfma[eUSIfZ\ CARD P]fLtKPQQ PCI CVHCeF\GO�|^UIM`YRLDRL^Cja[_aU\eTUIOWC CARD IJMUFI\YRbmRLSUMBlmLUCfmUCSUM RENDER {UJ 3 \ZbZ XGY\GDCUfB^|j\USg SieTUIOWCbmRL\GSUMBlm^Cja[_aU\eTUQC CARD CVHC\USg IJYRMRLMVQDCUfDRLJHCtZa XGYIOWCRL_cOMFSRQ]TU_V|DRLLUC RENDER PCjCRCI\YR^Cja[_aU\eTU\USg MU_USi[ZYLPJL fVLCVHCXUL INTEL eoLhfmXTUSUM_Zf_mC]sUO�b[SMM\B^\jIJYRLUCfmUC GRAPHICS CGHkf[IqJUF AGP eoLhfmsRSTUICZfDoHC\U AGP CVHCeF\G MODE BCSUM RENDER R[Nj 2 PQQ _`R LOCAL TEXTURING PKF AGP TEXTURING kf[Blm LOCAL TECTURING CVHCeFXTUSUM COPY ^Cja[_aU\eTUDRLMFQQhOISiQhamXGYIrM\QVrIrRMcDRL CARD eUSCVHCeFXTUSUMOMF\aKtKkf[foLDmR\NKeUSIrM\QVrIrRMcQC PCI fma[ aZdGSUMCGHeFIJZY\DCUfDRL^Cja[_aU\eTUIOWC CARD \US AGP TEXTURING CVHCIOWCIX_CZ_B^\jXGYlja[KfDCUfDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU ^M`RIrM\QVrIrRMcQC DISPLAY CARD KLhfm\US IJMUF]U\UMsBlmLUC^Cja[_aU\eTUDRLMFQQB mIOWCIrM\QVrIrRMchfmIK[ kf[h\jbmRLfoLDmR\NK\UJVShamXGYIrM\QVrIrRMcDRL CARD SjRCkf[OSbZPKma AGP eFXTULUCXGY_aU\IMia 66 MHz noYLP\majUMFQQeFBlm FSB IOWC 100 MHz Pbj\VCSi[VL_LXTULUCXGY_aU\IMia 66 MHz noYLBC MODE OSbZDRL\VCSieF\G_aU\]U\UMsPXQeFI^\RCSVQ PCI PQQ 66 MHz IK[kf[eF\GRVbMUSUM]jLDmR\NKXGY]NLsoL 266 M/s PKFCRSeUSCGH[VL]U\UMsXTULUChfmXVHLDRQDUDoHCPKFDRQDUKLDRL 66MHz eoLIXjUSVQajU\VCXTULUCXGY 133 MHz noYLeFlja[IJZY\RVbMUSUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKDoHChfm]NLsoL 523 M/s noYLIMG[S MODE CGHajU MODE 2X PKF MODE OSbZajUMODE 1X ]TU^MVQ_aU\IMiaBCSUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKCVHC SiDoHCSVQlCZfDRL^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVSfma[ smU^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVSIOWClCZfXGYIMiaSieF[ZYLlja[IJZY\RVbMUIMiaBCSUM]jLsjU[\USDoHC fVLCGH - EDO RAM ^M`R SD RAM PC 66 hfm 528 M/s

353

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355

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658 (Random Access Memory: RAM) IOWCRpOSMEcXGY\GKVS�EFIOWCPtLaLeMMNO]GYI^KGY[\t`CtmUDCUfIKiSXTU^CmUXGYISiQ_TU]VYLPKFDmR\NKIJYRMR]jLB mSVQnGJG[NCTUhOOMF\aKtK kf[XGYDmR\NKPKF_TU]VYLfVLSKjUaeFsNSk^Kf\UeUS�UMcffZ]ScRGSXG^CoYL _pE]\QVbZXGY]TU_V|DRLPM\_`R \VCeTUIOWCeFbmRL\GhrIKGH[LIJYR^KjRIKGH[LDmR\NK PbjsmUI\YRhMXGY_pEIOufI_M`YRLDmR\NKbjULgSieF^U[hOXVCXG PM\IOMG[QI^\RCSVQ�UMcffZ]ScXGYBlm]TU^MVQISiQDmR\NK PbjSUMXTULUCDRLPM\eFXTUhfmIMiaSajU\USICYRLeUSPM\XTUSUMRjUCIDG[Cfma[SMFP]hrr�U tZfSVQ�UMcffZ]ScXGYbmRLRU�V[SKhSBCSUMRjUCIDG[CDmR\NKKLQCeUCP\jI^KiS XGY]TU_V|_`R PM\\GDCUf_aU\epDmR\NKCmR[SajU�UMcffZ]Sc^KU[IXjU PKF[VLISiQ

356

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357

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358

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DGY\O\[AZ\>8;5b\?@<@OpX@SZ\55pE _aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCDRLnGJG[NCGHeFaVfSVCBC^Cja[I\SFI�ZMbnc (MHz = KmUCMRQbjRaZCUXG) PbjnGJG[NBCO�eepQVCCVHCIMiaSajUI\YRSjRC\US fVLCVHCeFI iChfmeUSnGJG[NMpjCB^\jg eF\G_aU\IMia]NL soLMFfVQSZSFI�ZMbnc (GHz) kf[BC]jaCDRL "I\SF" eFPXCfma[bVaRVS�M "M" noYL\G_jUIXjUSVQ 1,000,000 BC]jaCDRL "I�ZMbnc" eFPXCfma[bVaRVS�M "Hz" noYL^\U[soL MRQbjRaZCUXG ¦ 1 MHz (Mega Hertz) = 1,000,000 Mz 1 ^M`R 1 KmUCI�ZMbnc ¦ 1 GHz (Giga Hertz) = 1,000,000,000 Hz ^M`R 1 JVCKmUCI�ZMbnc

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DGY\OZ\>8=^>6Z] Cache Memory ^Cja[_aU\eTUP_l IOWC]jaCXGYBlm]TU^MVQISiQDmR\NK^MR_TU]VYLPQQlVYa_MUa SjRCeFO�RCB mnGJG[N OMF\aKtK kf[DmR\NK^MR_TU]VYLfVLSKjUaSieFIOWC]jaCXGY\GSUMIMG[SBlmLUCeUSnGJG[NQjR[g IJYRIaKUXGYnGJG[NbmRLSUMBlmDmR\NKI^KjUCVHC SieF]U\UMs_mC^UhfmR[jULMafIMia kf[h\jeTUIOWCXGYeFbmRLhO_mC^UeUS^Cja[_aU\eTUPM\ ^MReUS�UMcffZ]Sc XGY\G_aU\IMialmUSajU (P_leF\G_aU\BCSUMXTULUCIS`RQIXjUSVQ_aU\IMianGJG[N DEFXGY SDRAM \G_aU\IMiaOMF\UE 6ns PKF�UMcffZ]Sc\G_aU\IMiaOMF\UE10ms)^Cja[_aU\eTUP_lIOWC^Cja[_aU\eTUPQQ Static RAM (SRAM) XGY\G_pE]\QVbZ^KVS_`R\G_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUC]NL PbjMU_UPJLSajU^Cja[_aU\eTU^KVSDRLMFQQXGYIOWCPQQ Dynamic RAM (DRAM) R[Nj\USXTUB mDCUfDRL^Cja[_aU\eTUP_lsNSeTUSVfB m\GDCUfIKiS DGY\OZ\>8=^>6Z]5PA[W 1 (Cache Level 1 : L1) IOWCP_lXGY]MmULR[Nj{U[BCbVanGJG[N IMUIMG[SajU RZCIXRMcCRKP_l (Internal Cache) \GDCUfB^|jh\jB^|jCVS ^Cja[_aU\eTUP_lMFfVQ 1 eF\GR[NjBCnGJG[NXpSlCZf XpSMpjCXG\GDU[R[NjBC

