analysis of dual-axis solar tracking system by using lock anti-phase drive method

International Journal of Trend in

International Open Access Journal

ISSN No: 2456

@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com

Analysis of Dual-axis Anti

Swe Swe Mar1ME Candidate

EP Department, Pyay Technological

ABSTRACT Solar energy is rapidly advancing as an important means of renewable energy resource. Many of the solar panels throughout the world are positioned with the fixed angles. Solar tracking enables more solar energy to be generated because the solar panel is able to maintain a perpendicular profile to the sun’s rays. Solar trackers move the solar panel to follow the sun trajectories and keep the orientation of the solar collector at an optimal tilt angle. The main objective of this research is to develop an dualtracking system (azimuth angle as well as altitude angle) in which solar panel will keep aligned with sunlight in order to maximize in harvesting solar power generation from the solar panel and to show for the output power with dual-axis solar tracking system is higher than without tracking system in the sunny day condition. This research focus on the development of new approach to control the dualsolar tracking system by using DC motor and controller design is simple structure and saving cost by using LM 324(op-amp) IC. Design and construction of a prototype for solar tracking system which detects the sunlight using Light Dependent Resistors (LDR) and DC motor is used tappropriate position of the panel where it can receive maximum sunlight. In this dual-axis control system, lock anti-phase drive method is used for HFrom the hardware testing, the solar tracker is proven more effective for capturing the maximum sunlight source for solar harvesting applications. Keywords: Light Dependent Resistor, Solar Tracker, Dual-axis Control System, Lock AntiMethod, Solar Panel.

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

International Open Access Journal | www.ijtsrd.com

ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | Volume - 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep

www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2018

xis Solar Tracking System by uAnti-Phase Drive Method

Swe Swe Mar1, Zarchi San2, Thuzar Mon3 ME Candidate, 2 Lecturer, 3Assistant Lecturer

EP Department, Pyay Technological University, Pyay, Myanmar

Solar energy is rapidly advancing as an important means of renewable energy resource. Many of the solar panels throughout the world are positioned with

enables more solar energy to be generated because the solar panel is able to maintain a perpendicular profile to the sun’s rays. Solar trackers move the solar panel to follow the sun trajectories and keep the orientation of the solar

l tilt angle. The main objective of this research is to develop an dual-axis solar tracking system (azimuth angle as well as altitude angle) in which solar panel will keep aligned with sunlight in order to maximize in harvesting solar

the solar panel and to show for axis solar tracking system

is higher than without tracking system in the sunny day condition. This research focus on the development of new approach to control the dual-axis

by using DC motor and controller design is simple structure and saving cost

amp) IC. Design and construction of a prototype for solar tracking system which detects the sunlight using Light Dependent Resistors (LDR) and DC motor is used to control the appropriate position of the panel where it can receive

axis control system, phase drive method is used for H-bridge.

From the hardware testing, the solar tracker is proven the maximum sunlight

Light Dependent Resistor, Solar Tracker, axis Control System, Lock Anti-Phase Drive

I. INTRODUCTION The increasing demand of energy, the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, the unexpected events taking place on the international scene (local armed conflicts, natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, etc.) that have the potential to partially cripple the energetic systems, proves that the energy sdiversity is a serious aspect that the mankind should seriously consider when deciding the short and middle term energy policy. The general opinion shared by the most part of the specialists supports the idea that the exclusive dependence on the energy produced from fossil fuels (coal, oil, nuclear, etc.) is hazardous, unsustainable and harmful for the environment. In this context, many developed countries (e.g. USA, Germany, Spain, Denmark, France, Italy etc.) launched in the last decades ambitsupporting the rapid development of alternative energetic technologies based on: solar energy, wind energy, tidal and wave energy, biomass etc. One of the most promising renewable energy sources characterized by a huge potential of conveelectrical power is the solar energy. The conversion of solar radiation into electrical energy by Photo(PV) effect is a very promising technology, being clean, silent and reliable, with very small maintenance costs and small ecological impact. Solar tracking is obvious way to improve the efficiency of solar power plants. The sun’s position in the sky varies both with the seasons and times of day as the sun moves across the sky. All concentrated solar systems have trackers because the synot produce energy unless directed correctly toward the sun.

