development of diaphragm, skull, vertebrae & limbs (special embryology)
TRANSCRIPT
Development of Diaphragm
(Page 157)
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
Anatomy of Diaphragm
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
Lower Aspect Inferior vena cava
Esophagus
Aorta
Rt. crusLt. crus
Central tendon
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
DIAPHRAGMDIAPHRAGM It is developed from the following structures.It is developed from the following structures.
1-1- Septum transversum:Septum transversum: It lies firstly infront the neck It lies firstly infront the neck and forms central tendon.and forms central tendon.
2- 2- Cervical myotomes (C3,4,5):Cervical myotomes (C3,4,5): Forms the muscular Forms the muscular part around the central tendon and supplied by part around the central tendon and supplied by phrenic nervephrenic nerve..
3- 3- Pleuro-peritoneal membrane:Pleuro-peritoneal membrane: forms the postero-forms the postero-lateral parts of the diaphragm.lateral parts of the diaphragm.
4- 4- Meso-esophagus:Meso-esophagus: forms the median posterior forms the median posterior part.part.
5- 5- Mesoderm of thoracic wall:Mesoderm of thoracic wall: forms the periphery forms the periphery of diaphragm.of diaphragm.
6- 6- Mesoderm around aorta:Mesoderm around aorta: forms the crura.forms the crura. Dr. Sherif Fahmy
Bucco-pharyngeal membrane
Cloacal membrane
Cardiogenic area
Notochord
Septum transversumPericardium
Pleura
Pleuro-peritoneal membrane
PeritoneumIntra-embryonic ceolom
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
Bucco-pharyngeal membrane
heart
Pericardium
Septum transversum
Pharynx
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
• 1- Congenital Hernia of Bochdalek: due to failure of formation of pleuro-peritoneal membrane.
• 2- Esophageal (Hiatus) Hernia: due to wide esophageal opening or short esophagus.
• 3- Parasternal hernia (of Morgagni): wide gap between sternal and costal origin of diaphragm.
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
Development of Skull(Page 159)
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Development of SkullSkull is formed by 2 parts:1- Neurocranium.2- Viscerocranium.
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A- Neurocranium (Brain box)
Is divided into:I- Cartilagenous neurocranium which forms skull base. 2- Membranous neurocranium which skull cap.
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SKULL BASE
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Skull Vault
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B- Viscero-craniumIs divided into:1- Membranous viscero-cranium.2- Cartilagenous viscero-cranium
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Pharyngeal Arches
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Maxillary & Mandibular processes of 1st Pharyngeal Arch
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Skull Vault & Viscerocranium
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Anomalies of Skull
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Acrania
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Craniosynostosis
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Scaphocephaly
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Oxycephaly
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Development of Vertebral Column
(page 161)
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
Stages of Vertebral Column Development
1- First stage: represented by notochord.2- Second stage: Sclerotomes surround the notochord. Formation of vertebral body from upper ½ of one sclerotome and lower ½ of the previous one.3- Third stage: Transformation of mesenchymal bodies into cartilage.4- Fourth stage: Ossification of vertebral bodies. Dr. Sherif Fahmy
Differentiation of a Somite
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Dr. Sherif Fahmy
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
CentrumNotochord
Dorsal processes
Lateral proces
Costal process
Formation of processes
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Chondrification of a Vertebra
Chondrification center
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Ossification of a Vertebra
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Steps of vertebral formation:Formation of centrum:It is formed by fusion of sclerotomes of both sides.Formation of processes:1- Dorsal process: forms lamina and spine.2- Lateral process: forms transverse process.3- Costal process: forms:- Anterior boundary of foramen transversium in cervical vertebra.- Ribs in thoracic region.-Fuse with transverse process in lumbar vertebra.-Forms anterior part of lateral mass of sacrum.
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
Anomalies of Vertebrae
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Development of The Limbs
(Page 165)
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
Development of Limbs• Limb buds appear at the end of 4th
week as outpoketing from ventro-lateral aspect of body.
• Each bud is composed of a core of mesoderm which is covered by ectoderm.
• At 7th week, upper limb rotates 90 degree laterally while lower limb rotates 90 degree medially.
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Development of the Limbs
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
LIMB DEVELOPMENT
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Dr. Sherif Fahmy
LIMB DEVELOPMENT
Dr. Sherif Fahmy
Anomalies of Limbs• Amelia: Absence of a limb.• Phocomelia: Hand or foot are attached to
the body.• Polydactyly: Presence of extra-finger.• Syndactyly: Fusion between 2 fingers.
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PhocomeliaDr. Sherif Fahmy
Polydactyly
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ClubfootDr. Sherif Fahmy
Lobster hand
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SyndactylyDr. Sherif Fahmy
Dr. Sherif Fahmy