359

XmRLbKUfBCO�eepQVC IljC BCnGJG[NIJCIXG[\XMG ^MRIJCIXG[\XN eF\G^Cja[_aU\eTUP_lMFfVQ 1 DCUf 32 KB kf[PQjLIOWC 16 KB ]TU^MVQP_l_TU]VYL PKFRGS 16 KB ]TU^MVQP_lDmR\NK DGY\OZ\>8=^>6Z]5PA[W 2 (Cache Level 2 : L2) \GXVHLPQQXGY]MmULR[Nj{U[BCbVanGJG[NPKFPQQXGYR[Nj {U[CRS smUnGJG[N_mU^UDmR\NKeUSP_lMFfVQ 1 h\jJQ SieFXTUSUM_mC^UbjRXGYP_lMFfVQ 2 noYLDCUfDRLP_lMFfVQ 2 CVHCSieFPbSbjULSVCbU\MpjCPKFlCZfDRLnGJG[N IljC nGJG[NInKIKRMRCeF\G^Cja[_aU\eTUP_lMFfVQ 2 DCUf128 KB ]jaCnGJG[NIJCIXG[\XMG PKFIJCIXG[\XNeF\GDCUf 512 KB P_lMFfVQ 2 CGH\GXVHLPQQXGY]MmUL\UQCbVanGJG[NIK[ IljC IJCIXG[\XN IJCIXG[\XMG PbjsmUIOWCnGJG[N 6x86,K5 IJCIXG[\ MMX eFh\j\G^Cja[_aU\P_lMFfVQ 2 \Ufma[ nGJG[NeoL\RLP_lQCI\CQRMcfIOWCP_lMFfVQ 2 PXC DGY\OZ\>8=^>6Z]5PA[W 3 (Cache Level 3 : L3) IOWCP_lXGYR[Nj{U[CRSbVanGJG[N IMUIMG[SajU IRiSIXRMcCRKP_l (External Cache) kf[P_lBCMFfVQCGHeFIOWCP_lXGYbZfbVHLR[NjQCI\CQRMcfIXjUCVHC ICYRLeUSnGJG[N K6-lll CVHC eF\G^Cja[_aU\eTUP_lMFfVQ 2 XGYsNS]MmULR[Nj{U[BCbVanGJG[NIK[ PbjBCDEFIfG[aSVCQCI\CQRMcfXGYBlm]TU^MVQnGJG[N K6-lll CVHCSi[VL_L\G^Cja[_aU\eTUP_l\Ufma[ XTUB mnGJG[N\RL^Cja[_aU\eTUP_lQCI\CQRMcfXGYI_[IOWCP_lMFfVQ 2 IfZ\CVHC IOWC^Cja[_aU\eTUP_lMFfVQ 3 PXC

MNOP]fL KTUfVQSUM_mC^UDmR\NKDRLnGJG[N eUSMNO P]fLKTUfVQBCSUM_mC^UDmR\NKXGYnGJG[NeTUIOWCbmRLBlmBCSUMOMF\aKtK kf[\VSeFIMZY\_mC^U XGYP_lMFfVQ 1 SjRCIOWCRVCfVQPMS smU{U[BCP_lMFfVQ 1 h\j\GDmR\NKXGYnGJG[NbmRLSUM \VCSieFhO_mC^UbjRXGY P_lMFfVQ 2 PKF 3 bU\KTUfVQ smU[VLh\jJQSieF_mC^UbjRXGYPM\ PKF]pfXmU[Si_`R_mC^UXGY�UMcffZ]Sc

1 KB 69P 1 MB D8>O�t:QPm5? DmR\NKBCXUL_R\JZaIbRMceFIOWCDmR\NKXGYsNSISiQIOWCbVaIKDXVHL^\f kf[RVS�MPbjKFbVaeFIMG[SajU hQbc (Byte) noYL 1 hQbcCGHeFIXjUSVQ 8 QZb _TUajUQZbCGHIOWC^Cja[DmR\NKXGYIKiSXGY]pfBCPbjKFQZbeF^\U[soLbVaIKD 1 SVQ 0 IXjUCVHC ]MpOhfmajU DmR\NKXVHL^KU[XGYOMUS�R[NjQCeR{UJCVHCeFsNSPXCfma[bVaIKD 1 PKF 0 XVHL^\f kf[ 1 bVaRVS�M (1 hQbc) eFOMFSRQfma[bVaIKD 1 PKF 0 XVHL^\f 8 bVa ISZfIOWCM V]DmR\NK ¦ 1 Byte = 1 bVaRVS�M ¦ 1 KB (Kilo Byte) = 1,024 Byte ¦ 1 MB (Mega Byte) = 1,048,576 Byte

_Lh\j\GB_Mh\jMNmeVSRZCIXK R[jULCmR[g Si_LI_[hfm[ZCk��EU Intel Inside \UQmUL ]TU^MVQnGJG[NeUS_jU[ RZCIXKCGHSiCVQajU[VL_MRQbTUP^CjLPl\O¤ kf[]U\UMs_MRL]jaCPQjLXULSUMbKUfnGJG[N\USIOWCRVCfVQ 1 bKRfSUK E aVCCGHP\majUl`YRI]G[LDRLRZCIXKeF]VYC_KRChOQmUL RVCIC`YRLeUS_NjPDjLDVCR[jULIRIRi\fGXTUSTUKVLfGaVC fG_`C PKF]U\UMslZL]jaCPQjLhOhfmh\jCmR[ PbjRZIXKSi[VLOKjR[nGJG[NRRS\UDVQI_GY[aPQQbUbjRbU r�CbjRr�CIMU\UfNSVCajUnGJG[NeUS_jU[RZCIXKXGYSTUKVLaULbKUfR[NjBCDEFCGH \GbMFSNKh^CQmUL Pentium 4 67G Willamette nGJG[NMpjCB^\jKjU]pfeUSRZCIXK{U[Bbml`YRM V]ajU "Willamette" ^MReFIMG[SajU "PSC Willamette" Sihfm bjR\Uhfml`YRR[jULIOWCXULSUMajU "Intel Pentium 4 Prpcessor" IDmU\UPXCXGY Pentium III RRSaULbKUf fma[_aU\IMiaIMZY\bmCXGY 1.4

360

GHz PKF 1.5 GHz PKF\U]ZHC]pfXGY 2 GHz Blm]sUO�b[SMM\B^\jKjU]pfXGYl`YR Intel Netburst mmicro-architecture noYLsNSRRSPQQB m]U\UMsXTULUChfmR[jUL\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJ]NL]pf h\jajUeFIOWCSUMOMF\aKtKDmR\NKXGY\GOMZ\UE\USgSUMOMF\aKtK{UJSMUruS 3 \ZbZ {UJaZfGkR MFQQI]G[L SUMIKjCIS\XGY\GKVS�EFRZCIbRMcPR_XGr CRSeUSCGH[VLhfmIJZY\lpf_TU]VYLB^\jIDmUhORGS 144 lpf_TU]VYLBC SSE 2 ]TU^MVQ Socket XGYBlmBCSUMbZfbVHLnGJG[N Pentium 4 CVHCeF\Gl`YRajU Socket 423

_aU\IMia (Core Speed)

1.3,1.5,1.6,1.7,1.8,1.9,2.0,GHz

_aU\IMiaQV] (System Bus)

400 MHz FSB

hrIKGH[L (Vcore) 1.7 kaKbc

ljRLbZfbVHLnGJG[N (Socket)

Socket 423

DCUf^Cja[_aU\eTUP_l(Cache)

P_lMFfVQ 1 DCUf 32 KB (Execution Trace Cache) P_lMFfVQ 2 DCUf 256 KB (Advance Transfer Cache)

DCUfIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZb

0.18 h\_MRC

]sUO�b[SMM\ Intel NetBurst Micro-Architecture

lpf_TU]VYL SSE 2 (Streaming SIMD Extensions)

Pentium467GNorthwood ^KVLeUSXGYnGJG[N Pentium 4 PSC Willamette RRShOh\jCUC XULRZCIXKSiOKjR[ Pentium 4 MpjCXGY 2 RRS\URGS Blml`YRM V]ajU "Nothwood" kf[hfmbKRfDCUfDRLSUMtKZbKLeUSIfZ\ 0.18 h\_MRC \UXGY 0.13 h\_MRC (SZChrCmR[KL) IJYRXFKaLDmReTUSVfXULfmUC_aU\IMiaXGYhO^[pfR[NjP_j 2 GHz kf[BCMpjCCGHbVanGJG[NeF\GDCUfIKiSKLSajUIfZ\\USPKFBlmSVQ Socket 478 noYLIOWC Socket PQQB^\j P\majUeTUCaCDUDRLnGJG[NeF\UDoHCSajUIfZ\ PbjeF\GDCUfIKiSSajUIfZ\\US]jaCIX_kCkK[GbjULg[VL_LI^\RCSVQPSCWillamette

_aU\IMia (Core Speed)

2.0 - 3+ GHz

_aU\IMiaQV] (System 400, 533 MHz FSB

361

Bus)

hrIKGH[L (Vcore) 1.5 kaKbc

ljRLbZfbVHLnGJG[N (Socket)

Socket 478

DCUf^Cja[_aU\eTUP_l(Cache)

P_lMFfVQ 1 DCUf 32 KB(Execution Trace Cache) P_lMFfVQ 2 DCUf 5125 KB (Advance Transfer Cache)

DCUfIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZb

0.13 Micron

]sUO�b[SMM\ Intel NetBust Micro-Architecture

lpf_TU]VYL SSE 2 (Streaming SIMD Extensions) XGYIJZY\lpf_TU]VYLB^\j 144 _TU]VYL

]TU^MVQnGJG[N Pentium 4 PSC Northwood XGY\G_aU\IMiaIXjUSVQPSC Willamette eFBlmRVS�MA bjRXmU[ _aU\IMia IJYRMFQpajUIOWCPSC Northwood IljC smUIOWC pentium 4 _aU\IMia 1.6 GHz SieF]SMGCajU 1.6A fVLMNO Pentium467GNorthwoodW[U533MHz RGSIMYRL^CoYLXGY]TU_V|Si_`R eFI iCajUBCljaLIf`RCbpKU_p\ O� 2545 CGH\GI\CQRMcfXGYMRLMVQ_aU\IMiaQV] 533 MHz RRS\UeTUCaC\US noYLI\CQRMcfI^KjUCGHRRS\UIJYRMRLMVQnGJG[N Pentium 4 BCMpjC_aU\IMia 2.26 PKF 2.40 GHz DoHChO XGYBlmMFQQQV] 533 MHz FSB kf[SUMIOKGY[CPOKLMFQQV]eUSIfZ\ 400 MHz FSB hOIOWC 533 MHz FSB IOWCSUMIJZY\OMF]ZXdZ{UJSUMXTULUCMF^ajULnGJG[NSVQMFQQ noYLeFlja[B m_aU\IMiakf[Ma\DRLI_M`YRLfGDoHC CeleronTualatin nGJG[NMU_UOMF^[VfXGYXULQMZ�VX Intel tKZbRRS\UIJYR^aVLIeUFbKUfMFfVQKjUL PKFIJYRSUMPDjLDVCSVQQMZ�VX AMD kf[ Celeron Tualatin hfmIJZY\_TU]VYLXULfmUC\VKbZ\GIfG[ (lpf_TU]VYL SSE XGYBlmBC Pentium III ) IJYRIJZY\_aU\]U\UMsB m\USSajU Celeron BCMpjCIfZ\ BlmIXbkCkK[GSUMtKZbDCUf 0.13 h\_MRC IXjUSVQ Pentium 4 Northwood PKF\GSUMIJZY\ L2 Cache IOWC 256 KB hfmMVQSUMRRSPQQSUMbjRIl`YR\KU[aLeMkf[Blm]UMXRLPfL (Copper Interconnection) PXCRFKN\ZICG[\ noYL]jLtKXTUB m\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJSUMXTULUCXGYIMiaDoHC

362

_aU\IMia (Core Speed) 1.4 GHz

_aU\IMiaQV] (System Bus)

133 MHz FSB

hrIKGH[L (Vcore) 1.3 kaKbc

ljRLbZfbVHLnGJG[N (Socket) Socket 370 (]CVQ]CpC Tualatin CPU)

DCUf^Cja[_aU\eTUP_l(Cache) P_lMFfVQ 1 DCUf 32 KB P_lMFfVQ 2 DCUf 256 KB

DCUfIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZb 0.13 Micron

,�3������ P6 Dynamic Execution Micro-

architecture

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Extensions) +$ %.� ��5����,� !&�� 144 ���,� !

]TU^MVQnGJG[NeUS_jU[ AMD XGYSTUKVLIOWCXGYCZ[\R[NjBCDEFCGHSi_`R Athlon XP kf[_TUajU "XP" [jR\UeUS "Extreme Performance" noYL\GR[Njfma[SVC 2 MpjC kf[BCMpjCPMSBlmPSCXGY\Gl`YRM V]bU\]U[SUMtKZbajU "JUkK\GkC" (Palomino) PKF "IdRkMIQMf" (Thoroughbred) PbjSjRCXGYeFXTU_aU\MNmeVSSVQnGJG[NeUSIRIRi\fG B mKRLXTU_aU\ IDmUBeSVQMNOPQQSUMPemL_aU\IMiaXGYXULIRIRi\fGIOKGY[CB^\jI]G[SjRC XULIRIRi\fGhfmIOKGY[CMNOPQQSUMPemL_aU\IMiaDRLnGJG[NPQQB^\j kf[eFaVfbU\ PR Rating (Performance Rating) noYLSi_`R_jU_aU\]U\UMsBCSUMOMF\aKDRLnGJG[N kf[h\jhfmBlmIM`YRL MHz/GHz I^\RCIfZ\RGSPKma PbjSKVQ\UPDjLI_MYRLOMF]ZXdZ{UDRLnGJG[NBCSUMOMF\aKtKPXC noYL_jU PR Rating CGHeFIOWC_jUXGY IOMG[QIXG[QSVQ Athlon Thunderbird IfZ\ h\jBljIOWCSUMIOMG[QIXG[Q_aU\IMiaSVQnGJG[NeUS_jU[ Intel PbjR[jULBf noYLBCljULIOufbVf AMD hfm]jLRRS\UXVHL^\f4MpjChfmPSj -AthlonXP 1500+ PR = 1.33 GHz -AthlonXP 1600+ PR = 1.4 GHz -AthlonXP 1700+ PR = 1.47 GHz -AthlonXP 1800+ PR = 1.53 GHz eFI iChfmajUnGJG[NeUS AMD {U[Bbml`YR Athlon XP eF\GI_MYRL^\U[QaSIJZY\IDmU\U IJYRQRSajU Athlon MpjCCGH\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJI^CRSajUMpjC Thunderbird MpjCSjRC^CmUIXjUhM kf[bVaIKDIXG[QhfmSVQ_aU\IMia]V||UECU�ZSUDRLMpjCThunderbied XGYIXG[QSVQMpjC XP AthlonXP 67G Palomino epfIMZY\bmCDRL Athlon XP PSC Palomino eF_KmU[SVQ Pentium 4 MpjCPMSXGYBlmPSC Willamette _ReFBlm

363

]sUO�b[SMM\PQQB^\j PbjBlmDCUfIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZbIXjUIfZ\_`R 0.18 h\_MRC ]jaC Athlon XP bVaCGHSi I^\RCSVC_`R XTUSUMJV�CUbjReUS Athlon Thuderbied bVaIfZ\XGY\GDCUfSUMtKZb 0.18 h\_MRC Blm]sUO�b[SMM\PQQB^\jXGYIMG[SajU "QuantiSpeed Architecture" \UJMmR\SVQIX_kCkK[G3Dnow! Professional XGYIJZY\lpf_TU]VYLB^\j 72 lpf_TU]VYL ]CVQ]CpC FSB 266 MHz XGYXTULUCBCPQQ Double Data Rate (DDR) SVQ_aU\IMiaQV] 133 MHz \G^Cja[_aU\eTUP_l L1 DCUf 128 KB PKF L2 DCUf 256 KB

_aU\IMia (Core Speed)

1500+ - 2100+ GHz

_aU\IMiaQV] (System Bus)

266 MHz FSB

hrIKGH[L (Vcore) 1.7 kaKbc

ljRLbZfbVHLnGJG[N (Socket)

Socket A

DCUf^Cja[_aU\eTUP_l(Cache)

P_lMFfVQ 1 DCUf 128 KB P_lMFfVQ 2 DCUf 256 KB

DCUfIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZb

BlmIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZbDCUf 0.18 h\_MRC kf[\GXRLPfLIOWCbVaIl`YR\bjR{U[BC (Copper Interconneet) eUSI\YRSjRCXGYBlmRFKN\ZICG[\ (Aluminium Interconnect)

]sUO�b[SMM\ QuantiSpeed Architecture

lpf_TU]VYL 3Dnow ! Professional Technolgy (IJZY\ 27 lpf_TU]VYLeUS 3Dnow!)

AthlonXP67GThoroughbred nGJG[N Athlon XP MpjCXGY 2 XGYIDmU\UPXC Palomino fma[PSCXGY\Gl`YRajU "Thoroughbred" XGYBlmIX_kCkK[G SUMtKZbDCUf 0.13 h\_MRC IljCIfG[aSVQ Pentium 4 Northwood DRLRZCIXK kf[IMZY\bmCXGYMpjC Athlon XP 2200+ noYL\G_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUC 1.8 GHz PKF[VL_LBlm Socket 462 IljCIfZ\ ^MRXGY_pmCSVCBCl`YR Socket A IfZ\kf[XVYahOPKma Palomino PKF Thoroughbred h\j\G_aU\PbSbjULSVCBCIMYRLDRL]sUO�b[SMM\JHC�UC eFbjULSVCIJG[LP_jIX_kCkK[GBCSUMtKZbIXjUCVHCkf[KfeUS0.18\UIOWC0.13 AthlonXPThoroughbredW[U333MHz ISZf_aU\IOKGY[CPOKLDoHCRGS_MVHLSVQnGJG[N Athlon XP Thoroughbred I\YRXULIRIRi\fGhfm\GSUM IOKGY[CPOKLDCUfDRL Die Size (PSC) IJZY\DoHCRGS 4 mm XULIRIRi\fGeFIMG[SajU Thoroughbred "B" PKFhfmIJZY\_aU\IMiaQV] FSB IOWC 333 MHz eUSIfZ\XGYBlm_aU\IMia FSB 266 MHz SiI^\RCSVQXGYXUL Intel OKjR[nGJG[NQV] 533 MHz RRS\UPXCMpjCXGYBlmQV] 400 MHz]TU^MVQnGJG[N Athlon XP QV] 333 MHz eFIMZY\bmCXGYMpjC Athlon XP 2600+ noYL\G_aU\IMia 2.13 GHz PKFbjR\USiIMZY\tKZb Thoroughbred "B" XGYMpjC _aU\IMiabYTU g R[jULMpjC 2000+,2200+,2400+,2600+,2700+ PKF 2800+PbjR[jUK\ajUeFbmRLBlmSVQI\CQRMcfXGY]CVQ]CpC_aU\IMia333MHzfma[I\YRfNeUSMNOeFI iCajU^CmUbUDRLnGJG[N Athlon XP BlmPSC Thoroughbred "B" eFI^\RCIfZ\XpSR[jULPbjeF\GDCUfDRLDieSizeB^|jSajUIfZ\IKiSCmR[IXjUCVHC