Research and Development (IJTSRD)

www.ijtsrd.com

6 | Sep – Oct 2018

Oct 2018 Page: 653

using Lock

Myanmar

The increasing demand of energy, the depletion of fuel reserves, the unexpected events taking

place on the international scene (local armed conflicts, natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, etc.) that have the potential to partially cripple the energetic systems, proves that the energy security and diversity is a serious aspect that the mankind should seriously consider when deciding the short and middle term energy policy. The general opinion shared by the most part of the specialists supports the idea that the

e energy produced from fossil fuels (coal, oil, nuclear, etc.) is hazardous, unsustainable and harmful for the environment. In this context, many developed countries (e.g. USA, Germany, Spain, Denmark, France, Italy etc.) launched in the last decades ambitious programs for supporting the rapid development of alternative energetic technologies based on: solar energy, wind energy, tidal and wave energy, biomass etc.

One of the most promising renewable energy sources characterized by a huge potential of conversion into electrical power is the solar energy. The conversion of solar radiation into electrical energy by Photo-Voltaic (PV) effect is a very promising technology, being clean, silent and reliable, with very small maintenance

impact.

Solar tracking is obvious way to improve the efficiency of solar power plants. The sun’s position in the sky varies both with the seasons and times of day as the sun moves across the sky. All concentrated solar systems have trackers because the systems do not produce energy unless directed correctly toward

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456


Solar tracker is a device used to orient a solar panel towards the sun. Since the sun position in the sky changes with the time of day, solar tracker is used to track the maximum amount of light produced by the sun. It is discovered that the instantaneous solar radiation collected by photovoltaic modules, assembled in a tracking system, is higher than the critical irradiance level for longer hours than in fixed system. In case of two-axis trackers the panel is positioned to track the orientation of the maximum sun light throughout the day by adjusting the tracker angles (both attitude and azimuth angles). Two DC motors are used to perform dual-axis solar tracking. With two tracking motor design, two motors are mounted on perpendicular axes, and even aligned them in certain directions. So, the panel can always be pointed directly at the sun. This method increases the output power compared to the static panel. Finally, solar 20W panels are being used as prototypes. II. Methodology As stated before, the main aim of the system is the performance of dual axis solar tracking system by motor control method. The block diagram of solar tracking system is presented in Fig 1. In this research, the main controller is the LM 324 (op-as the voltage comparator, receives input voltage data from LDRs. Then the controller sends the signal to the DC motor in order to determine the movement of the solar panel. In this dual-axis control system, controller circuit design is used for eastalso as the similar way for north-south axis.

MAIN CONTROLLER

LM 324(OP- AMP) IC

DC MOTORLDRs

Figure1. Block diagram of solar tracking system This research can also be divided into two parts which are hardware and simulation software. A. Hardware Light dependent resistor, window comparator, Hbridge, DC motor and solar panel are components of the hardware.



Solar tracker is a device used to orient a solar panel towards the sun. Since the sun position in the sky changes with the time of day, solar tracker is used to

of light produced by the sun. It is discovered that the instantaneous solar radiation collected by photovoltaic modules, assembled in a tracking system, is higher than the critical irradiance level for longer hours than in fixed

axis trackers the panel is positioned to track the orientation of the maximum sun light throughout the day by adjusting the tracker angles (both attitude and azimuth angles). Two DC motors

axis solar tracking. With two motor design, two motors are mounted on

perpendicular axes, and even aligned them in certain directions. So, the panel can always be pointed directly at the sun. This method increases the output power compared to the static panel. Finally, solar

s are being used as prototypes.

As stated before, the main aim of the system is the performance of dual axis solar tracking system by motor control method. The block diagram of solar tracking system is presented in Fig 1. In this research,

-amp) IC used as the voltage comparator, receives input voltage data from LDRs. Then the controller sends the signal to the DC motor in order to determine the movement of the

axis control system, this controller circuit design is used for east-west axis and

south axis.

