design and analysis of a dual axis solar tracking system using … · 2016. 11. 17. · two axis...

IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 4, Issue 09, 2016 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613

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Design and Analysis of a Dual Axis Solar Tracking System using Labview

Mohit Sharma1 Chandra Shekhar Gautam2 1P.G. Scholar 2Assistant professor

1,2Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 1,2ITM University, Gwalior, India

Abstract— In country like India demand of energy enhance

with enhance in population so the exploit of renewable and

natural sources of energy like wind energy, tidal energy,

solar energy etc is the necessity of time in country. In this

paper we present development and experimental study of

two axis control of solar tracking system (STS) exploiting

Arduino. The application of a portable STS is implemented

to increase energy generation of the photovoltaic (PV)

panels, results and analysis based on simulation of national

Instruments (NI) 2016.

Keywords: MPPT, Fixed panel solar system, Photovoltaic

system, Solar System

I. Introduction

A device on which collector or parabolic dish are fixed

which helps to track the solar energy by tracking the Sun’s

motion also helps to strikes maximum sunlight on collector

within a day is nothing but the solar tracker. After locating

sunlight the tracker will directed towards the path where the

maximum sunlight is collected and received [5] there are

different ways of tracking, namely

Passive Tracking system - It uses differential heating

of two interconnected tubes which are filled with the

gaseous refrigerants, means in this type of tracking

system there are no use of controllers, gears and

motors. Thus it is called passive tracking system [6]

Active Tracking System - It uses motors and gear

which is commanded by the controller to respond the

solar path. It is categorized like dual axis tracking and

single axis tracking. Single axis solar trackers: It tracks

the sun’s motion from east to waste or north to south

direction daily. Dual axis solar trackers: It tracks the

sun’s motion from east to waste as well as from north

to south direction [1].

The conventional energy sources, achieved from

our atmosphere, tend to exit with relative swiftness because

of its irrational exploiting thru the humanity. RES offers a

liberal of promises other sender. Solar energy looks to be

most tempting recent. The energy quantity from the sun

which reaches on the earth surface in a day is ten times

above the entire energy spent thru each people of our planet

during a year. Photovoltaic (PV) energy has excessive

potential to supply energy with least impact on the

atmosphere, since it’s pollution and clean free. The grid

integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) usages

depend on PV systems is becoming now the most significant

usages of PV systems, achievement interest over traditional

stand-alone systems. Four dissimilar system configurations

are broadly developed in grid-connected PV power usages:

the string inverter system, the multi string inverter system

and the module-integrated inverter system and the pivotal

inverter system [2].

PV is now believed as one of the most significant

sustainable energy sources world-extensively. Equated with

conventional energy sources for instance solar energy is

reliable, clean, inexhaustible and free and safe, and gasoline

and. Though, how to extract the supreme possible power

from the installed PV modules is still a challenging

problematic since the o/p power of PV modules illustrate

strong nonlinear feature that deeply depend on the

atmosphere circumstances e.g temperature and irradiation.

So, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is necessarily

exploited for PV systems to progress the power yield [3].

PV power producing systems have become enough

feasible choice as these are atmosphere friendly and green in

nature. The non-linear loads e.g TVs, laptop computers,

heating ventilation and A.C systems and compact

fluorescent lamp (CFL), other modern electrical products

linked at point of common coupling (PCC) where a grid

interfaced PV system is also connected; inject harmonics

and reactive currents into the distribution system. These

harmonics increase losses and excessive heat in the rotating

machines in the system can damage sensitive loads, create

significant interference with communication systems, and

produce din on regulating tool and control tool. Therefore,

the harmonics compensation is major region of research.

The precise extraction of reactive and harmonics currents

are of great importance in grid interface PV system [4].

Now days lots of energy crisis and environmental

issues occurs around us, therefore the renewable of these

energy sources are attracted the attention of different

researchers and investors. The greatest talented technology

which is available for the RES is the photovoltaic system.

The PV system is appropriate for transportation system and

satellite systems and distributed generation. Generally, to

design the single phase photovoltaic system, sole stage grid

linked system is used and for three phase photovoltaic

system, three stage grid connected system is used. The sole

stage grid linked PV system exploits a dc/ac power inverter

for interfacing the PV device to the grid and to track the

Maximum Power Point (MPP). PV the grid has low cost and

small size, supreme power with very higher efficiency. The

two stage grid linked PV system exploit two conversion

stages. In a first stage a dc to dc converter is current that

exploited boost the PV o/p voltage. Too, this stage can track

the MPP. In a second stage dc to ac inverter is present which

is used for interfacing the PV system to the grid. The dc

boosting stage is presents in this stage and due to this stage a

high-voltage PV array is not necessary in this topology. The

major weakness of the two stage grid linked PV system is, it

has large size and high cost, very lowest efficiency. Due to

the above maintained restrictions of two stage grid-linked

PV system, sole stage inverters are exploited in low voltage

usage [5].