364

T>5>:;45@OW;X@OWZVuU8W[TR_Q:?@<@Op AMD Athlon XP & Intel Pentium 4 Processor

Codename AMD Thunderbird

AMD Palomino AMD Thoroughbred

Intel Northwood

Micron Process

0.18 micron 0.18 micron 0.13 micron 0.13 micron

FSB operation 200 MHz (100x2) 266 MHz (133x2)

266 MHz (133x2) 533 MHz (QDRx133)

Center Die Size

128 mm 128 mm 80 mm 146 mm

L2 Cache 256 KB 256 KB 256 KB 512 KB

Voltage Drain 1.75 V 1.75 V 1.65 V 1.5 V

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PbjSi\GepfIfjCbMLMU_UXGYsNS\USI^\UFSVQtNmBlmXVYahOnoYL\GMpjCXGYCjU]CBefVLCGHVIA Cyrix III

Cyrix lll eUS VIA noYLaULSKpj\IO�U^\U[B mR[NjBCbKUfMFfVQKjUL \G_aU\IMiaIMZY\eUS 533 MHz hOeCsoL 667 MHz kf[eFbZfbVHLR[NjQC Socket 370 BlmIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZbXGY 0.18 h\_MRC IOWCMpjCXGY\GP_lMFfVQXGY 1 ]NLsoL 128 SZkKhQbc bZfbVHLPQQ on - die _`RtCaSR[NjQCPSCnGJG[NCVYCIRL Pbjh\j\GP_lMFfVQXGY 2

XTULUC

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h\jfGCVSXVHL^\fCGH_`RnGJG[NeUS_jU[bjULgXGYSTUKVLRRS]NjbKUf_R\JZaIbRMcQmUCIMU

IC`YRLeUSDmR\NKPKFkOMPSM\bjULg CVHC\GDCUfB^|jISZCSajUXGYeFISiQKLPtjCfZ]Schfm^\f XTUB mbmRL\G�UMcffZ]ScIRUhamISiQDmR\NKI^KjUCGHPXC �UMcffZ]SchfmsNSJV�CUB m\G_aU\eF\USDoHCIM`YR[g eCsoLO�eepQVC\G_aU\eF\USSajU 200

365

I\SSFhQbcPKmaCRSeUSSUMJV�CUXULfmUC_aU\epDRL�UMcffZ]ScPKma BCfmUC_aU\IMiaSi\GSUMJV�CU_aQ_NjhOfma[ kf[IqJUFI\YR\GSUMIOKGY[C\UbM�UCeUSIfZ\XGYIOWCPQQ Ultra ATA hO]Nj Serial ATA noYLSilja[IJZY\_aU\IMiaBCSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKMF^ajUL�UMcffZ]ScSVQMFQQhfm\USsoL 150 I\SSFhQbcbjRaZCUXG ]NLSajU\UbM�UCIfZ\XGY\G_aU\IMiaP_j 133 I\SSFhQbcbjRaZCUXGIXjUCVHC

�UMcffZ]Sc (Harddisk) IOWCRpOSMEcXG]U\UMsISiQDmR\NKhfm\USPKFISiQhfmR[jULsUaMkf[h\jeTUIOWCbmRL\Ghrr�U\U^KjRIKGHR[LbKRfIaKUI^\RCSVQ^Cja[_aU\eTUPM\ I\YROufI_M`YRLDmR\NKSieFh\j]N|^U[hOh^C eUS_pE]\QVbZI^KjUMGHIRLXTUB m�UMcffZ]ScsNSBlmIOWChfMac^KVSBCSUMISiQMFQQO�ZQVbZSUM kOMPSM\PKFDmR\NKbjULg CRSeUSCGHJHCXGYDRL�UMcffZ]ScQUL]jaC[VLsNSCTU\UeTUKRLIOWCPM\I]\RC^M`R Visual Memory RGSfma[ noYLlja[B mI_MYRLXTULUChfmIMiaDoHC

O�eepQVC�UMcffZ]Sc\GMNOPQQSUMIl`YR\bjRR[Nj 3 \UbM�UC hfmPSj E-IDE, SCSI PKFKjU]pf_`R Serial ATA noYL�UMcffZ]ScXVHL 3 PQQ\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJ PKF SUMBlmLUCXGYPbSbjULSVCfVLCGH l>5gAARU7g8>T5f>G E-IDE E-IDE (RjUCajU "RG-hRfGRG") [jR\UeUS_TUajU Enhances Integrated Drive Electronics IOWC�UMcffZ]ScXGYhfmMVQSUMJV�CUbjReUS�UMcffZ]ScPQQ IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) noYLIOWC\UbM�UCfVHLIfZ\XGY\GDmReTUSVfBCIM`YRLDRL_aU\ep_`R \G_aU\epIJG[L 528 MB Pbj�UMcffZ]ScPQQ E-IDE ]U\UMsepDmR\NKhfm\USsoLMFfVQSZSFhQbc KjU]pf]U\UMsJV�CU_aU\ephfm\USsoL 200 SZSFhQbc BC]jaCDRLljRLXGYBlmIl`YR\bjRPQQE-IDE CGHeF\GeTUCaC 40 DU kf[eFIl`YR\bjRIDmUSVQ]U[]V||UE^M`RXGYRUeeFIMG[SajU "]U[PJ" Sihfm I_MYRL_R\JZaIbRMcPbjKF I_M`YRLeF]U\UMsbjR�UMcffZ]Schfm 4 bVa �UMcffZ]ScPQQE-IDE IOWC\UbM�UCXGYCZ[\BlmSVCkf[XVYahO IC`YRLeUS\GMU_UsNS ^UnHRLjU[ PKF\GSUMbZfbVHLh\j[pjL[US l>5gAARU7g8>T5f>G SCSI SCSI(RjUCajU "]SVn-nG") [jR\UeUS_TUajU Small Computer System Interface IOWC�UMcffZ]ScXGY\GepfIfjCBCIM`YRLDRL_aU\epXGY\G\USSajUPQQ E-IDE PKF\G_aU\IMiaBCSUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKSajUPQQ E-IDE CRSeUSCGH[VL]U\UMsbjRJjaLSVChfm\USfma[ (7-15 bVa) �UMcffZ]ScPQQ SCSI I^\UFXGYeFBlm]TU^MVQI_MYRLOMFI{XI_M`YRLP\jDjU[ (Server RjUUCajU InZMcrIaRMc) \USSajUI_M`YRLXGYBlmbU\QmUC IC`YRLeUS\GMU_UPJL PKF\GSUMbZfbVHLXGY[pjL[USSajU IJMUFeFbmRL\GSUMbZfbVHLSUMcf_aQ_p\IJZY\IbZ\ BCSUMbZfbVHLeFbmRLBlm]U[]V||UEPQQ 50 DU eFI iCajU]U[]V||UEDRL�UMcffZ]ScPQQ SCSI eFB^|jSajUPQQ E-IDE XGY\GPJG[L 40 DU l>5gAARU7g8>T5f>G Serial ATA ]TU^MVQR�UMcffZ]Sc\UbM�UCB^\jKjU]pfBCCU\ Serial ATA \GepfIfjCR[NjXGY]U\UMsJV�CU_aU\IMiaBCSUMkRCDmR\NKMF^ajUL�UMcffZ]ScSVQMFQQhfm]NL SajU\UbM�UCIfZ\ Ultra ATA (E-IDE) XGY\UbVCR[NjXGY_aU\IMia 133 I\SSFhQbcbjRaZCUXG DEFXGY\UbM�UC Serial ATA \G_aU\IMia]NLsoL 150 I\SSFhQbcbjRaZCUXG PKFIOWCXGY_UfajUeF]U\UMsJV�CU_aU\IMiahfm]NL]pfsoL 600 I\SSFhQbcbjRaZCUXG

�UMcffZ]Sc IDE PKF E-IDE hfm\GSUMJV�CUBCIMYRLDRLSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKR[NjR[jULbjRIC`YRL_aQ_NjhOSVQSUMJV�CU