SOLAR PANEL

1. Block diagram of solar tracking system

This research can also be divided into two parts which

Light dependent resistor, window comparator, H-bridge, DC motor and solar panel are components of

1. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)Photo resistors, also known as light dependent resistors (LDR) are light sensitive devices most often used to indicate the presence or absence of light or to measure the light intensity. This used as a sensor in the detention of light level in a variety of applications. The use of this type of sensor is a relatively simple task which relies on the linear reduction of the resistance of a LDR with the increase in the intensity of the light. If the light intensity is lower than the setting, the resistance of the LDR is high. The result is a logic low signal on the output of the comWhen the light intensity exceeds the required level, the output of the comparator changes to a logic high state. In this research, the intensity of light sensed by the LDR becomes an input to the comparator. 2. Window Comparator The op-amp comparator compares one analogue voltage level with another analogue voltage level, or some preset reference voltage Voutput signal based on this voltage comparison. In other words, the op-amp voltage comparator compares the magnitudes of two determines which one is larger. In the proposed solar tracker design, LDR provided the required voltage levels. So, LM 324 (op-amp) IC is chosen as the voltage comparator. It is used as the window comparator. Window comparator is combininverting and non-inverting comparator into a single comparator [5].

+

_

+

VREF(upper)

A1

A2

_

R

R

R

ComparatorNo 1

ComparatorNo 2

+Vcc

2/3 Vcc

1/3 Vcc

+Vcc

V IN

RL

0V

VOUT

VREF(lower)

2/3

1/3

V

Figure 2. Window Comparator 3. H-bridge H-bridge is an electronic circuit, containing four switching elements, with the load at the center. Hbridge enables a voltage to be applied across a load in opposite direction. These circuit applications allow DC motor to run forwards and backwards. In thresearch design, there are two functions (forward and backward) which need for two motors. Drivers for

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470

Oct 2018 Page: 654

Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) Photo resistors, also known as light dependent

sensitive devices most often used to indicate the presence or absence of light or to measure the light intensity. This used as a sensor in the detention of light level in a variety of applications. The use of this type of sensor is a relatively simple

which relies on the linear reduction of the resistance of a LDR with the increase in the intensity of the light. If the light intensity is lower than the setting, the resistance of the LDR is high. The result is a logic low signal on the output of the comparator. When the light intensity exceeds the required level, the output of the comparator changes to a logic high state. In this research, the intensity of light sensed by the LDR becomes an input to the comparator.

r compares one analogue voltage level with another analogue voltage level, or some preset reference voltage Vref and produces an output signal based on this voltage comparison. In

amp voltage comparator compares the magnitudes of two voltages inputs and determines which one is larger. In the proposed solar tracker design, LDR provided the required voltage

amp) IC is chosen as the voltage comparator. It is used as the window comparator. Window comparator is combined with

inverting comparator into a single

+Vcc

3 Vcc

3 Vcc

VIN

VOUT

time

VREF(upper)

VREF(lower)

saturation

time

window window

Figure 2. Window Comparator

bridge is an electronic circuit, containing four switching elements, with the load at the center. H-bridge enables a voltage to be applied across a load in opposite direction. These circuit applications allow DC motor to run forwards and backwards. In this research design, there are two functions (forward and backward) which need for two motors. Drivers for



main vertical motor and horizontal motor are needed. Both direct and H-bridge driver can control speed. But direct motor driver cannot get required dicontrol. So, H-bridge driver system design is chosen. Solar tracking control system needs a precise position. Solar panel needs to have the correct position and stop exactly at right angle to track the sun. This function is also done by H- Bridge.