Solar photovoltaic (PV) has evolved to be a

prominent candidate for such schemes as it is green,

available in abundance and inexhaustible. However, the

solar PV power being available in dc form requires the


(IJSRD/Vol. 4/Issue 09/2016/081)


service of a dc–ac inverter to form the interfacing link

between the PV source and the grid. A single-phase inverter

is generally employed to form the aforementioned interface

link as decentralized schemes are typically designed for

low-power ratings (<5kw). In recent years, the transformer

less inverter topologies have become a popular choice for

realizing the aforementioned inverter due to their gain like

as low weight, less volume, high efficiency, low cost etc.

However, the transformer less inverters lacks galvanic

isolation amid grid and the PV source. This results in flow

of leakage current through parasitic capacitances present

between the ground and the PV source. The presence of the

aforementioned leakage current in transformer less grid-

connected inverters leads to additional losses, distortion of

grid current, increased safety and electromagnetic radiation

concern [6].

The cost for solar PV modules has decreased

significantly over the previous years and the trend is likely

to continue. This enables a regular growth of its adoption in

several element of the world. Solar PV systems are divided

step with their end-exploit usage. In Singapore, there are

generally two kind, namely, off-grid solar and grid-tied PV

systems. The former, that is the focus of this paper, is more

commonly adopted on Singapore’s main island, which is

well covered by the national power grid. It’s exploited to

decrease one’s dependence on utility power, enhance RES

production, and aid conserves the atmosphere. Whereas, the

latter is exploited in the regions out of power grid coverage

like offshore island or in the applications where it is not

technically and/or commercially feasible to tap electricity

from the power grid like traffic signage. Because of solar

power’s non-dispatch able nature, when it makes up a

significant portion of the generation mix in a power grid, it

becomes a important task for power system operators to

manage their intermittency effects. E.g., an unpredictable

event like as an afternoon thunderstorm or cloud cover can

alteration drastically the solar generation o/p from its

supreme to nera zero. Without corresponding assets being

prepared like backup, the grid stability could be

undermined.

Motivated by this, there has been enhance wallow

in the approaches to using battery storage to enable the wide

adoption of grid-connected solar PV systems. One approach

is to provide battery energy resources as independent

reserve resources for central dispatching, without

specifically coupling them to any specific solar PV sources.

Another approach, that is the focus of this paper, is to

associate battery banks with specific solar generators. A

battery bank will be designed to adapt to the corresponding

solar sources. A solar PV source and its fellow battery will

then be managed together as an integrated facility. This

grants the local facility manager with greater controls. As,

the manager potentially has the freedom to elect amongst

dissimilar methods to join in the electricity market like

dispatchable generators, or under some enhanced demand

response, non-dispatchable generators schemes. Such a

upper level of controls can potentially maximize the payoff

for the installation of such a minimize and system the

associated hazards to the grid [7].

II. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM MODEL

The comparable replica of the considered PV system. As

can be seen, it was considered a centralized architecture

where the solar panels are linked in sequence forming the

PV generator. The resulting generator is linked to a unique

DC-DC converter. In this situation, the DC-DC boost

converter is exploited to raise the o/p voltage at the PV

generator above an appropriate level in sequence to make

sure the system controllability and the injection of current to

the grid.

Furthermore, the DC-side capacitor, the power

inverter, the grid-tied filter and the distribution network are

represented as an equivalent independent voltage source.

This equivalent was derived under the assumption that the

large value of the DCside capacitor allows decoupling the

DC-DC stage from de DC-AC stage. In this way, the

independent voltage source is compose of a DC value and a

AC value, where the AC value representes the possible

distortion in the DC-side capacitor voltage.

Fig. 1: Equivalent model of the photovolaic system

III. METHODOLOGY & DESIGN

As mentioned above, the MPPT algorithms are implemented

on the DC-DC boost converter. This algorithms generate the

firing pulses of the semiconductor device Q1 (see Figure 3)

in sequence to make sure the tracking of the MPP under

changing environmental and operating circumstances. A

briefly description of the considered MPPT algorithms is

presented below

A. Perturb and Observe (P&O) Method:

The P&O technique is a most widely used MPPT

approaches because its easy implementation and its simple

feedback structure. This method performs an iterative

disturbance on the duty cycle of Q1 and observes the

variation obtained in the power transported thru the PV

generator (P). If the generator power increases under the

disturbance, the duty cycle must keep changing in the same

direction because the operation point is moving to the MPP

(see Figure 2). If the generator power decreases the duty

cycle have to be disturbed in the reverse direction. This

operation is performed periodically.




Fig. 2: Perturb and Observe technique

B. Incremental Conductance (IC) technique:

This technique is depend on the sign of the variation in the

generator power in relation to variations in the PV generator

voltage (Vin). In this way, as can be seen in Figure 3, if

dP/dVin is positive (P is the power transported thru the PV

generator), the operating point is to the left of the MPP, and

if dP/dVin is negative, it is to the right. Therefore, this

condition determines the way in that the operating point

must be perturbed.

Fig. 3: Incremental Conductance technique

Furthermore, the approach is dependent on the fact

which in the MPP, dP/dVin = 0. Accordingly, at the MPP

dIin/dVin = −Iin/Vin (Iin is the current delivered by the PV

generator), so the incremental conductance can determine

which the technique has reached the MPP and the

perturbation in the operation point can be stop.