366

_aU\IMiaBCSUM^\pCeUCfZ]Sc noYLk^\fSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NK^M`R Transfer Mode XGYajUCGH lja[XTUB mSUMXTULUC\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJDoHC noYL\GR[Njfma[SVC 2 PQQ _`R 1. 6WW PIO (Programmed Input/Output ) IOWCk^\fSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKtjUCnGfG[N kf[�UMcffZ]ScXGY\GSUMXTULUCBCk^\fCGHeFbmRLRU�V[nGJG[Nlja[kRC [mU[DmR\NKB m XTUB mI]G[IaKUSUMXTULUCDRLnGJG[N 2. DMA (Direct Memory Access ) IOWCk^\fSUMXTULUCXGY]U\UMsXTUSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKhfm kf[bMLMF^ajULPM\SVQ�UMcffZ]Sc kf[h\jbmRLtjUCnGfG[N noYLeFSZCIaKUBCSUMXTULUCDRLnGJG[NCmR[KL IJMUFh\jbmRLDVfeVL^aFB mnGJG[Nlja[kRC[mU[DmR\NK

BC VaDmRCGHeFJNfsoL\UbM�UCBCPLjDRLSUMJV�CUXULfmUC_aU\IMia ICYRLeUSRpOSMEcbjULg BC_R\JZaIbRMc h\jajUeFIOWCnGJG[N PM\ SUMcfP]fLtK hfmsNSJV�CUB m\G_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCIJZY\DoHC OMFSRQSVQnRrbcPaMcMFQQO�ZQVbZSUM PKFkOMPSM\\GDCUfB^|jDoHC I^bpCGHIRLXGYXTUB mbmRL\GSUMJV�CU�UMcffZ]ScB m\GSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKhfm\USDoHCIM`YR[ g fVLCVHCI_MYRL_R\JZaIbRMcXGY\GRUMcffZ]ScXTULUCIMia g Si[ZYLXTUB m_aU\IMiakf[Ma\DRLI_M`YRL]NLDoHChOfma[

�UMcffZ]ScPQQ IDE ^MRRUeIMG[SajU ATA (AT Attachment) CGH]U\UMsbjRSVQ�UMcffZ]ScXGY\G_aU\eph\jISZC 528 I\SSFhQbc XGYBlmSVCBC_R\JZaIbRMcMpjC 486 BlmSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKBCk^\f PIO (Programmed Input/ Output) Mode 0,1 PKF 2 h\j]U\UMsbjRSVQRpOSMEc RYCghfm CRSeUS�UMcffZ]ScIJG[LR[jULIfG[a bjR\UsNSJV�CUIOWCPQQ E-IDE IOWCSUMJV�CUbjReUS\UbMU�UC IDE ^MR ATA XTUB m]U\UMsMVQ]jLDmR\NKhfmMafIMiaDoHCPKF]U\UMsIl`YR\bjRSVQ�UMcffZ]ScXGY\GDCUfISZC 528 I\SSFhQbchfm PKFJV�CUB m]U\UMsIl`YR\bjRSVQRpOSMEcRYCg hfmRGS IljC nGfGMR\hfMac ^M`RIXOhfMac kf[SUMIl`YR\bjRPQQ E-IDE CGHeFBlmSUM]jLDmR\NKBCk^\f PIO Mode 3 PKF 4 IMZY\BlmSVQ_R\JZaIbRMcBCMpjCIJCIXG[\IOWCbmC\U

l>5gAARU7g8>T5f>G Ultra ATA/33 �UMcffZ]Sc\UbM�UC Ultra ATA/33 IOWC�UMcffZ]ScPQQ E-IDE XGY\GSUMMVQ]LDmR\NKtjUCXUL DMA (Direct Memory Access) noYLeFlja[KfMF[FIaKUSUMRjUC/IDG[CDmR\NKeUSQVrIrRMc (Buffer) DRL�UMcffZ]Sc\GRVbMUSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKIXjUSVQ 33MB/S �UMcffZ]Sc Ultra ATA/33 eF\G_aU\epIXjUSVQ 1.0-8.4 SZSFhQbc l>5gAARU7g8>T5f>G Ultra ATA/66 �UMcffZ]Sc\UbM�UC Ultra ATA/66 hfmJV�CUMFQQSUM]jLDmR\NKB mMafIMiaDoHC PKFfK]V||UEMQSaCXULhrr�U kf[OMVQOMFL]U[]V||UE PKF_RCIC_IbRMcB m\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJ\USDoHC h\jhfmJV�CUIX_kCkK[GDRLPtjCeUCfZ]ScBCfmUC_aU\^CUPCjCDRLDmRL\NK Pbj_R\JZaIbRMcXGYeFBlm Ultra ATA/66 hfmCVHCeFbmRL\GlZOInbXGY]U\UMsMRLMVQ_aU\IMiaBCSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKDCUf 66 MB/S hfmfma[ PKFBCSUMbZfbVHLeFbmRLBlm]U[]V||UEPQQ 80 I]mC Pbj

367

�UMcffZ]ScPQQ Ultra ATA/66 CVHC[VL_LBlmSVQ]U[]V||UEPQQ 40 I]mCPQQISjUhfmI^\RCIfZ\PbjeFXTULUChfmXGY_aU\IMiaIXjUSVQ�UMcffZ]Sc Ultra ATA/33 IXjUCVHC l>5gAARU7g8>T5f>G Ultra ATA/100 �UMcffZ]Sc\UbM�UC Ultra ATA/100 hfmJV�CU_aU\IMiaBCSUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKB m]NLDoHChORGSDVHC^CoYL_`R]U\UMsMVQ]jLDmR\NKhfmXGY_aU\IMia 100 MB/S BCSUMbZfbVHL Si[VLbmRLBlm]U[]V||UEPQQIfG[aSVQXGYBlmBC Ultra ATA/66 fma[_`R Blm]U[PQQ 80 I]mC\UbM�UCB^\jCGH[VLIDmUSVChfmSVQ�UMcffZ]Sc\UbM�UCISjU PKF]U\UMsBlmhfmSVQI\CQRMcfMpjCISjUXGY]jaC_aQ_p\�UMcffZ]Sc (Controller) h\j]CVQ]CpC Ultra ATA/33 �UMcffZ]ScSiXTULUCXGY_aU\IMia 33 MB/S IXjUCVHC IJMUFqFCVHCsmUbmRLSUMB m�UMcffZ]Sc Ultra ATA/100 XTULUCXGY_aU\IMia 100 MB/S SibmRLBlmSVQI\CQRMcfXGY]CVQ]CpCPKFeFbmRLBlmSVQ]U[]V||UEPQQ 80 I]mCfma[ 8>T5f>GZ\>8;5b\_Q:l>5gAARU7g SCSI �UMcffZ]ScPQQ SCSI \G_pE]\QVbZXGYI^C`RSajUPQQ E-IDE \US h\j ajUeFIOWC_aU\IMiaBCSUMkRCsjU[DmR\NK (Bandwidth) XGYO�eepQVC\G_aU\IMia]NLsoL 160 MB/s DEFXGY�UMcffZ]ScPQQ E-IDE \G_aU\IMiaIJG[L 133 MB/s Ma\soL_aU\epBSKmI_G[LSVQPQQ SCSI \USDoHCXpSXG SUMJV�CU\UR[jULbjRIC`YRLI^\RCPQQ E-IDE IljCSVC kf[\UbM�UCDRLSUMIl`YR\bjRPQQ SCSI \GfVLbjRhOCGH

8>T5f>G Z\>8;5b\CG7>55[WUY:_EQ8p9

(;877PmWTgTYQ\RG>X@)