+

T1(on)

T2(off)

T3(off)

T4(on)

M

D1 D3

D2 D4

_

+12

T1

(off)

T2(on)

M

D1

D2

_

+12V

Figure3. Process of H-Bridge (a) Forward Direction (b) Reverse Direction 4. DC Motor There are many different electrical motor types, all with their good and bad sides. Motion art and science of precisely controlling the position, velocity and torque of a mechanical drive. Motioncontrol systems comprise a numerical controller that performs path generation, such as DSP, an amplifier and a motor. For many motion engineers, motor selection plays a central part in getting good devices performance. Knowing which motor to use in a given application improves the cost, performance, and simplicity of machine design process. DC motors are widely used in practice, particularly in applications where accurate control of speed or position of the load required. The DC motor can provide high starting torque for applications requiring quick stoppage or reversals. Speed control over a wide range is relatively easy to achieve in comparison with all other electro-mechanical energy conversion devices; in fact, this has traditionally been the DC motor’s strength.

Figure4. Wiper Motor-model 258 5. Solar Panel Solar panel which is also called photovoltaic (PV) panels are devices that cleanly convert sunlight into



main vertical motor and horizontal motor are needed. bridge driver can control speed.

But direct motor driver cannot get required direction bridge driver system design is chosen.

Solar tracking control system needs a precise position. Solar panel needs to have the correct position and stop exactly at right angle to track the sun. This function is

12V

T3(on)

T4(off)

M

D3

D4

+

Bridge (a) Forward Direction

(b) Reverse Direction

There are many different electrical motor types, all with their good and bad sides. Motion control is the art and science of precisely controlling the position, velocity and torque of a mechanical drive. Motion-control systems comprise a numerical controller that performs path generation, such as DSP, an amplifier

gineers, motor selection plays a central part in getting good devices performance. Knowing which motor to use in a given application improves the cost, performance, and simplicity of machine design process. DC motors are

ly in applications where accurate control of speed or position of the load required. The DC motor can provide high starting torque for applications requiring quick stoppage or reversals. Speed control over a wide range is

arison with all other mechanical energy conversion devices; in fact,

this has traditionally been the DC motor’s strength.

model 258

Solar panel which is also called photovoltaic (PV) panels are devices that cleanly convert sunlight into

electricity and offer a practical solution to the problem of power generation in remote areas. They are especially useful in solutions where the demandelectrical power is relatively low and can be catered for using a low number of panels. There are many types of solar panel distinguished by their efficiency, price and temperature coefficient that are available in the market. Some of them are monocrystalline and amorphous silicon module. The polycrystalline type of solar panel was selected for this research because the process used to make polycrystalline silicon is simpler and cost less. They are easily recognized by its color (uare other colors also and this is the most common panels available from a range of manufacturers.

Figure 5. Poly-crystalline Solar Panel B. Simulation Software In this solar tracking system, LDRs sense the light intensity and then sent input signals to the comparator IC. The comparator is operated with the appropriate input signal and displayed the result as LED diode. At the same time, the comparator sends an output signal to the motor via motor driver. The motor driver controls the rotation of the motor to rotate either forward or reverse. The solar panel which is attached to the motor reacts to the control signal from controller accordingly. Fig. 6 shows the complete circuit for motor driver diagram. Simulation test is implemented with Proteus Version 8 software.

T

A1

2

+

6

T1

LDR2

R447K

P210K

31

75

LDR1

A2

R315K

R2

C1

100n

+ 9V...15V

IC 1

4

11

A

P1100K

+

R1

Figure6. Motor Driver Circuit Diagram


Oct 2018 Page: 655

electricity and offer a practical solution to the problem of power generation in remote areas. They are especially useful in solutions where the demand for electrical power is relatively low and can be catered for using a low number of panels. There are many types of solar panel distinguished by their efficiency, price and temperature coefficient that are available in the market. Some of them are mono-crystalline, poly-crystalline and amorphous silicon module. The poly-crystalline type of solar panel was selected for this research because the process used to make poly-crystalline silicon is simpler and cost less. They are easily recognized by its color (usually blue), but there are other colors also and this is the most common panels available from a range of manufacturers.

crystalline Solar Panel

In this solar tracking system, LDRs sense the light ent input signals to the comparator

IC. The comparator is operated with the appropriate input signal and displayed the result as LED diode. At the same time, the comparator sends an output signal to the motor via motor driver. The motor driver

rotation of the motor to rotate either forward or reverse. The solar panel which is attached to the motor reacts to the control signal from controller accordingly. Fig. 6 shows the complete circuit for motor driver diagram. Simulation test is

with Proteus Version 8 software.