C. Constant Voltage (CV) Method:

This method uses less variables in comparison with the

previous and it has a very simple structure. It is depend on

the assumption that the generator voltage at the MPP

changes only slightly with the irradiance. In this way, it is

supposed that the relationship between the generator voltage

at the MPP (VMPP ) and the PV generator’s open-circuit

voltage (VOC) remains approximately constant, as seen in

equation (1).

VMP/VOC=K <1 (1)

The PV generator’s open-circuit voltage can be

measured by setting the PV generator’s current to zero (by

disconnecting the generator from the system) or by using the

technical data given in the datasheet of the solar panels.

Then, the VMPP is calculated by using equation (1).

Empirical results illustrate that the value of the constant K is

between 0.65 and 0.8 for polycrystalline solar panels. By

using this method, available energy is wasted under

temperature varying conditions or when the load is

disconnected from the PV system. Furthermore, it depends

on external parameters of the system.

D. Modified Perturb and Observe (MP&O) technique:

This technique is a modification of the classical P&O

method and its goal is to remove the oscillations on the PV

generator’s voltage under possible voltage disturbances at

the DC-side capacitor. The main idea is to progress the

tracking of the MPP thru means of a suitable compensation

network, as look in Figure 6. The considered controller G(s)

acts on the error signal between the reference voltage given

by the P&O controller and a signal that is proportional to the

PV generator’s voltage .

Fig. 4: Modified Perturb and Observe technique

The controller design was performed depend on the

previous work presented. However, in this paper it is

considered a simpler controller structure than the ones

proposed. Therefore, this controller is easier to implement.

In this circumstance, the first order controller presented in

equation (2) is considered.

𝐺𝑐 (𝑆) = 𝐾1 1+

𝑠

𝑧1

1+ 𝑠

𝑝1

(2)

The values for the zero (z1 = 2π268), the pole (p1

=2π100000) and the gain (K1 = 1) were chosen considering

the system parameters presented in table II and they were

selected in sequence to get the following goals for the closed

loop system:

A similar frequency response (FR) for different

irradiance levels, as can be illustrate in in Figure 7(a),

where Wvpvb is the closed-loop gain between the DC-

side capacitor voltage and the PV generator’s voltage.

The FR is presented for two irradiance levels (S = 1000

W/m2 and S = 100 W/m2).

An stable closed-loop system with a phase margin of

about 60o, as can be seen in the FR presented in Figure

7(b), where Tc is the loop gain of the control loop.

A sufficient attenuation for disturbances at twice of the

grid frequency.

A faster response than the classical P&O response. A

further explanation of the controller design is presented

in [8].




IV. SIMULATION & RESULTS

This chapter discusses on the result, analysis and problems

that are encountered throughout the completion of Design

and analysis of Solar Tracking. After the development and

completion of the simulation, it will then be evaluated in

order to measure the effectiveness and to ensure whether it

had met the outlined objectives successfully.

Fig. 5: Scope of Research Project

Fig. 6: Processing of Sensors Signal

When this project is brought into testing and

evaluation, it can be observed that it is a success and have

met the objectives flawlessly. Below are the lists of

achievements that can be highlighted:

The Solar Tracking use the light tracking‟ method to

align the solar panel normal to the incident ray, using

LDR as the sensor to find the light source.

The elevation DC motor and the altitude set to increase

or decrease by approx 9° when it move toward the light

and the DC motor work effectively thought the process

of tracking the light and position the solar panel

normal to the incident ray accurately.

The Solar Tracking has achieved its objective as 2-axis

solar tracking system for moving base. The Solar

Tracking can be used as a power supply charge for

vehicle such as car, bot and etc.

Fig. 7: Flowchart of the algorithm

The first step before the project implemented is to

review the project scope and research area. In this case, the

field of tracking the sun light radiation is reviewed

thoroughly in order to establish the Simulation Based Solar

Tracking to perform the specified task. Then, the next task is

to design electrical methodology which is to be built. At the

same time, Reaching the peak of the project, the

programming segment takes place especially for the sensor

input by the LDR to the ADC of the ardrino, tracking

process and output to the DC motors. Last but not least,

certain modification on the circuitry and software took place

in order to make the Simulation perform in finer

movements. Thus, troubleshooting process also took place o

correct certain faulty processes while the system is

performing its task

Canvas of simulation




Swithching The Correspondance motor

Fig. 8: PIC Positions

Fig. 9: Calculation of highest Intensity




Fig. 10: Shifting phenomena for Solar Plates

Fig. 11: Changes of Solar Shifting angle accordingly

Sensors

V. CONCLUSION

The research deals with increase solar efficiency. As a

portion of this study there is a scheme of tracking systems.

The exploit of concentrator with STS illustrate the

performance of electrical power combined generation and

heat from solar radiation. The outcomes of solar power and

electrical measurements illustrate the power performance

and electrical performance of MPPT circuit.

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design and analysis of a dual axis solar tracking system using … · 2016. 11. 17. · two axis...

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