SCSI 5

Fast SCSI 10

Wide SCSI 10

Fast & wide SCSI 20-40

Ultra SCSI 40

Ultra Wode SCSI 80

Ultra 2 SCSI 80

Ultra 3 SCSI 160

eFI iChfmajUSUMIl`YR\bjRPQQ SCSI \UbM�UCB^\jg CGHeF\G_aU\IMiaBCSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKXGY]NL\US SUMBlmSUMIl`YR\bjRPQQCGHeFXTUB mOMF]ZXdZ{UJSUM XTULUC ^M`R_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCDRLI_MYRL]NLDoHC\USPbjOMF]ZXdZ{UJXGYfG bmRLPKS\Ufma[MU_UXGY]NL RpOSMEcPKFSUMcfPQQ SCSI \GMU_UXGY_jRCDmULPJL eoLh\j_jR[CTU\UBlmLUCBCI_MYRL_R\JZaIbRMcXVYag hO eFI^\UFSVQSUMBlmLUC]TU^MVQLUCXGYbmRLSUMOMF]ZXdZ{UJ]NLeMZLg \UbM�UCDRL SCSI Si\GSUMJV�CUXULfmUC_aU\IMiaIljCIfG[aSVQPQQ E-IDE _`R\GSUMJV�CUB m\G_aU\IMiaBCSUM]jLsjU[DmR\NKIMiaDoHC eUS SCSI-2 XGY]jLDmR\NKhfm 10 MB/s \UIOWC Ultra SCSI XGY]jLDmR\NKhfmXGY 20 MB/sbjR\USiIOWC Ultra Wide SCSI XGY]jLDmR\NKhfm 40 MB/s SCSI IOWCRZCIbRMcIr]XGYPbSbjULeUSRZCIbRMcIr]PQQR`YCg \US _aU\eMZLPKma SCSI h\jhfmIOWCRZCIbRMcIr]]TU^MVQ�UMcffZ]Sckf[IqJUF DmRPbSbjULXGY]TU_V|XGY]pfhfmPSj RpOSMEcXGYeFCTU\UbjRSVQRZCIbRMcIr]PQQCGH eFbmRLIOWCRpOSMEcXGY\G_aU\qKUf^M`R Intellihent JR]\_aM (\VSeFbmRL\G lZO_aQ_p\^M`R^Cja[_aU\eTUDRLbCIRL BCMFfVQ^CGYL) kf[XVYahOSUMcfPQQ SCSI eF]U\UMsbjRSVQRpOSMEchfm 7 bVa PbjSUMcf SCSI QULMpjCRUebjRRpOSMEchfm

368

\USsoL 14 bVa (SCSI-2) BCXULX���GPKmaIMU]U\UMsCTURpOSMEc^KU[lCZf\UbjRIDmUfma[SVCtjUCSCSI hfmIljC �UMcffZ]Sc IXOhfMac RRObZ_VKfZ]Sc IKInRMcJMZCIbRMc ^M`RP\mSMFXVYLI\U]c smURpOSMEc I^KjUCVHC\GRZCIbRMcIr]XGYI^\UF]\ \UbM�UCIMiaDRLSUMMVQ]jLDmR\NKDRL SCSI PQQbjUL g SVCfGSajU 3Z5:U5E>:69P7>5X>:>G_Q:l>5gAARU7g

^KU[_C_LI_[IfZCtjUCbU\MmUCDR[_R\JZaIbRMc noYL\VSeFIOuf^CVL^M`Rh\jSiIOufIS\SMUruS]a[g IRUham IJYRfoLfNfKNS_mUB m\U[`CfN IQHRL^KVLDRL{UJ]a[gI^KjUCVHC ISZfeUS_aU\]U\UMsDRLSUMcfP]fLtK BCQXCGHIMUeF\UXTU_aU\MNmeVSSVQSUMcfP]fLtKPKFSmUa^CmUDRLSUMcfBC[p_O�eepQVC SUMtKZbSUMcfP]fLtKBCO�eepQVC\G_aU\^KUS^KU[\USDoHCSajUI\YRSjRC\USkf[\G^KU[GY mRXGY]MmULDoHC\UIJYRSUMXTULUCIqJUFfmU[ R[jULIljC SUMcfOMFI{XXGYBlmbjRSVQeR{UJhfm 2 bVa SUMcfXGYBlm]TU^MVQIKjCIS\ SUMcfXGYBlm]TU^MVQbVfbjR{UJaZfGkRSUMcf]TU^MVQLUCRRSPQQOMFI{X CAD/CAM ^MReFIOWCSUMcfXGaG Turner (MVQ]V||UEkXMXV�Cchfm) IOWCbmC eFI iCajUSUMcfIfG�[aCGH\G_aU\]U\UMsIqJUFfmUC\USDoHC PbjSUMcfXGYBlmLUCSVC]jaCB^|jeFIOWCSUMcfOMFI{XXGY]U\UMs OMF\aKtK{UJhfmXVHL 2 \ZbZPKF 3 \ZbZ ]TU^MVQ_pE{UJBCSUMP]fL{UJajU eFRRS\U]a[ I^\RCeMZLPKFIOWCdMM\lUbZP_jh^C SiloHCR[NjSVQ_pE{UJ DRLSUMcfBCPbjKFMpjCXGYIKRSBlm

SUMcfP]fLtK^M`R "SMUrruSSUMcf" (Graphic Card) IOWCSUMcfXGYXTU^CmUXGYCTUtKKVJdcXGYhfmeUSSUMOMF\aKtK DRLnGJG[NRRS]NjeR{UJnoYLR[NjBCMNODRLDmR_aU\ PKFMNO{UJ noYLI\YRSjRCCGHIMUeFIMG[SSUMcfP]fLtKajU "aGeGIRSUMcf" (VGA Card) PbjBCO�eepQVCIMG[SajU "SMUrruSSUMcf" PXC IC`YRLeUSSUMcfMpjCB^\j g eFIMG[SSMUrruSlZO (Graphic Chip) XGY]U\UMsOMF\aKtKDmR\NKSMUrruSPXCnGJG[NhfmR[jUL\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJ lja[Kf{UMFB mSVQnGJG[N hfmR[jUL\US PKF[VLhfmIJZY\OMZ\UEaZfGkRPM\ IJYRMRLMVQLUCXULfmUC 3 \ZbZXGYnVQnmRC^M`R\GMU[KFIRG[f\USDoHC bKRfeCSUMJV�CUlZOPM\B m]U\UMsXTULUChfmR[jULMafIMia XGYSKjUL\UXVHL^\fIOWCO�eeV[XGY]TU_V|XGYlja[B mSUMcfP]fLtKBCO�eepQVC]U\UMsP]fL{UJSMUruS hfmR[jULMafIMia PKFI^\RCeMZL

IC`YRLeUSSUMcfP]fLtKBCO�eepQVC\GSUMJV�CUBC^KU[ g ]jaC XTUB m\G]jaCOMFSRQXGYIMUeTUIOWCbmRLMNmeVS\USSajUSUMcfBCMpjCISjU noYL\GfVLCGH 1. SMUruSlZO (Graphic chip) ^MRIMG[SRGSR[jUL^CoYLajU "GPU" noYL[jR\UeUS Graphics Asselerator Unit XTU^CmUXGYOMF\aKtKDmR\NKXULfmUC SMUruSSjRCXGYeFCTURRSP]fL[VLeR{UJ SMUruSlZOBCO�eepQVCBlmIX_kCkK[GSUMtKZbDCUf 0.15 h\_RC 2. aZfGkRPM\ (Video RAM) IOWC^Cja[_aU\eTUXGYBlmISiQDmR\NK{UJSjRCCTUP]fLRRS]NjeR{UJnoYLDmR\NKfVLSKjUahfmsNSOMF\aKtKIMG[QMmR[PKma ]TU^MVQDCUfDRLaZfGkRPM\DRLSUMcfMpjCISjUeF\GIJG[L 1-4 I\SSFhQbc Pbj]TU^MVQSUMcfBCO�eepQVCeF\G\USSajU 4 I\SSFhQbc IJYRMRLMVQLUCSMUruSXGYnVQnmRC\USDoHC kf[eFJQajUSUMcfBCO�eepQVCeF\GaZfGkR

369

PM\bVHLPbj 32,64,128 PKF 256 I\SSFhQbc 3. lZOhQRR] (BIOS Chip) \G^CmUXGY_KmU[g SVQlZOMR\hQRR]DRLI\CQRMcf_`R _aQ_p\SUMXTULUCIQHRLbmC PKF_R[bMae]RQ_aU\tZfOSbZbjULg QCSUMcfP]fLtK 4. PM\Pf_ (RAMDAC) IOWC]jaCXGYXTU^CmUXGYPOKL]V||UEPQQfZeZbRK (Digital) B mIOWC]V||UEPQQRFCUKiRS SjRCXGYeF]jLB mSVQeR{UJIJYRCTUhO P]fLtKbjRhO kf[_aU\IMiaDRRAMDACeF\G^Cja[IOWC MHz IljC _aU\IMia 400 MHz 5. IReGJG RZCIbRMcIr] (AGP Interface) IOWC]jaCXGYBlmbZfbVHLIDmUSVQ]KiRbDRLI\CQRMcf IJYRIl`YR\XULIfZCDRLDmR\NKeUSSUMcfhO[VLRpOSMEcRYCg noYL\UbM�UCSUMIl`YR\bjR tjUC]KiRbPQQ AGP IOWC\UbM�UCB^\jXGYXTULUChfmIMiaSajU]KiRbPQQIfZ\_`RPQQ PCI 6. ljRLIl`YR\bjRRpOSMEcR`YCg noYLSUMcfPbjKFbVaeF\GeTUCaCljRLh\jIXjUSVC DoHCR[NjSVQMpjCDRLSUMcfljRLIl`YR\bjRRpOSMEcXGYIMU_aMMNmeVShfmPSj » ljRL VGA Output ]TU^MVQbjRSVQeR{UJ » ljRL DVI ]TU^MVQbjRSVQeR{UJ LCD » ljRL Video In ]TU^MVQbjRSVQSKmRLaZfGkR » ljRL S-Video ]TU^MVQbjRSVQXGaG_aU\KFIRG[f]NL » ljRL Composite Output ^M`R TV-Out ]TU^MVQbjRSVQXGaG