T2

D4

T4

M

D1T3

+9V...15V

1

D1 – D4 = 1N4001T1,T3 = TIP 3055T2,T4 = TIP 2955A1,A2=IC 1=1/2LM324

D2

D3

+

6. Motor Driver Circuit Diagram



III. Calculating design of the sun positionIn this section, calculation of the sun position for any time at any location on any day of year will be explained. Firstly, Solar Declination Angle (be calculated. δ angle is between the plane of the equator and a line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of the earth. It varies between +23.4523.45o. There are various formulas to find the declination angle but none of them can find exact values of declination, simply because δ varies slightly from year to year. One of the calculations for solar declination is:

δ = 23.45 sin [ 360/365 (n – 81)] Where n is the day number counted from the beginning of the year. For a fixed system, the optimum tilt angle is found from the formulas below:

Altitude angle = βN = 90º- L + Panel Tilt angle = 90º - βN

Where L is the latitude of the PV panel above hints are useful for fixed panels, but not enough knowledge for the proposed study since solar position at any time of day must be calculated in the dual-axis tracker system. As can be seen from Fig.7 solar location can be defined in terms of its altitude angle β and its azimuth angle φs

Figure7. Determination of the sun position with respect to azimuth angle φs and altitude angle

Azimuth angle φs is positive on east of south line and is negative on west of south line. Azimuth and altitude angle is found by means of the latitudeof the year and the time of the day. These angles can be found through the below formulas [2]; sin β = cos L cos δ cos H + sin L sin δ

β cos

Hsin δ cosssinφ =



Calculating design of the sun position In this section, calculation of the sun position for any time at any location on any day of year will be

Firstly, Solar Declination Angle (δ) should angle is between the plane of the

equator and a line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of the earth. It varies between +23.45o and -

. There are various formulas to find the lination angle but none of them can find exact

values of declination, simply because δ varies slightly from year to year. One of the calculations for solar

81)]

is the day number counted from the

For a fixed system, the optimum tilt angle is found

L + δ N

Where L is the latitude of the PV panel site [2]. The above hints are useful for fixed panels, but they have not enough knowledge for the proposed study since solar position at any time of day must be calculated in

axis tracker system. As can be seen from Fig.7 solar location can be defined in terms of its

s.

7. Determination of the sun position with

s and altitude angle β

s is positive on east of south line and is negative on west of south line. Azimuth and altitude angle is found by means of the latitude, day number of the year and the time of the day. These angles can be found through the below formulas [2];

H is called hour angle which is the number of degrees that the earth must rotate before the sun will be directly over your local meridian (line of longitude). The earth rotates 360o at every 24 hours or rotates 15per hour, therefore the hour angle can be found as follows[2]; H = ± (15º / hour) x hour before or after solar moon During the spring and the summer the azimuth angle is more than 90o away from the south in the morning or afternoon. The controller must azimuth angle is less or greater than 90south [2];

For checking; if L

Htan

tancos

δ≥ , then

else °> 90sφ

During the day the tracker moves from east to west therefore control unit must know the sunrise and the sunset time day by day. Because tracker must turn to east at every sunrise time and stop its motion at the sunset time. To find these times the following formulas can be used. The sunset and sunrise moments, the azimuth angles are can write [2]; sin β = cos L cos δ cos H + sin L sin The inverse cosine function has positive and negative values. The positive values are used for the sunrise and the negative value for the sunset. The sunrise and sunset times are obtained by converting the hour angle. As it is well known, the sun rotates 15[2];

15

HNoonSolar timeSunrise

hour

°−=

/h15

HNoonSolar eSunset tim

hour

°+=

−

Using above formulas, the sun position at any time of any location, sunrise and sunset can be obtained by the controller.

tanLcosδ cosL

sinδ sinLcosH −=−=

( tanL1

cosH anglehour −−=−


Oct 2018 Page: 656

H is called hour angle which is the number of degrees that the earth must rotate before the sun will be directly over your local meridian (line of longitude).