SMUruSlZOQCSUMcfP]fLtKCVHC \GR[Nj^KU[lCZfnoYL\GOMF]ZXdZ{UJ PKF^CmUXGYBCSUMOMF\aKtKPbSbjULSVC fVLCVHCIMU\UfNSMUruSlZODCZfbjUL g XGY\G^CmU PKFSUM BlmLUCPbSbjULSVC 1. ]R4;5Y:7>545P8\9n9 2 8RTRQOY>:;A@O\ IOWC[p_IMZY\PMSXGYSUMP]fLtKPQQ 3 \ZbZ[VLh\jIOWCXGYCZ[\PJMj^KU[\USCVS SUMP]fLtKIJG[LPQQ 2 \ZbZSiIJG[LJRbjR_aU\bmRLSUMPKma kf[BlmnRrbcPaMceVfSUMSUMP]fLtK 3 \ZbZIJZY\IDmUhOB m]U\UMsP]fLtK{UJPQQ 3 \ZbZPXC bVaR[jULDRLlZOPQQCGHSi_`R S3 Trio eUS_jU[ S3 2. ]R4;5Y:7>545P8\9n9 3 8RTR QOY>:;A@O\ IOWCljaLIDmU]Nj[p_XGYSUMP]fLtKPQQ 3 \ZbZIMZY\\UPMLeoL\GSUMtKZbSUMcfXGYI]MZ\SUMXTULUCPQQ 3 \ZbZIJZY\IDmUhO B m]U\UMsP]fLtK{UJPQQ 3 \ZbZhfmR[jUL]a[LU\\US[ZYLDoHC bVaR[jULDRLlZOPQQCGHSi_`R Voodoo 1 eUS_jU[ 3Dfx 3. ]R4;5Y:7>545P8\9n9X[d: 2 8RTR 69P 3 8RT Z IOWCljaLXGYSUMP]fLtKPQQ 3 \ZbZhfmMVQ_aU\CZ[\IOWCR[jUL\US OMFSRQSVQ_aU\[pjL[USXGYeFbmRLbZfbVHLXVHLSUMcfP]fLtKPQQIMjL 2 \ZbZPKFPQQIMjL 3 \ZbZ soL 2 bVa CVHC[pjL[US eoLXTUB m\GSUMtKZblZOXGYXTU^CmUXGYXVHLIMjLSUMOMF\aKtK 2 \ZbZ PKF 3 \ZbZR[NjBCbVaIfG[aSVCDoHC\UnoYLIOWCPCaXULXGYCZ[\R[NjBCO�eepQVC bVaR[jULDRLlZOPQQCGH Si_`R Savage 4 eUS_jU[ S3, Voodoo 3 3000 eUS_jU[ 3Dfx, G400 eUS_jU[ Marox, TNT2 eUS_jU[ nVidia ^M`R Range 128 eUS_jU[ ATI IOWCbmC T>5>:;45@OW;X@OWZ\>8;5b\_Q:658WG7>5gA6UA:n9 BCSUMJV�CUSUMcfP]fLtK CRSeUSeFJ[U[U\IMjLB mSMUruSlZOOMF\aKhfmIMiaDoHCPKma Si[VLhfmJV�CU^Cja[_aU\eTUQCSUMcfB mXTULUChfmIMiaDoHCfma[ XTUB mBCO�eepQVC\G^Cja[_aU\eTUlCZfbjUL g bZfbVHLR[NjQCSUMcffVLCoH

]GRA_Q:658 Z>QBRW>O

370

EDO DRAM (Dxtended Data Out DRAM)

IOWCPM\PQQIfG[aSVQXGYBlmBCI_MYRL_R\JZaIbRMc \G_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUCh\j]NL\US O�eepQVCh\jCZ[\CTU\UBlmSVQSUMcfP]fLtKPKma

SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)

IOWCPM\PQQIfG[aSVQXGYBlmBCI_MYRL_R\JZaIbRMcIljCSVC \G_aU\IMiaBCSUMXTULUC]NL IOWCXGYCZ[\CTU\UBlmSVQSUMcfP]fLtKBCO�eepQVC

SGRAM (Synchronous Graphics RAM)

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• T[d:DGE>=QCDE8@=^>G\GU@6WW High Color (16 bit) kf[OSbZPKma SUMbVHL^CmUeRB mP]fLeTUCaCDRL]Ghfm\USCmR[IXjUhMCVHC eFDoHCR[NjSVQSUMcfeRXGYBlmLUCR[Njfma[ IljC 256 Color, High Color (16 bit), High Color (24 bit) ^MR True Color (32 bit) PbjeUSDmR\NKXVYa g hOPKma]jaCB^|jeFQRSajU eTUCaCDRL]GXGYP]fLQC^CmUeRCVHC BCMFfVQXGY]NLSajU High Color (16 bit) CVHC]U[bUDRL_CIMU eFh\j]U\UMsP[SRRShfm fVLCVHC^USIOWCSUMBlmLUC_R\JZaIbRMckf[XVYa g hOPKma SUMbVHLeTUCaC]GP_j High Color (16 bit) SiIJG[LJRPKma eFXTUB mSUMP]fLtKbjUL g DRL^CmUeRXTUhfmMafIMiaDoHC SUMPSmhDSiXTUkf[IKRS Start >> Settings >> Control Panel >> Display >> Settings PKmaIOKGY[CbMLljRL Color Sf OK

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403

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• 45[W6TY:U>O3X5`[<Xg CDE8@U[ww>u5W7\GGEQOX@SUVA 1. ]V||UEMQSaCBC]U[kXM�VJXc IOWC]UI^bp^KVSXGYXTUB mICiblmUCF_MVQ 2. RjUCMU[KFIRG[fXGY SUMbjR]U[kXM�VJXc PKFSUMOMVQPbjLbjUL g IJZY\_aU\IMiaPKFO�RLSVC]U[^KpfDRLk\Ifi\

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405

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406

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407

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Excecute SUMOMF\aKtKtjUC^Cja[_aU\eTUDRLMFQQ^M`RPM\kf[bML I]\RCajUIOWC^Cja[_aU\eTUDRLbCIRL XTUB mh\jeTUIOWCbmRL\GPM\QCbVaSUMcfP]fLtK

423

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1. PQQ EDO DRAM.SDRAM eFhfm 528 MB/S

2. PQQ SDRAM PC100 eFhfm 800 MB/S

3. PQQ DRDRAM eFhfm 1.4 GB/S

fVLCVHCSUMXGYeFhfm_aU\IMiaDRLSUM]jLtjUCDmR\NKDRL AGP SGY X CVHC

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IDmUBeIM`YRLSGY X DRL AGP

=================

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eFOMF\aKtK Texture eUS System Memory tjUCXULJRMcb AGP I\YRhfmtKKVJdc PKmaeF]jL\U[VLQVrIrRMcnoYLSi_`R Local Video Memory IJYRCTU\UPOKLIOWC]V||UE

{UJP]fLXGY\RCZIbRMcRGSXG^CoYL AGP \G_aU\SamULDRLQV]IXjUSVQ 32 QZbI^\RCSVQ PCI PbjPbSbjULbMLSVQXGY\VCaZYLXGY _aU\IMiaIXjUSVQ_aU\IMiaDRL FSB noYLbjULSVQ PCI XGYaZYLfma[_aU\IMia_MoYL^CoYLDRL FSB

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JZI��RGS 8 I]mCIMG[SajU Sideband Addressing ]TU^MVQB mlZJaGeGIROMF\aKtK_TU]VYL JMmR\SVQ]jLDmR\NKtjUCXULI\CQV] 32 I]mChfm ++++++++++++++++++

424

_TU]VYL : Format _TURdZQU[ : IOWC_TU]VYLXGY]TU_V| BlmBCSUMeVfIMG[LPXMSIniSIbRMc ]MmULPKFPQjLJHCXGY]TU^MVQeVfISiQhrKc ^US\GDmR\NKR[NjBCfZ]Sc PKmaCTU\UrRMcP\b eFXTUB m^U[hO]ZHC qFCVHC_aMMFaVLIOWCR[jUL\USBCSUMBlm_TU]VYLCGH MNOPQQ_TU]VYL : format hfMr¤IljC C: D: A: /s /q /u bVaR[jUL_TU]VYL : fotmat c:/s /u /q RdZQU[RROlVYC : /s = XTUB mhfMr¤XGYIMUrRMcP\bCVHC\GhrKcMFQQXGY]U\UMsQNbI_M`YRLR[Njfma[ /q = XTUSUMrRMcP\bPQQMafIMia SUMBlmRROlVYCCGHeFBlmSibjRI\YRhfMr¤CVHCI_[sNSrRMcP\b\UPKma /u = IOWCSUM[SIKZSrRMcP\bPQQ "sefe format" XTUB mSUMrRMcP\bIMiaDoHCSajUIfZ\ IJZY\IbZ\ : ^KVLSUMrRMcP\bPKma IMUbmRLBlml`YRhfMr¤XGYIMUrRMcP\b noYLeF]U\UMsB]jhfmh\jISZCSajU 11 bVaRVS�M ]VYL : Xcopy _TURdZQU[ : IOWC_TU]VYLXGYD[U[_aU\]U\UMsDRL_TU]VYL copy dMM\fU kf[_TU]VYLCGHIMU]U\UMsS�ROO��hrKcBCkrKcIfRMchfmXGH^\f _TU]VYLCGHeFBlmBCSMEGXGYIMUbmRLSUMS�ROO��hrKceTUCaC\USg PKFh\jbmRLSUMIOKGY[C^M`R[mU[bTUP^CjL[jR[DRLhrKcCVHC g MNOPQQ_TU]VYL : xcopy hfMr¤bmCqQVQIljC C: D: A: /krKcIfRMcXGYbmRLSUM[mU[ I_UF^CoYL_MVHLPKmaJZ\JchfMr¤IO�U^\U[IljC C: D: A: /krKcIfRMcIO�U^\U[XGYbmRLSUM[mU[h\jeTUIOWCajUbmRL\GR[NjPKma /s /e /v /w bVaR[jUL_TU]VYL : xcopy c:\pos a:\mov /s /e /v /w RdZQU[RROlVYC : /s = S�ROO��XVHLkrKcIfRMc^KVS PKFkrKcIfRMc[jR[XVHL^\fhO[VLIO�U^\U[ /e = S�ROO��krKcIfRMcXGYajULh\j\GhrKcRFhMR[NjhOfma[ / v = bMae]RQDmR\NKfma[ajUsNSbmRL^M`Rh\j / w = ^[pfIJYRSfOpw\Bfg SjRCXGYeF\GSUMXTULUCbjRhO IJZY\IbZ\ : smUOKU[XULDRLSUMS�ROO��IOWCkrKcIfRMcXGY[VLh\jhfm]MmULDoHC\U eF\G_TUsU\DoHC\UajUeFB m]MmULIOWChrKc ^MR]MmULIOWC krKcIfRMc noYLPCFCTUB mSf D IJMUFsmUSf F _TU]VYL : Deltree _TURdZQU[ : _TU]VYLCGHIOWC_TU]VYLXGYBlmSVCQjR[I^\RCSVC_MVQ _TU]VYLCGHeFIOWCSUM]VYLB mKQkrKcIfRMcXGYIMUSTU^Cf noYL^US\GhrKcR[NjBCkrKcIfRMc ^MRP\mPbjnVQ[jR[krKcIfRMcSieFsNSKQhO^\f_MVQ MNOPQQ_TU]VYL : deltree krKIfRMc ^MRhrKcXGYbmRLSUMKQ bVaR[jUL_TU]VYL : deltree windows RdZQU[RROlVYC : ^KVLeUS]VYLKQ_TU]VYLCGHeFDoHCDmR_aU\ajU IMUPCjBeXGYeFKQ^M`Rh\j smUPCjBeSiSf y smUIOKGY[CBeh\jKQ SiSf N _MVQ IJZY\IbZ\ : SUM]VYLKQfma[_TU]VYLCGH P\mPbjhrKcXGYsNSnjRCeFh\jMRfJmChOhfm qFCVHC_aMMFaVLIOWCR[jUL[ZYLBCSUMBlmLUC _TU]VYL : Move _TURdZQU[ : _TU]VYLCGHIOWC_TU]VYLBlmBCSUMI_K`YRC[mU[hrKceUShfMr¤ krKcIfRMc^CoYL hO[VLhfMr¤krKcIfRMcRGSXGY^CoYL SUMI_KYRC[mU[CGH]U\UMs STU^CfhfmajUeFI_K`YRC[mU[hOXVHL^\f ^M`RhOXGYKFhrKc CRSeUSCGHtNmBlm[VLIOKGY[Cl`YRhrKcDEFXGY[mU[hfmfma[

425

MNOPQQ_TU]VYL : Move hfMr¤bmCqQVQIljC C: D: A: bU\fma[krKcIfRMc ^M`RhrKcXGYbmRLSUM[mU[ hO[VLIO�U^\U[ XGYSTU^Cf bVaR[jUL_TU]VYL : move C:\windows C:\win RdZQU[RROlVYC : smUbmRLSUM[mU[hrKcBCkrKcIfRMc SiB mJZ\Jcl`YRhrKcbjRXmU[ IljC C:\windows\win.exe IJZY\IbZ\ : _TU]VYLCGHBlmBCSMEGXGYIMUeFKLaZCkfa]cB^\jPbj[VLh\jPCjBeajU DRLbVaISjU\GRFhMXGY[VLbmRLBlmR[NjQmUL SiB mBlm aZdGCGH_MVQ smUPCjBeajUbVaISjUh\j\GRFhMI^KRR[NjB mbmRLBlm PKmaSiKQ hfmIK[ _TU]VYL : Attrib _TURdZQU[ : _TU]VYLCGH Blm]TU^MVQSTU^Cf_pE]\QVbZB mhrKcajU]U\UMsXTURFhMSVQhrKchfmQmUL IljC h _`RnjRChrKc MNOPQQ_TU]VYL : attrib +r +h +a +s bU\fma[l`YRhrKcXGYbmRLSUMSTU^Cf_pE]\QVbZ bVaR[jUL_TU]VYL : move +r +h jojo.txt RdZQU[RROlVYC : _TU]VYLeF\GSUMSTU^Cf]sUCFDRLhrKcR[Nj 4 PQQfma[SVC_`R +r ]TU^MVQSTU^CfB mhrKc]U\UMsRjUChfmR[jULIfG[ah\j]U\UMsXTUSUMKQ ^M`RIOKGY[Cl`YRhrKchfm +h ]TU^MVQSTU^CfB mhrKc]U\UMsnjRCbVaeUSSUM\RLI iChfm +a ]TU^MVQSTU^CfIJYRP]fLB mMNmajUhrKcCVHCg IOWChrKcXGYSTU^Cf_pE]\QVbZ kf[kOMPSM\ +s ]TU^MVQSTU^CfIJYRP]fLB mMNmajU hrKcCGHIOWChrKcDRLMFQQ IJZY\IbZ\ : smUbmRLSUMB m]sUCFDRLhrKcSKVQ_`C^M`R^U[hO B mXTUSUMBlm_TU]VYLnHTURGS_MVHL^CoYLPbjBlmKQ IljC hrKc\G]sUCF]TU^MVQRjUCR[jULIfG[a smUbmRLSUMPSm_`CIljC attrib -r jojo.txt _TU]VYL : md _TURdZQU[ : IOWC_TU]VYL]TU^MVQ]MmULhfIMSXRMGY (krKIfRMcCVYC^KF) MNOPQQ_TU]VYL : md bU\fma[l`YRDRLhfIMSXRMGXGYbmRLSUM]MmUL bVaR[jUL_TU]VYL : md kok RdZQU[RROlVYC : h\j\G IJZY\IbZ\ : IOWC_TU]VYLLjU[g _MVQKRLXTUfNnZ_MVQ _TU]VYL : rd _TURdZQU[ : IOWC_TU]VYL]TU^MVQKQhfIMSXRMGY MNOPQQ_TU]VYL : rd bU\fma[l`YRDRLhfIMSXRMGYXGYbmRLSUMKQ bVaR[jUL_TU]VYL : rd kok RdZQU[RROlVYC : ^U\GhrKcR[NjBChfIMSXRMGYeFh\j]U\UMsXTUSUMKQhfmCF_MVQ bmRLXTUSUMKQhrKcXGYR[Nj{U[BCXZHLI]G[SjRC_MVQ IJZY\IbZ\ : ^USbmRLSUMKQhfIMSXRMGYPKma\GhrKcR[NjfmUCBC^M`R\GhfIMSXRMGYnmRCR[Nj Blm_TU]VYL deltree fGSajU_MVQ _TU]VYL : del _TURdZQU[ : _TU]VYL]TU^MVQ]VYLKQhrKc_MVQ MNOPQQ_TU]VYL : del bU\fma[l`YRhrKcXGYbmRLSUMKQ_MVQ bVaR[jUL_TU]VYL : del jojo.txt RdZQU[RROlVYC : ^USbmRLSUMKQhrKcXGY\GeTUCaC\USg R[NjBChfIMSXRMGYIfG[aSVC _pE]U\UMsBlm_TU]VYL del *.* IJZY\IbZ\ : SUM]VYLKQhrKc ^UShrKcCVHCbVHL attrib IOWC +r eFh\j]U\UMsKQhfm_MVQ bmRLPSm attrib CVHCI]G[SjRC