at every 24 hours or rotates 15o per hour, therefore the hour angle can be found as

H = ± (15º / hour) x hour before or after solar moon

During the spring and the summer the azimuth angle away from the south in the morning

or afternoon. The controller must check that the azimuth angle is less or greater than 90o away from

, then °≤ 90sφ ;

During the day the tracker moves from east to west know the sunrise and the

sunset time day by day. Because tracker must turn to east at every sunrise time and stop its motion at the sunset time. To find these times the following formulas can be used. The sunset and sunrise moments, the azimuth angles are equal to zero, so we

cos H + sin L sin δ = 0

The inverse cosine function has positive and negative values. The positive values are used for the sunrise and the negative value for the sunset. The sunrise and sunset times are obtained by converting the hour angle. As it is well known, the sun rotates 15o/h, so

/h

angle

°

−

/h

angle−

Using above formulas, the sun position at any time of any location, sunrise and sunset can be obtained by

tanδtanL

) tanδtanL



IV. Implementation of the Solar Tracker DesignThe implementation of the solar tracking control system will be analyzed by sensor unit, calculation for motor rotation angle and motor driver circuit. In sensor units, the analog voltages of the LDRs are sent to the window comparator amplifier to get the linear response. The outputs of the window control the circuit if the motor rotation is clockwise or anti-clockwise. In calculation for motor rotation angle, desired gear ratio is used according to the speed of the motor that is used. Rotation time is also calculated for each rotation angle of the solar pmain process control, according to the voltage difference of the sensors, determine the direction of the motor and rotation time of the motor. Harrangement is used for motor drive system. Although there are many types of H-bridge drive modanti-phase drive method is used in this research. Fig. 8 shows the prototype for dual-axis solar tracker.

Figure8. Solar Tracker Prototype TABLE 1. LOCK ANTI-PHASE DRIVE

T1 T2 T3 T4 Mapping 11 0 0 1 On time state0 1 1 0 Off time state

T1 T2 T3 T4 Mapping 20 1 1 0 On time state1 0 0 1 Off time state

Table.1 shows the motor drive system by using lock anti-phase drive method [6].



Solar Tracker Design The implementation of the solar tracking control system will be analyzed by sensor unit, calculation for motor rotation angle and motor driver circuit. In sensor units, the analog voltages of the LDRs are sent

amplifier to get the linear response. The outputs of the window comparator

the circuit if the motor rotation is clockwise or clockwise. In calculation for motor rotation

angle, desired gear ratio is used according to the speed of the motor that is used. Rotation time is also calculated for each rotation angle of the solar panel. In main process control, according to the voltage difference of the sensors, determine the direction of the motor and rotation time of the motor. H-bridge arrangement is used for motor drive system. Although

bridge drive modes, lock phase drive method is used in this research. Fig. 8

axis solar tracker.

8. Solar Tracker Prototype

DRIVE METHOD Mapping 1

On time state state

Mapping 2 On time state Off time state

Table.1 shows the motor drive system by using lock

V. Test and Result The results revealed that the location of the solar panel was one of the important things in collection its output power. It was also discovered that the solar panel would perform the best when facing south as this would help to receive the most exposure fsun as it moved from east to west. For most locations, the peak performance hours of the day were between 11.00AM to 1.00PM when the sun was at its highest illumination. The measurements of the data were taken from a wide area where there was no obstruction that would prevent the tracker from getting the maximum sunlight. The measurement of output power was taken at from 9.00AM until 5.00PM. There were two similar types of solar panels used in this research. Both solar panel with tracking system and static solar panel are facing south conditions. These conditions enabled the panels to capture the highest and lowest output power at the peak performance of sunlight. 20W solar panel data sheet is shown in table 2. Fig. 15 illustrates as the timely motion of sun position and tracker position. These movements also describe the differences between the sun position and tracker position. These results are tested in Pyay Townshipand Myanmar.

TABLE 2. SOLAR PANELModule

Rated Power Pmax (W)Maximum Power Current, IMaximum Power Voltage, V

Open-circuit Voltage, VShort-circuit Current, I

When the voltage of LDR 1 is greater than that of LDR 2, RED LED signal is turned rotates in forward direction. Fig. 9 shows the simulation result of motor forward direction.

Figure9. Simulation Result of Motor Direction for Ldr 1 Sensor


Oct 2018 Page: 657

The results revealed that the location of the solar panel was one of the important things in collection its output power. It was also discovered that the solar panel would perform the best when facing south as this would help to receive the most exposure from the sun as it moved from east to west. For most locations, the peak performance hours of the day were between 11.00AM to 1.00PM when the sun was at its highest illumination. The measurements of the data were taken from a wide area where there was no

struction that would prevent the tracker from getting the maximum sunlight.

The measurement of output power was taken at from 9.00AM until 5.00PM. There were two similar types of solar panels used in this research. Both solar panel

nd static solar panel are facing south conditions. These conditions enabled the panels to capture the highest and lowest output power at the peak performance of sunlight. 20W solar panel data sheet is shown in table 2. Fig. 15 illustrates as the

ion of sun position and tracker position. These movements also describe the differences between the sun position and tracker position. These

Township, Bago Division,

PANEL DATA SHEET SM 20

(W) 20W Maximum Power Current, Imp(A) 1.14A Maximum Power Voltage, Vmp(V) 17.5V

circuit Voltage, Voc (V) 21V circuit Current, Isc (A) 1.4A

When the voltage of LDR 1 is greater than that of LDR 2, RED LED signal is turned on and motor rotates in forward direction. Fig. 9 shows the simulation result of motor forward direction.

f Motor Direction for Ldr

1 Sensor



When the voltage of LDR 2 is greater than that of LDR 1, GREEN LED signal is turned rotates in reverse direction. Fig. 10 shows the simulation result of motor reverse direction.

Figure10. Simulation result of motor direction for LDR 2 sensor

Fig.11 shows the simulation for motor driving system by using lock anti-phase drive method. Oscilloscope is used to get results of simulations. T1 is connected to channel A of oscilloscope; T3 is also connected to channel B. Moreover, T2 is connected to choscilloscope and T4 is also connected to channel D.

Figure 11. Simulation for motor driving system by using locl anti-phase drive method

The results of lock anti-phase drive method are shown in fig 12 and 13.



When the voltage of LDR 2 is greater than that of LDR 1, GREEN LED signal is turned on and motor rotates in reverse direction. Fig. 10 shows the simulation result of motor reverse direction.

. 10. Simulation result of motor direction for

Fig.11 shows the simulation for motor driving system phase drive method. Oscilloscope

is used to get results of simulations. T1 is connected T3 is also connected to

channel B. Moreover, T2 is connected to channel C of oscilloscope and T4 is also connected to channel D.

Figure 11. Simulation for motor driving system by

phase drive method

phase drive method are shown

Figure12. Simulation result for lock antimethod in mapping1 at

Figure13. Simulation result for lock antimethod in mapping 2 at

Figure14. Output power comparison between static panel and tracker

Figure15. Tracker movement on August 21


Oct 2018 Page: 658

Figure12. Simulation result for lock anti-phase drive

method in mapping1 at one time state

Figure13. Simulation result for lock anti-phase drive

method in mapping 2 at one time state

14. Output power comparison between static

panel and tracker

Figure15. Tracker movement on August 21st at pyay



Conclusion Dual axis tracker perfectly aligns with the sun direction and tracks the sun movement in a more efficient way and has a tremendous performance improvement. In this research, the combination ofhardware and simulation results has been described. The details designs and explanations of sensor circuit and DC motor driver circuit are included. Using DC motor for sensing method can cause to rotate solar panel with more precise angle. Using the lightdependent resistor (LDR) sensor can be better sensitive of light intensity for various voltage levels. The experimental results clearly show that dualtracking is superior to fixed module system. Solar trackers are beneficial and it is dependent on vfactors including weather, location, obstruction and cost. This is a more cost effective solution than purchasing additional solar panels when dealing with large panel arrays. Moreover, another benefit is the space saved rather than adding extra panequipments in this solar tracking system are very cheap, so this system provides that the total cost for tracking is low. To sum up, this research states that the benefits of using solar system are suitable for the weather of Myanmar. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Firstly, the author would like to knowledge particular thanks to Union Minster of the Ministry of Education, for permitting to attend the Master program at Pyay Technological University. Much gratitude is owed to Principal of Pyay Technological University, for his kind permission to carry out this research. The author also likes to express special thanks to Dr.Professor, Head of Electrical Power Engineering, Pyay Technological University, for his patience, valuable advice and ideas for developing the research. The author is deeply thankful to her supervisor, Dr.



Dual axis tracker perfectly aligns with the sun direction and tracks the sun movement in a more efficient way and has a tremendous performance improvement. In this research, the combination of hardware and simulation results has been described. The details designs and explanations of sensor circuit and DC motor driver circuit are included. Using DC motor for sensing method can cause to rotate solar panel with more precise angle. Using the light dependent resistor (LDR) sensor can be better sensitive of light intensity for various voltage levels. The experimental results clearly show that dual-axis tracking is superior to fixed module system. Solar trackers are beneficial and it is dependent on various factors including weather, location, obstruction and cost. This is a more cost effective solution than purchasing additional solar panels when dealing with large panel arrays. Moreover, another benefit is the space saved rather than adding extra panels. The equipments in this solar tracking system are very cheap, so this system provides that the total cost for tracking is low. To sum up, this research states that the benefits of using solar system are suitable for the

Firstly, the author would like to knowledge particular thanks to Union Minster of the Ministry of Education, for permitting to attend the Master program at Pyay Technological University. Much gratitude is owed to

cal University, for his kind permission to carry out this research. The author also likes to express special thanks to Dr. Soe Winn, Professor, Head of Electrical Power Engineering, Pyay Technological University, for his patience,

for developing the research. The author is deeply thankful to her supervisor, Dr.

Zarchi San, Lecturer, for her helpful and for providing guidelines and her co-supervisor, Daw Thuzar Mon, Assistant Lecturer for her worthly advice at Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Pyay Technological University. And the author is deeply grateful to her teacher, U Than Zaw Htwe, Lecturer, Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Yangon Technological University, for his valuable instructions. Finally, I would like to thank my parents for supporting to me. REFERENCES 1. Leon Freris, David Infield

Power Systems.

2. Gilbert M. Master, ISBN 0Renewable and Efficient Electric Power System.

3. Bill Drury, 2009: The Control Techniques Drivesand Controls Handbooks.

4. A. E. Fitzgerald: Electric Machinery.

5. [Online]. Available at:

https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp-comparator.html.

6. [Online]. Available at:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/H

7. Mukund R. Palted, Ph.D, PEPower System

8. Lan R. Sinclair: Sensors and Transducers

9. Southwest Center for Microsystems Education): Introduction to Transducer, Sensors and Actuators

10. Javier Bernabe Mohedano MartinePV systems


Oct 2018 Page: 659

Zarchi San, Lecturer, for her helpful and for providing supervisor, Daw Thuzar Mon,

Assistant Lecturer for her worthly advice at cal Power Engineering, Pyay

Technological University. And the author is deeply grateful to her teacher, U Than Zaw Htwe, Lecturer, Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Yangon Technological University, for his valuable

like to thank my parents

Leon Freris, David Infield: Renewable Energy in

t M. Master, ISBN 0-471-28060-7: Renewable and Efficient Electric Power System.

: The Control Techniques Drives

: Electric Machinery.

tutorials.ws/opamp/op-

org/wiki/H-bridge.

Mukund R. Palted, Ph.D, PE: Wind and Solar

: Sensors and Transducers

Southwest Center for Microsystems Education): Introduction to Transducer, Sensors and Actuators

Javier Bernabe Mohedano Martinez: Batteries in

analysis of dual-axis solar tracking system by using lock anti-phase drive method

Education

electrical

engineering

solar tracker